globalisering og motstand: kontekstuelle case kristian stokke [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
Framvekst av sosiale bevegelser
Strukturelle årsaker for kollektiv mobiliseringStrukturelle årsaker for kollektiv mobilisering
Mobiliserings-Mobiliserings-strukturerstrukturer
PolitiskPolitiskromrom
KollektivKollektividentitetidentitet
Kollektiv mobiliseringKollektiv mobilisering
Bakenforliggende strukturelle årsaker (for eksempel ’globalisering’), men forskjellige mellomliggende årsakssammenhenger
Mobilisering basert på sosial infrastruktur (møtesteder/ nettverk) og kollektive identiteter Bevegelser opererer innenfor og mobiliserer i forhold til et politisk handlingsrom
Nye sosiale formasjoner “Nye” sosiale bevegelser Industrikapitalisme Arbeiderbevegelser Postindustrielt samfunn Nye sosiale bevegelser
Strukturelle årsaker til mobilisering
Kollektiv identitet / Mobiliseringsstruktur
Kollektiv mobilisering fremmes av kollektiv identitet og mobiliseringsstrukturer
Konstruering av kollektiv identitet Prosess som gjør at kollektive aktører kan
definere/gjenkjenne seg selv og bli definert/gjenkjent av andre (konstruksjoner av grenser mellom ”vi” og ”de andre”)
Identitet skaper kontinuitet over tid (synlige og latente faser i en sosial bevegelse)
Politisering av interesser og saker Refortolkning av ”naturlig” fenomen som sosiale og politiske
problemer Identifisering av de som rammes av problemene og de som
er ansvarlige. Identifisering av alternativer
Symbolsk kontestering Kamp om retten til å representere en gruppe og dens
interesser Forhandlinger og justeringer mellom de som representerer
og de som blir representert
Symbolsk kamp
Multi-scale and Diffuse Governance
Market Hierarchy Community
Global
National State
Local
Democratic Deficits and Spaces
Political space: Real world democracies contain a complex mix of democratic deficits and democratic political spaces, offering both obstacles and opportunities for popular movements
Assessing democracy
Democratic deficits and spaces located:
• In formal constitutional and political arrangements
• At different levels of government accountability
Zapatistbevegelsen i Mexico
Strukturelle årsaker for kollektiv mobilisering
Mobiliserings-strukturer
Politiskemuligheter
Kollektividentitet
Anti-NAFTA: uprising on January 1, 1994Local conflicts over control of land; acute social crisis; climate of violence/racismLink to globalization: transformation of PRI-policies, e.g. revision of Article 27
Campesinos organisationsEjido structures
The legacy ofrevolution (PRI).Combination ofstate coercionand cooptation.Internationalsolidarity
Indigenous identity:Reclaiming of rights andautonomy for those thatare socially and culturallyMarginalized: revindicatión étnica
Politisk Islamisme
Strukturelle årsaker for kollektiv mobilisering
Mobiliserings-strukturer
Politiskemuligheter
Kollektividentitet
Cultural homogenization cultural reaction to globalization / clash of cultures ???Failure of secular-nationalism marginalization in the context of state retrenchment
Muslim institutions:brotherhoods, mosques, welfare centres, schools
War of manoeuvrearound secular and socially ’failing’ states
Islamic resurgence is notabout religion per se, butIslam is the social cementthat binds communities that are abandoned by theneoliberal state
South Africa: Promising preconditions
But also major hurdles for social justice Shift to neo-liberal economic policies with dramatic economic restructuring Local developmental states but limited political capacity, cost recovery for Local developmental states but limited political capacity, cost recovery for
municipal servicesmunicipal services Persistent and probably increasing relative and absolute povertyPersistent and probably increasing relative and absolute poverty Cooptation and depoliticisation of popular forcesCooptation and depoliticisation of popular forces
Political SpacePolitical Space Extensive formal rightsExtensive formal rights Institutional reforms towards Institutional reforms towards
democracy and participatory democracy and participatory governancegovernance
Political channels: tripartite alliance Political channels: tripartite alliance of ANC, SACP, COSATUof ANC, SACP, COSATU
Political discourses on post-Political discourses on post-apartheid justiceapartheid justice
Political mobilisationPolitical mobilisation Previous mobilisation: Previous mobilisation:
conscientisation and conscientisation and mobilisation through anti-mobilisation through anti-apartheid struggleapartheid struggle
Well-organised civil society: Well-organised civil society: community based community based organisations, unions, NGOsorganisations, unions, NGOs
Changing state / civil society relations
Strategies of activism
The institutional route (lobbying)The institutional route (lobbying)
COSATUCOSATU
The NGO routeThe NGO route (provisioning) (provisioning)
Homeless People’s Homeless People’s FederationFederation
The legal routeThe legal route (legal action) (legal action)
Treatment Action CampaignTreatment Action Campaign
The movement routeThe movement route (public protest) (public protest)
Anti-Eviction CampaignAnti-Eviction Campaign
CHALLENGESCHALLENGES Resource constraintsResource constraints Fragmentation problemsFragmentation problems Political accessPolitical access
Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU)
Political contextPolitical context Tripartite alliance: ANC, SACP, COSATUTripartite alliance: ANC, SACP, COSATU
Strategies: Negotiations and mobilisationStrategies: Negotiations and mobilisation Political negotiations within alliancePolitical negotiations within alliance Mobilisation of workers (political strikes)Mobilisation of workers (political strikes)
ResourcesResources Mass mobilisationMass mobilisation Political accessPolitical access Organisational capacityOrganisational capacity Class ideology and consciousnessClass ideology and consciousness
South African Homeless People’s Federation
Political context Constitutional right to shelter, government programmes for
housing
Strategies: Community mobilisation and NGO role Savings groups and housing construction State resource mobilisation (housing subsidies, uTshani)
Resources and achievments Non-partisan, but flexible political alliances Community basis and mobilisation Alliance with People’s Dialogue (professional NGO) Houses built + reformed state housing strategy (”people-
driven housing process”)
Treatment Action Campaign
Political contextPolitical context Constitutional right to health servicesConstitutional right to health services HIV/AIDS crisis and denialismHIV/AIDS crisis and denialism
StrategiesStrategies Mass mobilisation, political negotiations and legal actionMass mobilisation, political negotiations and legal action HIV/AIDS-treatment (nevirapine) for pregnant womenHIV/AIDS-treatment (nevirapine) for pregnant women Problematic field, also because it asks for budget and Problematic field, also because it asks for budget and
distribution questions to be decided in the courtsdistribution questions to be decided in the courts
Resources and achievementsResources and achievements Substantive organisational, economic and political resourcesSubstantive organisational, economic and political resources Favourable court rulings regarding treatment planFavourable court rulings regarding treatment plan Problematic implementation, continued need for mass Problematic implementation, continued need for mass
mobilisationmobilisation
Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign
Political contextPolitical context Municipal cost recovery policiesMunicipal cost recovery policies Rights to shelter and basic public servicesRights to shelter and basic public services
StrategiesStrategies Mass mobilisation, political negotiations and legal actionMass mobilisation, political negotiations and legal action
ResourcesResources Limited organisational and political accessLimited organisational and political access Problems of fragmentation: Local militant mobilisationProblems of fragmentation: Local militant mobilisation
The local nature of the mobilizing issues combined with the decentralized delivery of development and public services, make the new activism highly localized.
While the anti-apartheid struggle combined local struggles with a coordinated and ideological program of overthrowing the apartheid regime, the new movements have often been issue-based and fragmented with limited capacity to build a movement that can effectively challenge national policy-making processes
Local Social Movement Unionism?
Labour unionsLabour unions Against privatisation of Against privatisation of
state enterprisesstate enterprises
Social movementsSocial movements Against privatisation of Against privatisation of
public services (water, public services (water, electricity, housing)electricity, housing)
Organisational and Organisational and political constraintspolitical constraints
Post-Apartheid Movement Politics
South African experiences demonstrate the importance of civil society activism within the political spaces of the democratic state, but also the problems of fragmentation and political exclusion of popular forces in local issue-based struggles.
As fragmented, under-resourced and issue-based as they are, the presence of post-apartheid social movements disrupts hegemony as they question the government’s continued commitment to the working poor
Main points
Need to examine movement politics contextually
Analyse combination of political space and movement strategies in regard to these spaces