global & national economic institutions

7/31/2019 GLOBAL & NATIONAL Economic Institutions

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CKDBFK LODJDIEO EJ_XEX\XEDJ_

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Ejxlrlsxejcku ljd|cm+ xml orexeos hd jdx jlolssfreku frc|l xmfx xml CLEs smd|kh jdxejgk|ljol xml hdilsxeo ~dkeoels dg xml iliblrs fx fkk1 rfxmlr+ xml orexeoesi odjolrjs mdxmlu smd|kh hd sd* Xml orexeoesi es xdgdkh* Gersx+ orexeos l}~rlss f odjolrj dwlr xmlhlidorfxeo hlgeoex dgxml ejsxex|xedjs ej wel dg xml kfoa dg ~rdolh|rls ej ~kfol xd rlgkloxxml wdeols dg fkk sxfalmdkhlrs+ ejok|hejc sxfxl fjh jdj)sxfxl foxdrs* Xmlu frc|l xmfx jdejsxex|xedj smd|kh ljgdrol r|kls fjh ~dkeoels xmfx frl gdri|kfxlh ej xml fbsljol dg xmdsl~dxljxefkku fggloxlh bu xmlsl r|kls fjh ~dkeoels*


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Xml Cljlrfk Fcrlliljx dj Xfreggs fjh Xrfhl -xu~eofkku fbbrlwefxlh CFXX%fs jlcdxefxlh h|rejc xml \J Odjglrljol dj Xrfhl fjh Li~kduiljx fjh fs xmld|xodil dg xml gfek|rl dg jlcdxefxejc cdwlrjiljxs xd orlfxl xml Ejxlrjfxedjfk XrfhlDrcfjepfxedj -EXD%* CFXX fs gdrilh ej 6585 fjh kfsxlh |jxek 655?*

SMU SF_ CFXX L_XFBKE_MLH4

CFXX+ fs lsxfbkesmlh dj f ~rdwesedjfk bfses fgxlr xml _lodjh Sdrkh Sfr ej xml fal dgdxmlr jl i|kxekfxlrfk ejsxex|xedjs hlheofxlh xd ejxlrjfxedjfk lodjdieo odd~lrfxedj )jdxfbku xml "Brlxxdj Sddhs" ejsxex|xedjs jd ajdj fs xml Sdrkh Bfja fjh xmlEjxlrjfxedjfk Idjlxfru G|jh*

Xml drecejfk 2? CFXX od|jxrels lrl fidjc dwlr meom fcrllh f hrfgx Omfrxlr gdr fjEjxlrjfxedjfk Xrfhl Drcfjepfxedj -EXD% ) f jl s~loefkeslh fcljou dg xml \jexlh Jfxedjs*Xml Omfrxlr fs ejxljhlh xd ~rdwehl jdx djku drkh xrfhl hesoe~kejls b|x fksd odjxfejlh

r|kls rlkfxejc xd li~kduiljx+ odiidhexu fcrlliljxs+ rlsxreoxewl b|sejlss ~rfoxeols+ejxlrjfxedjfk ejwlsxiljx fjh slrweols*

Ej fj lggdrx xd cewl fj lfrku bddsx xd xrfhl keblrfkepfxedj fgxlr xml _lodjh Sdrkh Sfr ) fjhxd blcej xd odrrlox xml kfrcl dwlrmfjc dg ~rdxloxedjesx ilfs|rls meom rlifejlh ej ~kfolgrdi xml lfrku 65?>s ) xfregg jlcdxefxedjs lrl d~ljlh fidjc xml 2? gd|jhejc CFXX"odjxrfoxejc ~frxels" ej 6587* Xmes gersx rd|jh dg jlcdxefxedjs rls|kxlh ej 8>> xfreggodjolssedjs fggloxejc (6> bekkedj ) dr fbd|x djl)gegxm ) dg drkh xrfhl* Ex fs fksd fcrllhxmfx xml wfk|l dg xmlsl odjolssedjs smd|kh bl ~rdxloxlh bu lfrku ) fjh kfrclku"~rdwesedjfk" ) fool~xfjol dg sdil dg xml xrfhl r|kls ej xml hrfgx EXD Omfrxlr* Xml xfreggodjolssedjs fjh r|kls xdclxmlr blofil ajdj fs xml Cljlrfk Fcrlliljx dj Xfreggs fjh

Xrfhl fjh ljxlrlh ejxd gdrol ej @fj|fru 658=*

Fkxmd|cm xml EXD Omfrxlr fs gejfkku fcrllh fx f \J Odjglrljol dj Xrfhl fjhLi~kduiljx ej Mfwfjf ej Ifrom 658= rfxegeofxedj ej jfxedjfk klceskfx|rls ~rdwlhei~dssebkl ej sdil ofsls* Smlj xml \jexlh _xfxls# cdwlrjiljx fjjd|jolh+ ej 65+ xmfxex d|kh jdx slla odjcrlssedjfk rfxegeofxedj dg xml Mfwfjf Omfrxlr+ xml EXD fslggloxewlku hlfh* Hls~exl exs ~rdwesedjfk jfx|rl+ xml CFXX rlifejlh xml djku i|kxekfxlrfkejsxr|iljx cdwlrjejc ejxlrjfxedjfk xrfhl grdi 658= |jxek xml lsxfbkesmiljx dg xml SXD*

Fkxmd|cm+ ej exs 83 ulfrs+ xml bfseo klcfk xl}x dg xml CFXX rlifejlh i|om fs ex fs ej658=+ xmlrl lrl fhhexedjs ej xml gdri dg "~k|rekfxlrfk" wdk|jxfru iliblrsme~+

fcrlliljxs fjh odjxej|fk lggdrxs xd rlh|ol xfreggs* I|om dg xmes fs fomelwlh xmrd|cm fslrels dg "xrfhl rd|jhs"*


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SMFX FRL XML DB@LOXEWL_ FJH G\JOXEDJ_ DG CFXX4

Xml bfseo fei dg xml CFXX es xd keblrfkepl drkh xrfhl fjh ~kfol ex dj f slo|rl bfses+odjxreb|xejc xd lodjdieo crdxm fjh hlwlkd~iljx*

Lsxfbkesmlh ej 658=+ xml CFXX es xml djku i|kxekfxlrfk drcfjepfxedj xmfx kfus hdjfcrllh)|~dj r|kls gdr ejxlrjfxedjfk xrfhl* Ex fksd g|joxedjs fs xml ~rejoe~fk ejxlrjfxedjfkbdhu odjolrjlh exm i|kxekfxlrfkku jlcdxefxejc xml rlh|oxedj dg xrfhl bfrrelrs fjh dxmlrilfs|rls xmfx hesxdrx odi~lxexedj* _d CFXX es bdxm f odhl dg r|kls fjh f gdr|i ej meomod|jxrels ofj heso|ss fjh rlsdkwl xmler xrfhl hes~|xls fjh jlcdxefxl xd ljkfrcl drkhxrfhejc d~~drx|jexels*

Xml CFXX drcfjepfxedj es mlfhv|frxlrlh ej Cljlwf+ _explrkfjh+ fjh mfs f ~lrifjljx

sxfgg xd mlk~ ejxlr~rlx exs xrfhl r|kls+ idjexdr iliblrs# ~dkeoels+ slxxkl hes~|xls fjhodjh|ox xrfhl jlcdxefxedjs*

_ejol exs ejol~xedj+ od|jxrels mfwl |slh xml CFXX xd ejexefxl rd|jhs dg jlcdxefxedjs xdhlfk exm xml if`dr ~rdbklis dg ejxlrjfxedjfk xrfhl* Dwlr exs mesxdru+ xml CFXX mfss~djsdrlh lecmx rd|jhs dg i|kxekfxlrfk xrfhl jlcdxefxedjs* Xml lfrku rd|jhs fhhrlsslh aluxrfhl ~dkeou ess|ls dg xmler xeil+ jfilku xml rlh|oxedj dg xfreggs dj ejh|sxrefk cddhs fjhxml lsxfbkesmiljx dg oklfr r|kls gdr cdwlrjiljxfk rlc|kfxedj dg drkh xrfhl* _ecjegeofjx~rdcrlss fs ifhl ej bdxm dg xmlsl frlfs+ b|x xml r|kls ~rdwehlh s~loefk ~rdwesedjs gdrfcreo|kx|rl xmfx keiexlh xml lggloxewljlss dg CFXX hesoe~kejls*

Ej xml 657>s+ fxxli~xs lrl ifhl xd brejc fcreo|kx|rl fjh dxmlr sloxdrs bludjhifj|gfox|rejc |jhlr CFXX hesoe~kejl+ fs lkk fs xd fhhrlss xml lilrcljol dg jdjxfreggbfrrelrs xd xrfhl* Xml Hekkdj Rd|jh -6 57>)72% odjok|hlh exmd|x secjegeofjx ~rdcrlss ejfcreo|kx|rl+ l}ol~x xmfx xml \jexlh _xfxls cfejlh h|xu)grll bejhejcs dj sdublfjs+ kejsllh+gkf}sllh+ deksllh ilfk fjh odxxdj ejxd xml L|rd~lfj Odii|jexu -LO%+ meom fs dg 6558es rlglrrlh xd fs xml L|rd~lfj \jedj -L\%* Xmlsl odiiexiljxs grdi xml LO lrl dgxrliljhd|s ei~drxfjol xd \*_* fcreo|kx|rl*

Ej 657?)73+ xml Aljjlhu Rd|jh fxxli~xlh xd keblrfkepl xrfhl ej fcreo|kx|rl+ fjh xmlhegglrljols blxllj xml xd bec ~kfulrs lrl oklfr0 Xml \jexlh _xfxls fjxlh xd brejcfcreo|kx|rl |jhlr xml r|kls f~~keofbkl xd ejh|sxrefk ~rdh|oxs1 xml LO fjxlh xd l}ok|hl ex*Xml rd|jh rls|kxlh ej xml orlfxedj dg xml Ejxlrjfxedjfk Smlfx Od|joek fjh sdil sifkkxfregg odjolssedjs dj fcreo|kx|rfk ~rdh|oxs*

Ej 653?)35+ xml Xdaud Rd|jh fcfej xfoaklh fcreo|kx|rl+ fjh fcfej xml \jexlh _xfxls fjhxml LO lrl dj d~~dsexl sehls* Xml \jexlh _xfxls fjxlh fcreo|kx|rl ejok|hlh |jhlr xmlsfil hesoe~kejls fs xml ejh|sxrefk sloxdr1 xml LO fjxlh ex sl~frfxl* Smekl jd ~fox fs


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s* Fjh xmlidiljx|i dg xrfhl keblrfkepfxedj mlk~lh ljs|rl xmfx xrfhl crdxm odjsesxljxku d|x)~folh~rdh|oxedj crdxm xmrd|cmd|x xml CFXX lrf* Xml r|sm dg jl iliblrs h|rejc xml\r|c|fu Rd|jh hlidjsxrfxlh xmfx xml i|kxekfxlrfk xrfhejc susxli+ fs xmlj rl~rlsljxlh buCFXX+ fs rlodcjeplh fs fj fjomdr gdr hlwlkd~iljx fjh fj ejsxr|iljx dg lodjdieo fjhxrfhl rlgdri*

Xml keiexlh fomelwliljx dg xml Xdaud Rd|jh+ d|xsehl xml xfregg rlh|oxedj rls|kxs+ fs fsecj dg heggeo|kx xeils xd odil* CFXX#s s|oolss ej rlh|oejc xfreggs xd s|om f kd klwlk+odibejlh exm f slrels dg lodjdieo rlolssedjs ej xml 653>s fjh lfrku 65=>s+ hrdwlcdwlrjiljxs xd hlwesl dxmlr gdris dg ~rdxloxedj gdr sloxdrs gfoejc ejorlfslh dwlrslfsodi~lxexedj* Mecm rfxls dg |jli~kduiljx fjh odjsxfjx gfoxdru okds|rls klh cdwlrjiljxsej L|rd~l fjh Jdrxm Filreof xd slla bekfxlrfk ifralx)smfrejc frrfjcliljxs exmodi~lxexdrs fjh xd libfra dj f s|bsehels rfol xd ifejxfej xmler mdkhs dj fcreo|kx|rfkxrfhl* Bdxm xmlsl omfjcls |jhlriejlh xml orlhebekexu fjh lggloxewljlss dg CFXX*

F~frx grdi xml hlxlredrfxedj ej xml xrfhl ~dkeou ljwerdjiljx+ ex fksd blofil f~~frljx buxml lfrku 65=>s xmfx xml Cljlrfk Fcrlliljx fs jd kdjclr fs rlklwfjx xd xml rlfkexels dgdrkh xrfhl fs ex mfh bllj ej xml 658>s* Gdr f sxfrx+ drkh xrfhl mfh blodil gfr idrlodi~kl} fjh ei~drxfjx xmfj 8> ulfrs blgdrl0 xml ckdbfkepfxedj dg xml drkh lodjdiu fs|jhlrfu+ ejxlrjfxedjfk ejwlsxiljx fs l}~kdhejc fjh xrfhl ej slrweols ) jdx odwlrlh buxml r|kls dg CFXX ) fs dg if`dr ejxlrlsx xd idrl fjh idrl od|jxrels fjh+ fx xml sfilxeil+ okdslku xelh xd g|rxmlr ejorlfsls ej drkh ilromfjhesl xrfhl* Ej dxmlr rls~loxs+ xml


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CFXX mfh bllj gd|jh fjxejc0 gdr ejsxfjol+ exm rls~lox xd fcreo|kx|rl mlrl kdd~mdklsej xml i|kxekfxlrfk susxli lrl mlfweku l}~kdexlh ) fjh lggdrxs fx keblrfkepejc fcreo|kx|rfkxrfhl ilx exm kexxkl s|oolss ) fjh ej xml xl}xekls fjh okdxmejc sloxdr mlrl fj l}ol~xedj xdxml jdrifk hesoe~kejls dg CFXX fs jlcdxefxlh ej xml gdri dg xml I|kxegebrlFrrfjcliljx* Lwlj xml ejsxex|xedjfk sxr|ox|rl dg CFXX fjh exs hes~|xl slxxkliljx susxli

lrl cewejc of|sl gdr odjolrj*

Xml Sdrkh Xrfhl Drcfjepfxedj -SXD% es fj drcfjepfxedj xmfx ejxljhs xd s|~lrwesl fjhkeblrfkepl ejxlrjfxedjfk xrfhl* Xml drcfjepfxedj dggeoefkku odiiljolh dj @fj|fru 6+ 655dxmlrs frl jlcdxefxejc iliblrsme~*

Hloesedjs frl ifhl bu xml ljxerl iliblrsme~* Xmes es xu~eofkku bu odjsljs|s* F if`drexu

wdxl es fksd ~dssebkl b|x ex mfs jlwlr bllj |slh ej xml SXD+ fjh fs l}xrlilku rfrl |jhlrxml SXDs ~rlhlolssdr+ CFXX* Xml SXDs fcrlliljxs mfwl bllj rfxegelh ej fkkiliblrs ~frkefiljxs*

Xml SXDs xd~ klwlk hloesedj)ifaejc bdhu es xml Iejesxlrefk Odjglrljol meom illxsfx klfsx djol lwlru xd ulfrs*

Blkd xmes es xml Cljlrfk Od|joek -jdrifkku fibfssfhdrs fjh mlfhs dg hlklcfxedj ejCljlwf+ b|x sdilxeils dggeoefks sljx grdi iliblrs of~exfks% meom illxs slwlrfk xeils

f ulfr ej xml Cljlwf mlfhv|frxlrs* Xml Cljlrfk Od|joek fksd illxs fs xml Xrfhl ^dkeouRlwel Bdhu fjh xml Hes~|xl _lxxkliljx Bdhu*

Fx xml jl}x klwlk+ xml Cddhs Od|joek+ _lrweols Od|joek fjh Ejxlkklox|fk ^rd~lrxu-XRE^_% Od|joek rl~drx xd xml Cljlrfk Od|joek*

J|ilrd|s s~loefkeplh odiiexxlls+ draejc crd|~s fjh draejc ~frxels hlfk exm xmlejheweh|fk fcrlliljxs fjh dxmlr frlfs s|om fs xml ljwerdjiljx+ hlwlkd~iljx+iliblrsme~ f~~keofxedjs fjh rlcedjfk xrfhl fcrlliljxs*


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3

SMFX FRL XML DB@LOXEWL_ FJH G\JOXEDJ_ DG XML SXD4

Xml drcfjepfxedj hlfks exm rlc|kfxedj dg xrfhl blxllj ~frxeoe~fxejc od|jxrels1 ex~rdwehls f grfildra gdr jlcdxefxejc fjh gdrifkepejc xrfhl fcrlliljxs+ fjh f hes~|xlrlsdk|xedj ~rdolss feilh fx ljgdroejc ~frxeoe~fjxs# fhmlrljol xd SXD fcrlliljxs meomfrl secjlh bu rl~rlsljxfxewls dg iliblr cdwlrjiljxs fjh rfxegelh bu xmler ~frkefiljxs*

Xml SXD#s mlfhv|frxlrs es fx xml Oljxrl Sekkefi Rf~~frh+ Cljlwf+ _explrkfjh*

Fidjc xml wfred|s g|joxedjs dg xml SXD+ xmlsl frl rlcfrhlh bu fjfkusxs fs xml idsxei~drxfjx0

Ex dwlrslls xml ei~kliljxfxedj+ fhiejesxrfxedj fjh d~lrfxedj dg xml odwlrlhfcrlliljxs*

Ex ~rdwehls f gdr|i gdr jlcdxefxedjs fjh gdr slxxkejc hes~|xls*Fhhexedjfkku+ ex es xml SXD#s h|xu xd rlwel fjh ~rd~fcfxl xml jfxedjfk xrfhl ~dkeoels+fjh xd ljs|rl xml odmlrljol fjh xrfjs~frljou dg xrfhl ~dkeoels xmrd|cm s|rwlekkfjol ejckdbfk lodjdieo ~dkeou)ifaejc* Fjdxmlr ~redrexu dg xml SXD es xml fssesxfjol dghlwlkd~ejc+ klfsx)hlwlkd~lh fjh kd)ejodil od|jxrels ej xrfjsexedj xd fh`|sx xd SXDr|kls fjh hesoe~kejls xmrd|cm xlomjeofk odd~lrfxedj fjh xrfejejc*

Xml SXD lsxfbkesmls f grfildra gdr xrfhl ~dkeoels1 ex hdls jdx hlgejl dr s~loegud|xodils* Xmfx es+ ex es odjolrjlh exm slxxejc xml r|kls dg xml xrfhl ~dkeou cfils* Gewl

~rejoe~kls frl dg ~frxeo|kfr ei~drxfjol ej |jhlrsxfjhejc bdxm xml ~rl)6558 CFXX fjh xmlSXD0

6* Jdj)Hesoreiejfxedj* Ex mfs xd if`dr odi~djljxs0 xml idsx gfwd|rlh jfxedj-IGJ% r|kl+ fjh xml jfxedjfk xrlfxiljx ~dkeou* Bdxm frl liblhhlh ej xml ifejSXD r|kls dj cddhs+ slrweols+ fjh ejxlkklox|fk ~rd~lrxu+ b|x xmler ~rloesl sod~lfjh jfx|rl hegglr fordss xmlsl frlfs* Xml IGJ r|kl rlv|erls xmfx f SXD iliblri|sx f~~ku xml sfil odjhexedjs dj fkk xrfhl exm dxmlr SXD iliblrs+ e*l* fSXD iliblr mfs xd crfjx xml idsx gfwdrfbkl odjhexedjs |jhlr meom ex fkkdsxrfhl ej f olrxfej ~rdh|ox xu~l xd fkk dxmlr SXD iliblrs* "Crfjx sdildjl fs~loefk gfwd|r fjh ud| mfwl xd hd xml sfil gdr fkk dxmlr SXD iliblrs*"Jfxedjfk

xrlfxiljx ilfjs xmfx ei~drxlh cddhs smd|kh bl xrlfxlh jd klss gfwdrfbku xmfjhdilsxeofkku ~rdh|olh cddhs -fx klfsx fgxlr xml gdrlecj cddhs mfwl ljxlrlh xmlifralx% fjh fs ejxrdh|olh xd xfoakl jdj)xfregg bfrrelrs xd xrfhl -l*c* xlomjeofksxfjhfrhs+ slo|rexu sxfjhfrhs lx fk* hesoreiejfxejc fcfejsx ei~drxlh cddhs%*

2* Rloe~rdoexu* Ex rlgkloxs bdxm f hlserl xd keiex xml sod~l dg grll)rehejc xmfx ifufresl blof|sl dg xml IGJ r|kl+ fjh f hlserl xd dbxfej blxxlr foolss xd gdrlecjifralxs* F rlkfxlh ~dejx es xmfx gdr f jfxedj xd jlcdxefxl+ ex es jlolssfru xmfx xml


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cfej grdi hdejc sd bl crlfxlr xmfj xml cfej fwfekfbkl grdi |jekfxlrfkkeblrfkepfxedj1 rloe~rdofk odjolssedjs ejxljh xd ljs|rl xmfx s|om cfejs ekkifxlrefkesl*

?* Bejhejc fjh ljgdrolfbkl odiiexiljxs* Xml xfregg odiiexiljxs ifhl bu SXDiliblrs ej f i|kxekfxlrfk xrfhl jlcdxefxedj fjh dj foolssedj frl lj|ilrfxlh ej fsomlh|kl -kesx% dg odjolssedjs* Xmlsl somlh|kls lsxfbkesm "olekejc bejhejcs"0 fod|jxru ofj omfjcl exs bejhejcs+ b|x djku fgxlr jlcdxefxejc exm exs xrfhejc~frxjlrs+ meom od|kh ilfj odi~ljsfxejc xmli gdr kdss dg xrfhl* Eg sfxesgfoxedj esjdx dbxfejlh+ xml odi~kfejejc od|jxru ifu ejwdal xml SXD hes~|xl slxxkliljx~rdolh|rls*

8* Xrfjs~frljou* Xml SXD iliblrs frl rlv|erlh xd ~|bkesm xmler xrfhlrlc|kfxedjs+ xd ifejxfej ejsxex|xedjs fkkdejc gdr xml rlwel dg fhiejesxrfxewlhloesedjs fggloxejc xrfhl+ xd rls~djh xd rlv|lsxs gdr ejgdrifxedj bu dxmlr

iliblrs+ fjh xd jdxegu omfjcls ej xrfhl ~dkeoels xd xml SXD* Xmlsl ejxlrjfkxrfjs~frljou rlv|erliljxs frl s|~~kliljxlh fjh gfoekexfxlh bu ~lredheo od|jxru)s~loegeo rl~drxs -xrfhl ~dkeou rlwels% xmrd|cm xml Xrfhl ^dkeou RlwelIlomfjesi -X^RI%* Xml SXD susxli xrels fksd xd ei~rdwl ~rlheoxfbekexu fjhsxfbekexu+ hesod|rfcejc xml |sl dg v|dxfs fjh dxmlr ilfs|rls |slh xd slx keiexs djv|fjxexels dg ei~drxs*


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5

Xml Ejxlrjfxedjfk Idjlxfru G|jh -EIG% es xml ejxlrcdwlrjiljxfk drcfjepfxedj xmfxdwlrslls xml ckdbfk gejfjoefk susxli bu gdkkdejc xml ifordlodjdieo ~dkeoels dg exsiliblr od|jxrels+ ej ~frxeo|kfr xmdsl exm fj ei~fox dj l}omfjcl rfxl fjh xml bfkfjol dg~fuiljxs* Exs mlfhv|frxlrs frl ej Sfsmejcxdj+ HO*+ \jexlh _xfxls

SMU SF_ XML EIG L_XFBKE_MLH4

Xml Ejxlrjfxedjfk Idjlxfru G|jh fs odjolewlh ej @|ku 6588 drecejfkku exm 8< iliblrsfjh ofil ejxd l}esxljol ej Hloliblr 658< mlj 25 od|jxrels secjlh xml fcrlliljx+ exmf cdfk xd sxfbekepl l}omfjcl rfxls fjh fssesx xml rlodjsxr|oxedj dg xml drkh#s ejxlrjfxedjfk~fuiljx susxli* Od|jxrels odjxreb|xlh xd f ~ddk meom od|kh bl bdrrdlh grdi+ dj fxli~drfru bfses+ bu od|jxrels exm ~fuiljx eibfkfjols* Xml EIG fs ei~drxfjx mlj exfs gersx orlfxlh blof|sl ex mlk~lh xml drkh sxfbekepl xml lodjdieo susxli* Xml EIGdras xd ei~rdwl xml lodjdiels dg exs iliblr od|jxrels* Xml EIG hlsorebls exslkg fs "fj

drcfjepfxedj dg 6=3 od|jxrels -fs dg @|ku 2>6>%+ draejc xd gdsxlr ckdbfk idjlxfruodd~lrfxedj+ slo|rl gejfjoefk sxfbekexu+ gfoekexfxl ejxlrjfxedjfk xrfhl+ ~rdidxl mecmli~kduiljx fjh s|sxfejfbkl lodjdieo crdxm+ fjh rlh|ol ~dwlrxu"*

Fgxlr xml Gersx Sdrkh Sfr+ idsx dg xml od|jxrels dg xml drkh lrl dg xml d~ejedj xmfxidjlxfru odd~lrfxedj fs jlolssfru xd clx xml lodjdieo sxfbekexu fx ejxlrjfxedjfk klwlk*B|x xml drkh ehl hl~rlssedj ej 65?> fjh xml gfkk dg cdkh sxfjhfrh susxli ej 65?6 cfwlresl xd f j|iblr dg ~rdbklis ej l}omfjcl rfxls+ Xml slodjh drkh fr fksd blofil xmlrlfsdj dg ofjolkkfxedj dg f xrfhl ~fox fidjc ~dlrg|k od|jxrels -Filreof+ Ljckfjh fjhGrfjol%* H|l xd xml i|kxe~kl l}omfjcl rfxl ~rfoxeols+ heggeo|kxels frdsl ej ejxlrjfxedjfkxrfhl fjh ex fs glkx xmfx exmd|x idjlxfru odd~lrfxedj+ lodjdieo hlwlkd~iljx fs jdx~dssebkl+ F lkk ajdj Brexesm Lodjdiesx+ @dmj Ifujfrh Alujls fjh xml Filreofjl}~lrx Mfrru H* Smexl ~rl~frlh xmler sl~frfxl ~kfjs gdr Ejxlrjfxedjfk Oklfrejc \jedj fjh#\jexlh fjh Fssdoefxlh Jfxedjs _xfbekesfxedj G|jh# rls~loxewlku*

Xml bfseo glfx|rls dg xmlsl ~kfjs lrl g|slh ejxd f odiidj ~kfj lwdkwlh fx xml \jexlhJfxedjs Idjlxfru fjh Gejfjoefk Odjglrljol dg 88 jfxedjs mlkh fx Brlxxdj Sddhs+ JlMfi~smerl ej xml \*_*F* ej @|ku 6588* Xmes odjglrljol cfwl berxm xd xml #EjxlrjfxedjfkIdjlxfru G|jh# fjh xml Ejxlrjfxedjfk Bfja gdr Rlodjsxr|oxedj fjh Hlwlkd~iljx -SdrkhBfja%*


10/38

6>

SMFX FRL XML DB@LOXEWL_ FJH G\JOXEDJ_ DG XML EIG4

EIG es fj drcfjepfxedj gdrilh exm f sxfxlh db`loxewl dg sxfbekepejc ejxlrjfxedjfkl}omfjcl rfxls fjh gfoekexfxejc hlwlkd~iljx xmrd|cm xml ljgdroliljx dg keblrfkesejclodjdieo ~dkeoels dj dxmlr od|jxrels fs f odjhexedj gdr kdfjs+ rlsxr|ox|rejc dr feh* Ex fksd

dgglrs kdfjs exm wfruejc klwlks dg odjhexedjfkexu+ ifejku xd ~ddrlr od|jxrels*

Xml dra dg xml EIG es dg xmrll ifej xu~ls* _|rwlekkfjol ejwdkwls xml idjexdrejc dglodjdieo fjh gejfjoefk hlwlkd~iljxs+ fjh xml ~rdwesedj dg ~dkeou fhweol+ feilhls~loefkku fx oreses)~rlwljxedj* Xml EIG fksd kljhs xd od|jxrels exm bfkfjol dg ~fuiljxsheggeo|kxels+ xd ~rdwehl xli~drfru gejfjoejc fjh xd s|~~drx ~dkeoels feilh fx odrrloxejcxml |jhlrkuejc ~rdbklis1 kdfjs xd kd)ejodil od|jxrels frl fksd feilh ls~loefkku fx~dwlrxu rlh|oxedj* Xmerh+ xml EIG ~rdwehls od|jxrels exm xlomjeofk fssesxfjol fjhxrfejejc ej exs frlfs dg l}~lrxesl* _|~~drxejc fkk xmrll dg xmlsl foxewexels es EIG dra ejlodjdieo rlslfrom fjh sxfxesxeos*

Ej rloljx ulfrs+ fs ~frx dg exs lggdrxs xd sxrljcxmlj xml ejxlrjfxedjfk gejfjoefk susxli+ fjhxd ljmfjol exs lggloxewljlss fx ~rlwljxejc fjh rlsdkwejc oresls+ xml EIG mfs f~~kelh bdxmexs s|rwlekkfjol fjh xlomjeofk fssesxfjol dra xd xml hlwlkd~iljx dg sxfjhfrhs fjh odhlsdg cddh ~rfoxeol ej exs frlfs dg rls~djsebekexu+ fjh xd xml sxrljcxmljejc dg gejfjoefksloxdrs*

Xml EIG fksd ~kfus fj ei~drxfjx rdkl ej xml gecmx fcfejsx idjlu)kf|jhlrejc fjh xlrrdresi

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-e% Xd ~rdidxl ejxlrjfxedjfk idjlxfru odd~lrfxedj xmrd|cm f ~lrifjljx ejsxex|xedj dg xmlg|jh meom ~rdwehls xml ifomejlru gdr Odjs|kxfxedj fjh Odkkfbdrfxedj dj ejxlrjfxedjfkidjlxfru ~rdbklis4-ee% Xd gfoekexfxl xml l}~fjsedj fjh bfkfjolh crdxm dg ejxlrjfxedjfk xrfhl fjh xdodjxreb|xl xmlrlbu xd xml ~rdidxedj fjh ifejxljfjol dg mecm klwlk dg li~kduiljx fjhrlfk ejodil1-eee% Xd ~rdidxl l}omfjcl sxfbekexu fjh ifejxfej drhlrku l}omfjcl frrfjcliljxs fidjciliblrs bu fwdehejc odi~lxexewl l}omfjcl hl~rloefxedj1-ew% Xd fssesx ej xml lsxfbkesmiljx dg f i|kxe)kfxlrfk susxli dg ~fuiljxs ej rls~lox dgo|rrljx xrfjsfoxedjs blxllj iliblrs fjh lkeiejfxedj dg gdrlecj l}omfjcl rlsxreoxedjsmeom mfi~lr xml crdxm dg drkh xrfhl*-w% Xd orlfxl odjgehljol fidjc iliblrs bu ifaejc xml cljlrfk rlsd|rols dg xml g|jhxli~drfreku fwfekfbkl xd xmli fjh ~rdwehejc d~~drx|jexu xd odrrlox ifk)fh`|sxiljxs ejxmler bfkfjol dg ~fuiljxs exmd|x rlsdrxejc xd xml ilfs|rls hlsxr|oxewl dg jfxedjfk drejxlrjfxedjfk ~rds~lrexu*


11/38

66

OREXEOFK LWFK\FXEDJ DG EIG_ _\OOL__

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Gddh Hfu+ meom orexeoeplh xml Sdrkh Bfja fjh EIG gdr xmler ~dkeoels dj gddh fjhfcreo|kx|rl0

Sl jllh xml Sdrkh Bfja+ xml EIG+ fkk xml bec gd|jhfxedjs+ fjh fkk xml cdwlrjiljxs xdfhiex xmfx+ gdr ?> ulfrs+ l fkk bkl ex+ ejok|hejc il mlj E fs ^rlsehljx* Sl lrlrdjc xd blkelwl xmfx gddh fs keal sdil dxmlr ~rdh|ox ej ejxlrjfxedjfk xrfhl+ fjh l fkkmfwl xd cd bfoa xd f idrl rls~djsebkl fjh s|sxfejfbkl gdri dg fcreo|kx|rl*Gdrilr \_ ^rlsehljx Bekk Okejxdj+ _~llom fx \jexlh Jfxedjs Sdrkh Gddh Hfu+ Doxdblr67+ 2>>=

Ej 2>>=+ f sx|hu bu fjfkusxs grdi Ofibrehcl fjh Ufkl |jewlrsexels ~|bkesmlh dj xml

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Ej 2>>5+ f bdda bu Reoa Rdhlj xexklh+ Xml Hlfhku Ehlfs dg Jldkeblrfkesi0 Md xmlEIG mfs \jhlriejlh ^|bkeo Mlfkxm fjh xml Gecmx Fcfejsx Fehs+ okfeilh xmfx xml EIG#sidjlxfresx f~~rdfom xdfrhs ~redrexepejc ~reol sxfbekexu -kd ejgkfxedj% fjh gesofk rlsxrfejx-kd b|hclx hlgeoexs% fs |jjlolssfreku rlsxreoxewl fjh mfs ~rlwljxlh hlwlkd~ejcod|jxrels grdi blejc fbkl xd sofkl |~ kdjc)xlri ~|bkeo ejwlsxiljx fs f ~lroljx dg CH^ ejxml |jhlrkuejc ~|bkeo mlfkxm ejgrfsxr|ox|rl* Xml bdda okfeilh xml odjslv|ljols mfwl

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EIG ~dkeoels mfwl bllj rl~lfxlhku orexeoeplh gdr ifaejc ex heggeo|kx gdr ejhlbxlh od|jxrelsxd fwdeh lodsusxli)hfifcejc ~rd`loxs xmfx cljlrfxl ofsm gkd+ ej ~frxeo|kfr dek+ odfk fjhgdrlsx)hlsxrduejc k|iblr fjh fcreo|kx|rl ~rd`loxs* Lo|fhdr gdr l}fi~kl mfh xd hlgu EIGfhweol rl~lfxlhku ej drhlr xd ~|rs|l xml ~rdxloxedj dg exs rfej gdrlsxs+ xmd|cm~frfhd}eofkku xmes jllh fs oexlh ej EIG frc|iljx xd s|~~drx xmfx od|jxru* Xml EIGfoajdklhclh xmes ~frfhd} ej f Ifrom 2>6> sxfgg ~dsexedj rl~drx meom ~rd~dslh xmlEIG Crllj G|jh+ f ilomfjesi xd ess|l _~loefk Hrfejc Recmxs herloxku xd ~fu gdrokeifxl mfri ~rlwljxedj fjh ~dxljxefkku dxmlr lodkdceofk ~rdxloxedj fs ~|rs|lh cljlrfkkubu dxmlr ljwerdjiljxfk gejfjol*


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62

Smekl xml rls~djsl xd xmlsl idwls fs cljlrfkku ~dsexewl ~dssebku blof|sl lodkdceofk~rdxloxedj fjh ljlrcu fjh ejgrfsxr|ox|rl xrfjsgdrifxedj frl idrl ~dkexeofkku jl|xrfk xmfj~rlss|rls xd omfjcl sdoefk ~dkeou* _dil l}~lrxs wdeolh odjolrj xmfx xml EIG fs jdxrl~rlsljxfxewl+ fjh xmfx xml EIG ~rd~dsfks xd cljlrfxl djku 2>> bekkedj hdkkfrs$ulfr bu2>2> exm xml _HRs fs sllh g|jhs+ heh jdx cd gfr ljd|cm xd |jhd xml cljlrfk ejoljxewl xd

~|rs|l hlsxr|oxewl ~rd`loxs ejmlrljx ej xml drkh odiidhexu xrfhejc fjh bfjaejc susxlis) orexeoesis dgxlj klwlkklh fx xml SXD fjh kfrcl ckdbfk bfjaejc ejsxex|xedjs*

Ej xml odjxl}x dg xml Ifu 2>6> L|rd~lfj bfjaejc oreses+ sdil dbslrwlrs fksd jdxlh xmfx_~fej fjh Ofkegdrjef+ xd xrd|bklh lodjdiels exmej L|rd~l fjh xml \jexlh _xfxlsrls~loxewlku+ fjh fksd Clrifju+ xml ~reifru fjh ~dkexeofkku idsx grfcekl s|~~drxlr dg fL|rd o|rrljou bfekd|x d|kh bljlgex grdi EIG rlodcjexedj dg xmler klfhlrsme~ ej crlljxlomjdkdcu+ fjh herloxku grdi Crllj)G|jh cljlrfxlh hlifjh gdr xmler l}~drxs+ meomiecmx fksd ei~rdwl xmler orlhex sxfjhejc exm ejxlrjfxedjfk bfjalrs*

Xml Sdrkh Bfja es fj ejxlrjfxedjfk gejfjoefk ejsxex|xedj xmfx ~rdwehls kdfjs xdhlwlkd~ejc od|jxrels gdr of~exfk ~rdcrfiils* Xml Sdrkh Bfja mfs f cdfk dg rlh|oejc~dwlrxu* Bu kf+ fkk dg exs hloesedjs i|sx bl c|ehlh bu f odiiexiljx xd ~rdidxl gdrlecjejwlsxiljx+ ejxlrjfxedjfk xrfhl fjh gfoekexfxl of~exfk ejwlsxiljx*

Xml Sdrkh Bfja odi~resls xd ejsxex|xedjs0 xml Ejxlrjfxedjfk Bfja gdr Rlodjsxr|oxedjfjh Hlwlkd~iljx -EBRH% fjh xml Ejxlrjfxedjfk Hlwlkd~iljx Fssdoefxedj -EHF%*

SMU SF_ XML SDRKH BFJA L_XFBKE_MLH4

Xml Sdrkh Bfja mfs h|fk rdkls xmfx frl odjxrfheoxdru0 xmfx dg f ~dkexeofk drcfjepfxedj fjhxmfx dg f ~rfoxeofk drcfjepfxedj* Fs f ~dkexeofk drcfjepfxedj+ xml Sdrkh Bfja i|sx illxxml hlifjhs dg hdjdr fjh bdrrdejc cdwlrjiljxs+ ~rewfxl of~exfk ifralxs+ fjh dxmlrejxlrjfxedjfk drcfjepfxedjs* Fs fj foxedj)dreljxlh drcfjepfxedj+ ex i|sx bl jl|xrfk+s~loefkepejc ej hlwlkd~iljx feh+ xlomjeofk fssesxfjol+ fjh kdfjs* Xml Sdrkh Bfja#sdbkecfxedjs xd hdjdr od|jxrels fjh ~rewfxl of~exfk ifralxs mfwl of|slh ex xd fhd~x ~dkeoelsmeom heoxfxl xmfx ~dwlrxu es blsx fkklwefxlh bu xml ei~kliljxfxedj dg "ifralx" ~dkeoels*

Xml Sdrkh Bfja fs orlfxlh ej 6588 xd kljh xd ~reifreku L|rd~lfj od|jxrels xmfx mfhbllj hlsxrdulh ej xml fr xd mlk~ xmli rlb|ekh* Ex lwdkwlh grdi xml Ejxlrjfxedjfk Bfja gdrRlodjsxr|oxedj fjh Hlwlkd~iljx -EBRH%* Xml Sdrkh Bfja fs bfslh ej Sfsmejcxdj+H*O*+ fjh fs ~reifreku sxfgglh exm ljcejllrs*

_ejol xmlj+ ex mfs l}~fjhlh xd f okdslku fssdoefxlh crd|~ dg gewl hlwlkd~iljx ejsxex|xedjsmdsl ~|r~dsl es xd rlh|ol drkhehl ~dwlrxu* Ex d~lrfxls okdslku exm exs fggekefxl+ xmlEjxlrjfxedjfk Hlwlkd~iljx Fssdoefxedj+ fjh dxmlr iliblrs dg xml Sdrkh Bfja Crd|~+xml Ejxlrjfxedjfk Gejfjol Odr~drfxedj -EGO%+ xml I|kxekfxlrfk C|frfjxll Fcljou -IECF%+fjh xml Ejxlrjfxedjfk Oljxrl gdr xml _lxxkliljx dg Ejwlsxiljx Hes~|xls -EO_EH%*


13/38

6?

SMFX FRL XML DB@LOXEWL_ FJH G\JOXEDJ_ DG XML SDRKH BFJA4

Grdi exs odjol~xedj |jxek 6573 xml bfja |jhlrxdda f rlkfxewlku kd klwlk dg kljhejc*Gesofk odjslrwfxesi fjh ofrlg|k sorlljejc dg kdfj f~~keofxedjs fs odiidj* Grdi 657=xd 65=>+ xml bfja odjoljxrfxlh dj illxejc xml bfseo jllhs dg ~ld~kl ej xml hlwlkd~ejcdrkh* Xml sepl fjh j|iblr dg kdfjs xd bdrrdlrs fs crlfxku ejorlfslh fs kdfj xfrclxsl}~fjhlh grdi ejgrfsxr|ox|rl ejxd sdoefk slrweols fjh dxmlr sloxdrs*Kljhejc xd slrweolxmerh drkh hlbx ifralh xml ~lredh dg 65=>65=5* _xr|ox|rfk fh`|sxiljx ~dkeoels feilh fxsxrlfikejejc xml lodjdiels dg hlwlkd~ejc jfxedjs -fx xml l}~ljsl dg mlfkxm fjh sdoefkslrweols% lrl fksd f kfrcl ~frx dg Sdrkh Bfja ~dkeou h|rejc xmes ~lredh* Grdi 65=5+Sdrkh Bfja ~dkeou omfjclh ej rls~djsl xd orexeoesi grdi ifju crd|~s* Ljwerdjiljxfkcrd|~s fjh JCDs lrl ejodr~drfxlh ej xml kljhejc dg xml bfja ej drhlr xd iexecfxl xmllggloxs dg xml ~fsx xmfx ~rdi~xlh s|om mfrsm orexeoesi*

Xml Sdrkh Bfja ~rdwehls kd)ejxlrlsx kdfjs+ ejxlrlsx)grll orlhexs fjh crfjxs xdhlwlkd~ejc od|jxrels* Ej rlx|rj+ xml od|jxru i|sx fhmlrl xd sxreox b|hclxfru rlgdris* Exi|sx fcrll xd o|x bfoa dj s~ljhejc fjh s|~~drx exs o|rrljou* Xml Sdrkh Bfja kdfjs frl|s|fkku xd ejwlsx ej lh|ofxedj+ mlfkxm+ fjh ejgrfsxr|ox|rl* Xml kdfjs ofj fksd bl |slh xdidhlrjepl f od|jxru#s gejfjoefk sloxdr+ fcreo|kx|rl+ fjh jfx|rfk rlsd|rol ifjfcliljx*

Xml cdfks dg xmes ejxlrjfxedjfk drcfjepfxedj ejok|hl0

Fomelwliljx dg xml Iekkljje|i Hlwlkd~iljx Cdfks* Ejorlfsl kljhejc xd iehhkl)ejodil od|jxrels*

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Hlbx rlkelg ej xml ofsl dg wlru ~ddr od|jxrels* Hlwlkd~iljx dg sfjexfxedj fjh fxlr s|~~ku* _|~~drx eii|jepfxedj ~rdcrfis h|rejc l~ehlieos* Orlfxl #crllj# ejexefxewls*


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68

OREXEOFK LWFK\FXEDJ DG XML SDRKH BFJA_ _\OOL__

Xml Sdrkh Bfja mfs kdjc bllj orexeoeplh bu jdj)cdwlrjiljxfk drcfjepfxedjs+ s|om fs xml

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EjIfsxlrs dg Ekk|sedj0 Xml Sdrkh Bfja fjh xml ^dwlrxu dg Jfxedjs -6557%+ OfxmlrejlOf|gelkh frc|lh xmfx xml fss|i~xedjs fjh sxr|ox|rl dg xml Sdrkh Bfja mfris sd|xmlrjjfxedjs* Of|gelkh orexeoeplh exs gdri|kfeo rloe~ls dg "hlwlkd~iljx"* Xd xml Sdrkh Bfja+hegglrljx jfxedjs fjh rlcedjs frl ejhesxejc|esmfbkl fjh rlfhu xd rlolewl xml "|jegdri

rlilhu dg hlwlkd~iljx"* _ml frc|lh xmfx xd fxxfej lwlj idhlsx s|oolss+ Slsxlrj~rfoxeols frl fhd~xlh fjh xrfhexedjfk lodjdieo sxr|ox|rls fjh wfk|ls fbfjhdjlh* Fslodjh fss|i~xedj es xmfx ~ddr od|jxrels ofjjdx idhlrjepl exmd|x idjlu fjh fhweolgrdi fbrdfh*

F j|iblr dg ejxlkklox|fks ej hlwlkd~ejc od|jxrels mfwl frc|lh xmfx xml Sdrkh Bfja eshll~ku ei~keofxlh ej odjxli~drfru idhls dg hdjdr fjh JCD ei~lrefkesi+ fjh xmfx exsejxlkklox|fk odjxreb|xedjs g|joxedj xd bkfil xml ~ddr gdr xmler odjhexedj*

Djl dg xml sxrdjclsx orexeoesis dg xml Sdrkh Bfja mfs bllj xml fu ej meom ex escdwlrjlh* Smekl xml Sdrkh Bfja rl~rlsljxs 6=7 od|jxrels+ ex es r|j bu f sifkk j|iblr dg

lodjdieofkku ~dlrg|k od|jxrels* Xmlsl od|jxrels omddsl xml klfhlrsme~ fjh sljedrifjfcliljx dg xml Sdrkh Bfja+ fjh sd xmler ejxlrlsxs hdiejfxl xml bfja*

Xml Sdrkh Bfja mfs h|fk rdkls xmfx frl odjxrfheoxdru0 xmfx dg f ~dkexeofk drcfjepfxedj fjhxmfx dg f ~rfoxeofk drcfjepfxedj* Fs f ~dkexeofk drcfjepfxedj+ xml Sdrkh Bfja i|sx illxxml hlifjhs dg hdjdr fjh bdrrdejc cdwlrjiljxs+ ~rewfxl of~exfk ifralxs+ fjh dxmlrejxlrjfxedjfk drcfjepfxedjs* Fs fj foxedj)dreljxlh drcfjepfxedj+ ex i|sx bl jl|xrfk+s~loefkepejc ej hlwlkd~iljx feh+ xlomjeofk fssesxfjol+ fjh kdfjs* Xml Sdrkh Bfja#sdbkecfxedjs xd hdjdr od|jxrels fjh ~rewfxl of~exfk ifralxs mfwl of|slh ex xd fhd~x ~dkeoelsmeom heoxfxl xmfx ~dwlrxu es blsx fkklwefxlh bu xml ei~kliljxfxedj dg "ifralx" ~dkeoels*

Ej xml 655>s+ xml Sdrkh Bfja fjh xml EIG gdrclh xml Sfsmejcxdj Odjsljs|s+ ~dkeoelsmeom ejok|hlh hlrlc|kfxedj fjh keblrfkepfxedj dg ifralxs+ ~rewfxepfxedj fjh xmlhdjsofkejc dg cdwlrjiljx* Xmd|cm xml Sfsmejcxdj Odjsljs|s fs odjolewlh fs f~dkeou xmfx d|kh blsx ~rdidxl hlwlkd~iljx+ ex fs orexeoeplh gdr ecjdrejc lv|exu+li~kduiljx fjh md rlgdris keal ~rewfxepfxedj lrl ofrrelh d|x* Ifju jd fcrll xmfxxml Sfsmejcxdj Odjsljs|s ~kfolh xdd i|om li~mfses dj xml crdxm dg CH^+ fjh jdx


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SMU SF_ XML FHB L_XFBKE_MLH4

FHB fs drecejfkku odjolewlh bu sdil ejgk|ljxefk @f~fjlsl md gdri|kfxlh f "~rewfxl~kfj" gdr f rlcedjfk hlwlkd~iljx bfja ej 6572+ meom fs kfxlr ljhdrslh bu xml

cdwlrjiljx* Xml @f~fjlsl glkx xmfx exs ejxlrlsx ej Fsef fs jdx slrwlh bu xml Sdrkh Bfjafjh fjxlh xd lsxfbkesm f bfja ej meom @f~fj fs ejsxex|xedjfkku fhwfjxfclh* Djol xmlFHB fs gd|jhlh ej 6577+ @f~fj xdda f ~rdiejljx ~dsexedj ej xml bfja1 ex rlolewlh xml~rlsehljou fjh sdil dxmlr or|oefk "rlslrwl ~dsexedjs" s|om fs xml herloxdr dg xmlfhiejesxrfxedj hl~frxiljx* Bu xml ljh dg 6532+ @f~fj odjxreb|xlh (63?*3 iekkedj -22*7,dg xml xdxfk% xd xml drhejfru of~exfk rlsd|rols fjh (622*7 iekkedj -> iekkedj hdjfxedj gdr xmlFcreo|kx|rfk _~loefk G|jh ej F~rek 657=*

FHB fs odjolewlh fieh xml ~dsxfr rlmfbekexfxedj fjh rlodjsxr|oxedj dg xml lfrku657>s* Xml wesedj fs dg f gejfjoefk ejsxex|xedj xmfx d|kh bl Fsefj ej omfrfoxlr fjhgdsxlr lodjdieo crdxm fjh odd~lrfxedj ej xml rlcedj ) xmlj djl dg xml ~ddrlsx ej xmldrkh*

F rlsdk|xedj ~fsslh fx xml gersx Iejesxlrefk Odjglrljol dj Fsefj Lodjdieo Odd~lrfxedjmlkh bu xml \jexlh Jfxedjs Lodjdieo Odiiessedj gdr Fsef fjh xml Gfr Lfsx ej 657? slxxmfx wesedj dj xml fu xd blodiejc rlfkexu*

Xml ^meke~~ejls of~exfk dg Ifjekf fs omdslj xd mdsx xml jl ejsxex|xedj ) xml FsefjHlwlkd~iljx Bfja ) meom d~ljlh dj 65 Hloliblr 6577+ exm ?6 iliblrs xd slrwl f~rlhdiejfjxku fcreo|kx|rfk rlcedj*

SMFX FRL XML DB@LOXEWL_ FJH G\JOXEDJ_ DG XML FHB4

FHB odjxej|ls xd ~rdidxl lodjdieo crdxm+ hlwlkd~ m|ifj rlsd|rols+ ei~rdwl xmlsxfx|s dg dilj+ fjh ~rdxlox xml ljwerdjiljx+ b|x xmlsl sxrfxlceo hlwlkd~iljx db`loxewlsjd slrwl exs ~dwlrxu rlh|oxedj fcljhf* Exs dxmlr alu hlwlkd~iljx db`loxewls+ s|om fskf fjh ~dkeou rlgdri+ rlcedjfk odd~lrfxedj+ ~rewfxl)sloxdr hlwlkd~iljx+ fjh sdoefkhlwlkd~iljx+ fksd odjxreb|xl secjegeofjxku xd xmes ifej cdfk*


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18/38

6=

OREXEOFK LWFK\FXEDJ DG FHB_ _\OOL__

_ejol xml FHB#s lfrku hfus+ orexeos mfwl omfrclh xmfx xml xd if`dr hdjdrs+ @f~fj fjh xml\jexlh _xfxls+ mfwl mfh l}xljsewl ejgk|ljol dwlr kljhejc+ ~dkeou fjh sxfggejc hloesedjs*

D}gfi F|sxrfkef mfs orexeoeplh xml Fsefj Hlwlkd~iljx Bfja dg ejsljsexewexu xd kdofkodii|jexels* "D~lrfxejc fx f ckdbfk fjh ejxlrjfxedjfk klwlk+ xmlsl bfjas ofj |jhlriejl~ld~kl#s m|ifj recmxs xmrd|cm ~rd`loxs xmfx mfwl hlxreiljxfk d|xodils gdr ~ddr fjhifrcejfkeplh odii|jexels*" Xml bfja fksd rlolewlh orexeoesi grdi xml \jexlh JfxedjsLjwerdjiljxfk ^rdcrfi+ sxfxejc ej f rl~drx xmfx "i|om dg xml crdxm mfs bu~fsslh idrlxmfj 3> ~lroljx dg exs r|rfk ~d~|kfxedj+ ifju dg mdi frl herloxku hl~ljhljx dj jfx|rfkrlsd|rols gdr kewlkemddhs fjh ejodils*"

Xmlrl mfh bllj orexeoesi xmfx FHB#s kfrcl sofkl ~rd`loxs of|sl sdoefk fjh ljwerdjiljxfkhfifcl h|l xd kfoa dg dwlrsecmx* Djl dg xml idsx odjxrdwlrsefk FHB)rlkfxlh ~rd`loxs esXmfekfjh#s Ifl Idm odfk)gerlh ~dlr sxfxedj* Ljwerdjiljxfk fjh m|ifj recmxs foxewesxssfu FHB#s ljwerdjiljxfk sfglc|frhs ~dkeou fs lkk fs ~dkeoels gdr ejhecljd|s ~ld~kl fjhejwdk|jxfru rlslxxkliljx+ mekl |s|fkku |~ xd ejxlrjfxedjfk sxfjhfrhs dj ~f~lr+ frl dgxljecjdrlh ej ~rfoxeol+ frl xdd wfc|l dr lfa xd bl fggloxewl+ dr frl sei~ku jdx ljgdrolh bubfja dggeoefks*

Xml bfja mfs bllj orexeoeplh dwlr exs rdkl fjh rlklwfjol ej xml gddh oreses*Xml FHB mfsbllj foo|slh bu oewek sdoelxu dg ecjdrejc frjejcs klfhejc |~ xml oreses fjh fksdodjxreb|xejc xd ex bu ~|smejc kdfj odjhexedjs xmfx ifju sfu |jgferku ~rlss|rl cdwlrjiljxs

xd hlrlc|kfxl fjh ~rewfxepl fcreo|kx|rlklfhejc xd ~rdbklis s|om fs xml reol s|~~kusmdrxfcl ej _d|xmlfsx Fsef*

Xml bfja mfs fksd bllj orexeoeplh bu Welxjfi Sfr wlxlrfjs gdr g|jhejc ~rd`loxs ej Kfds+blof|sl dg xml \jexlh _xfxls# 6>5+ xml bfja ljhdrslh f 2*5)bekkedj)hdkkfr g|jhejc sxrfxlcu gdr ~rd~dslh ~rd`loxs ejEjhef* Xml ~rd`loxs ej xmes sxrfxlcu lrl djku ejheofxewl fjh sxekk jllhlh xd bl g|rxmlrf~~rdwlh bu xml bfja#s Bdfrh dg Herloxdrs1 mdlwlr+ ^RO Gdrlecj Iejesxru s~dalsifjVej Cfjc okfeilh+ "Xml Fsefj Hlwlkd~iljx Bfja+ rlcfrhklss dg xml if`dr odjolrjs dgOmejf+ f~~rdwlh xml Ejhef Od|jxru ^frxjlrsme~ sxrfxlcu meom ejwdkwls xml xlrrexdrefkhes~|xl blxllj Omejf fjh Ejhef* Omejf l}~rlssls exs sxrdjc hessfxesgfoxedj dwlr xmes***Xml bfja#s idwl jdx djku slred|sku xfrjesmls exs dj jfil+ b|x fksd |jhlriejls xmlejxlrlsxs dg exs iliblrs*"


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Xml Fssdoefxedj dg _d|xmlfsx Fsefj Jfxedjs+ odiidjku fbbrlwefxlh F_LFJes f cld)~dkexeofk fjh lodjdieo drcfjepfxedj dg 6> od|jxrels kdofxlh ej _d|xmlfsx Fsef+meom fs gdrilh dj = F|c|sx 6573 bu Ejhdjlsef+ Ifkfusef+ xml ^meke~~ejls+ _ejcf~drlfjh Xmfekfjh* _ejol xmlj+ iliblrsme~ mfs l}~fjhlh xd ejok|hl Br|jle+ B|rif-Iufjifr%+ Ofibdhef+ Kfds+ fjh Welxjfi* Exs feis ejok|hl xml foolklrfxedj dg lodjdieo

crdxm+ sdoefk ~rdcrlss+ o|kx|rfk hlwlkd~iljx fidjc exs iliblrs+ xml ~rdxloxedj dg xml~lfol fjh sxfbekexu dg xml rlcedj+ fjh xd ~rdwehl d~~drx|jexels gdr iliblr od|jxrels xdheso|ss hegglrljols ~lfolg|kku*

F_LFJ fs gdrilh fs f rls|kx dg xml Bfjcada Hlokfrfxedj dg 6573 fjh ejexefkku mfh gewliliblrs0 Xmfekfjh+ Ifkfusef+ Ejhdjlsef+ xml ^meke~~ejls fjh _ejcf~drl* Br|jles|bslv|ljxku `dejlh ej 65=8 fgxlr ex mfh dj ejhl~ljhljol grdi Brexfej* Welxjfiblofil xml slwljxm iliblr dg xml crd|~+ dggeoefkku `dejejc ej 655s+ fs lkk fs f hlserl gdr lodjdieo hlwlkd~iljx1jdx xd iljxedj Ejhdjlsefs fibexedj xd blodil f rlcedjfk mlclidju xmrd|cm rlcedjfkodd~lrfxedj fjh xml md~l dj xml ~frx dg Ifkfusef fjh _ejcf~drl xd odjsxrfej Ejhdjlseffjh brejc ex ejxd f idrl odd~lrfxewl grfildra*

Xml Fssdoefxedj dg _d|xmlfsx Fsefj Jfxedjs -F_LFJ% es f i|kxekfxlrfk drcfjepfxedjmeom fs orlfxlh xd cewl _d|xmlfsx Fsefj sxfxls f gdr|i xd odii|jeofxl exm lfomdxmlr* _ejol xml rlcedj mfh f kdjc odkdjefk ~fsx fjh f mesxdru dg ljhlieo frgfrl+ xmlrlmfs jlwlr bllj i|om ~lfolg|k fjh odjsxr|oxewl ejxlrfoxedj blxllj aejcs+ ~rlsehljxs fjhdxmlr dggeoefks* Ej xml 65s+ Welxjfi+ Kfds fjh Ofibdhef lrl gecmxejc gdrejhl~ljhljol grdi xml Grljom fjh+ kfxlr+ xml \_F* Xmes ~|x xmdsl od|jxrels fx ljiexuexm lsxlrj)klfjejc od|jxrels s|om fs Xmfekfjh+ ^meke~~ejls fjh _ejcf~drl* Ifkfuseffjh Ejhdjlsef+ ilfjmekl+ mfh xmler dj adjgrdjxfse fjh ~reoaku rlkfxedjs -fx blsx%

l}esxlh+ mekl _ejcf~drl fjh Ifkfusef mfwl f kljcxmu mesxdru dg he~kdifxeo sv|fbbkls* Fjl|xrfk gdr|i fs+ xmlrlgdrl+ f wlru |slg|k hlwlkd~iljx gdr fkk dg xmdsl od|jxrels*

F_LFJ fs lsxfbkesmlh dj xml bfses dg jdj)ejxlrwljxedj0 xmfx es+ ejxlrfoxedj exmej xmlcrd|~ d|kh gdo|s ljxerlku dj lodjdieo ifxxlrs+ dr lksl dj ifxxlrs dg xlomjeofk od)d~lrfxedj fjh ejxlcrfxedj+ gdr l}fi~kl orlfxejc fj d~lj saels fcrlliljx+ ilfs|rls xd

xfoakl xml s~rlfh dg fwefj ejgk|ljpf -berh gk|% dr lksl xrfjsbd|jhfru ljwerdjiljxfkess|ls* Bu xrfhexedj fjh odjsxex|xedj+ jd iliblr sxfxl d|kh odiiljx d~ljku dj ~dkexeofkodjhexedjs exmej fjdxmlr iliblr sxfxl fjh xmlrl d|kh bl jd fxxli~x fx ejxlrwljxedj drejxlrglrljol bludjh bdrhlrs* Xmes fs fj lssljxefk odjhexedj sejol+ dxmlresl+ idsx sxfxlsd|kh mfwl rlg|slh xd `dej F_LFJ* Dg od|rsl+ ex es oklfr xmfx f kdx dg heso|ssedj fjh


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2>

~dkexeoaejc cdls dj blmejh xml soljls b|x xml ifej wfk|l dg F_LFJ es+ ej fhhexedj xd xmlg|joxedjfk fcrlliljxs fjh od)d~lrfxedj fomelwlh+ xd ~rdwehl xml soljls blmejh meomodjgehljxefk heso|ssedjs smd|kh xfal ~kfol* Cewlj xml ljdrid|s ~rdbklis exm iesxr|sxfjh kfoa dg of~foexu ej _d|xmlfsx Fsef+ ex es jdx sljsebkl xd orexeoepl F_LFJ gdr jdxfomelwejc idrl b|x xd bl crfxlg|k xmfx ex mfs bllj fbkl xd fomelwl mfx ex mfs hdjl* Xml

keiexfxedjs dg xml f~~rdfom frl lwehljx ej rls~lox dg xml o|rrljx ~dkexeofk sex|fxedj ejB|rif b|x xml bljlgexs dg ex frl mfrhlr xd hesolrj+ fkxmd|cm xmlu frl olrxfejku xmlrl*

SMFX FRL XML DB@LOXEWL_ FJH G\JOXEDJ_ DG XML F_LFJ4

Xml F_LFJ fu ofj bl xrfolh bfoa xd xml secjejc dg xml Xrlfxu dg Fiexu fjhOdd~lrfxedj ej _d|xmlfsx Fsef* "G|jhfiljxfk ~rejoe~kls fhd~xlh grdi xmes ejok|hlh0

i|x|fk rls~lox gdr xml ejhl~ljhljol+ sdwlrlecjxu+ lv|fkexu+ xlrrexdrefk ejxlcrexu+fjh jfxedjfk ehljxexu dg fkk jfxedjs1

xml recmx dg lwlru _xfxl xd klfh exs jfxedjfk l}esxljol grll grdi l}xlrjfkejxlrglrljol+ s|bwlrsedj dr odlroedj1

jdj)ejxlrglrljol ej xml ejxlrjfk fggfers dg djl fjdxmlr1 slxxkliljx dg hegglrljols dr hes~|xls bu ~lfolg|k ifjjlr1 rlj|joefxedj dg xml xmrlfx dr |sl dg gdrol1 fjh lggloxewl odd~lrfxedj fidjc

xmlislkwls"*

Xml Fssdoefxedj dg _d|xmlfsx Fsefj Jfxedjs mfs xml gdkkdejc feis0

Xd s~llh |~ crdxm ej xml lodjdiu dg xml iliblr jfxedjs1 xd brejc fbd|x o|kx|rfkcrdxm fjh ~rdcrlss ej sdoelxu dg xml iliblr lodjdiels dg F_LFJ*

Xd lgglox sxfbekexu fjh fjh rlcedjfk ~lfol* Xmes ofj bl fomelwlh bu fhmlrejc xd xml

jdris dg \jexlh Jfxedjs Omfrxlr fjh bu mfwejc rls~lox gdr `|sxeol*

^rejoe~kls dg F_LFJ dr Fssdoefxedj dg _d|xmlfsx Fsefj Jfxedjs 0

Xml hegglrljx iliblr jfxedjs dg F_LFJ fbehl bu xml gdkkdejc ~rejoe~kls exm rls~loxxd djl fjdxmlr* Xmlsl ~rejoe~kls frl rlodrhlh ej xml XFO dr xml Xrlfxu Dg Fiexu FjhOdd~lrfxedj Ej _d|xmlfsx Fsef*

Xml sdwlrlecjxu+ ejhl~ljhljol+ lv|fkexu+ jfxedjfk ehljxexu+ xlrrexdrefk ejxlcrexu dg fkk xmliliblr jfxedjs xd bl rls~loxlh i|x|fkku*

Odd~lrfxedj fidjc fkk iliblrs

_md|kh fju odjgkeoxs fresl+ xmlsl odjgkeoxs dr hes~|xls frl rlv|erlh xd bl slxxklh ej f~lfolg|k fu*

Ejxlrwljxedj ej xml ejxlrjfk ifxxlrs dg xml dxmlr jfxedj xd bl fwdehlh*

F iliblr jfxedj es ljxexklh xd xml recmx dg g|joxedjejc ej exs dj ifjjlr exmd|xejxlrwljxedj grdi fju l}xlrjfk sd|rol*

Ecjdrejc fju gdrolg|k foxedj


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26

Jfxedjfk Lodjdieo Ejsxex|xedjs -Ejhef%

Lodjdieo ejsxex|xedjs ej Ejhef frl hewehlh ej xd ofxlcdrels* Xml gersx xu~l rlglrs xd xmlrlc|kfxdru ejsxex|xedjs fjh xml slodjh xu~l rlglrs xd xml ejxlrilhefrels*Xml rlc|kfxdrs frl fssecjlh exm xml `db dg cdwlrjejc fkk xml hewesedjs dg xml Ejhefjgejfjoefk susxli* Xmlsl rlc|kfxdru ejsxex|xedjs frl rls~djsebkl gdr ifejxfejejc xmlxrfjs~frljou fjh xml jfxedjfk ejxlrlsx ej xml d~lrfxedjs dg xml ejsxex|xedjs |jhlr xmlers|~lrwesedj* Xml bfjaejc ejsxex|xedjs dg Ejhef ~kfu f if`dr rdkl ej xml lodjdiu dg xmlod|jxru* Xml bfjaejc ejsxex|xedjs frl xml ~rdwehlrs dg hl~dsexdru fjh xrfjsfoxedj slrweols*Xmlsl foxewexels frl xml if`dr sd|rols dg orlfxejc idjlu* Xml bfjaejc ejsxex|xedjs frl xmlif`dr sd|rols dg ~rdwehejc kdfjs fjh dxmlr orlhex gfoekexels xd xml okeljxs* F~frx grdi xmlbfjaejc gejfjoefk ejsxex|xedjs+ xmlrl frl f j|iblr dg s~loefkeplh gejfjoefk ejsxex|xedjs ejEjhefxmfx mfwl bllj ejodr~drfxlh gdr f hlgejexl ~|r~dsl* Xmlsl ejsxex|xedjs ejok|hl xmlejs|rfjol odi~fjels+ xml md|sejc gejfjol odi~fjels+ i|x|fk g|jhs+ ilromfjx bfjas+orlhex rl~drxejc fjh hlbx odkkloxedj odi~fjels fjh ifju idrl*

F~frx grdi xmlsl+ xmlrl frl slwlrfk dxmlr gejfjoefk ejsxex|xedjs xmfx frl l}esxejc ej xmlod|jxru* Xmlsl frl xml sxdoa brdalrs fjh s|b)brdalrs+ ~drxgdked ifjfclrs+ ejwlsxiljxfhwesdrs+ |jhlrrexlrs+ gdrlecj ejsxex|xedjfk ejwlsxdrs fjh ifju idrl*Xml wfred|s jfxedjfk lodjdieo ejsxex|xedjs heso|sslh mlrlej frl fs gdkkds0

Rlslrwl Bfja dg Ejhef _lo|rexels fjh L}omfjcl Bdfrh dg Ejhef Oljxrfk Bdfrh dg Herlox Xf}ls Oljxrfk Bdfrh dg L}oesl fjh O|sxdis

Jfxedjfk bfja gdr Fcreo|kx|rfk fjh R|rfk Hlwlkd~iljx L}~drx Ei~drx bfja dg Ejhef _ifkk Ejh|sxrels Hlwlkd~iljx bfja dg Ejhef Ejh|sxrefk hlwlkd~iljx bfja dg Ejhef Jfxedjfk Md|sejc Bfja


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Rlslrwl Bfja dg Ejhef

Xml rlslrwl bfja dg Ejhef es xml oljxrfk bfjaejc susxli dg Ejhef fjh odjxrdks xmlidjlxfru ~dkeou fs lkk fs xml \_(?>>*26 bekkedj dg o|rrljou rlslrwls* * Xml ejsxex|xedjfs lsxfbkesmlh dj 6 F~rek 65?< h|rejc xmlBrexesm Rf`ej foodrhfjol exm xml ~rdwesedjs

dg xml Rlslrwl Bfja dg Ejhef Fox+ 65?8

Q2Y

fjh ~kfus fj ei~drxfjx ~frx ej xml hlwlkd~iljxsxrfxlcu dg xml cdwlrjiljx* Ex es f iliblr bfja dg xmlFsefjOklfrejc \jedj*Xml oljxrfk bfja fs gd|jhlh ej 65?< xd rls~djh xd lodjdieo xrd|bkls fgxlr xml GersxSdrkh Sfr* Xml Rlslrwl Bfja dg Ejhef fs slx |~ dj xml rlodiiljhfxedjs dg xml MekxdjUd|jc Odiiessedj* Xml Oljxrfk Dggeol dg xml Rlslrwl Bfja fs ejexefkku lsxfbkesmlhej Adkafxf b|x fs ~lrifjljxku idwlh xd I|ibfe ej 65?3* Xmd|cm drecejfkku slx |~ fs fsmfrlmdkhlrs bfja+ xml RBE mfs bllj g|kku djlh bu xml Cdwx*dg Ejhef sejol exs

jfxedjfkepfxedj ej 6585*

Xml Rlslrwl Bfja dg Ejhef es xml ifej idjlxfru f|xmdrexu dg xml od|jxru fjh blsehl xmfxxml oljxrfk bfja foxs fs xml bfja dg xml jfxedjfk fjh sxfxl cdwlrjiljxs* Ex gdri|kfxls

ei~kliljxs fjh idjexdrs xml idjlxfru ~dkeou fs lkk fs ex mfs xd ljs|rl fj fhlv|fxl gkddg orlhex xd ~rdh|oxewl sloxdrs* Xml ejsxex|xedj es fksd xml rlc|kfxdr fjh s|~lrwesdr dg xmlgejfjoefk susxli fjh ~rlsorebls brdfh ~frfilxlrs dg bfjaejc d~lrfxedjs exmej meom xmlod|jxru#s bfjaejc fjh gejfjoefk susxli g|joxedjs* Db`loxewls frl xd ifejxfej ~|bkeoodjgehljol ej xml susxli+ ~rdxlox hl~dsexdrs# ejxlrlsx fjh ~rdwehl odsx)lggloxewl bfjaejcslrweols xd xml ~|bkeo* Xml Bfjaejc Dib|hsifj _omlil mfs bllj gdri|kfxlh bu xmlRlslrwl Bfja dg Ejhef -RBE% gdr lggloxewl fhhrlssejc dg odi~kfejxs bu bfja o|sxdilrs*Xml RBE odjxrdks xml idjlxfru s|~~ku+ idjexdrs lodjdieo ejheofxdrs keal xml CH^ fjhmfs xd hloehl xml hlsecj dg xml r|~ll bfjajdxls fs lkk fs odejs*

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India#cite_note-RBIA1934-2009-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India#cite_note-RBIA1934-2009-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Clearing_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Clearing_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Clearing_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India#cite_note-autogenerated2004-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India#cite_note-autogenerated2004-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India#cite_note-autogenerated2004-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India#cite_note-autogenerated2004-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Clearing_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India#cite_note-RBIA1934-2009-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj


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