Reducing Global Threats through Innovative Science and TechnologyCharting Global Security’s Future at Los AlamosWilliam S. Rees, Jr., Principal Associate Director for Global Security

National Nuclear Security Administration

Mission: Strengthen national security through the military

application of nuclear energy and by reducing the global threat from terrorism and weapons of mass destruction.

Vision: To be an integrated nuclear security enterprise operating an efficient and agile nuclear weapons complex that is recognized as preeminent in technical leadership and program management.

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Mission: Develop and apply science and technology to—Ensure the safety, security and reliability of the U.S. nuclear deterrent • Reduce global threats • Solve

other emerging national security challenges

Vision: We will anticipate, innovate and deliver science that matters.

Global Security

Mission: To provide early identification, creative maturation and timely delivery of scientifically robust solutions to the most urgent

and technically challenging security issues facing our Nation.

Vision: Globally reduce threats to the security of the United States and our allies.

Strategy: Utilizing our unparalleled people and capabilities, we will leverage our long history of national security service

from knowledge discovery to knowledge exploitation.

Values: The Nation • Our People • Scientific Excellence • Commitment to Our Customer

Global Security Exploiting Science Discoveries to Make the World a Safer Place

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“I am honored to be selected to lead this new organization representing the future of the Laboratory and anticipate working together with the talented scientists at LANL to address significant National challenges in areas ranging from cyber and energy security to countering

the tactics of terrorism and the threats of weapons of mass effects.”

William S. Rees, Jr., Principal Associate Director for Global Security

the security challenges

facing the Nation have been

trending annually upward

at an increasing rate. In this

environment, the Laboratory

created the new position of

Principal Associate Director

for Global Security. The

world in which we live is

tumultuous and uncertain,

with threats ranging from

the inconvenient to the

unthinkable. Security in such

a world demands the fullest

attention of the most talented

citizens from all segments

of society. LANL has a

special technical leadership

role to fulfill in this regard.

Los Alamos has the people,

tools, and facilities to give

national-level policymakers

the necessary deep technical

insight into an undecided

future for which they must

prepare. LANL also has a

reputation for delivering

the technology necessary to

respond effectively to signifi-

cant threats of broad scope.

In areas broad and deep, the

nation has called on LANL

scientists to deliver. They have

heard the call and responded

in a timely and robust man-

ner. From the earliest ques-

tions of how far advanced the

Axis Powers were in nuclear

weapons research in the days

immediately following the

close of WW II to the con-

temporary world events of the

International Atomic Energy

Agency (IAEA) monitoring

of numerous international

locations around the globe,

undecided LANL scientists

have led international efforts

in nuclear non-proliferation.

Exploiting scientific discover-

ies in magnetic resonance,

LANL researchers devel-

oped the MagViz technol-

ogy, which can detect liquid

explosive volumes as small

as one milliliter in less than

one minute. Image what

this breakthrough capability

will do for harried airport

passengers who must transit

through long security lines.

To help deployed American

warfighters, LANL devel-

oped AngelFire, a system

that enables users to observe

“Making the world a safer

place” is an enduring

challenge, which Los

Alamos National Laboratory

(LANL) has been addressing

since its inception.

Los Alamos is a laboratory

with a long, and justifiably

proud, history of science not

simply for the sake of itself,

but devoted to the most

pressing issues of national

security. For the initial several

decades of its existence, the

mission was predominately

dedicated to topics closely

related to nuclear weapons.

That component has remained

the laboratory’s core mission,

albeit consistently augmented

by other tasks for the past

20 years. At the same time,

William S. Rees, Jr.

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real-time activities in the field

and identify areas of spe-

cific interest. Fielded in Iraq,

AngelFire has saved American

lives while maintaining the

nation’s force effectiveness.

Green Grid is a LANL-led

project that defines the abil-

ity of the current electric

transmission and distribution

system to accommodate the

influx of energy from alter-

native sources such as wind.

This technology offers the

possibility of lowering the

monthly electrical bills of

users—a boon to the quality

of life for many Americans.

The technology underpin-

ning Green Grid also has seen

use in real-world national

security events covered by the

Department of Homeland

Security and the Depart-

ment of Defense. These

are but a few of the recent

accomplishments of LANL

staff in Global Security.

I am fully committed to

the critical role of LANL

in the US national security

mission and to the highly

talented scientists that execute

some of our Nation’s most

challenging technical as-

signments. They work on

“The Laboratory’s role is to anticipate, innovate and deliver to meet a broad range of national security challenges. These challenges include maintaining the effectiveness of the national nuclear deterrent, supporting the nation’s nonproliferation and threat reduction

priorities, and addressing emerging national security issues with urgency and agility.”

Michael Anastasio, LANL Director“Building the Future of Los Alamos”

an enduring basis with no

specific public recognition

[nor anticipation that it will

be forthcoming]. This docu-

ment presents an outline for

how we will pursue this core

mission of the Lab. LANL’s

end goal endures: Making

the World a Safer Place.

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Leveraging Our Legacy Science and Technology for a More Secure World

In early 1943, a group of scien-tists arrived at an isolated place known as Los Alamos. These scientists were the first members of what was known as Project Y, tasked with harnessing the awesome power of the atom to bring an end to the ongo-ing destruction of World War II. In addition to this daunting task, some of these scientists also followed American troops into Germany, their mission to assess the state and capabilities of Hitler’s nuclear programs.

As the nation moves into the early parts of the 21st century, new national security challenges continue to emerge. Continu-ing its long history of national service, LANL will build upon its legacy to discover and apply advanced science and technology to meet the most challenging and urgent national security issues.

National Security Needs of the 21st CenturyThe fall of the Soviet Union, the end of the Cold War, and the expansion of democracy around the world have seen the emergence of a host of pressing national security issues obscured by the superpower standoff that characterized the end of the last century. The proliferation of nuclear-weapon technologies is a proven fact, one that requires far-reaching actions to limit and counter over the long-term.

Smaller states have risen to challenge the superpowers—such states show a willingness to expend whatever national or individual costs are necessary to rapidly buy their way into recognized military might by acquiring nuclear, chemical, biological, and explosive weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and mass effect (WME).

The stability of some of these states is questionable, and some may have links to terrorist groups and hostile subnational organizations. Terrorist groups seek WMD/WME technolo-gies and have demonstrated sophisticated operational and logistical capabilities that stress counterterrorism efforts.

The United States has effective countermeasures to (1) prevent the proliferation of WMD/WME, (2) counter the use of such technologies, and (3) combat terrorism. However, these countermeasures are themselves vulnerable. With its extensive experience and expertise in science and technol-ogy, LANL is in a strong position to minimize vulnerabilities to the following national assets:

The nation’s space-systems • infrastructure, which has long been used as the high ground for ubiquitous monitoring of the globe and to provide many of the benefits of modern-day life.

Information systems, which • range from the most advanced supercomputers to American desktop computers, many of which are connected to a global Internet.

American warfighters, who • must be supported with the best, most rugged, and most effective equipment and technology to maximize their chances of success and minimize their vulner-abilities while on the physical and virtual battlefields.

Energy resources, which • have become increasingly expensive and whose acqui-sition and use can pose a threat to the environment and contribute to global upheaval from competition.

Defining LANL’s Global Security MissionEstablished by the U.S. Con-gress in 2000 as a separate agency within the Depart-ment of Energy, the National Nuclear Security Administra-tion (NNSA) has the following national security missions:

Enhance national security • through the military appli-cation of nuclear energy.

Maintain and enhance • the U.S. nuclear weap-ons stockpile.

Provide the U.S. Navy • with safe and effective nuclear-propulsion plants.

Promote international • nuclear safety and nonproliferation.

Reduce global dan-• ger from weapons of mass destruction.

Support U.S. leadership in • science and technology.

As a national security laboratory, LANL supports all of NNSA’s national security missions. Specifically, Los Alamos develops and applies science, technology, and engineering solutions to

ensure the safety, secu-• rity, and reliability of the U.S. nuclear deterrent;

reduce global threats; and•

solve emerging national • security challenges.

At its highest level, LANL emphasizes a fundamental under-standing of materials, actinide science, and radiation-material interactions. LANL’s approach to predictive science integrates theory, simulation, modeling, and complex experimentation. Key Los Alamos differentiators as a national security science laboratory include the following:

Integrated solutions deliv-• ered on a short schedule.

Long-term commitment to • technical excellence, integrity, and innovation across a wide range of science, technol-ogy, and engineering.

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Effective and efficient response • to urgent national priorities.

Ability to conduct com-• plex experiments.

Broad and deep intellectual • capability for the future.

Inherently high-security • environments for conduct-ing classified work.

Los Alamos Legacy and Core CapabilitiesLANL is unique in that it possesses a group of specific technical capabilities and facilities at one secure location. These capabilities and facili-ties include the following:

NNSA’s consolidated • plutonium Research and Development (R&D) and manufacturing capabilities, including stocks of reconfigu-rable special nuclear materials.

Roadrunner, the world’s • fastest supercomputer.

A large-scale predictive • modeling capability.

One of only two centers for • nuclear weapons design.

Actinide and radiochemi-• cal science and technology programs and facilities.

High-explosives synthesis • and testing capabilities.

Programs in space science and • remote-sensing applications.

Nuclear detection • technologies.

Membership in the intel-• ligence community through a Field Intelligence Ele-ment that specializes in nuclear- and foreign-state intelligence analysis.

Assets related to deploy-• able response.

Deployed technical support • to the U.S. government and international agencies.

LANL’s national security expertise was founded as a result of the nation’s nuclear weapons program. Even today, that legacy remains strong at LANL. As the nation’s weapons program seeks a new size and definition, Los Alamos is working to identify other national security clients who will provide long-term stewardship of the facilities and capabilities essential to meeting their national security needs.

LANL’s legacy includes national security programs in areas outside the nuclear weapons program. Such pro-grams include the following:

nonproliferation,•

nuclear material charac-• terization and forensics,

space sciences,•

remote sensing,•

Department of • Defense programs,

intelligence commu-• nity programs, and

emergency response.•

All these areas are underpinned by LANL’s broad capabili-ties in the physical sciences, materials, engineering, and information sciences.

LANL’s Global Security StrategyLANL’s global security mission is straightforward: Provide early identification, creative matura-tion, and timely delivery of

scientifically robust solutions to the nation’s most urgent and technically challenging security issues. To carry out this mission, Los Alamos will (1) draw on its unparalleled people and capabili-ties, (2) leverage its long history of national security service, (3) fully apply all capabilities found in its multidisciplinary base, and (4) create short- and long-term relations with national security clients and stakeholders. Specific objectives are as follows:

Serve as an integrating • national security science Laboratory for the nation.

Integrate across government • to transcend barriers that have been erected over time.

Drive exploitation of sci-• entific discovery to ensure the nation’s continued technical superiority.

Protect vital national • security secrets.

Provide in-depth technical • advice to national policy makers on a broad range of national security topics.

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“As the role of nuclear weapons in our Nation’s defense evolves and the threats to national security continue to grow, the focus of [the NNSA] enterprise must also change and place its tremendous intellectual capacity and unique facilities in the service of addressing other

challenges related to national defense.”

–NNSA Administrator Thomas D’Agostino, May 13, 2009

To implement this strategy, LANL is focusing on nine areas that directly tie its core capabilities to national needs. These nine areas are as follows:

Nuclear Nonproliferation•

Cyber Systems•

Space Systems•

Intelligence Analysis, Integra-• tion, and Exploitation

Warfighter Support•

Countering Terrorist Tactics•

Countering Weap-• ons of Mass Effect

Event Response•

Resilient Global Infrastructure•

The sections that follow out-line these nine areas, with each section describing LANL’s core capabilities and possible opportunities for meeting future global security challenges of interest to the United States.

Global Security Focus Area Nuclear Nonproliferation

The proliferation of nuclear weapons, either by nation-states or terrorist groups, poses one of the greatest national security threats to the United States.

Since the Manhattan Project, LANL has served as the national leader in addressing the threat posed by nuclear proliferation. From conducting intelligence analyses of the Japanese and Ger-man nuclear weapons programs during World War II to inventing the technical basis for nuclear safeguards, LANL has garnered an excellent record conceiv-ing and executing successful nonproliferation programs.

LANL’s goal is to continue to serve as a trusted source that always provides the best technical advice to the nation with respect to nonproliferation efforts.

Core CapabilitiesThe science and technology capabilities used for the nuclear nonproliferation mission leverage LANL’s cutting-edge science and technology and are deployed in the real world to solve specific national security problems. A given technical discipline may exist in several LANL capabili-ties because requirements vary greatly between application areas and deployment scenarios. Thus, nuclear detection tech-nologies are used in the following LANL core capability areas:

safeguards in nuclear process-• ing or storage facilities;

arms control, denuclear-• ization, and nuclear test treaty verification;

space systems for research • and treaty monitoring;

detection of nuclear • materials in transit (e.g., portal monitors); and

characterization of threat • objects in an emergency response scenario.

Because most nuclear nonpro-liferation mission areas require the capability to extract and understand varying types of information, LANL develops tools to conduct event detection and characterization, feature extraction, evidence marshalling, and data mining. Computing and weapons capabilities are also used throughout nuclear non-proliferation programs, as well as core capabilities in fuel-cycle expertise and nonproliferation policy. LANL also has in place extensive training programs so that scientists and engineers can share their knowledge, skills, and expertise with the wider nuclear nonproliferation community.

OpportunitiesLANL will pursue the follow-ing nonproliferation oppor-tunities, which are based on recent multiyear trends and announced priorities for the Obama Administration:

Arms Control and Treaty •Verification: President Obama recently announced his intention to pursue a START follow-on treaty with the Russians, ratify the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, and pursue a fissile material cutoff treaty. LANL supports these and other initiatives, such as the Proliferation Security Initiative and the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism, both of which are expected to remain priori-ties for this administration.

Strengthening the Nonpro-•liferation Regime: President Obama announced initia-tives such as strengthening the nonproliferation treaty and support for an interna-tional fuel bank to discourage countries from pursuing an independent nuclear-fuel-cycle capability. Expansion of nuclear power world-wide will drive demand for LANL-based capabilities.

Nonproliferation Research and •Development: In addition to supplying technologies to the NNSA, LANL will diver-sify its capabilities to meet synergistic national security needs, such as detecting (1) plutonium production, (2) highly enriched uranium production, and (3) special nuclear materials movement and weaponization, as well

“We must ensure that terrorists never acquire a nuclear weapon. This is the most immediate and extreme threat to global security . . . we must act with a sense of purpose

without delay.”

–President Barack Obama, April 5, 2009, Prague

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as safeguards and recovery or replacement of radiological sources. Enabling technologies include advanced detector materials; nuclear facility remote sensing; simulations, algorithms, and modeling; and signatures and observables of nuclear processes. Several capabilities also apply to greenhouse gas monitoring, and LANL is actively pursuing opportunities in this arena.

Other Programs: • LANL will continue to foster programs in areas such as (1) worldwide technology deployment (e.g., Megaports); (2) domestic production of low-enriched-uranium nuclear reactor fuel and medical isotopes (such as Mo99); (3) Material Protec-tion Control and Accounting

and Second Line of Defense/Megaports programs, both of which support the Presi-dent’s announced intention to “secure all vulnerable nuclear material around the world within four years”; and (4) advanced security technologies. LANL will also continue its leadership role in NNSA-sponsored nuclear nonproliferation technical work with India and China.

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Global Security Focus Area Cyber Systems

Cyber exploitation examples continue to be reported more frequently, becoming more sophisticated and targeted. In 2008, such exploitation pos-sibly cost the United States more than $1 trillion in intel-lectual property. As connectiv-ity grows between information systems, the Internet, and other infrastructures, the greater the chance for cyber attackers to disrupt telecommunications, electrical power, energy pipelines, refineries, financial networks, and other critical infrastructure.

Core CapabilitiesLANL has always been at the forefront of cyber security, beginning with the incident that popularized the term “hacker” for illegal computer activity back in 1983. Core capabilities in this area include the following:

Large-Scale, High-Resolution • Modeling and Simulation: Such modeling and simula-tion leads to virtual test beds and architectural defenses that enable uncertainty quantification, the calculation of nonintuitive unintended

consequences, and the potential costs and benefits of hypothetical interventions.

Detection-Based Defenses: • These defenses reduce human error and respond to events at network speeds. Such defenses include robust algorithms, real-time policy control engines, automated network reconfiguration and quarantine, advanced modeling and simulation, and modern information science and risk theory.

Rapid-Response Cyber • Security Analysis and Tool Development: Capabilities include malware/intrusion analysis and reverse engi-neering, vulnerability analysis/penetration test-ing, and situational-specific technology and immediately deployable solutions.

Untappable Communication • on Untrustworthy Chan-nels: Technologies include quantum key distribution and quantum-enabled, security-integrated, single-photon and optical communications.

Secure Data Systems: LANL • scientists are researching an environment in which data are secure with provenance and access controls embed-ded in the digital fabric, active data wardens, and cloud-based virtual desktops for stateless thin clients.

OpportunitiesBy matching LANL techni-cal capabilities with national needs, cyber systems will become one of the signature programs in the Global Security (GS) program. This proposed plan consists of three elements:

coordinated R&D and • operational thrusts,

mutually informing offensive • and defensive activities, and

a novel cross-disciplinary • focus (e.g., exploiting non-traditional techniques).

This plan is illustrated through initiatives in several topic areas in which various science and technology capabilities are combined to create new meta-capabilities in particular application areas with potentially different uses for several custom-ers. The following are examples:

Automated Detection and • Response: The future of cyber defense, these self-defending systems respond to attacks at the speed at which they occur rather than the slower speed of human understanding and intervention. LANL expertise in rapid intrusion analysis and response, reverse engineering, tool building, automation, and data analytics provide

“We expect disruptive cyber activities to be the norm in future political or military conflicts. We cannot afford to discover successful cyber intrusions after-the-fact, accept disastrous losses, and then seek merely to contain them.”

–Dennis C. Blair, Director of National Intelligence, February 12, 2009

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“turnkey” solutions and deployed teams. To push fur-ther the envelope in the ability to detect cyber attacks, LANL continues to work in detection and inference by using graph theory, statistics, modeling, surveillance, and profiling.

Participate in the National • SCADA Test Bed, NM Green Grid Initiative, and Related Programs. Such efforts constitute a promi-nent new multidisciplinary focus for LANL. To advance the state of the art from component-level security to system-scale robustness and resilience, LANL will merge its extensive cyber expertise with its deep understanding of power systems, leading-edge computer science, and formal specifications.

Core Weapons-Related • Missions. LANL under-stands that the following next-generation systems will be more sensitive to cyber attack: nuclear command and control systems, nuclear material management and transit, communications for deployed counter-terror activi-ties and incident responders, and facility safeguards and related activities. For example, unattended “smart fences” are vulnerable to cyber attack because their seismic, optical, or other types of electronic surveillance are coupled with automated data collec-tion, analysis, and alerting.

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Global Security Focus Area Space Systems

For approximately 45 years, LANL has engaged in space projects with applications that range from fundamental science and military functions to com-mercial and civilian activities. LANL scientists have conducted advanced research in areas such as astrophysics, planetary science, space physics, and earth sciences such as climate research. LANL technology has far-reaching applications. For example, it was the Los Alamos neutron detector system that discovered water on Mars and LANL’s lightweight radioisotope heater units that prevent the Spirit and Opportu-nity rovers from freezing during frigid (-107°C) Martian nights.

Core CapabilitiesLANL has expertise in sci-ences such as astrophysics, space science, ionospheric science, atmospheric science, remote sensing, electrodynamics, and space technology and engineer-ing. Broader disciplines include high-performance computing, advanced knowledge tools, mate-rial science, and systems research that support our space enterprise. Specific experience and exper-tise includes the following:

Developed more than 1,400 • sensors and 400 instruments for 60 satellites and spacecraft.

Designed revolutionary • optical, radiofrequency, gamma, x-ray, particle, and space environmental sensors.

Possess unrivaled advanced • high-performance comput-ing and knowledge systems.

Perform physics-based • modeling and analysis.

Conduct concept-to-• operations multidisciplinary programs.

Apply unique high-power • beams and electrodynamics expertise and infrastructure to develop revolutionary capabilities in space opera-tions, imaging, and control.

Offer multisponsor partner-• ing and collaboration.

OpportunitiesSpace-Based Nuclear Deto-•nation Detection Program: Established during the 1960s, this program develops tech-

nology for orbiting satellites to detect, report, locate, and identify nuclear explosions. Opportunities in this area include the following:

Conducting space- –based nuclear detona-tion detection.

Meeting current and –evolving nuclear non-proliferation mission requirements by devel-oping, delivering, and certifying x-ray and radiofrequency Satellite Nuclear Detonation De-tection (SNDD) instru-ments for GPS Block IIF, IIIA, and future blocks.

Developing, delivering, –and certifying neutron-gamma SNDD instru-ment systems for selected geosynchronous hosts.

Leveraging space-based –nuclear detonation detec-tion resources and tech-nology to support space environment monitoring, provide enhanced space situational awareness, and realize synergies with oth-er government programs.

Applying space-based –nuclear treaty verification science and technolo-gies to the challenge of climate treaty monitor-ing and verification.

Remote-Sensing Capabilities: •Remote-sensing technology enables the United States to monitor a variety of nuclear nonproliferation activities that range from the mining of uranium to the construction of clandestine underground facilities. LANL will continue to develop advanced capa-

“The Obama Administration and Congress have a singular opportunity to ensure that America remains a preeminent space-faring nation over the coming decades. The rest of the

world is watching, and my hope is that we step up to the challenge.”

–U.S. Rep. Gabrielle Giffords, chairwoman of the Space and Aeronautics Subcommittee, August 17, 2009

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bilities that can confidently infer specific details regarding the activities, operations, or characteristics of a potential nuclear proliferation threat where the exact location is unknown or access is denied.

Space Situational Awareness •(SAA): SSA consists of the integration and analysis of space surveillance, recon-naissance, intelligence, environmental monitoring, and cyber information. Such integration and analysis enable scientists to understand manmade and natural threats to the nation’s space systems. Los Alamos has the opportu-nity to deliver revolutionary solutions to components of the SAA problem:

Surveillance: Enhance –flight safety with im-proved and cost-effec-tive space tracking.

Reconnaissance: Pro- –vide revolutionary image characteriza-tion of space objects.

Intelligence: Distinguish –and resolve natural and manmade anomalies much more quickly.

Environment: Protect as- –sets by providing accurate and timely assessment and course-of-action recommendation.

Civilian Space Science: • LANL will remain among the most highly regarded space science programs in the nation, con-ducting fundamental research in astrophysics, remote sens-ing, planetary science, space physics, and space technology.

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Global Security Focus Area Intelligence Analysis, Integration, and Exploitation

LANL has worked with the intelligence community since World War II, when Los Alamos scientists assessed the state and capabilities of Germany’s nuclear program. Today, LANL serves as a national resource across all 16 intelligence agencies, as well as for the Department of Defense and other government agencies.

LANL continues to develop trusted relationships and consistently deliver high-qual-ity products. Once a customer provides LANL with a problem, LANL scientists develop turnkey solutions by establishing strategic partnerships with other labora-tories, businesses, and academic institutions. As a “trusted agent,” LANL finds and oversee the delivery of the best solutions pos-sible. Los Alamos also continues to monitor, assess, and report on the nuclear weapons programs in established and emerging states, as well as the interests of subnational organizations in improvised nuclear weapons.

GS’s mission is to provide early identification, creative matura-tion, and timely delivery of scientifically robust solutions to the most urgent and tech-

nically challenging security issues facing our nation—such science-based solutions will enable the intelligence commu-nity to accomplish its missions with minimal risk to the life and limb of the nation’s agents, soldiers, allies, and the public.

Core CapabilitiesLANL has more than 60 years of resources available in nearly every technical discipline. Under authority of Executive Orders and Intelligence Community Directives, Los Alamos provides the intelligence community with access to LANL technology, including hardware, software, technical analysis, forensics, modeling and simulation, spe-cialized techniques, and advice and consultation. Key capabili-ties include the following:

Assessing, monitoring, and • countering the capabilities of proliferant nations.

Providing specialized, high-• technology tools (hardware, software, or procedures) to the intelligence community so that it can more quickly

and effectively combat threats to the national security of the United States.

Applying on a global scale • modeling and simulation tools to natural and manmade disas-ters, utility infrastructures, social networks, and cyber threats. The emphasis remains on predicting and optimizing the response to said threats.

Distinct capabilities in-clude the following:

As a member of the field • intelligence element, LANL pioneered the ability for a national laboratory to func-tion as an executive agency on behalf of an intelligence community agency. When executed, this agreement sub-stantially reduces the burden on an intelligence community sponsor to solve a particular

problem by enabling LANL to technically direct a project, oversee procurements, manage subcontracts, and provide sys-tem solutions to the customer.

LANL’s Federally Funded • Research and Development Center enables the intelli-gence community to instantly access Los Alamos resources. In selected areas, LANL has dedicated facilities and teams of people that respond imme-diately to emerging problems whenever the need arises.

Opportunities As one of two nuclear weapons design laboratories, LANL can leverage its expertise and experi-ence to (1) analyze foreign weap-ons, (2) assess improvised nuclear weapons, (3) conduct real-time reach-back during crises, and (4)

“[The President] understands that preventing terrorists from slaughtering the innocent sometimes requires making

very difficult decisions—deployment of military forces, authorization of sensitive intelligence activities, the handling and disposition of terrorists that we capture and detain, and the policies we make and the measures we take to protect our

homeland.”

–John Brennan, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, August 6, 2009

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analyze other enabling tech-nologies. Key areas of emerging emphasis include the following:

Analysis of Emerging • Technologies: LANL has broad technical experience, a worldwide reputation for high-quality science and tech-nology, and a large population of post-docs and visiting scientists. Thus, Los Alamos is an ideal place for analyz-ing emerging technologies.

Materials Science: LANL has • expertise in new materials and fabrication techniques for detectors, sensors, micro-electronics, and structural components. LANL has demonstrated that it can easily support the intelligence community in many areas that involve designing special-purpose materials and fielding unique sensors and detectors.

Lead Rapid-Response • Organization: As a result of investments made by the Department of Energy, other sponsors, and LANL itself, Los Alamos has in place facili-ties and processes to support quick-reaction-capability or turnkey projects to the intelligence community. Repurposing LANL facilities (by reusing former weapons-program facilities) will enable Los Alamos to greatly expand the number and diversity of customers that it can support. Such infrastructure projects are a shared responsibility between NNSA and the U.S. government, both of which use the capabilities of GS within the broader national security arena.

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Global Security Focus Area Warfighter Support

The ever-evolving battlefield means that American soldiers must be equally at ease using sat-ellite-guided weapons as they are on donkeys while flushing adver-saries out of caves. This landscape requires that the United States be able to insert warfighters anywhere in the world at a mo-ment’s notice—and sometimes bring them back without anyone having known they were there.

Modern threats range from the physical (such as roadside and suicide bombs) to the electronic (such as nonstate actors using satellite communication systems and exploiting the Internet to advance military goals). Indeed, the globalization of technol-ogy has emboldened adversaries to challenge America’s air and space superiority, as well as its superiority in C4ISR (com-mand, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveil-lance, and reconnaissance) and force projection. Now more than ever, LANL must partner with the Department of Defense to re-spond successfully to future glob-al challenges through technical innovation and delivery of game-changing capabilities to modern warfighters and planners alike.

Core CapabilitiesSince its creation in 1943, LANL has been at the forefront in providing the Department of Defense and its subordinate organizations with high-leverage, game-changing technology. As part of its core weapons mission, Los Alamos has developed broad and unique fabrication capabili-ties, materials-science depth, and processes and systems designed to address warfighter needs in an environment that preserves the element of surprise. Key capa-bilities include the following:

Nuclear Weapons:• LANL serves as the design and certification agency for key nuclear weapons and has a Presidentially mandated role in national nuclear deterrence.

National Security: • The extent of such collaborations is delib-erately kept secret to provide America’s warfighters with maximum advantage. LANL’s core strength is housed in a uniquely fundamental and multidisciplinary science and technology foundation from which scientists and engineers deliver solutions that meet

the modern warfighter’s needs in an ever-changing envi-ronment. LANL’s weapons mission continues to provide

an ex – ceptionally strong foundation in offensive and defensive appli-cations of informa-tion technologies,

the development of –specialized munitions and energetic materials,

modeling and simula- –tion of complex phe-nomena and events at a global scale, and

dire – cted-energy applications.

OpportunitiesKey opportunities in this area include the following:

Warfighte• r Safety: For example, the Los Alamos AngelFire system enables the real-time surveillance of an area of engagement, thus providing early warning to America’s warfighters. LANL

will continue to build upon such systems and couple them with advanced information, visual analytics, and intel-ligence systems to create an extensive situational awareness and decision-support system.

Materials Science:• LANL scientists will continue work in nanotechnology by apply-ing LANL’s ultra-strong carbon nanotube reinforced fibers to a broad range of applications, from advanced aircraft to bulletproof vests. Researchers will apply their fundamental understanding of the physics of materials to develop new, lighter, and more effective equipment. LANL will also build on its energetic materials to provide specialized munitions and will expand its successful Skunk Works Initiative.

Advanced Sensors and •Detectors: LANL’s Remote Ultra-Low Light Imaging System can create three-dimensional images of targets under an overcast sky on a moonless night. Building upon work in neural systems and advanced sensors, LANL

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will continue to develop and deploy advanced systems. These advanced systems will include, for example, families of sensors of different modali-ties that are integrated in such a manner as to provide greater confidence and flexibility than a single spectral sensor.

Beam Physics and High-•Power Accelerator Technology: LANL is working closely with numerous Department of Defense organizations to develop radiofrequency and free-electron laser-directed energy systems and advanced high-resolution radar/sensor systems. Such systems can counter highly asymmetric threats that put our military forces (such as aircraft carriers) at risk. Directed-energy systems have the advantage of speed-of-

light response and very deep magazines that require only electrical power to operate.

Alternative Energy Sources: •America’s military is the larg-est single consumer of energy in the world—three-quarters of such energy is in the form of oil. LANL will continue to explore alternative forms of energy, such as novel biomass conversion processes that can provide energy from readily available sources such as algae. LANL will also continue to leverage its extensive materi-als expertise to develop new battery-storage systems. With respect to nuclear energy, Los Alamos will work to develop a new generation of small, special-purpose nuclear reactors and power generators designed to sup-port the military complex.

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Global Security Focus Area Countering Terrorist Tactics

As a tactic used by domestic and foreign actors, terrorism has precipitated the need for advanced technologies to detect, deter, and respond to non-state-sponsored hostile actions against the United States. Although terrorist attacks may involve conventional weapons, many tactics involve asymmetric forms of warfare, from unconventional weapons such as shoe bombs and human carriers of explosive materials or infectious agents to divergent forms of attack such as tainted food supplies, cyber attacks, and hijacked airplanes.

Deterrence and response to these various forms of attack pose unique challenges because attribution is often difficult and the adversary may have no well-defined infrastructure or assets against which to launch a preemptive or retaliatory campaign. LANL’s objective is to detect and stop the imple-mentation of these tactics and those who perpetrate them.

Core CapabilitiesSince its inception, LANL has successfully delivered end-of-sys-tem solutions for time-sensitive national security problems. Los Alamos can effectively lever-age the knowledge, capability, and technological advancement achieved from supporting a di-verse programmatic portfolio in order to conduct emerging threat prediction, as well as provide effective deterrence, prediction, countermeasure development, surveillance, and real-time re-sponse. As an established trusted agent, LANL will facilitate the dissemination of emerging threat information to support the counterterrorism mission. Spe-cific capabilities are as follows:

Intelligence Analysis: LANL • provides technical support via reach-back to a broad range of science and engineering exper-tise. Los Alamos has in-depth understanding of the design and construction of weapons of mass effect, particularly with respect to terrorist capabilities and intent, as well as the potential for emerg-ing technology. Supporting LANL’s analytical capability is an integrated experimental, training, and technology-development program.

Long-Range Analyses: LANL • has an energetic materials training program that includes technical reach-back and emerging threat analysis; IED (improvised explosive device) detection, defeat, and threat-monitoring programs; and the data-fusion and analyses tools (such as the Integrated Knowledge Engine (IKE)) to effectively predict threat probability. Monitoring and predictive forecasting of ter-rorist activities is facilitated by LANL’s emerging cyberspace expertise and capabilities.

Tagging, Tracking, and • Locating: LANL has exten-sive capabilities in designing and fabricating conventional, micro-, and nano-scale sensors, power sources, beacons, and antennas.

OpportunitiesThe following are opportuni-ties to anticipate, characterize, and track emerging threats:

Information Handling and • Sharing: Information can only be shared once it is gleaned from data. LANL will apply its extensive expertise in high-performance computing and manipulating and reducing massive data sets. Los Alamos will couple both capabilities with the knowledge engine and simulation tools devel-oped for the Weapons and Homeland Security Infra-structure Modeling programs. LANL will deploy these tools to process and make useful the extreme amounts of data available to support the counterterrorism mis-

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“The attacks reflect the viciousness of violent extremists, and remind us that the threat of terrorism remains very real. We

have no higher priority than confronting this threat along with other countries that share our commitment to a more

peaceful and prosperous future.”

–Hillary Rodham Clinton, United States Secretary of State, July 17, 2009

sion. LANL will also leverage technological advancements achieved through its Work for Others program to develop effective countermeasures and conduct deterrence and response activities.

Advanced Nanotechnol-• ogy: LANL will expand its development of unique nanostructure materials designed to mark, tag, track, and locate. Los Alamos will also expand the development of Lasonix (an R&D 100 Award-winning technology) as a tool to manufacture complex three-dimensional micro-/nano-scale electronic devices and structures. Cou-pling these new materials, devices, and structures with a proven, extensive analysis capability will provide the

nation’s defenders with an invaluable technological advantage in tracking poten-tial terrorists and preventing their intended actions.

Modeling and Simu-• lation: LANL’s modeling and simulation capabilities will be integrated with its numerous surveil-lance detectors and systems to provide advance indica-tions of malevolent intent.

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Global Security Focus Area Countering Weapons of Mass Effect

U.S. officials think there is a high probability that a terror-ist attack involving WME will occur somewhere in the world in the next five to ten years. A singular nuclear weapon or WME that falls into the hands of an undeterable adversary would have immeasurable impact on U.S. national security.

Senior al-Qaeda officials have made it clear that they wish to obtain a nuclear weapon—viewed by them as a religious duty—and use it against the United States. Moreover, the current conflict in Pakistan highlights the potential of a “failed state” or malicious insider scenario that could provide ter-rorists with such weapons. North Korea’s history of arms sales, in conjunction with this state’s recent admission of a secret uranium-enrichment program and a history of violating United Nations resolutions, raises the specter of nuclear terrorism to an even stronger focus.

Longstanding nonproliferation efforts may not prevent terrorists or state actors from acquiring the materials needed to build a WME. Reasons include (1) the alarming rates at which WME programs continue to progress, (2) the spread of knowledge, and (3) the frequency by which

such materials emerge on the black market. LANL’s objective is to enable the United States to be in a position in which it can anticipate all WME methodolo-gies, identify those who would desire to employ them, and stop or render such actors ineffective.

Core CapabilitiesAs the birthplace of nuclear weapons, LANL holds a unique place in the nuclear weapons pro-gram, particularly in the ability of its scientists and engineers to apply broad scientific capabilities in chemistry, biology, radia-tion and radioactive materials, and explosives to characterize, design, and develop technolo-gies that counter WME. As a result of helping create and support the nuclear stockpile, LANL has acquired a unique set of capabilities to which only two national laboratories in the U.S. can lay claim.

World’s Fastest Computers: •LANL uses these computers to run specialized software codes, which scientists apply to modeling and analyzing potential threats from which they then can develop effec-tive countermeasures. LANL’s unique computer and model-ing resources are also used

for predictive and situational awareness modeling, which when coupled with a strong intelligence analysis capability enables Los Alamos to identify and quantify possible WME threats and develop solutions for detection and interdiction.

Expertise in Radiological •Materials: When combined with LANL’s broad materials science and explosives-science capabilities garnered from the weapons program, Los Alamos’ extensive experience with radiological materials and their properties enables scientists to develop detection and upstream defeat technolo-gies. LANL is one of the few facilities in the world that can safely handle any radionuclide in effectively any quantity—it also has developed the meth-ods to analyze trace quantities to determine their origin. Los

Alamos also has unmatched capabilities in understanding criticality, which enables sci-entists to characterize material threats and develop the means to handle and neutralize them.

Explosives Experimental •Facilities: These small- and large-scale explosives facili-ties enable LANL researchers to conduct experiments that validate computer models and bolster the confidence of end developers who have created countermeasures for WME technologies.

Biological Forensics: • LANL has extensive forensic capabili-ties that can be used to detect and identify chemical and biological agents. Los Alamos’ world-renowned genomics and genome databases contain mountains of information gained from sequencing

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“In a strange turn of history, the threat of global nuclear war has gone down, but the risk of a nuclear attack has gone up . . . there is no graver danger to global security than the threat

of nuclear weapons and no more immediate task than to address that threat.”

–President Barack Obama, April 5, 2009, Prague

and analysis of pathogens for detection, surveillance, and forensics. LANL also has specialized knowledge in the areas of signatures and assays for pathogen detection, strain discrimi-nation, and attribution.

OpportunitiesLANL will use its broad and deep scientific background in nuclear, chemical, biologi-cal, radiological, and energetic materials to monitor, identify, predict, interdict, and defeat WME threats. Opportuni-ties include the following:

Improvised Nuclear Design: •LANL will leverage its significant nuclear weapon design expertise, as well as its experience working with the nuclear counterterrorism

program and foreign weap-ons assessment program, to develop a thorough under-standing of what is technically possible to control and defeat WME. Furthermore, Los Alamos can expand and tailor existing rapid response capabilities to develop and demonstrate advanced concept tools designed to conduct monitoring, interdic-tion, and upstream defeat.

Predictive Tools: • LANL will apply its intelligence community assets (such as SNIPER/Sentry and related WME databases), its weap-ons subject-matter experts, and sophisticated nodal and Bayesian modeling capabili-ties (such as IKE and Patriot) to develop predictive tools to counter WME attacks. In the event that prevention proves unsuccessful, LANL

will use these capabilities in conjunction with the Event Response Program to diagnose, stabilize, and defeat the device. Furthermore, Los Alamos can apply its radionu-clide analytical capabilities to analyze the materials pre-event or the debris post-event to assist in reconstructing and attributing weapons or materials to their source.

Detecting and Recogniz-•ing Threat Materials and Devices: LANL will apply more than six decades of experience to push the boundaries of new systems that will enable scientists to develop new sensors and detectors designed to identify the use of WME and, more

importantly, the activities leading to their development.

Counter WME Focus: • To be ultimately effective, LANL will rely on the capabilities and successes of many of the other focus areas within Global Security. For example, LANL will continue to leverage the Nuclear Non-proliferation program to monitor and safeguard these materials. Controlling the materials at the source where possible will ultimately make the effort to counter WME more effective. Additionally, tagging, tracking, and locating these materials are of utmost importance for interdic-tion of “loose” materials.

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Global Security Focus Area Event Response

An event consists of a broad range of threats or incidents that may involve WME or natural characteristics. To meet the challenges associated with such a broad range of events, LANL scientists and engineers must work in nontraditional ways to provide the most useful infor-mation and solution for na-tional, state, and local response. This out-of-the-box approach requires a broad understand-ing of science, engineering, and applicable technologies. This approach also inspires innovative and efficient approaches toward solving technical problems.

Core CapabilitiesSince its inception during the Manhattan Project, LANL has been charged with develop-ing and delivering scientifically sound solutions to the most ur-gent and technically challenging security issues facing the nation. Los Alamos has developed a variety of unique core compe-tencies that are well suited to address Event Response needs. LANL’s Event Response Program provides technical expertise to the following agencies: U.S. Department of Energy, Depart-ment of Defense, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department

of Homeland Security (DHS), and the Environmental Protec-tion Agency. Activities range from threat identification to mitigation, consequence manage-ment, and forensics in support of attribution. Key capabili-ties include the following:

Sophisticated Training for • Responders: LANL deploys subject-matter experts to respond to highly techni-cal threat scenarios, as well as maintaining home-team or reach-back support. Los Alamos staff members also train responders from a variety of agencies and apply their technical expertise to develop tools, techniques, and procedures designed to counter chemical, biologi-cal, radiological, nuclear, and explosives scenarios. LANL support during these poten-tially catastrophic situations can directly and fundamen-tally impact the outcome.

Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear • Nonproliferation Expertise: LANL has a uniquely broad and deep history in the nuclear weapons program and the nuclear nonproliferation program. This experience base includes testing nuclear weapons; performing design

and engineering; preparing nuclear materials; conducting characterization and chem-istry; detecting, identifying, and diagnosing nuclear mate-rials; gathering intelligence; and conducting criticality experiments and health physics. All this expertise is brought to bear on effectively and efficiently responding to nuclear emergencies.

Addressing Natural and • Chem-Bio Threats: As part of the Field Intelligence Ele-ment, LANL uses analysis and export-control techniques to anticipate, identify, under-stand, and mitigate natural and chem-bio threats. Los Alamos areas of expertise include chemistry, biochem-istry, data-management/analysis, laboratory analy-sis, and HAZMAT field experience. LANL’s broad technical underpinnings provide a unique combina-tion of talent that can be used to detect, measure, and model chem-bio threats both remotely and on the ground.

Multispectral Surveillance • Technologies: Such LANL capabilities enable standoff, real-time identification and tracking of threats. They

also enable users to assess immediate consequences and improve situational aware-ness. These capabilities are widely recognized and applied in areas such as bio-defense, but there remain oppor-tunities for broader use.

OpportunitiesEvent response opportuni-ties include the following:

Supporting Emergency • Response Teams: Demands placed on emergency respond-ers since 9-11 have surpassed the “volunteer fire depart-ment” model. Rather than training personnel for a few days at a time, LANL will work with its sponsors to support personnel at a level consistent with their abili-ties, thus enabling them to maintain proficiency and contribute routinely to the program. This approach will enhance professionalism and contribute to the safety of responders and the public.

Responding to Nonnuclear • Events in Support of DHS: Bio-defense activities at Los Alamos include threat analysis, effects modeling,

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mitigation, response, foren-sics, and attribution. There are near-term opportunities to expand the breadth of capabil-ities offered in these existing program areas. In addition, LANL’s technical breadth and depth provide an ideal setting for the development of comprehensive risk-based assessment programs that are sought after within many DHS mission areas.

Cultivating Domestic • Response Applications for Surveillance Capabilities: LANL’s NISAC (National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center) provides analysis in specific mission areas. LANL will leverage such resources to provide a technically robust infrastruc-ture of intelligence analysis

for federal agencies such as the DHS and the Depart-ment of Defense. LANL’s infrastructure analysis capabilities will provide an ideal computational test bed for the design and assessment of innovative infrastructure systems. These assessments will be employed to assess technical performance of engineered infrastructure systems (e.g., energy and telecommunications), as well as the design of resilient and efficient infrastructures.

Fostering Rapid Response • Capabilities: LANL will enhance existing rapid response capabilities to Work for Others Customers as Skunk Works for advanced concept tools for responders. Continued extension of the

Joint Technical Operations Team infrastructure and staffing model will provide a 24/7-response capability for chemical, biological, and cyber threat spaces. And LANL has an opportunity to focus skills, capabilities, and facilities developed for the nuclear weapons program on an integrated, end-to-end research, development, test-ing, and evaluation capability in support of emerging and currently unmet counterter-rorism mission requirements, namely to enable the detec-tion, interdiction, and upstream defeat of nuclear and other WME threats.

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Global Security Focus Area Resilent Global Infrastructure

Infrastructure assurance, global energy supply, climate change, and U.S. national security are inextricably interwoven to an un-foreseen extent with internation-al, national, and regional implica-tions. Furthermore, this complex system of dependencies is stressed simultaneously by challenges that range from climate change and resource depletion to pandemic disease and regional conflicts.

According to one National Intel-ligence Estimate, conflicts for traditional energy and resources will intensify in the near future. Traditional dominance by the United States in energy- and infrastructure-related technolo-gies will gradually fade, with the European Union and Japan assuming key leadership roles. Technology globalization will continue to embolden rogue states and terrorists to exploit vulnerabilities in America’s critical infrastructure, as well as the infrastructure of the nation’s allies. Arguably the greatest chal-lenge facing the nation today is to resolve these national security concerns without catastrophic consequences to climate, society, and the world economy.

To meet this challenge, the United States must reinvigorate fundamental research so that sci-entists and engineers can develop technologies capable of creating “smart and resilient” infrastruc-tures at national and global scales. These infrastructures will readily withstand terrorist, natural, and anthropologic tests.

Core CapabilitiesLANL has a historic intersec-tion of recognition, need, and capability that enables smart and resilient infrastructure transformation at the national and global scale. Key capabili-ties include the following:

Computationally Based Anal-• yses and Multidisciplinary Team Assessment: LANL currently supports the DHS’s infrastructure protection mission by providing compu-tationally based analyses of the potential consequences of large-scale natural or manmade events. Multidisci-plinary teams across LANL perform the analysis. Core capabilities include biology, chemistry, physics, engineer-ing, mathematics, statistics, economics, and computa-tional science, all of which are augmented by expertise in in-depth infrastructure and socio-technical system domains. This combination of expertise enables LANL to understand and model the extraordinarily complex systems that comprise the nation’s critical infrastructures. The resultant combination of high-performance computing resources and broad analyti-cal capabilities enable LANL to address this complex and vitally important mission.

Advanced Critical Infra-• structure Modeling: LANL possesses some of the most advanced of these models, including some that are part of NISAC. These models have been used extensively by the DOE National Renew-able Energy Laboratory to design U.S. Electric Grid 2030. Researchers have also used these models to protect America’s critical infrastruc-ture from terrorist threats or to enhance national prepared-ness for handling large-scale disasters. Los Alamos plans to merge these models with the latest global-asset-level data and imagery to enable game-changing simula-tions that have sufficient fidelity and resolution.

Advanced Simulations • Enabled by LANL’s High-Performance Computers: Advanced simulations play a vital role in assessing global strategies for inserting smarter

and more sustainable tech-nologies into the nation’s infrastructure networks. Such large-scale simulations are also critical for making decisions regarding the impending global greenhouse gas treaty and for actions related to stabilizing failed and failing nations. Without such simula-tions, the United States would rely on traditional approaches, such as to design, demon-strate, and re-engineer—an expensive and time-limiting approach to engineering.

Discovery, Development, • and Deployment of Innova-tive Technologies: Although infrastructure technology development is the domain of private enterprise, LANL can readily partner with industry to accelerate the pace of innovation. Los Alamos has a proven track record in designing and building innovative technologies that meet the national need for

“We know refineries are vulnerable, and we must do all we can to make them as safe as they can be from terrorism,

... We must move faster and stronger to protect critical infrastructure in Texas and across America.”

– Jim Turner (D-Tex)

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energy. Products include small and compact nuclear reactors and large-scale energy-storage devices. LANL also continues to lead the way in integrat-ing information technologies into an electric grid that in turn has led to innovative smart-grid technologies.

OpportunitiesLANL’s objective is to lead the nation in transforming infrastructure from one reli-ant on speedy response to disasters to one that is resil-ient to them. Opportuni-ties include the following:

Focus on Situational Aware-• ness and Command, Control, Communications, and Intel-ligence: Beginning with technologies for smart grid and transforming to smart planet, LANL will develop and merge multiscale com-putational physics, network

topology, and agent-based global-scale computations to individual agent resolu-tion that is enabled by Los Alamos supercomputing. The resultant high-end models will enable users to evaluate the effectiveness of alternate national- and global-scale strategies for informing policy makers and private investors.

Addressing Complex • Technological Problems: As recognized by a National Intelligence Estimate, infrastructure transforma-tion will undoubtedly bring with it technological sur-prises. Almost every transfer of superpower status in the past has been associated with national dominance over emergence of a new technol-ogy. Key federal agencies recognize that traditional response to failed/failing states and post-war stabiliza-tion is inadequate during such global transformations.

LANL will advance its world-class political, military, economic, social, and infra-structure interdependency modeling and simulation to a global scale. The resultant decision-support environ-ment will enable decision makers to think globally while resolving a regional issue—this is a vital objective of multi-agency collabora-tive planning and response to events of global significance.

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LANL Global Security Focus Areas

Nuclear Nonproliferation

Cyber Systems

Space Systems

Intelligence Analysis, Integration, and Exploitation

Warfighter Support

Countering Terrorist Tactics

Countering Weapons of Mass Effect

Event Response

Resilient Global Infrastructure

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LA-UR-09-07014Los Alamos National Laboratory, an affirmative action/equal

opportunity employer, is operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S.

Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396.

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