Global observations of climatically important atmospheric gases and aerosols during HIPPO

Britton Stephens (NIWA/NCAR) and HIPPO Science Team

• PIs: Harvard, NCAR, Scripps, NOAA, others• Global and seasonal survey of CO2, O2, CH4, CO, N2O, H2, SF6, COS, CFCs, HCFCs, O3, H2O, CO2 isotopes, Ar, black carbon, and hydrocarbons

• NSF / NCAR Gulfstream V• 5 campaigns over 4 years• Continuous profiling from surface to 10 km, and to 15 km twice per flight

• hippo.ucar.edu (also Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)

Canterbury, New Zealand Brooks Range, AlaskaPago Pago, American Samoa

Model Model Name

1 CSU

2 GCTM

3 UCB

4 UCI

5 JMA

6 MATCH.CCM3

7 MATCH.NCEP

8 MATCH.MACCM2

9 NIES

A NIRE

B TM2

C TM3

Continental-scale carbon flux uncertainties are still very large, owing to biases in atmospheric CO2 transport

[Stephens et al., 2007]

Tropical Land and Northern Land fluxes plotted versus annual-mean northern-

hemisphere vertical CO2 gradient

Aircraft Performance Maximum Range¹ 6,500 nm 12,046 km Maximum Cruise Altitude 51,000 ft 15,545 m Maximum Payload 6,500 lb 2,948 kg

NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V Jet (GV)(HIAPER = High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research)

HIPPO Science Team: Harvard University: S. C. Wofsy, B. C. Daube, R. Jimenez, E. Kort, J. V. Pittman, S. Park, R. Commane, Bin Xiang, G. Santoni; (GEOS-CHEM) D. Jacob, J. Fisher, C. Pickett-Heaps, H. Wang, K. Wecht, Q.-Q. Wang

National Center for Atmospheric Research: B. B. Stephens, S. Shertz, P. Romashkin, T. Campos, J. Haggerty, W. A. Cooper, D. Rogers, S. Beaton , R. Lueb

NOAA ESRL and CIRES: J. W. Elkins, D. Fahey, R. Gao, F. Moore, S. A. Montzka, J. P. Schwartz, D. Hurst, B. Miller, C. Sweeney, S. Oltmans, D. Nance, E. Hintsa, G. Dutton, L. A. Watts, R. Spackman, K. Rosenlof, E. Ray

UCSD/Scripps: R. Keeling, J. Bent

Princeton: M. Zondlo, Minghui Diao

U. Miami: E. A. Atlas

TCCON: Vanessa Sherlock et al.

JPL: M. J. Mahoney; (AIRS) M. Chahine, E. Olsen

Cooperating modeling groups: ACTM P. Patra, K. Ishijima; GEMS-MACC R. Engelen; TM3/TM5 Sara Mikaloff-Fletcher;

HIPPO Aircraft Instrumentation

O2:N2, CO2, CH4, CO, N2O , other GHGs, CO2 isotopes, Ar/N2, COS, halocarbons, solvent gases, marine emission species, many more

Whole air sampling: NWAS (NOAA), AWAS (Miami), MEDUSA (NCAR/Scripps)

O3 (1 Hz)NOAA GMD O3

T, P, winds, aerosols, cloud waterMTP, wing stores, etcBlack Carbon (1 Hz)NOAA SP2H2O (1 Hz)Princeton/SWS VCSEL

CO, CH4, N2O, CFCs, HCFCs, SF6, CH3Br, CH3Cl, H2, H2O

NOAA- UCATS, PANTHER GCs (1 per 70 – 200 s)

CO (1 Hz)NCAR RAF CO

O3 (1 Hz)NOAA CSD O3

CO2 (1 Hz)Harvard OMS CO2

O2:N2 , CO2 (1 Hz)NCAR AO2CO2, CH4, CO, N2O (1 Hz)Harvard/Aerodyne - QCLS

HIPPO_3 Mar/Apr 2010 (same track NB, SB)

HIPPO_4 Jun 2011(NB track TBD)

HIPPO_5 Sep 2011(NB track TBD)

~ 600 vertical profiles; nearly 1000 at HIPPO's conclusion.

HIPPO_2 Nov 2009

HIPPO_1

Xsects along the Dateline

Jan 2009

HIPPO_1

Xsects along the Dateline

Jan 2009

HIPPO_2

Xsects along the Dateline

Nov 2009

N2OCOCH4

Pollution over the Arctic

January 12, 2009

HIPPO1 AO2 Profiles at 80 N

January 20, 2009

HIPPO1 AO2 Profiles at 65 S

Southern Ocean O2 outgassing

O2 Cross Section, January, 2009

per meg

APO Cross Section, January, 2009

Atmospheric Potential Oxygen:APO = O2 + 1.1*CO2

per meg

HIPPO2 and HIPPO3 AO2 Profiles at 67 S

November 2009 April 2010

HIPPO 3 AO2 Profiles at 65 N

HIPPO1 Ar/N2 Data

CFC-11 Halon-1211

Whole-Air Sampling NWAS / AWAS (E. Atlas, S.

Montzka)

Mid-Pacific Sample coverage

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGAL

Tavg

8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00

CH3CCl3_md2

Methyl chloroform

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGAL

Tavg

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

CH2Cl2_md

Dichloromethane

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGAL

Tavg

100 200 300 400 500

ethyne_md

Ethyne

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGAL

Tavg

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

Benzene_md

Benzene

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGAL

Tavg

50 100 150 200 250

DMS_md

Dimethyl Sulfide

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGAL

Tavg

450 475 500 525 550

OCS_md

Carbonyl Sulfide

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGAL

Tavg

2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0

cs2_md

Carbon Disulfide

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

12500

10000

7500

5000

2500

GGLATavg

GGAL

Tavg

13 25 38 50 63 75

MeONO2_md

Methyl Nitrate

• Earth Simulator – ACTM CCSR/NIES/FRCGC AGCM – P. Patra• GEOS-CHEM (NASA DAO) - Harvard Team• MACC-GEMS ECMWF Air Quality and Air Chemistry – R. Engelen• TM3 (NIWA), TM5 planned – S. Mikaloff-Fletcher

Models with detailed simulations of HIPPO Data

Detailed Model results for HIPPO_1:

CO2 SF6 C2H6 CO N2O CH4 O3 PAN NOx HCHO BlkC O2

GEOS_C 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 *ACTM 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0MACC 0 0 1 1, Fcst 0 1 1 1 1 1TM3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

CH4 ACTM

HIPPO Obs offset 31 ppb

sources and

vertical and

horizontal transport

sources and

vertical and

horizontal transport

Jan 2009 Observed ACTM (GEIA)

Profiles over Ocean

NH Tropical Troposphere

Arctic Boundary Layer

Plume at 23N, 10km

Plume RF04, 8km

CarbonTracker Comparisons

Preliminary APO comparison

Fluxes:Mean ocean O2: Gruber et al., 2001Seasonal ocean O2 and N2: Garcia and Keeling, 2001Mean ocean N2: Gloor et al., 2001Seasonal + mean ocean CO2: Takahashi et al., 2009Fossil-fuel CO2 and O2: CDIAC

January Mean APO from Climatological fluxes in TM3HIPPO1 APO Observations

per meg

Summary:

• 3 of 5 HIPPO campaigns completed and data are revealing a wealth of information

• A new type of data: global, high-precision, fine-grained, and many species• Clearly dilineate transport processes (warm-conveyor belt, strat-trop

exchange, Arctic cold-dome, marine and continental PBL) and source regions (tropical N2O, marine reactive species, Southern Ocean O2 and CO2) in ways not achieved beforeExpected to challenge models of carbon fluxes and of atmospheric transport and chemistry

• Data will be publicly available 12-18 months post flight• We welcome collaboration with atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial modelers

and with those making measurements on other platforms

NCAR Airborne Oxygen Instrument (AO2)

System components:

note scale change for GEMS