globalization theme: impact of globalization and related responses (2) 8 impact of political...

GlobalizationGlobalizationTheme: Impact of Theme: Impact of globalization and related globalization and related responses (2)responses (2)

8 Impact of political 8 Impact of political globalizationglobalization

Theme Theme MindMind Map MapDifferent Different perceptions of perceptions of globalizationglobalization

Different Different discourses on discourses on globalizationglobalization

Economic Economic dimension of dimension of globalizationglobalization

Cultural Cultural dimension of dimension of globalizationglobalization

Different Different reactions to reactions to globalizationglobalization

The mainland and The mainland and Hong Kong under Hong Kong under globalizationglobalization

Impact of Impact of economic economic globalizationglobalization

3

12

57

11

48

10

Political Political dimension of dimension of globalizationglobalization

Impact of Impact of political political globalizationglobalization

Factors which Factors which influence the influence the spread and spread and evenness of the evenness of the impact of impact of globalizationglobalization

9Impact of Impact of

globalization and globalization and related responsesrelated responses

6Impact of cultural Impact of cultural globalizationglobalization

Exploration Journey 1: Is there no room for the role of a state in the international arena?

8 Impact of political

globalization

To learn different scholars’ views on whether state power has been weakened or not

To reflect on the impact of the rise of new centres of authority and global civil society on the role of states

Exploration Journey 2: The effectiveness of global governance: Promotes greater understanding or intensifies conflicts?

To understand the importance of To understand the importance of international cooperation to the world international cooperation to the world peacepeace

To identify different types of To identify different types of international conflictsinternational conflicts

To explore the relationship between To explore the relationship between globalization and international globalization and international understanding and conflictsunderstanding and conflicts

To assess the effectiveness of global To assess the effectiveness of global governance on solving global problemsgovernance on solving global problems

Be willing to devote efforts for the betterment of the world

Exploration Exploration

JourneyJourney

Is there no room for the role of a state in the international arena?

1

Exploration Journey 1: Is there no room for Exploration Journey 1: Is there no room for the role of a state in the international arena?the role of a state in the international arena?


What are the changes of a state’s role under global governance?

The changes of a state’s role under global governance• Under political globalization, ‘conventional state

governance’ has gradually transformed into ‘global governance’.



The changes of a state’s role under global governanceConventional state governance

• the state rules the people within its domain. The government is the only legal authority.

• all states have independent sovereignty. A state solves problems and difficulties with its own efforts.

• does not need foreign help or intervention.



The changes of a state’s role under global governance

Global governance: a product of political globalization

• includes the interaction, coordination and rivalry among states, international governmental and non-governmental organizations as well as private transnational corporations



• needs to handle global issues

• a state is no longer the only governing body.


Globalist

The role of a state has been weakened under global governance.

Skeptic

No! The state government is still influential.




The arguments of globalists

• Transnational corporations have a growing impact on all countries. All governments introduce preferential policies to attract investments from them.

• In the process of globalization, political power is no longer only exercised by a state as defined by a ‘boundary’, but also by global institutions.

• Under this trend, a state gradually loses its leading position in international affairs, and it also has weaker

decision-making capacity for affairs within its border.



The arguments of skeptics

• A state is still an important entity at the international level.

• Despite the constantly emerging global issues, each society has its own agenda for the state government.

• The state’s policies also influence the investment incentive of investors around the world, and its population control measures even influence people’s movements in all countries.




The changes of a state’s role under global governance• The world has developed from the polarization of two

superpowers in the Cold War to the multi-polarization of powers nowadays.

• International organizations, transnational corporations and the BRICs are regarded as the new centres of authority.



How do the BRICs participate in How do the BRICs participate in global governance?global governance?

A1 International Daily News 16 April 2010

BRICs urge IMF and World Bank to accelerate reform

The national leaders of the BRICs (China, India, Brazil and Russia) had the second official meeting in Brazil.

After the meeting, the BRICs made a joint announcement, stating that they ‘will strive to reform Bretton Woods, which should have been done earlier. The IMF and World Bank should solve the problem of insufficient legitimacy as soon as possible. The foremost goal of reforming the structure of governance is to transfer the rights to vote to emerging markets and developing countries, ensuring that the power of decision-making that those countries have is in line with their strength in the global economy.’

Source: Adapted from various newspapers dated 16 April 2010.

The changes in the concept of citizen under globalizationHow does global governance promote the rise of global civil society?How does global governance promote the rise of global civil society?

‘Citizen’ refers to

• A person who is given the nationality of a country, and has the rights and obligations under the country’s law.

• A state manages its citizens through the legal system and socialization.

• The citizens influence national policies through elections and social movements. Citizens have rights to vote.




Conventional citizenship

•top-down model

•it is recognized and endowed by the state

The concept of citizenship under globalization

•bottom-up model

•citizens establish their identity by themselves




• Under globalization, citizenship is no longer confined to national boundary.



• People can establish their citizenship as other than the national identity. It may be an identity above the national level or a cross-boundary one.

What is ‘global civil society’?

Global civil society:

• involves groups from different countries, or

• groups which fight for interests that involve civil societies in more than one country



The rise of global civil society The reasons why civil society is able to

‘turn global’:

• Civil society organizations are increasingly concerned about the governance of transnational issues. They have begun to stage actions in response to globalization.

• By establishing ties with transnational governing bodies, the actions of the civil society have gradually become global in nature.

The World Wide Fund for Nature organizes ‘Earth Hour’

all over the world simultaneously, arousing

people’s concern about environmental problems



The rise of global civil society

• Civil society has begun to adopt the global form of organization, such as the ‘federal’ structure.

Greenpeace has worldwide websites, allowing people in different regions to know the global issues it handles.



• Civil society’s actions involve more use of transnational communication and transport tools to initiate global civil campaigns, such as air travel and the Internet.

The rise of global civil society• Contemporary civil society depends more and more on aid

from global finance.

• The development of civil society is increasingly promoted by global ideologies, such as the transnational collective identity like social strata, gender or religious beliefs.



• Civil society stages global regulatory campaigns with greater spontaneity. Civil society organizations are more and more active in planning, carrying out and monitoring the activities of global governance measures.

How does global civil society participate in global governance?

Transnational corporationsMonitoring whether the corporations will damage global governance, or worsen the world’s problems

International governmental organizationsMonitoring how the international governmental organizations handle global issues, and suggesting advice or reflecting discontents

International non-governmental organizationsSubsidizing, participating in or establishing international non-governmental organizations, and concerned about specific global issues

GovernmentsMonitoring the performance of the governments on global governance, and suggesting advice or reflecting discontents

Global civil society



Exploration Exploration

JourneyJourney2

The effectiveness of global governance: Promotes greater understanding or intensifies conflicts?

Is global governance Is global governance a good way to solve a good way to solve global issues?global issues?

Exploration Journey 2: The effectiveness of global governance: Exploration Journey 2: The effectiveness of global governance: Promotes greater understanding or intensifies conflicts?Promotes greater understanding or intensifies conflicts?


How does international cooperation deepen international understanding?

• Globalization promotes the awareness and recognition of interdependence between countries. People across the world are prompted to change the way they think. They tend to replace war with peace and pursue mutually beneficial cooperation.

Transnational rules



• In the course of working out transnational rules at meetings organized by international organizations, the signatory countries understand each other better through negotiations, talks and discussions.

How does international cooperation deepen international understanding?• Threats from commonly faced global issues (such as

global warming) bring human consensus on many issues. This in turn promotes the understanding and integration of different cultural systems.



Effectiveness of global governance on solving global issues

Effectiveness of IGOs:

• promote mutual understanding between members through meetings and notification mechanisms.

• mediate conflicts between countries and help them reach consensus.

• monitor policies in all countries, promoting universal values.




Limitations of IGOs easily neglect cultural differences between the East and the West

force the developing countries to accept the values and policies applicable to the West

set up and led by the Western countries

IGOs

This adversely affects the problems of the developing countries



Effectiveness of global governance on solving global issuesLimitations of IGOs

• The IGOs expect that through agreements or treaties, all countries can reach consensus and be made to observe what was agreed upon. However, some of these agreements are non-legally binding.



• IGOs have been criticized for showing favour to the developed countries, failing to handle international activities impartially.


Effectiveness of INGOs:

‧provide all kinds of services and plays a humanitarian role. It reflects public concerns to the government, monitors policy-making, encourages political participation at the community level.

Greenpeace organized the activity ‘You Can’t Escape the Heat’ to call on public concern for global warming.



Effectiveness of global governance on solving global issuesEffectiveness of INGOs:

• provide analysis and expertise and gives early warnings, help monitor and implement international agreements besides dealing with global issues, such as human rights, the environment or public health.

Greenpeace, Oxfam and Médecins Sans Frontières introduce the information about different global issues



Effectiveness of global governance on solving global issuesLimitations of INGOs

• Since the sources of capital and human resources of INGOs mainly rely on donations and voluntary participation, the stability of the availability of resources is lower than that of the IGOs.



• Lacking inter-organizational communication and coordination, the INGOs can hardly be united.

In order to keep its independence and impartiality, the capital and resources of Médecins Sans Frontières come from donations from millions of people around the world.

The operational capital of this INGO is mainly from the donation from the general public. The donation from individuals amounts 90% of the total donation while the remaining is from enterprises, relief budget of state governments and other international organizations.

Besides, Médecins Sans Frontières ensures that 80% or more of the donation it receives is used for relief work and assistance.

Source: Website of Médecins Sans Frontières http://www.msf.org.hk/

Where does the capital of Médecins Sans Frontières come from?

http://www.msf.org.hk/

The relationship between globalization and international conflicts

‘International conflict’ refers to

• opposition or disputes between international political actors (including states and non-state actors) due to conflicts over interests, values or goals.

• In brief, international conflict is a kind of conflict which involves more than one country.



The relationship between globalization and international conflictsBy intensity, international conflicts can be classified as:




Interfering with others in order to maintain self interests

Regional conflicts becoming more complicated

Crises evoked by hi-technology weapons

Failure to reach consensus through cooperation




• All countries depend on each other under globalization. International attention can be drawn to an individual country’s actions.

• If other individual countries and international organizations get involved in that country’s internal affairs because of maintaining self or global interests, different kinds of international conflicts may arise.

Interfering with others in order to maintain self interests




• Different governments, and international governmental and non-governmental organizations have got involved in regional conflicts, turning the conflicts into more complicated global issues.

The US and the UN have been involved in mediating the Arab-Israeli conflicts for many years. The photo shows Jerusalem

Regional conflicts becoming more complicated




• Hi-technology weapons of mass destruction have been invented from time to time. All countries make use of military drills to show off advanced military equipment, it can cause tensions among countries and lead to potential crises. It can also lead to different kinds of non-military diplomatic disputes.

Crises evoked by hi-technology weapons




• Different countries have different attitudes and focuses for the same issue. If they refuse to make concessions for the sake of their own interests, it may lead to international conflicts.

Failure to reach consensus through cooperation



globalization theme: impact of globalization and related responses (2) 8 impact of political...

Documents

states role

state government

international arena

state rules

state power

global issues

international understanding

global civil society