globalization theories political final (1)

8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)

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GLOBALIZATION THEORIES

Presenters: Daniel Coilla

Nadya Zapata


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POLITICAL

GLOBALIZATION

THEORIESPolitical globalization theories deal with the

issues of global geopolitics and international

relations.


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SIMPLE DEFINITION OF

GEOPOLITICS

The study of how geography and economics have

an influence on politics and on the relationsbetween nations

The political and geographic parts of something

The study of the influence of such factors as

geography, economics, and demography on the

politics and especially the foreign policy of a state


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FRIEDRICH RATZEL

Friedrich Ratzel was a German geographer who

was responsible for coining the phrase

“anthrogeographical,” a term indicating the

combination of the disciplines of anthropology,

geography, and politics. For Ratzel (1940),

nation-states had many of the key characteristics

of living organisms.


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RUDOLF KJELLEN

Johan Rudolf Kjellén. The first classical

geopolitician was a prolific writer and Kjellén

numerous works on geopolitics. He first used the

term “geopolitics” in 1899 in a Swedish

publication.Kjellén defined geopolitics as the theory of the

state as a geographical organism or phenomenon

in space. Power (influence, politics) and space

(territory, soil) were important.


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INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS

A branch of political science

concerned with relationsbetween nations and primarily

with foreign policies


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International relations attempts to explain the

interactions of states in the global interstate

system, and it also attempts to explain the

interactions of others whose behavior originates

within one country and is targeted towardmembers of other countries. In short, the study of

international relations is an attempt to explain

behavior that occurs across the boundaries of

states, the broader relationships of which suchbehavior is a part, and the institutions (private,

state, nongovernmental, and intergovernmental)

that oversee those interactions.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS


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Explanations of that behavior may be sought at any

level of human aggregation. Some look to

psychological and social-psychological understandings

of why foreign policymakers act as they do. Others

investigate institutional processes and politics asfactors contributing to the externally directed goals

and behavior of states. Alternatively, explanations

may be found in the relationships between and among

the participants (for example, balance of power), in

the intergovernmental arrangements among states(for example, collective security), in the activities of

multinational corporations (for example, the

distribution of wealth), or in the distribution of power

and control in the world as a single system.

INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS


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WORLD-SYSTEM THEORY

Globalization is the process, completed in the

twentieth century, by which the capitalist

world-system spreads across the actual globe.

Since that world-system has maintained someof its main features over several centuries,

globalization does not constitute a new

phenomenon. At the turn of the twenty-first

century, the capitalist world economy is incrisis; therefore, according to the theory's

leading proponent, the current "ideological

celebration of so-called globalization is in

reality the swan song of our historical system"


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The modern world-system originated around

1500. In parts of western Europe, a long-term

crisis of feudalism gave way to technological

innovation and the rise of market institutions. Advances in production and incentives for long-

distance trade stimulated Europeans to reach

other parts of the globe. Superior military

strength and means of transportation enabledthem to establish economic ties with other

regions that favored the accumulation of wealth

in the European core. During the "long

sixteenth century," Europeans thus established

an occupational and geographic division of laborin which capital-intensive production was

reserved for core countries while peripheral

areas provided low-skill labor and raw

materials.


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The unequal relationship between European core

and non-European periphery inevitably

generated unequal development. Some regions in

the "semiperiphery" moderated this inequality by

serving as a buffer. States also played a crucial

role in maintaining the hierarchical structure,

since they helped to direct profits to monopoly

producers in the core and protected the overallcapitalist economy.


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In the twentieth century, the world-system reached

its geographic limit with the extension of capitalist

markets and the state system to all regions. It also

witnessed the rise of the United States as a

hegemonic power-one that has seen its relative

economic and political strength diminished since

the last years of the Cold War. Newly independent

states and communist regimes challenged corecontrol throughout the century, and some formerly

peripheral countries improved their economic

status, but none of this shook the premises of a

system that in fact was becoming more economically

polarized. The nineteenth-century ideology ofreform-oriented liberalism, which held out the hope

of equal individual rights and economic

advancement for all within states, became

dominant in the twentieth but lost influence after1968.


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Such twentieth-century developments set the

stage for what Wallerstein calls a period of

transition.

New crises of contraction can no longer be solvedby exploiting new markets; economic decline will

stimulate struggle in the core; challenges to core

dominance will gather strength in the absence of

a strong hegemonic power and a globally acceptedideology; polarization will push the system to the

breaking point. While this chaotic transition may

not produce a more equal and democratic world,

it does spell the end of capitalist globalization.


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globalization theories political final (1)

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