global progress report

GLOBAL GLOBAL PROGRESS PROGRESS

REPORTREPORT

on implementation of the WHO Framework

Convention on Tobacco Control

2012

GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT

20122

Scopes of global progress report

Overall progress in implementation of the Convention

Implementation of the Convention by provisions

Prevalence of tobacco use and tobacco-related mortality

Priorities and challenges in implementing the Convention

Conclusions


20123

Provides a global overview of the status of implementation of the Convention, on the basis of the 126 reports provided by the Parties in the 2012 reporting cycle;

Tracks progress made in implementation of the Convention between different reporting periods;

Draws conclusions on overall progress, opportunities and challenges, and provides key observations by article.


20124

Overall progress in implementation of the Convention

Current status of implementation

Progress in implementation between reporting periods

Examples of recent strong achievements


20125

Articles with the highest reported implementation rates (with more than 65% average implementation rates across the 126 Parties analysed):

Article 8 (Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke)

Article 12 (Education, communication, training and public awareness)

Article 16 (Sales to and by minors)

Article11 (Packaging and labeling of tobacco products)

Current status of implementation


20126

Articles with reported implementation in the range 40% to 60%:

Article 15 (Illicit trade in tobacco products)

Article 5 (General obligations)

Article 10 (Regulation of tobacco product disclosures)

Article 20 (Research, surveillance and exchange of information)

Article 14 (Demand reduction measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation)

Article 6 (Price and tax measures to reduce the demand for tobacco)

Article 9 (Regulation of the contents of tobacco products)

Article 13 (Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship)

Current status of implementation (cont’d)


20127

Articles with the lowest reported implementation rates (of less than 25%):

Article 18 (Protection of the environment and the health of persons)

Article 22 (Cooperation in the scientific, technical and legal fields and provision of related expertise)

Article 19 (Liability)

Article 17 (Provision of support for economically viable alternative activities)

Current status of implementation (cont’d)


20128

Average implementation rates (%) of substantive articles


20129


Changes in percentages of average rates of implementation by article


201210

Articles that attracted relatively high positive changes over the reporting periods:

Article 8: +15 percentage points

Article 13: +12 percentage points (for the comprehensive advertising ban)






201211

Article 22: +4 percentage points; and


Overall (all substantive articles): +4 percentage points

(from 52% (by 2010) to 56% (in 2012))

Progress in implementation between reporting periods (cont’d)


201212

Article 8

Australia, Canada – smoking bans including partly covered

or outdoor areas

Article 9

Brazil – ban on the use of additives

Article 11

Australia – plain packaging; Uruguay, Mauritius – increase inthe size of pictorial warnings

Examples of recent strong

achievements


201213

Article 13

ban on displays of tobacco products at the point of sale: Australia (at subnational level), Canada, Finland, Ireland, Nepal, New Zealand, Norway, Palau and Panama; and

ban on advertising of tobacco products at points of sale: Australia (at subnational level), Finland, Ireland, Nepal and Ukraine

Examples of recent strong achievements

(cont’d)


201214

74 Parties reported having comprehensive tobacco-control strategies, plans and programmes (Article 5.1)

102 Parties reported having designated a national focal point for tobacco control; 76 Parties have a tobacco-control unit (Article 5.2(a))

91 Parties reported having established national coordinating mechanisms for tobacco control (Article 5.2(a))

Article 5 (General

obligations)


201215

Article 5

(cont’d)

Adoption of legislative, executive, administrative and other measures

(as per Article 5.2(b)) in relation of ratification of the WHO FCTC


201216

Article 5.3 (Protection of public health policies from the tobacco industry)

68 Parties reported taking steps to prevent tobacco industry interference

34 Parties took measures to make information on tobacco industry activities available to the public

Specific references on Article 5.3 included in national legislations: Burkina Faso, Djibouti and Namibia


201217

Article 5 (cont’d) – Key observations

Achievements Challenges

More Parties report having developed and implemented comprehensive tobacco control strategies and programmes

79% of Parties strengthened their existing or adopted new tobacco control legislation after ratifying the Convention

Increasing number of Parties cover Article 5.3 in their national legislation

Reduced capacity for tobacco control at administrative and technical levels in about one fifth of Parties

National coordinating mechanisms should be strengthened

In 15 Parties tobacco control legislation is still missing

Lawsuits initiated by the tobacco industry


201218

Total tax rates levied by Parties on cigarettes by WHO region(% of average retail prices)

Article 6 (Price and tax measures to reduce the demand for tobacco)


201219

Percentages of Parties reporting on types of tobacco excise taxation

across reporting periods, by WHO region

Article 6 (cont’d)


201220

Mean average prices per pack of 20 cigarettes (US$) for different

reporting periods, by WHO region



201221

Article 6

(cont’d)

38 Parties reported that they prohibit or restrict duty-free sales to international travelers

57 Parties prohibit or restrict imports by international travelers of tax- and duty-free tobacco products

14 Parties provided information on earmarking tobacco taxes for health

35 Parties provided data on economic burden of tobacco use


201222

Article 6 (cont’d) – Key

observations


Increased proportion of Parties levying excise taxes or apply specific or mixed excise systems

Collection and provision of taxation/pricing data, especially in the case of tobacco products other than cigarettes

Lack of data on economic burden of tobacco use in around ¾ of Parties


201223

Article 8 (Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke)

Number of Parties (of 120 Parties that provided information on this

area) applying various degrees of bans on tobacco smoking, by setting


201224

Article 8 – Extent of smoke-free regulations

Number of Parties (of 109 Parties that reached their individual five-year timeframe for implementation) reporting complete bans on tobacco smoking,

by thenumber of types of public places in which such bans apply


201225

Article 8 – Enforcement of

measures

88 Parties reported having mechanisms/infrastructures for the enforcement of smoke-free measures (monitoring/prosecution arms)

Compliance monitoring

• Health, sanitary, labour and educational inspectorates (national/subnational)

• NGOs

• Police force

• Mechanisms to receive and address citizens’ complaints

Penalties/prosecution

• Embedded in national legislations

• Types and level of administrative penalties laid down in codes of administrative offences/violation


201226

Number of Parties (of 109 Parties that reached their individual five-year time

frame for implementation) reporting complete bans on tobacco smoking, by

types of public places

Article 8 – Time frame for implementation (5 years, in the guidelines)


201227

Article 8 (cont’d) – Key

observations


Increased rate of complete bans

Extending the bans to partly covered and outdoor areas

Only about half of Parties provide “complete” protection (in all analyzed settings)

Missed timelines for implementation

Complete bans only applying to subnational jurisdictions

Enforcement-related difficulties

Need to improve knowledge on existing legislation (e.g., educational campaigns)


201228

Article 9 (Regulation of the contents) and Article 10 (Regulation of tobacco product disclosures)

Number of Parties implementing

provisions under Article 9

Number of Parties implementingprovisions under Article 10


201229

Articles 9 and 10 – Key observations


Increase in the number of Parties requiring disclosure to government authorities

Some Parties banning additives (e.g. flavours) – Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Panama, South Africa

Requiring reduced ignition propensity standards – EU, Norway, South Africa

Relative lack of legislation requiring the testing and measuring the content and emissions

Lower rates of disclosure to the public – mostly tar, nicotine and CO required on the packs

Shortage of independent testing facilities


201230

Number of Parties implementing provisions under Article 11

Article 11 (Packaging and labeling of tobacco products)


201231

Number of Parties that have implemented the eight time-bound provisions

under Article 11 (of 119 that reached their individual three-year deadlines)

Article 11 – Time frame for implementation (3 years)


201232

Article 11 – Key observations


Parties increasing the size of warnings and including pictures and pictograms

Coordination at subregional levels (CARICOM, EU, GCC)

New strong measures and breakthroughs (plain packaging)

WHO FCTC Health Warnings Database and sharing licenses for the use of pictorial warnings

19 Parties reported not requiring health warnings at all

Comprehensiveness of packaging policies is still low

Less than half of Parties require over 50% and pictorial warnings

Interference of the tobacco industry is intense (filing legal actions or delaying effective legislation)


201233

Areas covered in Parties’ educational and public awareness programmes

Article 12 (Education, communication, training and public awareness)


201234

Number of Parties that reported targeting specific groups in educational

and public awareness programmes



201235


Areas covered in Parties’ educational and public awareness programmes


201236



115 Parties implemented some educational and public awareness programmes

Children, young people and the general public are the most frequently targeted groups

Communication programmes on newly adopted tobacco control legislation

More Parties share details of their educational programmes in their reports

Gender specific messages are still not widespread

Fewer messages on economic and environmental consequences of tobacco use

Broad and sustained media campaigns are resource intensive


201237

Article 13 (Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship)

Over 2/3 of Parties (86) reported introducing a comprehensive ban on all forms of tobacco advertising promotion and sponsorship

53 of the Parties with a ban in place include cross-border advertising, promotion and sponsorship originating from their territory in the ban

Five Parties (Canada, Cook Islands, Ghana, Japan and Mexico) explained that they are precluded from doing so by their constitutions or constitutional principles


201238

Number of Parties reporting inclusion of selected provisions in their ban on

tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (of 86 Parties that reported a comprehensive ban)



201239

Number of Parties implementing timeline-bound provisions under Article 13

(of 109 Parties that reached their individual deadlines for implementation)

Article 13 – Time frame for implementation (5 years)


201240



9 Parties reported introducing a ban of displays of tobacco products at POS

4 Parties reported of having implemented a ban on advertising at POS

Banning cross-border advertising originating and entering the territory

Tobacco advertising on the Internet

Timely implementation of the advertising ban (less than half of Parties)


201241

Article 14 (Measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation)

Half of the Parties reported having developed integrated national cessation guidelines based on scientific evidence and best practices

Over half of the Parties (76) reported including tobacco-dependence diagnosis and treatment and counselling services in their national tobacco-control strategies, plans and programmes

Almost 2/3 of Parties (81) integrate tobacco dependence services in their health-care systems; in 1/4 of Parties such services are fully, in another 1/4 they are partially reimbursed

1/3 of Parties (46) included tobacco dependence treatment in the curricula of medical professionals


201242

Number of Parties reporting a specific programme to promote cessation of

tobacco use



201243



Use of novel approaches and new technology to promote cessation (smartphone applications, interactive media devices (touch-screen technology, text messaging, and web-based messaging, use of social networking site Facebook)

Gender specific programmes (UK: cessation guidelines for pregnant women; Canada, France: special programmes on cessation to women)

Increase in the number of Parties which include NRT in their essential drug lists

Low rates of inclusion of tobacco dependence treatment in the curricula of health professionals

High market prices for pharmaceutical products that may help users to quit


201244

Article 15 (Illicit trade in tobacco products)

2/3 of Parties (84) reported enacting or strengthening legislation to control illicit trade; and 7 more begun to develop such legislation

More than half of Parties (69) provided data on seizures of illicit tobacco products

17 Parties provided data on the share of smuggled tobacco products on the national tobacco market (ranging from 0.20% (Sweden) to 40% (Botswana))

Over 1/4 of Parties (36) reported that they developed a tracking and tracing regime


201245

Number of Parties reporting implementation of Article 15 provisions



201246



Number of Parties reporting implementation of Article 15 provisions.

Relatively low implementation of tracking and tracing regimes

Need for a reinforcement of tools and capacities for the effective implementation of this article


201247

Article 16 (Sales to and by minors)

90% of Parties (112) reported prohibiting sales of tobacco products to minors and 2/3 of Parties (84) reported prohibiting sales by minors

The legal age of majority was specified as ranging from 16 to 21 years

Examples of activities undertaken to raise awareness among tobacco sellers of the rules concerning sales to minors and to monitor compliance with such rules is available from several Parties

Good practices on reducing the accessibility of tobacco vending machines to prevent minors from using them are available from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada and San Marino


201248

Number of Parties reporting implementation of Article 16 provisions



201249



One of the highest overall implementation rate for this Article

24 Parties reported recently amending their national legislation in this area

Parties which still allow the use of tobacco vending machines take measures to make them less accessible to minors

Monitoring compliance and enforcement of measures on sales to minors

Various sales practices still allowed and/or difficult to enforce (street sales, sales of individual sticks and small packs)


201250

Article 17 (Provision of support for economically viable alternative activities)

2 Parties reported (of 129 reporting) growing tobacco in their jurisdictions

the reported share of the value of tobacco leaf production in GDP is around or below 1%

good examples of approaches to providing alternative livelihoods are available from a few Parties (Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Malaysia, Mexico)


201251

Article 18 (Protection of the environment and the health of persons)

Recent progress reported by Parties in areas such as:

• introducing policies to regulate tobacco manufacturing

• implementing measures to improve energy savings and reduce emissions in the course of tobacco production

• inspecting tobacco manufacturing facilities regularly to verify compliance with production standards

• establishing sanctions for environmental pollution caused by tobacco manufacturing

• developing guidelines for good agricultural practices in the use of fertilizers, plant protection products and water consumption

• ensuring that agricultural pesticides are only sold by dealers on prescription from agricultural engineers


201252

Articles 17 and 18 – Key observations


good practice examples available from a few Parties on the provision of alternative livelihoods and protection of the environment in relation to tobacco growing and manufacturing

implementation of these articles are still to be strengthened

need for improved data collection on specific programmes and relevant research

need for strengthened platforms for information exchange


201253

Article 19 (Liability)

35 Parties reported having implemented measures that tackle criminal and civil liability, including compensation, for the purposes of tobacco control

Examples on progress provided by a few Parties in areas such as

• implementation of measures in respect of civil or criminal liability with a view to enforcing tobacco-control policies

• developing legislative measures for civil or criminal liability

Brazil indicated that legislation was being developed to establish the compensation to be paid by the tobacco industry to the Government for the treatment costs of tobacco-related diseases


201254


around one quarter of Parties reported having implemented liability measures

a few Parties reported on their legislative framework and/or specific examples

few Parties reported operationalizing their existing frameworks for criminal and civil liability in relation to tobacco control

scarcity of successful and well-documented court cases to serve as examples of good practice



201255

Number of Parties reporting implementation of research activities, by topic

Article 20 (Research, surveillance and exchange of information)


201256

surveys within the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (Global Youth Tobacco Survey; Global Adult Tobacco Survey; Global School Professionals Survey; Global Health Professions Students Survey)

tobacco use among young people (Netherlands)

tobacco policy monitoring, with special regard to supply and labelling of tobacco products and exposure to tobacco smoke (Panama)

impact of tobacco-control policies on smoking rates and patterns of quitting (Republic of Korea)

exposure to tobacco smoke in hospitality venues (Spain)

comorbidity of tobacco use with alcohol consumption (Togo)

tobacco industry interference with tobacco policy development (Ecuador).

Article 20 – Reported research areas


201257

around or less than half of Parties cover, in their surveillance systems,

• patterns of tobacco consumption

• exposure to tobacco smoke

• determinants of tobacco consumption

• consequences of tobacco consumption

• social, economic and health indicators related to tobacco consumption.

examples of practices concerning regular collection of tobacco-related national data provided by Lithuania, Malta, Republic of Korea, South Africa

Article 20 – Surveillance systems


201258


strengthening of research and surveillance capacity reported by a number of Parties

training and support to those engaged in tobacco control and facilitation of exchange of information reported by around half of Parties

lack of research programmes, including basic research (e.g, collection of prevalence data)

insufficient national capacity and funding for research, monitoring and evaluation

lack of established and functioning national system for epidemiological surveillance in around half of Parties

relative lack of gender-specific research and research in the treatment of tobacco dependence



201259

Status of reporting by the Parties

combined submission rate of first (two-year) and second (five-year) reports: 73%

since the start of reporting under the Convention (February 2007), the Secretariat had received at least one implementation report from 159 (91%) out of 174 Parties

in 2012, in the first reporting cycle linked to the regular COP session, 126 (72%) of 174 Parties that were due to report actually submitted an implementation report

notable improvement in the completeness of reports

strengthened efforts to assist Parties in reporting, including Internet-based training sessions and individual assistance and clarifications to Parties provided by the Secretariat

Article 21 (Reporting and exchange of information)


201260

Percentage of Parties reporting on assistance they provided or received,

by areas of assistance

Article 22 (International cooperation)


201261


1/3 of Parties reported on assistance provided or received

16 Parties also reported encouraging implementation assistance through membership in international organizations

most of the assistance received or provided was in the area of establishing and strengthening national tobacco-control strategies, plans and programmes

Parties report more on assistance received than on assistance provided

Need for further strengthening international cooperation to facilitate compliance with various requirements of the Convention and further promoting cooperation through existing global, regional and subregional mechanisms and through the United Nations system



201262

Prevalence of tobacco use

Estimated regional averages for prevalence of smoking and smokeless

tobacco use among adults (%)


201263

Prevalence of tobacco use (cont’d)

Estimated averages for prevalence of smoking tobacco among adults

by country income group (%)


201264

More than one third of the Parties (50) reported on tobacco-related mortality data, up from only 15 Parties in 2010

Source of mortality data in the 50 Parties that reported such data:

• 31 Parties collected data from local studies

• 14 cases Parties referred to academic journal articles

• in five cases Parties provided mortality estimates supplied to them by WHO.

Need for strengthening research involving patterns of tobacco related morbidity and mortality in many Parties; in addition, the methodologies of various studies should be aligned to ensure that monitoring of morbidity and mortality data provides a sound basis for strengthened implementation of the Convention.

Tobacco related mortality


201265

In the reporting instrument, Parties are required to report data on the prevalence of SLT use, licit supply, seizures, taxation and prices of SLT products.

2/3 of the Parties that submitted a report in the 2012 reporting cycle included data on SLT in their reports, but the completeness of the information provided varies greatly.

In general, SLT products are taxed at lower rates than smoking tobacco products, but several Parties (Norway, Serbia, Singapore, Sweden and the United Kingdom) reported recent increases in taxes applied to SLT products.

Some Parties provided details of their legislation, regulations or policies concerning SLT products (Australia, Brunei Darussalam, European Union, Malta, New Zealand).

Three Parties (Australia, Iceland, Nepal) reported on recently completed or ongoing research concerning SLT.

Smokeless tobacco products – summary of reported data


201266

The most frequently reported priority areas are:

• adoption, implementation and enforcement of tobacco control legislation, strategies and action plans and strengthening capacities for tobacco control (Article 5)

• protection from exposure to tobacco smoke (Article 8)

• education, communication, training and public awareness (Article 12)

• taxation of tobacco products (Article 6)

• packaging and labelling of tobacco products (Article 11)

• treatment with regard to tobacco dependence and cessation (Article 14)

• tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (Article 13).

Priorities in implementing the Convention


201267

interference by the tobacco industry in tobacco-control policy development

lack of or insufficient political will

insufficient level of financial resources for tobacco control

lack or weakness of intersectoral coordination within the country, including the lack of understanding, interest or commitment of sectors other than health regarding the need for intersectoral action for tobacco control.

Constraints and barriers


201268

1. The transition to the new reporting cycle linked to regular sessions of the COP has been relatively smooth, with 72% of the Parties submitting reports in the 2012 reporting cycle.

2. Implementation rates continue to show disparities between different policy measures; highest implementation rates on Articles 8, 12, 16 and 11. Lowest implementation rates on Articles 18, 22, 19 and 17.

3. With regard to implementation of time-bound requirements of the treaty, the picture is also mixed; full and timely compliance seems to be hard to achieve in most Parties.

4. When comparison is made of progress between the initial (2007–2010) and 2012 reporting periods, the measures related to education, communication and training (Article 12), advertising, promotion and sponsorship (Article 13), and protection from exposure to tobacco smoke (Article 8), emerge as those with the highest positive changes in implementation rates.

Conclusions


201269

5. Several Parties reported on recent measures that mark strong achievements that could inspire accelerated implementation internationally.

6. The measures related to international cooperation and mutual assistance between the Parties continue to be in general underutilized, and thus have great potential for improvement.

7. Comparable data show a continued or emerging decrease of smoking prevalence in several Parties, particularly those with robust tobacco-control policies.

8. Novel products, often effectively marketed, are increasingly appearing on the market (e.g, new smokeless tobacco products).

9. More than half of the Parties that reported in the latest reporting cycle noted a substantial number of constraints and barriers that prevent them from fully implementing the Convention.

Conclusions (cont’d)


201270

The 2012 Global Progress Report Global Progress Report available at:available at:

http://www.who.int/fctc/reporting/summary_analysis/

global progress report

Documents