global issues 2

8/8/2019 Global Issues 2

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Pollution of the SpacePollution of the Space

&&

Pollution from the SpacePollution from the Space


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Pollution of the SpacePollution of the Space

After the pollution of the ground water,After the pollution of the ground water,surface water, land and lower atmosphere,surface water, land and lower atmosphere,

now it is the turn of upper atmosphere andnow it is the turn of upper atmosphere andspace near earthspace near earth

This is in addition to the naturally existingThis is in addition to the naturally existingdangers like: space debris like rocks, cosmicdangers like: space debris like rocks, cosmicradiations, bombardment of iron nuclei andradiations, bombardment of iron nuclei andother heavy particles.other heavy particles.


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Space DebrisSpace Debris

ConsistConsist ofof entireentire spentspent rocketrocket..

defunctdefunct satellitessatellites..

explosionexplosion fragmentsfragments..

paintpaint flakesflakes..

dust,dust, andand slagslag fromfrom solidsolid rocketrocketmotorsmotors..

otherother smallsmall particles/objectsparticles/objects..

cloudsclouds ofof veryvery smallsmall particlesparticles..


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Space debrisSpace debris remnants of shatteredremnants of shatteredrockets, satellites, space crafts, probes, etc.rockets, satellites, space crafts, probes, etc.

44--5 decades of space programs left about5 decades of space programs left about35 million pieces of orbital debris (mid 1990s35 million pieces of orbital debris (mid 1990sreport)report)

Objects of size > 1 cm is very dangerousObjects of size > 1 cm is very dangerous An aluminium sphere of diameter 0.125 cmAn aluminium sphere of diameter 0.125 cm

traveling @ 22, 000 miles / hr will hit like atraveling @ 22, 000 miles / hr will hit like a

bullet from a 0.22 cal. Riflebullet from a 0.22 cal. Rifle About 6 lakh objects of size > 1 cm areAbout 6 lakh objects of size > 1 cm are

revolving around the earthrevolving around the earth


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Hypervelocity:Hypervelocity:

The term hypervelocity refers to a very high velocityThe term hypervelocity refers to a very high velocityie over 3,000 m/s (6,700 mph, 11,000 km/h).ie over 3,000 m/s (6,700 mph, 11,000 km/h).

Velocities sufficiently high that the strength ofVelocities sufficiently high that the strength ofmaterials is very small compared to inertial stresses.materials is very small compared to inertial stresses.

Metals behave like fluids under hypervelocity impact.Metals behave like fluids under hypervelocity impact.

The impactor, as well as the surface it hits, canThe impactor, as well as the surface it hits, can

undergo temporary liquefaction.undergo temporary liquefaction. Extreme hypervelocity results in vaporization of theExtreme hypervelocity results in vaporization of the

impactor and target.impactor and target.


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About 1 10 000 are of the size between 1 toAbout 1 10 000 are of the size between 1 to10 cm10 cm

There are 2 main layers of orbiting objects:There are 2 main layers of orbiting objects: One at 200 to 2000 km altitude where objects of sizeOne at 200 to 2000 km altitude where objects of size

10 to 30 cm are common10 to 30 cm are common

Other at about 42 000 km altitude where objects ofOther at about 42 000 km altitude where objects of

size 1 m or moresize 1 m or more orbiting objects may hit the space craft at aorbiting objects may hit the space craft at a

velocity of 30 000 to 50 000 km/hr causingvelocity of 30 000 to 50 000 km/hr causingserious damageserious damage

Space debris is dangerous to manned andSpace debris is dangerous to manned andunmanned space missions and satellitesunmanned space missions and satellites


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Instances of debris hitInstances of debris hit

1996: a French satellite Cerise was1996: a French satellite Cerise wasdamaged by a fragment of an Arian rocketdamaged by a fragment of an Arian rocket

launched in 1986.launched in 1986. Russian satellite KosmoseRussian satellite Kosmose--1275 was1275 was

destroyed by space debrisdestroyed by space debris

During the installation of

Hubble telescope,During the installation of

Hubble telescope,space debris shattered the cockpit panelspace debris shattered the cockpit panel


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IADC ( International Agency Space DebrisIADC ( International Agency Space Debris

Coordination Committee) has been formedCoordination Committee) has been formedto study and solve these issuesto study and solve these issues

Space Surveillance Network (SSN) tracks allSpace Surveillance Network (SSN) tracks all

the manthe man--made orbiting objectsmade orbiting objects SSN spots the objects coming towards theSSN spots the objects coming towards the

shuttle at a distance of about 1 to 1.5 milesshuttle at a distance of about 1 to 1.5 milesand the shuttle performs evasive maneuversand the shuttle performs evasive maneuvers

SSN can track particles of size > 10 cmSSN can track particles of size > 10 cmonly.only.


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Some DSome Debrisebris--creationcreation Events:Events:

Chinese antiChinese anti--satellite weapon (ASAT) test onsatellite weapon (ASAT) test onJanuary 11, 2007January 11, 2007

1 million pieces 1mm or larger.1 million pieces 1mm or larger.

over 35,000 pieces 1cm or larger.over 35,000 pieces 1cm or larger.

more than 2000 pieces (updated 8/5/07) ofmore than 2000 pieces (updated 8/5/07) oftrackable debris (approximately golf ball sizetrackable debris (approximately golf ball size

or larger).or larger). on February 19, 2007, Russian Brizon February 19, 2007, Russian Briz--MMbooster stage exploded in orbit.booster stage exploded in orbit.

A breakup event also occurred on 14A breakup event also occurred on 14

February 2007 as recorded by Celes Trak.February 2007 as recorded by Celes Trak.


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Space is becoming busy !!Space is becoming busy !!

Satellites are being launched to lower atmosphereSatellites are being launched to lower atmosphere(700 to 750 km from earths surface).(700 to 750 km from earths surface).

Teledesic space program (Microsoft and MccawTeledesic space program (Microsoft and Mccaw

Communication) will launch 840 low earth orbitCommunication) will launch 840 low earth orbitsatellites to function as an internet in the sky.satellites to function as an internet in the sky.

Motorola is setting up a global mobileMotorola is setting up a global mobilecommunication network with a constellation of 66communication network with a constellation of 66

iridium satellites in low earth orbits.iridium satellites in low earth orbits. Hilton International is planning to build a 5 starHilton International is planning to build a 5 star

hotel (LunarHilton) on the moon.hotel (LunarHilton) on the moon.


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Pollution from the SpacePollution from the Space

Can be an asteroid or comet hitting theCan be an asteroid or comet hitting theearthearth

Can be very dangerous for life on earthCan be very dangerous for life on earth

It can throw up thousands of tones of debris and dustIt can throw up thousands of tones of debris and dust

It can block the sun for centuriesIt can block the sun for centuries

It can bring forth a haze of sulfuric acidIt can bring forth a haze of sulfuric acid

Can be high energy radiationsCan be high energy radiations

Can be an radioCan be an radio--active showeractive shower


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Comet HitComet Hit

Comets revolve in fixed elongated orbits reachingComets revolve in fixed elongated orbits reachingeven remote areas beyond the solar systemeven remote areas beyond the solar system

They visit us only once in a whileThey visit us only once in a while

They mostly come from Oort cloudThey mostly come from Oort cloud A giant cluster of gas and rocks beyond PlutoA giant cluster of gas and rocks beyond Pluto It is the birthplace and cemetery of many starsIt is the birthplace and cemetery of many stars

Comets usually consist of ice, gases and vapoursComets usually consist of ice, gases and vapours(solid nitrogen, CO, CH4, CH(solid nitrogen, CO, CH4, CH33OH, H+ ions, OHOH, H+ ions, OH--

ions, NHions, NH33, HCN, etc, HCN, etc Comets are inert when they are far away from theComets are inert when they are far away from the

sunsun


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Near the sun, ice and other things sublimateNear the sun, ice and other things sublimateproviding an huge explosive force to the cometproviding an huge explosive force to the comet

It gets a tail (in fact 2 tails: a straight plasma tailIt gets a tail (in fact 2 tails: a straight plasma tailand a bent gas tail)and a bent gas tail)

It has been observed that some of the compoundsIt has been observed that some of the compoundsin the tail of a comet will be transformed to Purinein the tail of a comet will be transformed to Purineand Pyridine at high temperaturesand Pyridine at high temperatures

These are the basics compounds of all livingThese are the basics compounds of all living

beings on the earth.beings on the earth. Hence many scientists believe that life was brought to the earthHence many scientists believe that life was brought to the earth

by cometsby comets


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It has been already proved that water on theIt has been already proved that water on theearth was brought by comets once upon aearth was brought by comets once upon a

time.time.

Comet hit is not very commonComet hit is not very common

Majority of the meteorites or shooting starsMajority of the meteorites or shooting stars

are asteroids (not comets).are asteroids (not comets).


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Asteroid HitAsteroid Hit

Asteroids are rock or cluster of debrisAsteroids are rock or cluster of debris

No tailsNo tails

They can come from solar system (from the KupierThey can come from solar system (from the Kupierbelt or from the asteroid belt between Mars andbelt or from the asteroid belt between Mars andJupiter) or from outer space (mostly from OortJupiter) or from outer space (mostly from Oortcloud)cloud)

Kupier belt: a collection of rocks near the sunKupier belt: a collection of rocks near the sun

The asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter is theThe asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter is themain source of asteroids reaching the earthmain source of asteroids reaching the earth


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The gap between Mars and Jupiter is hugeThe gap between Mars and Jupiter is hugeand extraordinary.and extraordinary.

Scientists believe that there were twoScientists believe that there were twoplanets in between themplanets in between them

They collided each other and broke intoThey collided each other and broke into

piecespieces

A 7 feet asteroid can produce a 1 kilo tonA 7 feet asteroid can produce a 1 kilo ton

blast (equivalent of igniting 1000 tons ofblast (equivalent of igniting 1000 tons ofTNT).TNT).


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A 2000 feet wide asteroid can produce anA 2000 feet wide asteroid can produce anexplosion powerful enough level buildings andexplosion powerful enough level buildings and

trees of over 10 000 to 100 000 kmtrees of over 10 000 to 100 000 km22

Entry of asteroids or comets will drill a tunnelEntry of asteroids or comets will drill a tunnelthrough the atmospherethrough the atmosphere

A plume of vaporized and pulverized stone wouldA plume of vaporized and pulverized stone wouldblast up through this tunnel in the atmosphere.blast up through this tunnel in the atmosphere.This will fall back to the earth as a rain of pebbles,This will fall back to the earth as a rain of pebbles,dust and even bouldersdust and even boulders

The impact would throw up tons of sulfur into theThe impact would throw up tons of sulfur into theatmosphere forming a haze of sulfuric acid.atmosphere forming a haze of sulfuric acid.


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Sunrays will not reach the earthSunrays will not reach the earth

Earth may plunge into total darkness andEarth may plunge into total darkness andsubzero temperature for even centuriessubzero temperature for even centuries

The pollution, darkness and subzero tempThe pollution, darkness and subzero tempcan cause mass extinction of life on earthcan cause mass extinction of life on earth

If the hit is in ocean, it can create tsunamiIf the hit is in ocean, it can create tsunami

An asteroid of size 1200 feet in Atlantic canAn asteroid of size 1200 feet in Atlantic cancause a tsunami of about 300 feet.cause a tsunami of about 300 feet.


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Statistics of asteroid / comet hitStatistics of asteroid / comet hit

Earth is being bombarded constantly byEarth is being bombarded constantly byinterplanetary debrisinterplanetary debris

On the average, a comet / asteroid of sizeOn the average, a comet / asteroid of size>10 km strikes the earth once in every 100>10 km strikes the earth once in every 100million yearsmillion years

Size of 0.5 km strikes once in 100 000 yearsSize of 0.5 km strikes once in 100 000 years

Mass extinction of life on earth occurs atMass extinction of life on earth occurs atabout 26 million years intervalabout 26 million years interval


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Force of that hit was about 10 000 times theForce of that hit was about 10 000 times the

explosive power of all global nuclear weaponsexplosive power of all global nuclear weapons

It left a crater of about 120 miles diaIt left a crater of about 120 miles dia Darkness and subzero temp for about 1000 yearsDarkness and subzero temp for about 1000 years

In 1908: a 200 feet wide asteroid exploded aboveIn 1908: a 200 feet wide asteroid exploded above

Tunguska (Siberia) destroying about 700 kmTunguska (Siberia) destroying about 700 km22

..it was a 200 mega ton blastit was a 200 mega ton blast


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Fighting the intrudersFighting the intruders

Early detection of the dangerous objects:Early detection of the dangerous objects: NEAT Program: Near earth Asteroid Tracking Program isNEAT Program: Near earth Asteroid Tracking Program is

tracking all the asteroids passing close to the earth.tracking all the asteroids passing close to the earth.

Tracking comets is more difficult as usually they are fromTracking comets is more difficult as usually they are fromoutside the solar system. Hence we get only a few months timeoutside the solar system. Hence we get only a few months timeto act upon.to act upon.

Many ideas / proposals to fight / destruct theMany ideas / proposals to fight / destruct theintruders:intruders:

But not a single one is fool proofBut not a single one is fool proof


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Fighting the intruders.Fighting the intruders.

Basic idea is eitherBasic idea is eitherINTERDICTIONINTERDICTION ororREDIRECTIONREDIRECTION

Interdiction: vaporize or pulverize it before itInterdiction: vaporize or pulverize it before ithits the earth.hits the earth.

Redirection: give it a push to change theRedirection: give it a push to change thedirectiondirection


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Nuclear explosions: explode a nuke someNuclear explosions: explode a nuke somedistance away from the asteroid to vaporize adistance away from the asteroid to vaporize a

layer on one side so direction changes.layer on one side so direction changes. Kinetic cookie cutter: is an arrangement to sendKinetic cookie cutter: is an arrangement to send

1000s of tungsten bullets to smash the asteroid.1000s of tungsten bullets to smash the asteroid.

Shock waves: many missiles (not nuke) will travelShock waves: many missiles (not nuke) will travel

parallel to the asteroid and explode simultaneouslyparallel to the asteroid and explode simultaneouslyto create shock waves to push away the asteroidto create shock waves to push away the asteroid

Collision with other asteroids: deflect smallerCollision with other asteroids: deflect smallerasteroids to collide with the dangerous one andasteroids to collide with the dangerous one andchange its direction.change its direction.


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cautioncaution

Interdiction method: instead of one asteroidInterdiction method: instead of one asteroidhitting, it could be many fragments hittinghitting, it could be many fragments hitting

the earth. More dangerous ??the earth. More dangerous ??

Redirection methods: to be applied much inRedirection methods: to be applied much in

advanceadvance


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Other threatsOther threats

Gamma Ray Burst (GRB): mysteriousGamma Ray Burst (GRB): mysteriousflashes of high energy radiations that appearflashes of high energy radiations that appear

in spacein space Most of them happen far away from usMost of them happen far away from us If it happens within a few 1000 light years from earth,If it happens within a few 1000 light years from earth,

it can roast our planetit can roast our planet

GRB 971214 detected by Bepposax in 1997GRB 971214 detected by Bepposax in 1997happened 12 billion light years agohappened 12 billion light years ago


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NuclearNuclear -- BiologicalBiological -- ChemicalChemical

WarfareWarfare


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Military is the single largest polluter of the worldMilitary is the single largest polluter of the world

For example: it accounts for about 10% of allFor example: it accounts for about 10% of allGreen House Gas Emissions & 66% of CFCGreen House Gas Emissions & 66% of CFC--113113

Pentagon generates 5 times as much toxic wastePentagon generates 5 times as much toxic wasteas five major US chemical Companies putas five major US chemical Companies puttogethertogether

No much quantification of the pollution caused byNo much quantification of the pollution caused bythe Wars and the Weapons of Massivethe Wars and the Weapons of MassiveDestructionDestruction


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Many fighter aircrafts have supersonicMany fighter aircrafts have supersonicenginesengines

It can fly from Paris to Washington in 3 hrs:It can fly from Paris to Washington in 3 hrs:but consumes about 50 000 tones of oxygenbut consumes about 50 000 tones of oxygenand releases an equal amount of COand releases an equal amount of CO22

Armed forces of the world consumes aboutArmed forces of the world consumes about42 million tons of jet fuel a year42 million tons of jet fuel a year

Pollution due to the military training &Pollution due to the military training &

operations and wars & war preparationsoperations and wars & war preparationscannot be ignored any more !!cannot be ignored any more !!


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Conventional warfare is giving way to moreConventional warfare is giving way to moredeadly weaponsdeadly weapons

Most popular and sought after are theMost popular and sought after are thenuclear weapons (nukes).nuclear weapons (nukes).

Making nuclear weapons is no more aMaking nuclear weapons is no more a

secret possessed by a few elite countriessecret possessed by a few elite countries Now any one can make nukes (provided heNow any one can make nukes (provided hehas enough money to hire expertise and buyhas enough money to hire expertise and buythe ingredients)the ingredients)

Luckily many countries do not possesLuckily many countries do not possesenough means and opportunitiesenough means and opportunities


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So they look forward to some low costSo they look forward to some low costalternatives:alternatives:-- biological and chemicalbiological and chemical

weaponsweapons

Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC)Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC)

weapons fall in the category of WMDweapons fall in the category of WMD(weapons of Massive Destruction)(weapons of Massive Destruction)

Most of the countries have massive stocksMost of the countries have massive stocks

of B and C weapons; a few countries have Nof B and C weapons; a few countries have Nweaponsweapons


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Wars bring forth not only human extinction;Wars bring forth not only human extinction;but also severe pollution to the environmentbut also severe pollution to the environment

for many yearsfor many years

Environmental criterion should also beEnvironmental criterion should also be

considered for the ban of a weaponconsidered for the ban of a weapon

Due to the wide spread of the NDue to the wide spread of the N--BB--CC

weapons and its broad effects (if used), it isweapons and its broad effects (if used), it isa global issuea global issue


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Biological WeaponsBiological Weapons I

f chemical weapons are frightening, Biological weapons areIf chemical weapons are frightening, Biological weapons arenightmares !!nightmares !!

B weapons are animate:B weapons are animate: viruses and bacteriaviruses and bacteria

can multiply once they get adapted: causing an epidemy or an endemycan multiply once they get adapted: causing an epidemy or an endemy

!!!! A bacterium divides in every 15 to 20 minutes and makes millions ofA bacterium divides in every 15 to 20 minutes and makes millions ofcopies a daycopies a day

First used in 14First used in 14thth century: an army besieging Kaffa (a sea port on thecentury: an army besieging Kaffa (a sea port on theblack sea) catapulted plague infected cadavers over the city wallsblack sea) catapulted plague infected cadavers over the city walls

Then used many timesThen used many times Used in both world warsUsed in both world wars


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Harbins unit 731 was Japans biologicalHarbins unit 731 was Japans biologicalwarfare facilitywarfare facility

Japan used plague and other bacteriaJapan used plague and other bacteriaagainst China in 1930s and 1940sagainst China in 1930s and 1940s

During 2nd World War, British forceDuring 2nd World War, British force

released anthrax on Gruinard island, off thereleased anthrax on Gruinard island, off thecost of Scotland. For another 50 years thiscost of Scotland. For another 50 years thisisland was left uninhibited due to anthraxisland was left uninhibited due to anthrax

threatthreat Biological terrorism is no more a imaginationBiological terrorism is no more a imagination


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There was an outbreak of deadly EbolaThere was an outbreak of deadly Ebolavirus in Zaire in 1990.virus in Zaire in 1990.

Shoko Ashara and 40 followers had visitedShoko Ashara and 40 followers had visitedZaire in 1992 to help treat the Ebola victimsZaire in 1992 to help treat the Ebola victims

Aum Shinrikyo made a sarin (C agent)Aum Shinrikyo made a sarin (C agent)

attack in Japan in 1995.attack in Japan in 1995. Now it is feared that their visit was actuallyNow it is feared that their visit was actually

to collect Ebola virus sampleto collect Ebola virus sample

It is suspected that they have B weaponsIt is suspected that they have B weaponsnownow


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According to US arms control andAccording to US arms control andDisarmament Agency: a major biologicalDisarmament Agency: a major biologicalarsenal can be built with just 10 000$arsenal can be built with just 10 000$

Fortunately biological terrorism has beenFortunately biological terrorism has been

limited to a very few caseslimited to a very few cases


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Two kinds of Biological WeaponsTwo kinds of Biological Weapons

Biological agentsBiological agents aimed at the humansaimed at the humans

AntiAnti--crop agentscrop agents aimed at the food stockaimed at the food stock

Tilletia fungus, Puccina graminis triticiTilletia fungus, Puccina graminis tritici


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Biological Agents.Biological Agents.

Bacillus anthraces (anthrax), BotulinumBacillus anthraces (anthrax), Botulinumtoxin (botulism), Yersinia pestis (bubonictoxin (botulism), Yersinia pestis (bubonic

plague), Ebola virus (highly infectious andplague), Ebola virus (highly infectious and

lethal) are the most potential oneslethal) are the most potential ones

They are aimed at either killing orThey are aimed at either killing or

incapitatingincapitating

Ebola is really deadly: no cure as on todayEbola is really deadly: no cure as on today


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Defense against biological agentsDefense against biological agents

Gas masks with respirators (filters filled withGas masks with respirators (filters filled withactivated charcoal) with proper clothing andactivated charcoal) with proper clothing and

protective shelters is the bestprotective shelters is the bestAfter some time, the danger may decrease due to theAfter some time, the danger may decrease due to thesunlight and ambient temperaturesunlight and ambient temperature

But certain microorganisms do persist for longerBut certain microorganisms do persist for longerdurationsdurations

Vaccination to be taken if exposed (many agents areVaccination to be taken if exposed (many agents aresusceptible to vaccines)susceptible to vaccines)


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Difficulties.Difficulties.

Large population may not be protectedLarge population may not be protectedagainst a B attackagainst a B attack

Vaccines may not be able to prevent allVaccines may not be able to prevent alldiseasesdiseases

Masks may not be used for long in hotMasks may not be used for long in hotcountries / summercountries / summer

Difficult to assess whether a B agent hasDifficult to assess whether a B agent hasbeen applied or not !been applied or not !

If already applied, which agent ??If already applied, which agent ??


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Early detection systemsEarly detection systems

The focus is now on early detetctionThe focus is now on early detetction

Using: IonUsing: Ion--trap Mass Spectrometry, Lasertrap Mass Spectrometry, Laser--Induced Break Down Spectrometry andInduced Break Down Spectrometry andBiological Integrated detection SystemBiological Integrated detection System(BIDS)(BIDS)

BIDS identify the specific agent through the antibodyBIDS identify the specific agent through the antibody-- antigen combinationsantigen combinations

Takes about 30 minutesTakes about 30 minutes

Can identify now: B anthracis, Y pestis, B toxin andCan identify now: B anthracis, Y pestis, B toxin andStaphylococcus enterotoxin BStaphylococcus enterotoxin B


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Sandia national laboratory in US hasSandia national laboratory in US hasdeveloped a foam (DECON FOAM 100)developed a foam (DECON FOAM 100)

capable of neutralizing both biological andcapable of neutralizing both biological andchemical agentschemical agents

can be used like a fire hydrantcan be used like a fire hydrant

Can be sprayed from canistersCan be sprayed from canisters

Cost only 15 cents per poundCost only 15 cents per pound


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Anti Crop AgentsAnti Crop Agents

Agents designed and used to affect specificAgents designed and used to affect specificcrops causing low productivitycrops causing low productivity

They act like smart bombs attackingThey act like smart bombs attackingenemies food sourcesenemies food sources

Crop agents can work unnoticedCrop agents can work unnoticed

Difficult to fight it directlyDifficult to fight it directly Best method to fight it is to practice rotationBest method to fight it is to practice rotation

of crops and maintain crop diversityof crops and maintain crop diversity


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Anti Crop AgentsAnti Crop Agents

Iraq had developed an anti crop agent thatIraq had developed an anti crop agent thatcan cause wheat smut to use against Irancan cause wheat smut to use against Iran

Wheat smut is caused by a fungusWheat smut is caused by a fungus TilletiaTilletia This can cause massive reduction in theThis can cause massive reduction in the

crop yieldcrop yield

Germany had an active anti crop programGermany had an active anti crop programduring World WarIIduring World WarII


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They had readied Colorado beetles to destroy theThey had readied Colorado beetles to destroy thepotato crop of Britainpotato crop of Britain

However, they could not use it

H

owever, they could not use it

USA had extensive anti crop program targetingUSA had extensive anti crop program targeting

USSR (mostly Ukraine) and AsiaUSSR (mostly Ukraine) and Asia They had readiedThey had readied Puccina graminis triticiPuccina graminis triticisporesspores

that would affect wheatthat would affect wheat

They had other targets also like: soybeans, sugarThey had other targets also like: soybeans, sugar

beets, potatoes, cotton, etc.beets, potatoes, cotton, etc. US had also developed delivery techniques alsoUS had also developed delivery techniques also

for anti crop agentsfor anti crop agents


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Mitigation Measures for B WeaponsMitigation Measures for B Weapons

Only in the 19Only in the 19thth century microcentury micro--organismsorganismswere discoveredwere discovered

Before that, poison and disease wereBefore that, poison and disease werecommonly seen as the samecommonly seen as the same

In ancient time, most of the civilizationsIn ancient time, most of the civilizationswere against the use of poisons / diseaseswere against the use of poisons / diseases

in wars.in wars. It was considered on par with cannibalism orIt was considered on par with cannibalism or

incestincest


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It was forbidden in India (by Manu law),It was forbidden in India (by Manu law),Greece, Roma, etc.Greece, Roma, etc.

But in 18But in 18thth century and onwards, thecentury and onwards, thegrowing nationalism weakened this attitudegrowing nationalism weakened this attitudeand the military began using any means toand the military began using any means to

attain the goalsattain the goals

1925: Geneva protocol forbade the use of1925: Geneva protocol forbade the use of

bacterial and chemical agents in warbacterial and chemical agents in war 1972: Biological and Toxic Weapons1972: Biological and Toxic Weapons

Convention: totally banned all B weaponsConvention: totally banned all B weapons


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139 countries were party to that.139 countries were party to that.

USSR was one of the sponsors of thatUSSR was one of the sponsors of that

conventionconvention The convention lacked a legally bindingThe convention lacked a legally binding

verification regime.verification regime. This is unlike Nuclear Proliferation Treaty andThis is unlike Nuclear Proliferation Treaty and

Chemical weapons conventionChemical weapons convention

Lack of verification protocol is one of theLack of verification protocol is one of themain weaknesses of the fight against Bmain weaknesses of the fight against Bweaponsweapons

Use of B weapons are difficult to be provedUse of B weapons are difficult to be proved

Their effects cannot be always differentiated fromTheir effects cannot be always differentiated fromnatural outbreaksnatural outbreaks


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There are instances of allegationsThere are instances of allegations

Cuba raised an allegation that USCuba raised an allegation that US

discharged the pestdischarged the pest Thrips palmiThrips palmiin octoberin october1996 over Cuba to damage its agriculture1996 over Cuba to damage its agriculture

All the signatories met, but found it difficult to reasonAll the signatories met, but found it difficult to reasonfor the outbreak of that pest in Cubafor the outbreak of that pest in Cuba

Along with lack of verification protocol,Along with lack of verification protocol,prohibition of these weapons under generalprohibition of these weapons under generalwordings also diluted the effect of thewordings also diluted the effect of the

conventionconvention It is required to explicitly ban the applications arisingIt is required to explicitly ban the applications arising

from molecular biology and genome studiesfrom molecular biology and genome studies


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B Weapons: use was limitedB Weapons: use was limited

BecauseBecause

These agents may back fireThese agents may back fire Uncertainty and unpredictabilityUncertainty and unpredictability

Capture of territory not possible once BCapture of territory not possible once Bweapons are usedweapons are used

There is a deep rooted aversion for theseThere is a deep rooted aversion for theseweaponsweapons


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For you to do..For you to do..

What is the current status on the banWhat is the current status on the banof B weapons ???of B weapons ???


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CHEMICAL WEAPONSCHEMICAL WEAPONS


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Chemical WeaponsChemical Weapons

Used many times since 1915Used many times since 1915

1930s:I

talian forces used it in Ethiopia and1930s:I

talian forces used it in Ethiopia andJapanese in ChinaJapanese in China

1980s: Iraq used it against Iran, USSR against1980s: Iraq used it against Iran, USSR againstAfghanistanAfghanistan

1995: nerve gas attack in a subway in Tokyo1995: nerve gas attack in a subway in Tokyo

World WarII: Japan used it many timesWorld WarII: Japan used it many timesagainst Chinaagainst China


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Unit 516 (set up in 1931) was Japans topUnit 516 (set up in 1931) was Japans top--secret chemical weapon research facilitysecret chemical weapon research facility

Japan actually got the technology fromJapan actually got the technology fromFrance and GermanyFrance and Germany

Japan started the manufacturing of toxins inJapan started the manufacturing of toxins in

1929 in Ohkuno island.1929 in Ohkuno island. It was so secret that this island was usuallyIt was so secret that this island was usually

not shown in the maps of Japannot shown in the maps of Japan


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Blister agents and choking agents causeBlister agents and choking agents causeacute incapitation and immense respiratoryacute incapitation and immense respiratory

problems rather than immediate deathproblems rather than immediate death Mustard gas: pale yellow in colour and garlic inMustard gas: pale yellow in colour and garlic in

odour, causes severe burns to eyes and lungs andodour, causes severe burns to eyes and lungs andblisters on skin. Primarily it is to harass, not to kill.blisters on skin. Primarily it is to harass, not to kill.But can kill at higher concentrationsBut can kill at higher concentrations

Choking agents can kill through acuteChoking agents can kill through acutebronchitis and asphyxiabronchitis and asphyxia

Nerve agents are the popular ones now.Nerve agents are the popular ones now.


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Sarin kills by interfering with the action of an enzymeSarin kills by interfering with the action of an enzymecholinesterase. This is produced in the body to breakcholinesterase. This is produced in the body to breakdown acetylcholine.down acetylcholine.Acetylcholine is the compoundAcetylcholine is the compound

that the nerve cells use in transmitting signals amongthat the nerve cells use in transmitting signals amongthemselvesthemselves. When sarin interferes with the. When sarin interferes with thecholinesterase system, acetylcholine builds up in thecholinesterase system, acetylcholine builds up in thebody causing respiratory failure.body causing respiratory failure. Person suffocates toPerson suffocates todeath.death.

VX is a deadly nerve agent. Iraq is supposed to beVX is a deadly nerve agent. Iraq is supposed to beextremely skilled at the manufacture of VX. UNextremely skilled at the manufacture of VX. UNbelieves that Iraq might have produced about 200believes that Iraq might have produced about 200

tons of VX. Theoretically that is enough to kill everytons of VX. Theoretically that is enough to kill everyperson on the earth.person on the earth.


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Old C Weapon DumpsitesOld C Weapon Dumpsites

They pose serious problemsThey pose serious problems

Eg: Japan had left 1000s of ammunitionEg: Japan had left 1000s of ammunition(containing mustard gas and Lewisite) in(containing mustard gas and Lewisite) inNen River (China) in the last week of WorldNen River (China) in the last week of WorldWarII.WarII.

China says it was 2 millionChina says it was 2 million

But Japan puts it at 7 lakhsBut Japan puts it at 7 lakhs The dump was to cover Japans chemicalThe dump was to cover Japans chemical

attack on Chinaattack on China


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China has been gathering all theseChina has been gathering all theseabandoned weapons and burying them inabandoned weapons and burying them in

Dunhua county.Dunhua county. Dunhua county has become Asia's mostDunhua county has become Asia's most

dangerous dumpdangerous dump


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Detection of Chemical Agents.Detection of Chemical Agents.

Trained dogs:Trained dogs: detection level of dogs isdetection level of dogs iscomparable with that of most sophisticatedcomparable with that of most sophisticatedanalytical instrumentanalytical instrument

With methyl benzonate, dogs could detect up to 5 to 27 ppbWith methyl benzonate, dogs could detect up to 5 to 27 ppbrangerange

Dogs have real time sampling capability (as they can go to theDogs have real time sampling capability (as they can go to thesource)source)

But, dogs may make mistakesBut, dogs may make mistakes

Only few dogs can be trained to be detector dogsOnly few dogs can be trained to be detector dogs Dogs that remain focused on playing with a toy regardless ofDogs that remain focused on playing with a toy regardless of

the inputs from the trainer (independent possession) can bethe inputs from the trainer (independent possession) can be

trained as detector dogstrained as detector dogs


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Swept Frequency Acoustic Interferometer (aSwept Frequency Acoustic Interferometer (aportable instrument): can identify C agentsportable instrument): can identify C agents

in 10 seconds.in 10 seconds. It uses high frequency sound and works even if thereIt uses high frequency sound and works even if there

is just a drop of sample is availableis just a drop of sample is available

It measures 4 characteristics of the unknownIt measures 4 characteristics of the unknownchemical and makes a portrait of thatchemical and makes a portrait of that

It is rare that two chemicals have all these propertiesIt is rare that two chemicals have all these propertiessamesame

John Hopkins University Sensor: to detectJohn Hopkins University Sensor: to detectminute traces of Sarin and Somanminute traces of Sarin and Soman

It combines molecular imprinting with opticalIt combines molecular imprinting with opticalluminescence.luminescence.

Detects concentrations above 600ppq (quadrillion)Detects concentrations above 600ppq (quadrillion)


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Prophylatic drugs: Atropine and PralidoximeProphylatic drugs: Atropine and Pralidoximechloride may be taken soon after gettingchloride may be taken soon after getting

exposed to nerve agentsexposed to nerve agents There are serious side effectsThere are serious side effects

Joint and muscle pain, depression, chronic fatigue, skinJoint and muscle pain, depression, chronic fatigue, skinrashes, etcrashes, etc

Incineration of C agents: US planned 08Incineration of C agents: US planned 08incinerators for that, but could build only 01incinerators for that, but could build only 01due to public protestdue to public protest

Bioremediation of C agents: this is underBioremediation of C agents: this is underserious considerationserious consideration


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US ratified the CWC in 1997US ratified the CWC in 1997..

Many of the countries who had ratified theMany of the countries who had ratified the

CWC submitted their initial declaration, butCWC submitted their initial declaration, butwere incompletewere incomplete

China inserted a clause holding the invadersChina inserted a clause holding the invaders

responsible for the abandoned chemicalresponsible for the abandoned chemicalweapons.weapons.

According to that, Japan had to clean up the 1000s CAccording to that, Japan had to clean up the 1000s Cweapons it had left behind in China in 1945 by theweapons it had left behind in China in 1945 by the

year 2007.year 2007.


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India has been supporting CWC consistently as itIndia has been supporting CWC consistently as itis truly nondiscriminatory and is aimed at totalis truly nondiscriminatory and is aimed at totalelimination (unlike NPT that allows the nuclearelimination (unlike NPT that allows the nuclearpowers to retain their weapons and deny thepowers to retain their weapons and deny thenuclear options to others).nuclear options to others).

During the Gulf war (1980s): Iraq made chemicalDuring the Gulf war (1980s): Iraq made chemicalattack on Iran. But Iraq got away with that as theattack on Iran. But Iraq got away with that as theworld powers did not intervene fearing the victoryworld powers did not intervene fearing the victoryofIran.ofIran.

But, looking at the effectiveness, many countries went for CBut, looking at the effectiveness, many countries went for C

agentsagents In 1991, many countries that were silent had to face the threatIn 1991, many countries that were silent had to face the threat

from Iraq during the Iraqfrom Iraq during the Iraq--Kuwait warKuwait war


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It is actually the existence of NuclearIt is actually the existence of Nuclearweapons that is helping the world toweapons that is helping the world to

eliminate the chemical weaponseliminate the chemical weapons

Nuclear weapons is the currency of powerNuclear weapons is the currency of power

todaytoday

Relinquishing chemical weapons will notRelinquishing chemical weapons will not

alter the balance of poweralter the balance of power


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You have to do.You have to do.

Find out the present status of CFind out the present status of Cweapons and its banweapons and its ban


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Nuclear Weapons (Nukes)Nuclear Weapons (Nukes)

Now I am the death, the destroyer of theNow I am the death, the destroyer of theworldsworlds -- Robert Oppenheimer (Father of the USRobert Oppenheimer (Father of the USatomicBomb) on 16atomicBomb) on 16thth July 1945July 1945

When the first nuclear test device was detonatedWhen the first nuclear test device was detonated

above the New Mexico Desert on 16above the New Mexico Desert on 16thth July 1945July 1945

(Manhattan Project)(Manhattan Project)


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US bombed Japan at Hiroshima andUS bombed Japan at Hiroshima andNagasakiNagasaki

First Nuclear Bomb: Little BoyFirst Nuclear Bomb: Little Boy

dropped overHiroshima on 6dropped overHiroshima on 6ththAugust 1945August 1945

Aircraft: Boeing BAircraft: Boeing B--29 Bomber (Enola Gay)29 Bomber (Enola Gay) Piloted by Colonel Paul TibbetsPiloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets

Little boy: UraniumLittle boy: Uranium--235 bomb, 60 kg of U235 bomb, 60 kg of U

It exploded at a height of 2000 feet aboveIt exploded at a height of 2000 feet aboveHiroshima with a yield of 13 Kilotons of TNTHiroshima with a yield of 13 Kilotons of TNT


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when the hollow uranium projectile was driven onto the target spike,a nuclear explosion resulted.


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Ohh God, what did we do Ohh God, what did we do Lt Col.Lt Col.Tibbets after bombingTibbets after bombing

78 000 people dead on the spot, another78 000 people dead on the spot, another40 000 received severe burns and 14 00040 000 received severe burns and 14 000were missingwere missing

Total damage to the environment thereTotal damage to the environment there Even after more than a half century, cancer,Even after more than a half century, cancer,

abnormal births and genetic disorders areabnormal births and genetic disorders are

reported from that placereported from that place


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Second Bomb: Fat ManSecond Bomb: Fat Man

Which target: Kokura or Nagasaki ??Which target: Kokura or Nagasaki ??

On 9On 9ththAugust 1945, over NagasakiAugust 1945, over Nagasaki

Aircraft: B 29 Bomber (Bockscar)Aircraft: B 29 Bomber (Bockscar)

Piloted by Major Charles SweeneyPiloted by Major Charles Sweeney Fat man: Plutonium bomb, 6.4 kg Plutonium 239Fat man: Plutonium bomb, 6.4 kg Plutonium 239

Exploded 1540 feet above NagasakiExploded 1540 feet above Nagasaki

Yield: 21 Kilotons of TNTYield: 21 Kilotons of TNT

Though energy release was much larger, damageThough energy release was much larger, damagewas relatively less due to the geographic reasonswas relatively less due to the geographic reasons


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US Nuclear testingUS Nuclear testing

From 1945 to 1963, more than 2.5 lakhs USFrom 1945 to 1963, more than 2.5 lakhs USsoldiers were exposed to radiation by the moresoldiers were exposed to radiation by the morethan 100 atmospheric nuclear tests conductedthan 100 atmospheric nuclear tests conducted

Most of them died due to cancer and otherMost of them died due to cancer and otherdiseasesdiseases

1000s of civilians were used as guinea pigs in the1000s of civilians were used as guinea pigs in thetests that involved exposure to radioactivetests that involved exposure to radioactive

substances by inhalation and / or ingestionsubstances by inhalation and / or ingestion In 1995, US acknowledged this and issued anIn 1995, US acknowledged this and issued anapologyapology


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USSR Nuclear ProgramUSSR Nuclear Program

Parallel to Manhattan Project, USSR had itsParallel to Manhattan Project, USSR had itsown nuclear programown nuclear program

On 29On 29

thth

August 1949, USSR tested its firstAugust 1949, USSR tested its firstnuke at Semipalatinsk in Kazakhistannuke at Semipalatinsk in Kazakhistan

22 kiloton of TNT22 kiloton of TNT

USSR carried out many nuclear explosionsUSSR carried out many nuclear explosions

USSR even used nukes for constructionUSSR even used nukes for constructionactivities (eg. Vega project)activities (eg. Vega project)


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Project VegaProject Vega

Nukes were detonated to generate giantNukes were detonated to generate giantcavities in the ground (meant for storingcavities in the ground (meant for storingsome raw materials of Gazprom Gassome raw materials of Gazprom GasCompany)Company)

The underground tanks were flooded withThe underground tanks were flooded withground waterground water

A sort of radioactive brine started pollutingA sort of radioactive brine started pollutingthe nearby area as well Caspian seathe nearby area as well Caspian sea


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Project Vega did not go as per the planProject Vega did not go as per the plan

Now Russia is branded as the mostNow Russia is branded as the mostradioactively polluted country in the worldradioactively polluted country in the world

I t ti l N k t tiI t ti l N k t ti


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International Nuke testingInternational Nuke testing after firstafter firstexplosionexplosion

USUS 1032 tests1032 tests

USSRUSSR 715 tests715 tests

FranceFrance 210 tests210 tests UKUK 45 tests45 tests

ChinaChina -- ????

IndiaIndia 3 ?3 ? PakPak 1 ??1 ??

T t d t t kill di tl b t t k biT t d t t kill di tl b t t k bi


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Tests do not to kill directly, but takes a bigTests do not to kill directly, but takes a bigtoll on the environmenttoll on the environment

At the explosion sites, sand melts and take the shapeAt the explosion sites, sand melts and take the shapeof bubbles / balloons filled with highly toxic radonof bubbles / balloons filled with highly toxic radongas. When these bubbles burst, radon gas comesgas. When these bubbles burst, radon gas comesout and spread the regionout and spread the region

Due to high temp, the hybrids and oxides of sandDue to high temp, the hybrids and oxides of sandcombines to form radioactive water that may oozecombines to form radioactive water that may oozedown polluting ground waterdown polluting ground water

Tests causes nuclear falloutsTests causes nuclear fallouts and radiationand radiation

N th b t 66 000 l b bN th b t 66 000 l b b


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Now there are about 66 000 nuclear bombsNow there are about 66 000 nuclear bombswith the main nuclear nationswith the main nuclear nations

Even half of it is not required for a totalEven half of it is not required for a totalextinction of life on earthextinction of life on earth


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Nuclear ArsenalsNuclear Arsenals

Atom Bomb (Fission Bomb):Atom Bomb (Fission Bomb): nucleus isnucleus isbroken by neutron bombardment, Energy releasebroken by neutron bombardment, Energy releaseE = MCE = MC22

Hydrogen bomb (Fusion bomb):Hydrogen bomb (Fusion bomb): 4 H atoms4 H atomsare made to fuse to get 1 Helium atom, 2 protonsare made to fuse to get 1 Helium atom, 2 protons

become 2 neutrons releasingbecome 2 neutrons releasing tremendous energytremendous energy

B t b bB t b b


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Booster bomb:Booster bomb: sort of hybrid bomb, some hydrogensort of hybrid bomb, some hydrogenisotopes are kept in an atom bomb, some fusion takesisotopes are kept in an atom bomb, some fusion takesplace along with fission, improved explosive forceplace along with fission, improved explosive force

Quark bomb:Quark bomb: an imaginary super bomb,an imaginary super bomb, 100 times more100 times morepowerful than H bombs, based on the assumption thatpowerful than H bombs, based on the assumption thatsuper particles exist and can assemble then into a Q ball.super particles exist and can assemble then into a Q ball.A beam of proton fired at Q ball will disintegrate releasingA beam of proton fired at Q ball will disintegrate releasinghuge energyhuge energy

Every particle has a super symmetric partner (Quarks and Squarks,Every particle has a super symmetric partner (Quarks and Squarks,Electrons and Selectrons, etc)Electrons and Selectrons, etc)

Super symmetric particles should clump together to form a Q ballSuper symmetric particles should clump together to form a Q ball

At present, it is an imaginary bombAt present, it is an imaginary bomb


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Reprocessing of Spent FuelsReprocessing of Spent Fuels

Originally built to provide Pu for weaponsOriginally built to provide Pu for weapons

Later on for fast breeder reactors that wouldLater on for fast breeder reactors that wouldburn Pu and breed Pu fuelburn Pu and breed Pu fuel

Spent fuel reprocessing can be damaging toSpent fuel reprocessing can be damaging tothe environment due to nuclear dustthe environment due to nuclear dust

Reprocessing is the most polluting part ofReprocessing is the most polluting part of

nuclear cyclenuclear cycle In India, nuclear processing is done in aIn India, nuclear processing is done in a

small village JADUGARsmall village JADUGAR

Worlds largest reprocessing plant for spentWorlds largest reprocessing plant for spent


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World s largest reprocessing plant for spentWorld s largest reprocessing plant for spentfuel is at La Hague on the northern cost offuel is at La Hague on the northern cost of

FranceFrance Operated by the company CogemaOperated by the company Cogema

It produces 15 tons of Pu a yearIt produces 15 tons of Pu a year

Leukemia has been reported in the areaLeukemia has been reported in the areanear that plantnear that plant

Highly dangerous radionuclide Iodine 129Highly dangerous radionuclide Iodine 129has been found in the plants in that areahas been found in the plants in that area

Green peace has been fighting against thatGreen peace has been fighting against thatplantplant

This plant has been closed / going to closeThis plant has been closed / going to close


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This plant has been closed / going to closeThis plant has been closed / going to closedown very soon.down very soon.

The reason is not only pollutionThe reason is not only pollution Uranium price is still not that high as predicted inUranium price is still not that high as predicted in

1970s1970s

Dismantling weapons has generated stock piles onDismantling weapons has generated stock piles on

PuPu


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Nuclear Power StationsNuclear Power Stations

FranceFrance 80% power is nuclear80% power is nuclear

IndiaIndia 2.7% of power is nuclear2.7% of power is nuclear

France abandoned Superphenix (a nuclearFrance abandoned Superphenix (a nuclearpower plant of 1250 MW)power plant of 1250 MW) a fast breedera fast breederreactorreactor

Japans fast breeder reactor MonjuJapans fast breeder reactor Monju


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Nuclear Waste ManagementNuclear Waste Management

Basic concept:Basic concept: concentrateconcentrate FixFix EncapsulateEncapsulate --BuryBury

Concentration: filtration, adsorption, coagulationConcentration: filtration, adsorption, coagulation

Fixing: Solidification by Cementation or by Polymerization or byFixing: Solidification by Cementation or by Polymerization or byvitrificationvitrification

Encapsulation: in concrete vaults, lined tubesEncapsulation: in concrete vaults, lined tubes

Burial: near surface disposal facilities (NSDFs)Burial: near surface disposal facilities (NSDFs)deep burialdeep burial


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Mitigation MeasuresMitigation Measures

19631963 UK, USSR, USA signed LTBT ( LimitedUK, USSR, USA signed LTBT ( LimitedTest Ban Treaty)Test Ban Treaty)

Banned testing in atmosphere, outer space and under waterBanned testing in atmosphere, outer space and under water

No ban on under ground testing !! Both US and USSR wentNo ban on under ground testing !! Both US and USSR wentahead with underground testingahead with underground testing

19681968 NonNon--Proliferation Treat (NPT) was signedProliferation Treat (NPT) was signed

19741974 US and USSR signed TTBT ( ThresholdUS and USSR signed TTBT ( Threshold

Test Ban Treaty).Test Ban Treaty). Capping the underground weapons testing to 150Kilotons ofCapping the underground weapons testing to 150Kilotons of

TNTTNT

19911991-- USSR stopped testing nukesUSSR stopped testing nukes


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19911991-- USSR stopped testing nukesUSSR stopped testing nukes 19921992 US stopped testing of all nukesUS stopped testing of all nukes

19951995 US extended its testing moratoriumUS extended its testing moratoriumindefinitelyindefinitely

CTBTCTBT Comprehensive Test Ban TreatyComprehensive Test Ban Treaty Singed only by 149 nations (NPT signed by 180 nations)Singed only by 149 nations (NPT signed by 180 nations)

It is not meant for curbing the spread of nukesIt is not meant for curbing the spread of nukes Many nations feel that CTBT is discriminatory and it dividesMany nations feel that CTBT is discriminatory and it divides

world into two categories: nations with nukes and the nationsworld into two categories: nations with nukes and the nationswithoutwithout

Elite nuclear powers keep their nukes, but prevent othersElite nuclear powers keep their nukes, but prevent othersacquiring thatacquiring that

CTBT does not ban subCTBT does not ban sub--critical (less than 1 kiloton) nuclearcritical (less than 1 kiloton) nuclearexplosions. That means it is possible to go for sub criticalexplosions. That means it is possible to go for sub criticalexplosions and the scale it upexplosions and the scale it up


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For you to do.For you to do.

What is the current status of CTBT now ???What is the current status of CTBT now ???

What is the current nuclear deal betweenWhat is the current nuclear deal betweenIndia and US ???India and US ???

Why many are opposing / supporting thatWhy many are opposing / supporting that??????

D l ti f F il F lD l ti f F il F l


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Depletion of Fossil FuelsDepletion of Fossil Fuels

Mostly used for Power generation, Automobiles,Mostly used for Power generation, Automobiles,etcetc

Earth took millions of years to pool the fossilEarth took millions of years to pool the fossilfuels.but the humans are squandering it in a fewfuels.but the humans are squandering it in a few

centuriescenturies If the present consumption pattern continues,If the present consumption pattern continues,

there will be acute shortage of fossil fuels in 25there will be acute shortage of fossil fuels in 25--35 years35 years

By 2036, the whole petroleum deposit will beBy 2036, the whole petroleum deposit will beexhausted.exhausted.

But energy demand is going on increasingBut energy demand is going on increasing

Burning of fossil fuels are associatedBurning of fossil fuels are associated


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Burning of fossil fuels are associatedBurning of fossil fuels are associatedwith emission of pollutants especiallywith emission of pollutants especially

COCO22 a green house gasa green house gas Time has come to think seriouslyTime has come to think seriously

about the nonabout the non--conventional energyconventional energy

sources.sources.

NONNON--CONVENTIONAL ENERGYCONVENTIONAL ENERGY


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NONNON CONVENTIONAL ENERGYCONVENTIONAL ENERGY

Solar Energy Light and Heat

Wind Energy

Geo-thermal Energy Biomass Energy

Ocean Energy Wave energy

Tidal energy Temperature difference energy

Density difference energy

Methane Hydrates


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Methane Hydrates

Nuclear Fusion

Waste Heat Recovery

global issues 2

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