GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION• HISTORY• ELEMENTS• PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION• MEASURING DISTANCE• GPS MEASUREMENT ERRORS• TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE ACCURACY• APPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION

• GIS– It is a computerized information storage

processing and retrieval system that has hardware and software especially designed to cope with geographical referenced spatial data

GIS

• Techniques to input geographical information converting the information to digital form

• Techniques for sorting information in a compact format on computer disk or digital storage media

• Can analyze, make measurements and find optimum sites or routes and a hosts of other tasks

• Can predict outcome of various scenarios, can display data in the form of maps, images etc

GPS HISTORY

• LAUNCH OF SPUTNIK IN 1957• TRANSIT SYSTEM IN 1960• F.O.C (Full Operational Capacity) IN JULY 17

1995• ICO• NAVSTAR• DESIGNED BY U.S DoD• PRECISE LOCATION• ACCURATE TIME

GPS ELEMENTS

• 1. SPACE SEGMENT• 2. CONTROL SEGMENT• 3. USER SEGMENT

SPACE SEGMENT

24 SATELLITES IN A CONSTELLATION OF 6 ORBITAL PLANES, EACH SATELLITE COMPLETES 1 REVOLUTION IN 12 HOURS

6 ORBITS INCLINED 55 DEGREES FROM THE EQUATOR

4 SATELLITES FOR 3-D POSITIONING

This configuration provides for at least 4 equally spaced satellites within each of the orbital planes

CONTROL SEGMENT

• MONITOR STATIONS

• MASTER CONTROL STATION

• Frequency L1=1575.42 MHz C/A code, L2=1227.60 MHz P code

CONTROL SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT

• CONSISTS OF GPS RECEIVER,ANTENNA AND PROCESSOR

• SPS-STANDARD POSITIONING SERVICE

• PPS-PRECISE POSITIONING SERVICE

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

• TRILATERATION PRINCIPLE– A body cannot occupy 2 positions in space

simultaneously

• 2-D TRILATERATION

• 3-D TRILATERATION

2-D TRILATERATION

3-D TRILATERATION

MEASURING DISTANCE

• SATELLITE AND THE RECEIVER GENERATE SAME PSEUDO-RANDOM CODES AT THE SAME TIME

• MEASURING HOW LONG THE SIGNAL TAKES TO REACH US• MULTIPLY THE TRAVEL TIME BY THE SPEED OF LIGHT

GPS MEASUREMENT ERRORS

• CLOCK

• IONOSPHERE

• MULTIPATH

TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE ACCURACY

• DGPS– DIFFERENTIAL GPS

• WAAS– WIDE AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM

APPLICATIONEnvironmental Management

• Data Representation– Vector method – Raster method

• Predict climate changes, outcome of various scenarios

APPLICATIONS

MILITARY APPLICATIONSMISSILE GUIDANCE

AIR NAVIGATION

• MOST DIRECT ROUTES BETWEEN AIRPORTS

GPS IN COCKPIT

.ACCURATE POSITION DATA

SEA NAVIGATION

• MORE ACCURATE MAPS: NAUTICAL & AERONAUTICAL MAPS

LAND NAVIGATION

GPS IN VEHICLESMAPPING THE EARTHSET YOUR WATCH

SURVEY

SURVEYING WITH GPSSCIENCE IN THE FIELD

AGRICULTURE

GPS AND AGRICULTUREYIELD MAP

CONCLUSION

• Satellite based navigational aid• Guide by 24 satellites round the globe in 6 orbits• 3D positioning and time• Type of terrain and weather does not effect

positioning• Cheap and precise operating equipment• Inherent error correction mode• A variant of GPS , DGPS has already been

introduced

thank u…