global recommendations for epa and dha intake … 6 summary goed for...omega -3 fatty acid (oily...
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Global Recommendations for EPA and DHA Intake (Rev 18 March 2015)
Country/Region Organization Org. Type Target Population Recommendation Publication Date
Global World Health Organization (WHO)1 Authoritative Body
General adult population n-3 PUFAs: 1-2% of energy/day
2003
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)2
Authoritative Body
2-4 years EPA + DHA: 100-150 mg 2008
4-6 years EPA + DHA: 150-200 mg
6-10 years EPA + DHA: 200-250 mg
International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids (ISSFAL)
Expert Scientific Organization
General adult population for cardiovascular health3
at least 500 mg/day of EPA+DHA
2004
NATO Workshop on -3 and -6 Fatty Acids5
Workshop General Adult Population
300-400 mg EPA+DHA/day
1989
Australia National Heart Foundation of Australia8
Expert Scientific Organization
General adult population to lower risk of CHD
500 mg EPA + DHA per day, obtained through fish, fish oil capsules, or enriched foods & drinks
2008
Patients with documented CHD
1000 mg EPA + DHA per day, obtained through fish, fish oil capsules, or enriched foods & drinks
Patients with hypertriglyceridemia
1200mg of EPA + DHA per day, obtained through fish, fish oil capsules or enriched foods & drinks as first-line therapy
Increase to 4000 mg of EPA +DHA per day, as needed.
Australian & New Zealand Health Authorities (Department of Health & Ageing, National Health & Medical Research Council)9
Authoritative Bodies
Men-Suggested dietary target to reduce chronic disease risk
610mg LC n-3 (DHA+EPA+DPA) / day
2006
Women-Suggested 430mg LC n-3
Page 2 of 17
Country/Region Organization Org. Type Target Population Recommendation Publication Date
dietary target to reduce chronic disease risk
(DHA+EPA+DPA) / day
Europe Expert Workshop of the European Academy of Nutritional Sciences11
Expert Scientific Organization
General Adult Population
People who do not eat fish should consider obtaining 200 mg EPA + DHA from other sources
1998
European Food Safety Authority12 Authoritative Body
General Adult Population
250mg EPA+DHA /day 2010
Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)13
Expert Scientific Organization
General Adult Population for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction
Fish at least twice a week, one of which to be oily fish.
2012
Task Force on the Management of ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology14
Expert Scientific Organization
Increase consumption of omega-3 fatty acid (oily fish)
Supplementation with 1 g of fish oil in patients with a low intake of oily fish
omega-3 supplements should be considered in patients who do not tolerate statins, especially if TG >150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)
2008
Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)15
Expert Scientific Organization
General Adult Population for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction
At least two or three portions of fish per week
2011
Secondary prevention of 1 g/day n-3 unsaturated
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Country/Region Organization Org. Type Target Population Recommendation Publication Date
CVD fats, which is not easy to derive exclusively from natural food sources, and use of nutraceutical and/or pharmacological supplements may be considered
The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC64
Expert Scientific Organization
patients with symptomatic (NYHA class II–IV) systolic heart failure
An n-3 PUFAf preparation may be considered to reduce the risk of death and the risk of cardiovascular hospitalization in patients treated with an ACE inhibitor (or ARB), beta-blocker, and an MRA (or ARB)
2012
France AFFSA16 Authoritative Body
General Adult Population
500 mg EPA + DHA / day 250 mg EPA / day 250 mg DHA / day
2010
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction
500-750 mg EPA + DHA / day
Austria Austrian Society for Nutrition (as part of joint effort with Germany and Switzerland)17
Expert Scientific Organization
General adult population 250mg LCPUFA / day for primary prevention of CVD
2008
General adult population 0.5% of energy total n-3 PUFA intake
CHD Patients 1g LCPUFA / day for secondary prevention of CVD
Germany German Society for Nutrition67 Expert Scientific Organization
General adult population 250 mg/day EPA+DHA for primary prevention of CHD
2015
German Society for Nutrition (as part of joint effort with Austria and
Expert Scientific
General adult population 250mg LCPUFA / day for primary prevention of
2008
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Country/Region Organization Org. Type Target Population Recommendation Publication Date
Switzerland)17 Organization CVD
General adult population 0.5% of energy total n-3 PUFA intake
CHD Patients 1g LCPUFA / day for secondary prevention of CVD
Switzerland Swiss Society for Nutrition Research / Swiss Nutrition Association (as part of joint effort with Austria and Germany)17
Expert Scientific Organization
General adult population 250mg LCPUFA / day for primary prevention of CVD
2008
General adult population 0.5% of energy total n-3 PUFA intake
CHD Patients 1g LCPUFA / day for secondary prevention of CVD
Scandinavia Nordic Council of Ministers21 Authoritative Body
Adults and children from 2 yrs of age
n-3 fatty acids should contribute at least 1.0 E%
2013
Belgium Superior Health Council of Belgium18 Authoritative Body
General adult population (primary cardioprevention)
Two servings of fatty fish/wk
2004
secondary cardioprevention
1g EPA+DHA per day
Netherlands Health Council of the Netherlands Authoritative Body
0-5 months19 DHA: 20 mg/kg/day
2001
6-11 months19 N-3 fatty acids from fish: 15-20 mg/kg/day
1-18 years old19 N-3 fatty acids from fish: 15-20 mg/kg/day
19 years +19 N-3 fatty acids from fish: 20 mg/kg/day
Pregnant women19 N-3 fatty acids from fish: 20 mg/kg/day
Lactating women19 N-3 fatty acids form fish: 20 mg/kg/day
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Country/Region Organization Org. Type Target Population Recommendation Publication Date
Adults20
n-3 fatty acids from fish: 450 mg/day
2006
Scandinavia Nordic Council of Ministers21 Authoritative Body
Adults and children from 2 yrs of age
n-3 fatty acids should contribute at least 1.0 E%
2013
United Kingdom British Nutrition Foundation22 Expert Scientific Organization
Adults, 19-50 yrs
one to two portions of oil-rich fish per week, which will provide around 2-3g of the very long chain n-3 fatty acids
weekly intake of 1.5g of EPA + DHA
1999
Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA)23
Authoritative Body
Adults
at least two portions of fish, of which one should be oily, weekly
n-3 PUFA intake: 0.2 g/day
1994
Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN)24
Authoritative Body
Adults at least two portions of fish, of which one should be oily, weekly
n-3 PUFA intake: 0.45 g/day
2004
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (May 2008)26
Authoritative Body
People at high risk of or with CVD
consume at least two portions of fish per week, including a portion of oily fish
2008
Joint British Societies27 Expert Scientific Organization
General Adult Population
Regular intake of fish and other sources of omega 3 fatty acids (at least two servings of fish per week)
2005
Irish Heart Foundation54 Expert Scientific Organization
General Adult Population
200 mg/day long-chain fatty acids
British Dietetic Association66 Expert General Population Two Portions per week of 2014
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Country/Region Organization Org. Type Target Population Recommendation Publication Date
Scientific Organization
fish, one of which should be oily; equals ~450mg EPA+DHA
National Collaborating Center for Primary Care28
Expert Scientific Organization
General Adult Population
At least two servings of omega-3 fatty acid containing fish per week
2007
People with Established CVD
At least two servings of omega-3 fatty acid containing fish per week week)
Spain Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units and Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition29
Expert Scientific Organization
Individuals with acute coronary syndrome and patients with chronic heart failure
Administration of 1 g/day of omega-3 (EPA+DHA) in the form of fish oil can prevent sudden death in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome and can also help to reduce hospital admission for cardiovascular events in patients with chronic heart failure
2011
Russia Customs Union Commission61 Authoritative Body
Adults EPA 600 mg DHA 700 mg
2010
Brazil Brazilian Society of Cardiology31 Expert Scientific Organization
Patients with coronary artery disease
supplementation of 1 g / day of omega-3 (EPA + DHA) capsules
2007
United States Institute of Medicine32 Authoritative Body
Adult men 19 yrs ALA: 1.6 g/day of which ~ 10% EPA+DHA
2005
Adult women 19 yrs ALA: 1.1 g/day of which ~ 10% EPA+DHA
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (formerly American Dietetics Association)
Expert Scientific Organization
General Adult Population56
500 mg EPA+DHA per day 2014
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Country/Region Organization Org. Type Target Population Recommendation Publication Date
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Cholesterol Education Program35
Authoritative Body
Persons with CHD or multiple risk factors for CHD
Supported AHA recommendation to include fish as part of a CHD risk reduction diet. Higher dietary intakes of n-3 PUFAs are an option for reducing CHD risk
2001
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Subcommittee, assembled by the Committee on Research on Psychiatric Treatments of the American Psychiatric Association (APA)36
Expert Scientific Organization
Adults Eat fish >/= 2X/wk 2006
American Heart Association Expert Scientific Organization
All adults without CHD37
Eat fish (particularly fatty fish) at least two times a week; include oils and foods rich in ALA
2002
General adult population58
Fish with 500 mg or more of EPA+DHA per 85 g (3 oz cooked) can apply for the AHA Heart-Check food certification program at heartcheckmark.org.
unknown
Patients with CHD37
Consume approximately 1 g/day of EPA+DHA preferably from oily fish. EPA+DHA supplements could be considered in consultation with the physician
2002
Patients with high triglycerides37
2-4 g/day EPA+DHA as capsules under a physician’s care
2002
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Country/Region Organization Org. Type Target Population Recommendation Publication Date
Patients with high triglycerides51
…increasing consumption of marine-based omega-3 products,…, will further optimize triglyceride-lowering efforts.
2011
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction in Women38
Consume fish, especially oily fish, at least twice a week
Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids in the form of fish or in capsule form may be considered in women with hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia for primary and secondary prevention
2011
Patients with Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease39
For all patients, it may be reasonable to recommend omega-3 fatty acids from fish or fish oil capsules (1 g/d) for CVD risk reduction
2011
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Country/Region Organization Org. Type Target Population Recommendation Publication Date
U.S. Dept of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services40
Authoritative Body
General adult population
Increase the amount and variety of seafood consumed by choosing seafood in place of some meat and poultry
2010
Executive Office of the President50 Authoritative Body
General population Dietary Guidelines and Food Guide Pyramid should be revised to emphasize the benefits of…increasing consumption of foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids
2003
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality49
Authoritative Body
General population Fish and fish oil supplements reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease
2004
Canada
Minister of National Health and Welfare, Canada42
Authoritative Body
General adult population 1.2-1.6 g/day total n-3 PUFAs (ALA, EPA, DHA)
1990
Dietitians of Canada33 Expert Scientific
General adult population 500 mg n-3 long-chain PUFAs/day
2007
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Country/Region Organization Org. Type Target Population Recommendation Publication Date
Organization
India Cardiology Society of India59 Expert Scientific Organization
For patients with high triglycerides and patients after MI for secondary prevention
Omega-3 acid ethyl esters (2-4g/day)
2012
China Chinese Nutrition Society62 Expert Scientific Organization
18+ years 250 – 2000 mg /day EPA+DHA
2014
Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare43
Authoritative Body
3-5 years – Boys 1.3g total omega-3 per day
2014
3-5 years – Girls 1.1g total omega-3 per day
6-7 years – Boys 1.4 total omega-3 per day
6-7 years –Girls 1.3g total omega-3 per day
8-9 years – Boys 1.7g total omega-3 per day
8-9 years – Girls 1.4g total omega-3 per day
10-11 years – Boys 1.7g total omega-3 per day
10-11 years – Girls 1.5g total omega-3 per day
12-14 years – Boys 2.1g total omega-3 per day
12-14 years – Girls 1.8g total omega-3 per day
15-17 years – Boys 2.3g total omega-3 per day
15-17 years – Girls 1.7g total omega-3 per day
Adults (18-29 years) – 2.0g total omega-3 per
Page 11 of 17
Country/Region Organization Org. Type Target Population Recommendation Publication Date
Men day
18-29 years – Women 1.6g total omega-3 per day
30-49 years – Men 2.1g total omega-3 per day
30-49 years – Women 1.6g total omega-3 per day
50-69 years – Men 2.4g total omega-3 per day
50-69 years – Women 2.0g total omega-3 per day
Over 70 years – Men 2.2g total omega-3 per day
Over 70 years – Women 1.9g total omega-3 per day
Acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction46
Increased intake of omega 3 – fatty acids (1g daily) is beneficial.
Eat fish at least twice a week.
Malaysia Ministry of Health Authoritative Body
Women with CHD47 omega-3-fatty-acids (>1gm/day) have been found to be beneficial
2007
Management of Dyslipidemia48
A dose of 3-9 gm/day to lower TG levels
A dose of 0.75-1 gm/day as secondary prevention to prevent sudden death
2008
For people with high risk or secondary prevention
1000 mg EPA + DHA/day as supplement for people who don’t eat fish
2011
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Country/Region Organization Org. Type Target Population Recommendation Publication Date
Singapore Health Promotion Board63 Authoritative Body
General population 2 servings/week fish 2014
Israel Israel Heart Society44 Expert Scientific Organization
For the general public for primary prevention
500-1000 mg EPA + DHA/day as fish
2011
References
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