glossary for meat

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11/ 2011-256 Animal Product Manual Glossary-1-1PPQ, VRS

Animal Product

Manual

Glossary 2

Introduction

Use th is glossa ry to fin d th e m ean in g of specialized words ,

abbr eviat ions , acronyms, an d term s u sed in r egu lat ing animal

produ cts . When app licable, the m ean ing includes th e an ima l produ ct

or section with wh ich th e word is as sociated. Use the Index to locat ewhere in th e ma nu al a given a nimal product or by-produ ct is

ment ioned.

Definit ions, Terms, and Abbreviat ionsabattoir. A slaughterhou se.

acid casein. See casein .acidophilus milk. A cultured milk product wherein Lactobacillus acidophilusba cteria ha ve been a dded to the m ilk in order to aid in th e digestion of lactose

(milk su gar). Regulate a s Cultured Milk Products .adequate proof of origin. Docum enta ry eviden ce of th e coun try fromwhich th e produ ct originates . Exam ples in clu de a bill of lad ing,

certificate of origin , invoice, lab el, mea t ins pection certificate, ordocum ent on official let terhea d p repared by the m an u factu rer ,

shipper, or seller.

African swine fever (ASF). A viral disease that affects only swine. Thediseas e is a cu te, cau sing the s wine to die with in 7 da ys of ha ving a

high fever.

albumin. A type of protein found in blood, egg white, milk, and seeds.

albumin serum. A protein th at a ccoun ts for 55 % of th e total protein inblood plas ma . Imported for biological u se. Covered u n der Blood an dRelated By -Products .amnion. A thin m embra ne forming a closed sac a roun d th e embryo of bi rds , ma mm als , an d r ept iles . The am nion conta ins am niot ic flu id in

which th e em bryo is imm ersed. If amn iotic flu id cells, t hen covered

u n d e r Live Anim als an d Related Material; regu late as an organ ism orvector. If am n iotic fluid or liqu id to be in corpora ted a s a n in gredient in

cosm et ics , then covered u nd er Miscellaneous Products .
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Definitions, Terms, and Abbreviations

Glossary-1-2 Animal Product Manual 11/ 2011-256PPQ, VRS

amphibian. Cold-blooded vertebra tes, su ch a s frogs, toads , orsalam an ders , interm ediate in cha racteris t ics between f ish an d

reptiles; ha ve gilled, aqu atic larvae a nd air -brea th ing ad u lts.

anhydrous milk fat. See bu tter oil.animal by-products, inedible. Parts or products of ru mina nts , swine, an dpoul t ry u ns u itable for hu ma n consu mption, such as h ides , glu e s tock,

bone m eal, blood mea l, glan ds , organ s, s kins, h air, wool, bones , hoofs,

horn s , hoof meal , horn m eal, meat m eal, tank age.

animal digest . A powder or l iqu id m ixtur e of brea kdown produ cts froman ima l t issu e resu lting from th e controlled action of one or m ore

enzymes. Digest conta ins only t race am oun ts of feathers , ha ir , horn ,or teeth . Digest m u s t na me i ts an ima l sour ce (su ch a s beef, chicken,or pork digests). Regu late a s ren dered an d processed pr otein u nder

Animal Was te and Rela ted By -Products .animal feed. See f eed .animal glue. A protein derived from th e chem ical brea kdown ofcollagen, wh ich is th e principal protein const itu ent of an ima l hide,

conn ective t iss u e, an d bon es. Ther e are two types of an imal glue: hide

glu e an d bon e glu e. Hide glu e an d bon e glu e are con sidered inedible

gelatin or technical gelatin. Both are allowed unrestricted entry.

animal products, edible. Parts or products of ru minan ts , swine, an dpoult ry su itab le fo r hu man consu mpt ion su ch as meat an d meat

products, meat by-products (formerly edible offal), meat foodprodu cts , milk an d m ilk produ cts , an d eggs.

ante-mortem. Preceding death .

anthrax. A worldwide disea se of wild a n d d omest icated an imals th at ist ran sm it ted by conta ct with infected an ima ls or th eir produ cts a nd,

ra rely, by vectors. The m ost p revalent form of th is d isea se first

app ears as a sm al l pimple which rap idly develops into a b lack p us tu le.

Prompt diagnosis an d early t reatm ent a re importan t in combat ing this

disease in humans. Many antibiotics are effective in the treatment of

human anthrax including penicil l in, chloramphenicol, tetracycline,

erythrom ycin, an d s t reptomycin.

ant ibiotic resistance. The ab ili ty of a ba cterium to synth esize a proteinth at n eu tra lizes an a n tibiotic. The gene for an tibiotic resistan ce ma y

be carr ied on a plas mid.
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antibody(ies). An y of var ious proteins in th e blood th at a re genera ted inreaction to foreign proteins, m icroorgan ism s, or polysacch arides a nd

neu tra lize th em or produ ce imm u n ity. Imp orted for biological us e or

ph ar ma ceut ical u se. Covered un der Blood an d Re lated By -Produ cts .anticoagulant. Su bst an ce tha t in hibits the clott ing of blood.

antigen. A su bsta nce, u su al ly a protein or carbohydrate, capab le of s t imu la t ing an imm un e response .

antiserum(a). Hum an or animal serum containing an t ibodies agains t atleas t on e an tigen. Imp orted for biological u se. Covered u nd er Bloodand Related By-Products .antivenom. An an titoxin derived from a nt ibodies created in a h orsesblood to neu tra lize sna ke ven om in a s na ke bite victim.

antlers. The s olid decidu ous bone of an an ima l of th e deer family.Ant lers are s hed an nu al ly. Covered u nd er Bones an d Re l a tedBy-Products .APHIS-defined European CSF region. The Eu ropean Union Member Statesof Au str ia, Belgiu m, th e Czech Repu blic, Denm ar k, Finlan d, Fra n ce,

Germ an y, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Liechten stein, Lith u an ia, Luxemb ourg,

th e Nether lan ds, Polan d, Portu gal, Repub lic of Ireland , Spa in , Sweden,

Switzerlan d, a n d th e United Kingdom (En glan d, Scotland , Wales, th e

Isle of Man , a nd North ern Ireland ). The APHIS-defined Eu ropean CSF

region is a sin gle region of low risk for CSF.

approved defrost facility. An establishment where FSIS inspectsdefrosted sa mp les of frozen , cooked beef from Sou th Amer ica.

approved dye. Proprietary sub stan ce or food compoun d u sed todechara cterize meat . The su bsta nce or compoun d m u s t be acceptedan d u sed a ccording to FSIS regulat ions .

approved establishment. A bu siness which h as received prior appr ovalfrom VS for fu rth er pr ocessing or storage of restr icted import m eat a nd

animal p roduct s .

aquaculture feed. Food for fish , a lligators , crocodiles, cru sta cean s,tu rtles, and s h ellfish which, in a ddition to plan t ma terial, ma y conta in

high levels of ren dered an imal protein ingredient s.

ascit ic fluid. Flu id formed in th e abdomen an d which ma y containmon oclona l an tibodies (u su ally from mice or ra ts).

ASF. See African swine fever.
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Asian medicinal products (animal). Anima l produ cts u sed in Asianmedical pract ice for the t reatmen t of hum an illness es . Products

include h orn, bone, skin, glan ds, m u scle t issu e, and extracts . Usu al ly

foun d in a fresh or minimally process ed condition. Frequ ent ly

manifested as medicine, medicinals, or medicinal herbs.

Avian (Aves). Pertaining to birds. Regulate as poultry under Meat andMeat Prod ucts .backfat. The s u bcuta neous fat on th e back of hog carcas ses . Regu latea s u n d e r Foreign Origin Mea t an d Mea t Prod ucts , Sw ine .bacon. A side of a pig th at h as gon e thr ough a cu ring process. Wh enthe ba con is processed in a container , t reat as p erish able. When the

ba con is a h an gin g side or slab , treat a s fresh produ cts (chilled, or

frozen). Covered under Foreign Origin Mea t an d Meat Produ cts,S w i n e .bacterin. A vaccine m ad e from either en tire bacteria or ba cterialcomponents , s u ch a s a protein. When th e bacterin is injected into an

an ima l, the anima l produ ces an immu ne respons e which provides

protection a gains t th e disease cau sing bacteria.

bacterium (bacteria). Unicellular round, spiral , or rod-shapedsingle-celled m icroorgan isms th at ar e often aggregated int o colonies.

balut egg. A fertilized duck egg (rarely chicken) which is artificiallyincu ba ted for a bou t 14 -18 d ays for embr yos to develop. After

incu ba tion, th e egg is u su ally boiled an d pa cked in sa lt . Most ba lutsorigina te in t h e Philippines . NOTE: Some importa tions of ba lu ts h ave

no t been cooked after in cu ba tion a nd conta in l ive embr yos.

beef. Th e flesh of a s lau ghtered bovine. Covered u nd er Meat and MeatProducts .beef bone stock. Th e broth from boiled bovin e us ed as a ba se inpreparing soup s, gravies , or sa u ces . Covered u nd er Foreign OriginMeat and Meat Products , Rum inan ts .beef extract. A concen tra ted prep ara tion of th e essen tial protein

const itu ents of ru minan t meat . Covered un der Foreign Origin Mea tand Meat Products , Rum inan ts .beef jerky. Cured a nd ful ly dried meat of a ru minan t . Has a tou gh,chewy consis tency an d m ay be sm oked, un sm oked, air or oven-dried.

Covered u nd er Foreign Origin Meat a nd Meat Products , Ru m ina nts . Iffor a pet ch ew, covered u nd er Pet Food , an d Lives tock , Poultry , an dAqua culture Feed .
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bile. A yellow or green ish secr etion of the liver. Also kn own a s gall.Covered under Organs .biltong. Meat (u su ally beef, venison, or ostrich) th at is cu t into longsl ices or s t r ips a nd dried in the s u n. No smoke or artificial heat isap plied. Keeps s everal mon th s, bu t becomes brit t le with age. Covered

u n d e r Meat an d Meat Produ cts .bird. All m em ber s of th e class Avian (includ ing eggs for ha tch ing) oth ertha n p oul t ry or gam e birds . See alsopoultry , game bird, migratory ,a n d gam e b ird, nonm igratory definitions.birds nest, edible. The dried, glu tinous secretion of th e sa livary glan dsof south ern Asian swifts ; us ed in m aking soup. Covered u nderMiscellaneous Products .

birds nest, inedible. The p lace in which a bird lays eggs a nd ra ises i tsyou ng. May be m ade of mud , an ima l hair, grasses an d s t raw. Coveredu n d e r Miscellaneous Products .bladder. A membranous sac in animals that receives a secretion (l ikeu rine) or cont ains gas. May be u sed for cas in gs.

blood. The flu id ci rculated by the hear t th rough the vertebrate vascularsystem, carrying oxygen a nd n u tr ients th roughout th e body an d waste

materials to excretory channels.

blood albumin. A sa m ple clas s of pr otein device from blood. Im port ed for

biological u se. Covered u nd er Blood an d Re lated By -Products .blood fract ion. Component separated from whole blood. Examples:fibrin, plas ma , plasm inogen, platelets, proth romb in , red blood cells,

an d wh ite blood cells.

blood meal. The grou n d, dry blood of an ima ls cha ra cterized by a highprotein conten t. If u sed for feeding livestock, regu late u nd er Pet Food ,an d Livestock, Poul try , an d A quacu lture Feed . If u sed a s anitrogenous ferti lizer, regu late u n der Animal Was te and Rela tedBy-Products .blood plasma. The liqu id pa rt of blood often u sed in tra ns fu sions inplace of whole blood.

blood pudding or blood sausage. Sausage containing a large portion ofblood an d very dark colored. Covered u n der th e Meat and MeatProducts .blood serum. Blood from wh ich th e fibrin a nd su spen ded m ater ial (likecells) have been removed.
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blue chrome. A pa rtially tan n ed an ima l skin (h ide), which h as beensu lfided an d l imed, picketed with sa lt an d a cid, an d chr omed. Chrome

impa rts a blu e-green color to hides; hides a re in a blu e s ta te.

Chr oming is th e first step of th e fin al ph as e of tan ning; only softening

an d finishing remain. Regu late as chrome-tan ned h ides u nder Hidesand Related By-Products .bologna. A precooked an d h igh-sea son ed sa u sa ge ma de of finely-cur edpork a nd beef in a rt ificial or nat u ral casings. Italian bologn a s au sa ge

is mortadella . Regu late u nder Meat an d Mea t Produ cts .bone. The h ard part of the s keleton of a vertebrate. When the inten dedu se for a t rophy, the bones a re covered u nder Trophies .When th einten ded us e is other tha n a t rophy, bones are covered un der Bonesand Related By-Products ; or if for a p et chew, trea t or toy, bones a recovered u nd er Pet Food , an d Lives tock , Poul try , an d Aquacu ltureFeed .bone ash. The powdery res idu e of bu rn t bones .

bone black. A black su bsta nce ma de from cru sh ed, defat ted,carb onized bones ; u sed a s a p igmen t an d decolorizing agent. Regu late

a s Bones and Rela ted By -Products .bone char. See char.bone glue. See an im al glue .bone grist. Groun d bone. Regu late as Bones and Rela ted By -Products .bone greaves. See greaves .bone marrow. The tissu e tha t occupies th e cavities of mos t bones . Bonema rrow con sists of ma tu ring blood cells a n d fate cells, su pporting

conn ective t iss u e an d blood vessels. Covered u n der Organs .bone marrow extract. Crus hed or groun d a nimal bones . If u sed foran ima l feed, regu late u nder Pet Food, an d Lives tock , Poul try , an dAqua culture Feed . If u sed for fertilizer, regulate u n der Animal Was teand Related By-Products .bone meal, degelatinized. Derived from th e ma nu factu re of glu e orgelatin. Covered u nd er Bones and Rela ted By -Products .bouillon cube. A sm all cu be of evap orated sea son ed m eat, pou ltry, orvegetab le stock. Covered u nd er Meat an d Meat Produ cts .bovine. An an ima l of Bos or of a closely relat ed gen u s of the fam ilyBovida e (catt le); a r u mina nt .
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bovine fascia or facia. A sh eet of t issu e covering the m u scles. Imp ortedfor biological use. Covered under Animal Ti ssu e .bovine growth hormone. See bovine s oma totropin (bovine growthhormone, bST) definition .bovine placental extract. A growth factor fou nd in th e placenta ofma mm als. This factor can stimu late cellular d ivision of blood vess els

an d increa se th e per mea bili ty of som e cell layers fou nd in blood

vessels a nd the lymp ha t ics . Regu late a s pr oteins u nd er MiscellaneousProducts .bovine somatotropin (bovine growth hormone, bST). A growth h orm onefoun d in catt le. The h orm one can be produ ced by genetically

engin eered m icrobes. If th e h orm one is derived from catt le, then

covered u nder Organs . However, if th e hor mon e was pr odu ced bymicrobes , then covered u nd er covered u nd er Miscellaneous Products .bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Abbreviation for bovinespon giform enceph alopath y; a neu rological disease affecting

rum i nan t s .

braunschweiger. A sm oked p ork liver sau sa ge (liverwur st ) en riched witheggs a n d m ilk. See also Liverwurst . Regu late u nder Foreign OriginMeat and Meat Products , Sw ine .bresaola. Acu red a nd dried beef produ ct from Italy with a m oredelicate textu re, bu t str onger flavor tha n th at of prosciut to. Bresaola

is obta ined from s alted, spiced, an d air -dried, lean mea t (u su ally beef,bu t ma y be horse meat) an d contains almost n o fat. A Swiss version iscalled bundnerfleisch.

bristles. Stiff, coarse h airs a s fou nd on th e back of swine. Regu late a sbris t les u nd er Hides and Rela ted By -Products .brushtail opossum. A ma rsu pial of Au str alia belonging to the genu sTrichosurus . Brus hta il opossu ms are s us cept ible to bovine

tuberculosis .

bST. See bovine s oma totropin (bovine grow th h orm one, bS T).bully stick . See Pizzle.

bundnerfleisch. See bresaola .
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bung or bung cap. Th e cecum , a blind pou ch form in g th e begin ning ofthe large intes t ine of s laughtered a nimals . When the inten ded u se is

for sau sa ge casing, then bu ngs or bun g caps a re covered un derCasings . When the intended u se is for ma nu factu ring prophylact ics ,then th e bun g caps a re covered und er Organs , n ot casings .burro. A sm all donk ey. Covered by th e term equine or h orse.

butter. A da iry produ ct whereby milk is first sepa rat ed into cream an dskim m ilk; the cream is th en p asteu rized, cooled an d ch u rn ed to form

a s olid m as s (bu tter). But ter is form ed by th e milkfat an d th e liqu id

(bu t termilk) is th en dr ained away an d u sed for other p u rposes .

Regu late as Milk a nd Milk Produ cts .buttermilk, fresh, chilled, frozen. The s our l iquid tha t rema ins after thebu t terfat h as been rem oved from whole milk or cream by chu rn ing. A

cul tured sour milk m ade by adding certain micro-organisms to sweetmilk. Can also be in a dried sta te. Regu late as Milk a nd Milk Produ cts .butt er oil. A produ ct derived from bu t ter scrap s or bu t ter or cream n ot meeting th e requ irem ent s of US Gra de A or AA. Bu tter oil is also kn ow

as a nh ydrou s milk fat .

cajeta. A thick, dark syrup or paste m ade from cara mel ized su gar a ndm ilk (goats or cows m ilk) th at is us ed p rima rily as a des ser t or

topping for ice crea m or fru it in Mexico an d s ome Sou th Amer ican

coun tries. Although milk is an ingredient, th e produ ct is class ified as a

confectionery a n d is unrestricted .

candy. A food mad e of su gar pa ste or syru p often en riched an d withvaried an d en riched f lavorings th at m ay conta in milk pr oducts . Can dy

is u nres t r icted.

cap. The cecum of sh eep casings which ar e wash ed, sal ted, and d ried.Covered u nder Casings .cape, bird. The sh ort feath ers covering the s hou lders of a fowl belowthe n eck feath ers . The feath ers ar e us u al ly at tached to skin. When the

inten ded u se is a t rophy, the cape is covered u nder Trophies . Wh enthe intended u se is other than a troph y, su ch as tyin g fish in g flies,

the capes a re covered un der Hides and Related By-Products .cape, mammal. Th e pelt from th e hea d, neck , an d forepar t of th esh oulders of an an ima l, especially for mou n ting as a troph y. Covered

u n d e r Trophies .caprine. Of or pertaining to goats ; a ru minan t .


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carcass. Th e dead body of an an imal, especially on e slau ghtered forfood or for ren der ing.

cartilage. Tough, white fibrous connective t issue attached to thear ticu lar s u rfaces of bones . Also known a s grist le. Covered u nd erBones and Rela ted By -Products .cascaron(es). Confetti-filled egg sh ells. Regu late a s em pty egg sh ellsu n d e r Eggs a nd Egg Produ cts from Poultry , Gam e B ird s , or OtherBirds .casein. The p redomina nt protein in cows m ilk. This protein can besepa ra ted from milk by either tr eating with an acid-like hydrochloric

acid (acid cas ein ) or u sing the en zyme r enn et (ren n et cas ein ) to

produ ce an ins olu ble curd . Covered u nder Milk an d Milk Produ cts .

caseinate. A compou nd of cas ein with a meta l . Covered u n der Milk an dMilk Prod ucts .casing. A mem bra nou s ca se for processed m eat. May be of an im al orar tificial origin. Exa mp les of an imal stru ctu res u sed for cas in gs are

the bladder, bu ng, bun g caps , ceca, intes t ine, s tomach, rectu m, an d

weasand .

catt le fever (bovine piroplasmosis). A disease of red blood cells cau sed bythe p rotozoan para si te, Babesia bigemina . Ticks a re th e principal

agents in th e sp read of catt le fever.

cecum. Blind pou ch form in g the beginn in g of th e large in testine. Alsocalled bung. Covered under Casings .cells, cell culture, or cell line. A stru ctured u ni t of an organ ismcu ltivated in a med ia th at is condu cive to growth . The m edia ma y

conta in fetal bovin e seru m or a noth er derivative from a n ima ls.

Im ported for biological u se. Covered u nd er Organism s a nd Vectors .certificate. Official foreign docum ents which att est th at h an dlin g an dprocessing conditions have been met. Certificates are required under

9CFR Parts 92, 94, 95, 96, an d 156. These docum ents m u s t be issu edby the n ationa l govern men t of th e coun try of origin, a nd th ey m u s t besigned by an official of that government. Refer to Append ix G forexamp les of accepta ble foreign certificates for cas in gs, mea t an d m eat

produ cts , by-products , an d ha ms . When ever the term is u sed in th e

manual, certificate refers to an official government document

end orsed b y a fu ll-t ime, sa laried veterin arian of th e agency of th e

exporting coun try.
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cert ificate of origin. For meat a nd meat p roduct s , the cou nt ry where theorigina t ing an ima l was both ra ised a nd s laughtered. For an ima l

by-produ cts , the countr y in which su ch produ cts were taken from a n

an ima l or anima ls . For other m aterials , the coun try in wh ich s u ch

ma terials were produ ced. You m u s t deter mine t he coun try of origin inorder to fu rther determ ine th e entry requ iremen ts of mea t an d m eat

produ cts , an ima l by-products , or related m aterial . When ever th e term

is used in the manual, certificate of origin refers to an official

govern men t docum ent en dorsed b y a fu ll-t ime, sa laried veterinar ian of

th e agency of th e exporting coun try.

certificate of processing. One en dorsed by a full-t ime, s alariedgovern men t veterinar ian of th e exportin g coun try confirm ing th e

required processing for the product. Differs from a certificate of origin

in th at a certificate of processing is pr oof of a p rocess t o rend er th e

produ ct free of exotic anima l disea se a gents.

certification. A statement of fact which m u s t ap pea r on a n officialgovern men t certificate a n d which m u s t be en dorsed by a full-t imesa lar ied veterin arian emp loyed b y the r egion of export . Contra st with

declaration.

cervelat. A fam ily of sau sages tha t combines chopped pork an d/ or beef with various mixtur es of h erbs , spices, an d oth er flavorin gs. Most

cervelats are preserved by cur ing, drying, an d s moking, an d can ran ge

from sem i-dry to moist an d s oft . A Swiss var iety is a cooked s au sa ge.

Both thu ringer an d m ortadella a re cervelats . Regu late u nd er Meat andMeat Prod ucts .cervidae (cervids). The family of even-toed, hoofed animals most ofwhich a re cha racterized by an t lers th at a re sh ed an d inclu de deer, elk

(wapiti), moose, mu n tjaks, reindeer, sika, an d tak in.

char. A black su bsta nce m ade from crus hed, defat ted, carbonizedbones, u sed a s a p igmen t a nd decolorizing agent . Covered u nd erBones and Rela ted By -Products .cheese. A solid food prepared from the pressed curd of milk, oftenseas oned an d aged. Covered un der Milk a nd Milk Produ cts .cheese, pasteurized processed. See pas teur i zed processed cheesechew(s). An object or toy m ad e from various an imal par ts for pets tognaw on. Chews ma y be ma de from su ch pa rts as bones , ears , h oofs ,

l igaments, meat, organs, pizzles, skin, snouts, or rawhide. They may

come from a ny an ima l including equ ine, pou lt ry , rum ina nts or swine.

Covered u nder Pet Food, an d Lives tock , Poultry , an d Aqua cultureFeed .


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Glossary



chemically synthesized proteins/ pept ides. Compou nds which h ave beenma nu factu red or bu ilt a rt ificially. The fin al produ ct is identical to or

closely resembles th e n atu ral product . Synth esis is u su al ly done in

the laboratory u sing soph is t icated equipmen t an d reagents .

chicharrones. Span ish word for pork r ind . See pork rind .chilorio. Meat fill ing, u su ally mad e with pork bu t som etimes beef, tha tis boiled, shredded, and then fried with ground chilies and other

spices.

chitterlings. Also kn own a s ch itl in s or ch it l in gs. Int estines of an ima lscooked an d prepared for hu ma n consu mpt ion .

chlorinated lime. Bleaching powder u sed a s a dis infectant .

cholesterol. A ster oid a lcohol presen t in a nima l cells an d b ody flu ids.Regulate for pha rm aceut ical u se u nd er Organs .chondroitin sulfate. A sulfated glycosaminoglycan (complex sugar) thatis a m ajor cons ti tuen t in various con nective t iss u es, especially in th e

groun d su bst an ce of blood vessels, bone, an d cart ilage. Covered u nd erBones and Rela ted By -Products .chorizo. A highly sea son ed, coars ely grou n d, pork sa u sa ge flavoredwith garlic, ch ili powder, a n d oth er s pices. Ch orizo from Mexico is

u su al ly made with fresh pork, bu t can also be mad e of youn g goat ,

javelina, venison, beef, or whatever is available. Spanish chorizo is

ma de with s moked pork. Regulate u nd er Meat an d Mea t Products .chrome leather. Chrome-tan ned leather u sed largely in theman ufacture o f shoe u ppers .

chrome tan. To tan an an ima l skin by imp regna t ing with chromiumsal ts .

CITES. Abbr eviation for Th e Convention on Int ern ational Trad e inEn da ngered Sp ecies of Wild Fau n a a nd Flora. CITES esta blish es a

world-wide system of controls on int ern ational tra de in sp ecified

threa tened an ima ls a nd plants , as well as p roducts d erived from th em,

an d en su res th at th e intern at iona l t rade in wildlife does not th reatenth e su rvival of th e species being trad ed.

classical swine fever (CSF). A h igh ly cont agious viral diseas e th at a ffectson l y s w ine . The d i s eas e ca u s es a h i gh feve r a nd k i lls t he an im a l5-19 da ys af ter exposu re . Also kn own as h og cholera (HC).
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Glossary



classical swine fever wit h special requirements (CSF/ SR). A diseasest at u s ca tegory of a given c ou n try which is free of class ical swin e fever

(CSF) with special requiremen ts to a pply. Even t hou gh a cou n try is

known to be free from CSF, the country is known to supplement their

pork s u pplies by imp ortin g swine mea t from a ffected coun tries, imp ort

l ive swine from a ffected cou nt ries u nd er con ditions less rest rictive

th an wou ld be a cceptab le for imp ortation into the United Stat es, or

ha ve a comm on land border with an affected coun try. This disease

status category on l y app lie s t o m ea t , m ea t p r oduc t s , a nd ed ib l em ea t by -p roduc t s .

clott ed cream. Cream th at is a llowed to rise on m ilk, is s et by hea ting(steamed) and then cooling, and skimmed from the underlying skim

milk. Also called Devon or Devons hire crea m. Covered u n der Milk an dMilk Prod ucts .coating. A layer of a s u bs tan ce spr ead over a su rface for protection ,flavoring, or d ecoration. For exam ple, rawh ide imp orted a s pet food,

trea t or toy ma y be coated with a red or brown colored glaze or icing.

collagen. A stru ctu ra l protein foun d in bon es, car ti lage, conn ectivet issu e, and s kin; covered un der Animal Was te and Rela tedBy-Products . Casings can be ma nu factu red from collagen an d arecovered u nd er Casings . Collagen a s a n in gredient in cosm etics iscovered u nd er Miscellaneous Products .collagen casings. A mem bran ous cas e for sau sages man u factu red fromcollagen usually derived from split beef hides.

colostrum. Th e yellow, milky flu id s ecreted b y the m am ma ry glan d afew days before an d a fter giving birth . Colostru m is rich in m ater n al

an t ibodies a nd provides th e n ewborn with pas sive imm u nity against

diseases for the few weeks of life. May also be listed as beestings,

beastings, or biestings. Covered under Milk an d Milk Produ cts .commercial restricted imports. Those a nimal produ cts or by-produ ctsentering the United States which will ult imately enter trade channels.

For exam ple, wet sal ted h ides a nd skins , bon es for indu str ial

pu rposes , glan ds for use in th e pha rm aceu t ical ind u stry.

commercially accepted manner. A meth od us ed by the t rade to app lyhea t . When the h eat is appl ied, the temperatu re an d t ime cu rve are

su ch th at a long t ime is taken to reach 156 o F.

concentrated milk. The liquid food obtained by partial removal of waterfrom milk. The m ilkfat an d tota l milk s olids conten ts of th e food aren ot less tha n 7.5 a nd 25.5 p ercent , respect ively. Concentrated milk is
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Glossary



pasteurized, but n ot processed by heat so as to prevent spoilage; andma y be homogenized. Evaporated milk a nd condensed milk a re two

types of concen tra ted m ilk.

condensed milk. Produ ct ma de by evap orating par t of th e water frommilk a nd add ing su gar. Covered u nd er Milk a nd Milk Produ cts .conditioned media(um). A nu tr ient m aterial tha t ha s a lready beenpa rtially u sed by cells, b u t is en riched with m ater ial derived from cells

(like growth fact ors). Conta ct PPQ, VRS for directions on h ow to

regulate.

confectionery. A sweet prepa rat ion (su ch a s can dy) tha t ma y be madefrom m ilk or m ilk pr oducts or ha ve dairy products as an ingredient .

Exam ples includ e cajeta, lacto kin g, milk ca nd y, past il las de leche,

and polvoron. Covered under Milk a nd Milk Produ cts .connect ive tissue. Tissu e-forming l igaments , ten dons, an daponeu roses . Regu late as glu e s tock un der Animal Was te an dRelated By -Products .contaminated aircraft. One with a nimal conta minat ion s u ch a s blood,ma nu re, hay, and s t raw which m ay carry an ima l diseas es . Covered

u n d e r Miscellaneous Products .cooked (chilled or frozen). A condit ion th at r esu lts from the h eat pr ocessappl ied to meat a nd meat p roducts . The fresh , boneless m eat is

cooked wi t hou t cu ring agents , except s alt , for a s u fficient period an dat t empera tures so tha t when inspected , the m eat o r meat p roductappea rs to be thoroughly cooked throughou t . Then the m eat or meat

produ ct is kept ch illed or frozen du ring shipm ent.

cooked, perishable. A cond it ion th at app lies h igh tem peratu re toconta inerized pork an d pork pr odu cts. The pr ocess u sed is as follows:

(1) Pack th e pork in conta iner s. (2) Completely seal th e conta in ers

against the escape or entry of air (hermetically sealed). (3) Cook the

pork u sing a comm ercially accepted m ethod. The int ern al (center of

pork) temperatu re m u s t reach a m inimu m of 156 o F. Th is con dition ishot en ough to kill viru ses, bu t no t hot enough to render th e pork or

pork p rodu ct fu lly steri lized. The p ork or pork produ ct requ ires

refrigeration.

cooked, shelf stable. A condit ion th at appl ies a high temperatu re tomeat a nd m eat produ cts which rend er the products sh elf s tab le. The

process u sed as follows: (1) Pack th e mea t in conta iners. (2) Seal th e

conta iners com pletely against t he es cape or en try of air (h erm etically

sea led). (3) Cook th e mea t. Th e temp eratu re m u s t be high en ough toprodu ce a fully steri le produ ct (one th at is free from ba cteria or other

microorgan ism s). See s hel f s tabi lity .


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Glossary



cosmetic. A prep ara tion th at is a pplied to th e body for beau tifying,preserving, or altering the appearance. May also be used to cleanse,

color, cond ition, or pr otect th e sk in, h air, na ils, l ips, eyes, or teeth. If

the cosmet ic is a n an ima l produ ct ingredient to be u sed in cosmet ics ,

then covered un der Miscellaneous Products . Cosmetics which conta inan ima l products , bu t a re in finished form, r eady for sale are

unrest r icted.

cot tage cheese. A soft , white chees e ma de of str ained a nd sea son edcurd s of whole or skim m ilk, to which cream an d sa lt ar e added.

Covered u nder Milk a nd Milk Produ cts .cotto. See s a l a m i.country of origin. For m eat an d m eat p roduct s , the coun t ry where theorigina t ing an ima l was both ra ised a nd s laughtered. For an ima l

by-produ cts , the countr y in which su ch produ cts were taken from a nan ima l or anima ls . For other m aterials , the coun try in wh ich s u ch

ma terials were produ ced. You m u s t deter mine t he coun try of origin inorder to fu rther determ ine th e entry requ iremen ts of mea t an d m eat

produ cts , an ima l by-products , or related m aterial .

crme friche. A cul tured, th ickened cream tha t h as a s light ly tangy,n u tty flavor an d velvety textu re. Covered u nd er Milk Products orMixtu res tha t Contain Milk Produ cts .cresylic compounds. Of or relating to cresol or cr eosote ma desynth etically or from coal tar or petr oleu m. Used a s a n a ppr oved

disin fectan t agains t END.

crop. A sa c dilata tion of th e gullet of birds a n d pou ltry. Wh en t heinten ded u se is for cons u mption, crop is covered u nder Foreign OriginMeat and Meat Products, Poultry . When the intended u se is o therthan for consumption, crop is covered under Organs .cryo-vac (kyro-vac). A type of conta iner u sed t o packa ge meat. Theprocess u ses freezing an d vacuu m packing. Cryo-vac containers are

acceptable only for comm ercial importa tions where certification wou ldaccompan y them.

CSF. S ee clas s ical sw ine fever (CSF).CSF/ SR. S ee clas s ical s w ine fe ver w ith s pecial requirem ents (CSF/SR).cubed hay. Gras s or other plan ts (like a lfalfa) th at h ave been ch opped,hea t dried, an d formed into the genera l sh ape of a cu be.
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Glossary



culatello. A lean, rosy-red, raw Ital ian ha m th at h as b een cur ed an dsoak ed in wine du ring agin g.

culture. Microorganisms or living tissue cells cultivated in a mediawhich m ay conta in fetal bovine seru m or an other d erivative from

an imals. Imported for biological u se. Covered u nd er Organisms andVectors .cultured cream. See crme friche .culture media. See media(um).cultured milk product. The result of culturing milk with specificmicroorgan ism s (ba cteria or yeas t) so a s to indu ce specific cha nges in

flavor, an d ph ysical an d ch emical qua lit ies. The m ost n oticeable

change is the increase in t i tratable acidity and reduction in pH. The

lowering of pH destroys viru ses a nd cau ses dena tu rat ion orcoagulation of th e milk pr otein wh ich r esu lts in th e grea t increas e in

viscosity. Cultu red m ilk pr odu cts include a cidoph ilu s m ilk,

bu t termilk, crme friche, cul tured cream, d ah i, katyk, kefir , kum u ss,

lact ic acid, laba n, leben, m adzoon, ma st , m atzoon, cu ltur ed

milk-ba sed soft drink s (such as CALPIS), na ja, qur u t, ra ib, ripen ed

cream bu t ter, rob, roba, sm etana , sou r cream, sour cream d ip, taho,

t iaour t i, yaourt , yogu rt , zabady, an d zaba de.

curd cheese. The coagulated part of milk, used to make cheese.Covered under Milk a nd Milk Produ cts .cured and dried. A condition u sed to des cribe a combina tion ofprocesses appl ied to mea t an d meat pr oducts ren dering the produ cts

sh elf sta ble. Cu red a nd dried combines th e processes of drying, pH,

heat , an d exposu re. For meat to be cured an d dried, the meat m u s t meet a certain degree of processing depending on the animal class

from wh ich th e mea t was derived an d th e cou n try of origin. Comp ar e

with shelf stabili ty .cytokine. A solu ble molecu le th at a cell produ ces to contr ol reactionsbetween oth er cells. For exam ple, int erleu kins ar e cytokines. If th e

molecule was produced by microbes , then covered u nderMiscellaneous Products .dairy products. Thos e produ cts derived from milk. Covered u n der Milkand Milk Products .decharacterize. A process u sing charcoal or dyes which m akes meatunfi t for human consumption.


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Glossary



declaration. A form al, writ ten sta temen t sp ecifying th e facts as th eyrelate to an importat ion. The declara t ion m ay appea r on a ny

docum ent , including a cert ificate, tha t a ccompa nies th e importat ion.

Contrast with certification .degelat inized bone meal. Derived from t h e ma nu factu re of glu e orgelatin. Covered u nd er Bones and Rela ted By -Products .devonshire cream (Devon). Seeclotted crea m .diagnostic samples. Specimen s of various an imal par ts or body flu idsimported for biological us e. Covered u n der organ isms an d vectors,Live Animals and Related Material.deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). A chem ical ins ide cells th at carr ies a n dpasses information from one generation to the next. Regulated

becau se DNA ma y be from livestock or pou ltry an d cou ld h ar borlivestock or pou ltry disease a gents (su ch a s viru ses ) th at a re exotic to

th e U.S. or ma y be in m edia tha t could ha ve been der ived from

livestock or pou ltry. Covered u nd er Live An im als an d Rela tedMaterial.dietary supplements. Products (taken by mouth ) tha t contain a d ietaryingredient intended to su pplemen t th e diet , and come in ma ny forms

e.g., gel caps , liqu ids , powders, an d ta blets. Dietar y ingredients ma y

include am ino acids , herbs , minera ls , vitam ins , and s u bsta nces su ch

as enzymes and organ t issues .

diseases of concern. A ph rase u sed to represent th e foreign an ima ldiseas es l isted in th e regulations th at PPQ is involved in con trolling.

The d iseases of concern related to ru minan ts a re BSE an d FMD. The

diseas es of concern related to s wine ar e ASF, CSF, FMD, an d SVD. Th e

diseas e of concern related to pou ltry is E ND.

disinfectant. An a gent th at clean ses by destroying, neu tra lizing, orinh ibit in g the growth of ha rm fu l microorgan ism s.

DNA. See d eoxy ribonu cleic acid (DNA).doogh. A spiced, watered, and carbonated beverage made from

recons t itu t ing yogurt th at h as been concentra ted to dryness . Coveredu n d e r Milk a nd Milk Produ cts .dragon blood. A dark -red, res inous su bsta nce d erived from certainplan ts a nd u sed for coloring in var ious indu str ies. Dragon blood is not

regulated.

dressed. To prepare an animal for market: slaughter, eviscerate,remove feet and head , an d clean.


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Glossary



drug. See pharmaceut ica l.dry blood. Blood m eal from a nimals . Regu late a s a rendered produ ctu n d e r Blood an d R elated B y -Produ cts .duff or fruit duff. A pu dding ma de of flou r a n d poss ibly su et, an d boiledin a bag.

dunglocks. Clu mp s of du ng (ma n u re) in th e wool or ha ir of an im als.Covered under Animal Was te and Rela ted By -Products .earthworm. A cylindrically-sh ap ed worm with a s egmen ted body th atbu rrows into an d h elps a erate an d enrich the s oil. Earth worm s belong

to the family Lumbricidae of the annelid phylum. Earthworms are

regu lated becau se viru ses , l ike tha t which cau se foot an d m outh

disease (FMD), ma y be tra ns ported in or on eart hworm s. To regulate,

s ee Earthw orm s an d Ear thw orm Cas t ings u n d e r Live An im als an dRelated Material .edible offal. See m eat by -product.egg. Th e oval, thin-sh elled ovu m of a b ird. When th e in tend ed u se isconsu mp tion or br eaking and pas teurizat ion, the eggs are covered

u n d e r Eggs a nd Egg Produ cts from Poultry , Gam e B ird s , or OtherBirds . Wh en th e int end ed u se is for ha tch ing, the eggs a re coveredu n d e r Live Animals and Related Material.egg products. Eggs th at ar e rem oved from t heir sh ells for process ing.

Th e pr ocessing of egg produ cts inclu des brea king eggs, filtering,m ixing, sta bilizing, blend ing, pa st eu rizin g, cooling, freezing or dr yin g,

an d pa ckaging. Egg produ cts include wh ole eggs, whites, yolks, a nd

var ious blends with or wi t hou t non-egg ingredients tha t a re pr ocessedan d pa steu rized; an d m ay be availab le in l iqu id, frozen, an d dried

form s. Except for pr odu cts l isted on page-3-6-2 , products conta iningegg ar e to be regulated as edible egg an d egg produ cts (seeTab le 3-6-4 ).embryo (l ive). The fertilized egg of a vertebrate animal. Covered undereggs for h atch ing, Live Animals and Related Material.emu. A swift-ru nn ing Au stra lian rat ite bird with u nd eveloped win gstha t is related to, but s ma ller tha n th e ost r ich.

END. See exot ic New cas t le dise as e (END).END/ SR. See exot ic New cas t le disea se w ith sp ecial requirem ents(END/ SR ).


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Glossary



enzyme. An organic cata lyst p rodu ced with in body cells of plan ts a n danimals, and has the abili ty to accelerate organic reactions. Imported

for pha rm aceut ical u se. Covered un der Organs .equine. A mem ber of th e fam ily Equidae, which inclu des h orses, a ss es,an d zebras .

erinaceus. See hedgehog .erythropoietin. Mam ma lian h orm one involved in the regu lation oferythrocyte different iation a n d t he ma int ena nce of a ph ysiological level

of erythrocytes in t he b loodstream .

esophagus. A hollow, mu scu lar tu be tha t conn ects the mou th to thestoma ch. When the intended u se is for cons u mp tion, the esopha gu s is

covered u nd er Meat an d Mea t Products or Casings (weasa nd s). Whenthe inten ded u se is for other than consu mp tion, the esoph agus fal lsu n d e r Organs .evaporated milk. Pasteurized, unsweetened milk from which half thewater ha s been removed thr ough evaporat ion by heat an d before being

h erm etically sealed in a can so as to be sh elf sta ble wi t hou t refrigeration. Covered u n der Milk an d Milk Produ cts .eviscerated. Inter na l parts a nd organ s rem oved. In birds , this wou ldinclude th e crop.

excretion. Anima l ma terial discha rged as was te from th e blood, t issu e,

or organ s.

exotic Newcastle disease (END). A rapidly spreading viral disease ofpou ltry an d on e of th e most infectious diseas es of pou ltry in th e world.

exotic Newcast le disease with special requirements (END/ SR). A diseasesta tu s category of a given coun try which is free of exotic n ewcastle

diseas e (END) with sp ecial requ irem ent s to a pply. Even th ough a

coun try is kn own t o be free from END, the coun try is kn own to

su pplemen t their na t ional meat s u pply by import ing pou lt ry meat

from affected countries, import live poultry from affected countries

u n der conditions less r estrictive th an wou ld be acceptab le for

importat ion into th e United States , or h ave a common lan d borderwith an affected country. This disease status category only appl ies t om ea t , m ea t p rodu c t s , and ed i b le m ea t by -p rodu c t s .exotic. From or int r oduced from an other coun try; no t native.

eyran. A beverage made from reconsti tuting yogurt that has beenconcentrated to dryness . Covered u nder Milk a nd Milk Produ cts .


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Glossary



which does no t meet th e requ irem ents for edible gelatin is r eferred t oas n on-edible, inedible, or tech nical gelatin. Regu late as gelatin,

covered u nd er Bones and Rela ted By -Products .genoa. See s a l a m i.genus. A taxonom ic category of related organ isms ra nk ing below afamily and above a species. The scientific name (binomial) of an

organism consists of th e gener ic na me (genu s) writ ten with a capital

letter a nd th e sp ecific nam e (sp ecies) writ ten with a sm all letter.

ghee. A sem i-liqu id form of bu tter wh ich h as th e milk s olids an d waterrem oved by heat ing an d str aining. Ghee is 10 0 percen t fat . Covered

u n d e r Milk a nd Milk Produ cts .giblets. Th e ed ible h ear t, liver, or gizzard of fowl. Covered u n der

Foreign Origin Meat an d Meat Prod ucts , Poultry .gizzard. The m u scu lar en lar gement of th e digestive system of pou ltryth at immed iately follows th e crop.

glands. Organ s tha t secrete specific subs tan ces such a s horm ones,sal iva, a nd sweat . Examples a re pi tui tary, pan creas , ovaries , tes tes ,

thymu s, liver, spleen, pa rath yroid, an d m am ma ries . When the

inten ded u se is for cons u mption, glan ds a re covered u nder Meat andMeat Prod ucts . When the intended use is for other than consu mp tion, glan ds a re covered un der Organs .glue stock. Fleshings, hide cut t ings an d pa rings , tendons , or othercollagenous parts of an ima l carcasses . Regu late a s Animal Was te an dRelated By -Products .goat antisera. Seru m conta ining an tibodies. Imported for biologicalu se. Covered un der Blood an d Re lated By -Products .greater hedgehog tenrec (Set ifer setosus). See tenrec.greaves. An incom pletely processed, inter med iate produ ct inren dering, after th e extraction of tallow, which m ay be fu rth er

processed into meat a nd b one meal . Regu late as a ren dered produ ct

u n d e r Animal Was te and Rela ted By -Products . If greaves ca kes ar e tobe fed to pets, regulate as pet food un der Pet Food, an d Lives tock ,Poultry , an d Aqua culture Feed .greaves meal. See greaves .green salted. Neither cu red nor tan ned, bu t t reated with s al t or a sa ltsolu t ion. A term related to h ides a nd skins .
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Glossary



guano. A su bst an ce composed ch iefly of th e du n g of birds or ba ts,accum u lated along certain coastal areas or in caves and u sed as

fertilizer. Covered u n der Animal Was te and Rela ted By -Products .gullet. The esoph agus or wind pipe. Regulate as a ren net u nderOrgans .gut string. Collagen fibers derived from int estines a n d u sed for m u sicalins t ru men t s t r ings , racquet s t r ings , and s t r ings us ed in some

grandfather clocks. Covered under Animal Was te and Rela tedBy-Products .hackle. The n eck plum age of th e ma le domes tic fowl. When th einten ded u se is t roph ies , the h ackles a re covered u nd er Trophies .When the intended u se is other than t rophies , the h ackles ar e

covered u nder Hides and Rela ted By -Products .haggis. A pu dding especially popu lar in Scotlan d, ma de of th e hea rt ,liver, an d lun gs of a s h eep or calf, minced with s u et, onions , oatm eal,

an d s easonings an d boiled in the s tomach of the a nimal . Covered

u n d e r Foreign Origin Meat and Meat Products, Ruminants .hair. Growth of pigment ed filamen ts growing from th e epiderm is ofanimals forming their coats. Covered under Hides and Rela tedBy-Products .ham. The mea t from th e th igh of th e h in d leg of a hog; availab le eitherfresh or cu red by sm oking or drying.

hard dried. Dried u nt il st iff and in flexible. The term h ar d d rieddescribes h ides an d skins . When ben t to a 90 o an gle, the h ide or sk in

will cra ck a n d b rea k. Also called flint d ried.

hatching eggs. Eggs which a re incu bated in order to produ ce chicks .

hay and straw. Dried gras ses, cloves, legu mes , an d similar ma terial orsta lks or st ems of various grains, su ch a s ba rley, oats, rice, rye,

wheat , an d u sed a s food or bedd ing for an ima ls. Regu late a s fomites,

covered u nder Miscellaneous Products .HC (Hog cholera). See Classic al swine fever.

headcheese. A sa u sa ge ma de from edible pa rts of th e hea d, feet , an dsometimes th e tongue an d h eart of swine or ru minan ts . The m eat is

combined with a gelatinou s m eat broth an d cooked in a m old. Covered

u n d e r Meat an d Meat Produ cts .


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heart. An organ . When the intended u se is for cons u mption, hearts arecovered u nder Meat an d Meat Produ cts . When the intended u se is forother than cons u mption, hea rts are covered un der Organs .hedgehog. Any of several nocturnal, Old World, insectivorousma mm als that belong to the genu s Erinaceus . The u pper p ar t of th eir

bodies ha s pr ickles or spines m ixed in th e ha ir. Hedgehogs ar e able to

roll themselves u p s o as to present the s pines outwardly in every

direction. Hedgehogs are s u sceptible both to FMD an d bovine

tu berculosis . See also Tenrec .

heparin and heparin sodium. Substance derived from the l iver and lungsth at p rolongs th e clott in g t ime of blood. Imp orted for ph ar ma ceut ical

u se. Covered un der Organs .hermetically sealed containers. Air-tight containers designed and

inten ded to protect the contents against th e entry of microorgan ism sdu ring an d after th erma l processing.

hide. A ra w or tan ned pelt (sk in) taken from a n an imal (for examp le, acow or ostrich). When the intended use is trophies, the hides are

covered u nd er Trophies . When the intended u se is other than t rophies , the hides ar e covered u nd er Hides and Rela tedBy-Products .hide glue. See Animal glue .

hog cholera. See Classical s wine fever (CSF).

hoof. Covering of horn that protects the digits of ruminants, horses,an d swine. When th e inten ded u se is a t r ophy, the hoofs a re covered

u n d e r Trophies . If for a pet ch ew, hoofs ar e covered u nd er Pet Food,an d Livestock, Poul try, an d Aqu acul ture Feed . When the intendedu se is other than a t r ophy or chews, the hoofs a re covered u nderBones and Rela ted By -Products .hoof and horn meal. Groun d u p hoofs an d horn s u sed for feed andferti lizer. Hoof an d h orn m eal is coars er an d da rker th an bone m eal. If

u sed for a nimal feed, regu late u nder Pet Food, a nd Live s tock, Poultry,and Aquacul ture Feed . If u sed for fertilizer, regulate u n der Ani ma lWas te an d Rela ted By -Products .hormone. A product of living cells that circulates in body fluids andpr odu ces a sp ecific effect on th e act ivity of cells r em ote from its point

of origin. Imported for ph ar ma ceu tical us e. Covered u nd erMiscellaneous Products .
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horns. Paired processes on the heads of hoofed animals. In catt le,sh eep, and some a ntelopes h orns are composed of kerat in overlying a

bony core which projects from th e sku ll. Horn s a re un bran ched an d

permanent. Deer have antlers. Antlers are composed entirely of bone

an d ar e shed a nn u al ly. When the intended u se is for a specimen for

mou nt ing, horn s are covered un der Trophies . When th e inten ded us eis for a pet chew, t reat or toy, the h orns are covered u nd er Pet Food,an d Livestock, Poul try , an d A quacu lture Feed . When the intendedu se is for other than t rophies or pet chews, t reats or toys , h orns are

covered u nder Bones and Rela ted By -Products .horse. A large, hoofed mammal of the family Equine, having ash ort -ha ired coat , a long man e, an d a long tail. Wherever h orse is u sed

in th is m anu al, inc ludes bu rros and mu les .

hot dog. See f rankfurter .hot-pack cream cheese or hot pack sour cream. A sh elf-sta ble form ofcream ch eese or sou r cream in which th e hot mol ten pr oduct (158 to

185 F) is sheared by batch or continuous cooking.

hundred-year eggs. Eggs tha t are u ncooked, bu t ha ve been preserved bybeing covered with a coating of l ime, a sh es, a nd sa lt before b eing

sh allowly bu ried for 10 0 d ays. Over t ime, th e egg petrifies, a n d looks

like the egg h as been b u ried for at leas t a cen tu ry. Th e black outer

coating an d sh ell ar e rem oved to reveal a firm, a mb er -colored white

and creamy, dark-green yolk. Also called pedan eggs, thousand-year

eggs, an d Min g Dynas ty eggs. Eggs from du cks a re genera lly us ed,

thou gh chicken an d goose eggs a re also preserved in this ma nn er.Covered under Eggs a nd Egg Produ cts from Poultry , Gam e Birds , orOther Bird s .hybridoma. A cell hybrid produ ced by th e fu sion of an tibody-produ cin glymphocyte with a tum or cell, an d u sed to produ ce monoclonal

an tibodies. Hybridoma ma y be cultivated in a med iu m wh ich is

su pplemen ted with fetal bovine seru m.

ice cream. A frozen food containing cream or butterfat, flavor, andsweetening. Covered under Milk a nd Milk Produ cts .ice cream mix. Formu lat ion u su al ly conta ining dry milk p roducts .Covered under Milk a nd Milk Produ cts .immunogen. An an t igen wh ich pr oduces a n imm u ne resp onse; forexam ple, a nt ibody response.

import (import ed, importat ion) into the United States. To bring into th eterri torial l imits of th e Un ited Sta tes.


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importer. A compa ny or ind ividua l respon sible for an imp ortationinclu ding a carrier 's agent, repr esen tat ive, broker, individu al

company, or consignee.

industrial use. Animal products a nd by-produ cts which ar e to be u sedin m an u factu ring or ind u stry.

inedible. Adulterated, not edible, not intend ed for u se a s food forhu man s , i.e. , not to be eaten by people.

inedible offal. See offal.inedible gelat in. See techn ical gelatin .ingesta. Mater ial ta ken in to th e body by way of th e digestive tra ct . Maybe foun d in s tomachs imported for renn et extract ion. Covered u nder

Animal Was te and Rela ted By -Products .interleukin. An y of a grou p of protein factors (cytokine) which ar eprodu ced by T lymph ocytes a nd ma croph ages (a t ype of white blood

cell) in th e pr esen ce of an tigens or m itogens . This class of proteins

cau se th e T lymph ocytes to activate a nd prolifera te. In terleukins a re

referred to as IL1, IL2, IL3, etc. If the protein was produced

recombina nt ly by microbes , then covered u nd er ChemicallySy nthes ized , B iosy n thes ized , an d Microbia l ly Produced and CellCulture Produ cts on page 3 -15 -27 .intestine. The p ortion of th e alim enta ry can al exten ding from t he

stoma ch to the an u s. When dried intes t ines are imported for ind u str ialu se, they are covered un der Animal Was te and Rela ted By -Products .When intes t ines a re rend ered an d a re imp orted for an ima l feed,

regulate under Pet Food, an d Lives tock , Poultry , an d Aqua cultureFeed . When int estines a re ren dered a nd ar e imp orted for fert i lizer,regulate under Animal Was te and Rela ted By -Products . When driedor fresh intes t ines a re imported to u se as casings for processed meat ,

they are covered u nder Casings . When in testines a re cons igned forhu ma n consu mption (edible), they are covered u nd er Meat and MeatProducts . When intes t ines a re fresh / frozen a nd are imported foranimal feed, they are covered under Organs . See also gut s tring .Organ s, glan ds, a n d all derivatives of organs an d glan ds (includ ing th e

distal i leu m of th e sm all int estine) of ru mina n t origin from coun triesaffected with BSE a re pr ohibited, regard less of th e pu rpose for which

they are imported.

in vitro. Ou tside th e l ivin g body an d in an art ificial en vironm ent; forexam ple, cultu res of cells.

in vivo. In th e l ivin g body of an an ima l or p lan t.
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Glossary



lamb. A sh eep (ru minan t) tha t i s less th an 1 year old; the m eat of you ng sh eep. Compar e to Mutton . Regulate un der Foreign OriginMeat and Meat Products , Rum inan ts .lanolin. A yellowish-white, fatty substance refined from wool greaseu sed for s oaps, ointm ents , a nd cosmet ics . Lan olin is u nrest r icted. See

also w ool grea s e .lard. Render ed fatt y t iss u e from t h e hog. If edible, regulate u nd erForeign Origin Mea t an d Mea t Prod ucts , Sw ine . If inedible, regu lateu n d e r Animal Was te and Rela ted By -Products .leukocytes. Scavenger cells in t he b lood th at h elp to comb at infection.Also ca lled white b lood cells. Imp orted for b iological u se. Covered

u n d e r Blood an d R elated B y -Products .

ligament. A sh eet or ban d of tough , fibrou s t issu e con necting bone orcart ilage at a joint or s u pporting an organ. If th e u se is for a pet ch ew,trea t or toy, covered u nd er Pet Food, an d Lives tock , Poul try, a ndAqua culture Feed . Otherwise, regu late a s glu e s tock u nd er Ani ma lWas te an d Rela ted By -Products .lips. Fleshy folds s u rroun ding the mou th. When th e inten ded u se is forconsu mp tion, the l ips a re covered u nd er Meat an d Mea t Produ cts a smea t b y-products (form erly edible offal). When th e inten ded u se is for

other than cons u mption, l ips are covered u nd er MiscellaneousProducts .liver. A large organ th at m an u factu res an d secretes bi le . When theintend ed u se is for hu ma n consu m ption (edible), then l iver is covered

u n d e r Meat an d Meat Products . When the intend ed u se is for o therthan hu ma n consu mp tion, then liver as an inedible ingredient is

covered u nd er Pet Food, an d Lives tock , Poul try , an d Aquacu ltureFeed . When liver is fresh / frozen a nd imp orted for resea rch , it iscovered u nd er Organs . Organ s, glan ds, a n d a ll derivatives of organ san d glan ds of ru mina n t origin from coun tries affected with BSE a re

proh ibited, regardless of th e pu rp ose for which th ey ar e imp orted.

liver concentrate. An extra ct or der ivat ive of the liver. Imp orted forpharmaceutical use and as a flavoring for pet foods. Covered under

Organs .liver extract. A concentrated prepara t ion of the essen t ial const i tu entsof th e liver. Im ported for ph ar ma ceut ical us e. Covered u nd er Organs .liver powder. Pulverized l iver t issu e. Imp orted for ph ar ma ceut ical us ean d a s a flavoring for pet food. Covered u nd er Organs .
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liverwurst. A well-seas oned, rea dy-to-eat s au sa ge ma de of at least 30percen t pork l iver m ixed with pork or m eat. Comes in large lin ks,

loaves, or sl ices; sm oked or p lain. Also kn own a s l iver s au sa ge. See

also brauns chw e i ger. Regu late u nd er Meat an d Mea t Produ cts .livestock feed. See f eed .long-life milk. A sh elf-sta ble form of milk th at h as received a h eattrea tm ent of 288 to 291 F for 3 second s. The milk is process ed an d

packaged an d can be t ranspor ted and s tored wi t hou t refrigeration.Regu late a s Cann ed or Pack aged Sh el f -Sta ble Milk Produ cts ,Includ ing Mixtu res .lungs. Spongy, sac-like respiratory organs. If for human consumption,regu late a s m eat by-pr odu cts (form erly edible offal). If for pet food,

regulate under Pet Food, an d Lives tock , Poultry , an d Aqua cultureFeed .machaca. The Mexican equivalent of beef jerky. Beef that has beenma rina ted, cooked, shredded, a nd dried. Regu late a s Cured an d DriedMeat of Rum inan ts .madagascan hedgehog (Setifer setosus). See tenrec.manifest. An inventory of all th e cargo tha t is in a t ra ns port .

manure. Livestock or poultry excreta, with or wi t hou t beddingmaterial, used for fertilizer. Covered under Animal Was te and Rela tedBy-Products .marine mammal. Vertebra tes, su ch a s porpoises, seals, sea l ions,walru ses , an d whales , that l ive in th e sea an d nou rish their youn g

with milk s ecreted from ma mm ary glan ds.

maw. Animal s tomach . When the intend ed u se is for cons u mption,ma ws are covered un der Meat an d Mea t Produ cts as m ea tby-produ cts (form erly edible offal). When th e inten ded u se is o ther

than for cons u mption, m aws a re covered u nd er Organs .meal. Fin e-to-coarse groun d produ ct. If from a nima l produ cts, regulate

as a rend ered product under Animal Was te and Rela ted By -Products .meal, blood. The grou n d, dry blood of an ima ls cha ra cterized by a h ighprotein content and used for feeding l ivestock and as a nitrogenous

fertilizer. When used for feeding livestock, regulate under Pet Food,an d Livestock, Poul try , an d A quacu lture Feed , or when u sed forferti l izer, regulate as a rendered product under Animal Was te an dRelated By -Products .
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Glossary



meal, bone. Crus hed or grou nd a nimal bones us ed for feed andfertilizer. When used for feed, regulate under Pet Food, an d Lives tock ,Poultry , an d Aqua cul ture Feed , or wh en u sed for fert i lizer, regu late asa rendered product u nder Animal Was te and Rela ted By -Products .meal, hoof and horn. Groun d u p hoofs an d horn s u sed for feed andferti l izer. Hoof and horn meal is coarser and darker than bone meal.

When used for feed, regulate under Pet Food, and Livestock, Poultry,and Aquacul ture Feed , or when used for fertilizer, regulate as arendered produ ct under Animal Was te and Rela ted By -Products .meals, airline. Dinn ers , lu nch es , and b reakfasts served on a irplanes .

mealworms (dead, freeze-dried): Mealworm s a re th e larval form of th emea lworm beetle. Tenebrio moltor, a sp ecies of da rklin g bett le.

Mealworm s a re typically us ed a s a food s our ce for reptile an d a vian

pets . They a re a lso provided t o wild b irds in bird feeders, p ar ticu lar lydu ring the n est ing season when birds are rais ing their you ng an d

ap preciate a rea dy food sup ply. Th ey ar e comm only u sed for fishing

bai t . Regu late as a product u nd er Feed for Lives tock , Poul t ry an d

Aquacul ture .

m eat. The pa rt of th e mu scle of catt le, sheep, swine, or goats wh ich is

skeletal or foun d in th e tongue, diaph ragm, h eart , or esophagus , with

or wi t hou t th e accomp an ying overlying fat , a nd th e pa rts of bone,skin, sinew, nerve, and blood vessels which normally accompany the

mu scle t issu e and a re separa ted from the mu scle t issu e in th e process

of dressing.

meat by-product. Any part capab le of u se as hu ma n food, other th anmeat, which has been derived from one or more catt le, sheep, swine,

or goats . Exam ples of mea t by-produ cts include b eef feet , brain,

cheeks , hea rt , h og stom ach , kidney, lips, l iver, lu ng, sp leen, ta ils ,

thymu s (sweetbread), tongue, a nd t r ipe.

meat extract. A concentrated prepara t ion of the essen t ial cons t itu entsof mea t. Covered u nd er Meat an d Meat Prod ucts .meat food product. Any ar ticle capa ble of u se a s h u ma n food which isma de wholly or in par t from a n y mea t or other portion of th e carca ss

u n less th e art icle fits th e definition for me at . The par t of the m us cle o fcat t le , sh eep, s w ine, or goats w hich is s k eletal or found in thetongue, d iaph ragm , hea rt , or esophagus , w ith or w ithout theaccompan y ing overly ing fa t , and the par t s o f bone, sk in , s inew ,nerve , and b lood vess e ls w hich normal ly a ccompan y the m us cle
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Glossary



t is s ue a nd are separa ted f rom the m us cle t is s ue in the process o fdress ing . or me at by -product. Exam ples of mea t food produ ctsinclude lasagna, sou p mixes , spaghet t i and m eatbal ls , an d tam ales .

meat meal. The rend ered and d ried carcass es or parts of the carcas sesof an imals. Imp orted as a coar sely groun d to finely groun d su bst an ce.

Regulate as a ren dered product u nder Animal Was te and Re la tedBy-Products .meat scraps. A by-produ ct of mea t pa cking mad e of bits an d trimm ingsof m eat freed from fat . When th e in tend ed u se is for an imal feed,

regulate under Pet Food , an d Lives tock , Poultry , an d Aqua cultureFeed .media(um). A solid or liqu id n u trient m ater ial us ed to su pport th egrowth of cells , t i ssu es , or ent i re organ ism s, su ch as plan ts , plant

cells, b acteria, fun gi in an art ificial environm ent . Media u su ally

conta in s u gars , sal ts , vitam ins , an d am ino acids . The m edia m ay or

m a y not contain components derived from animals. For example,

med ia for cell or t issu e cultu res m ay conta in fetal bovin e seru m or

an imal derived pr oteins l ike insu lin or albu min. Conta ct PPQ, VRS for

directions on how to regulate.

mice, knockout. Laboratory mice that develop from a geneticallyma nipulated egg or embr yo tha t h as ha d a selected gene disab led

(kn ocked out ). Covered u nd er Live Animals and Related Material.mice, t ransgenic. Laboratory mice which are a ltered thr ough th eintroduction of foreign DNA from another species by genetically

manipulating the egg or embryo. Covered under Live An im als an dRelated Material .microbial coagulants. Extracts pr ima rily from b acteria an d fun gi tha tar e cap ab le of coagulating milk. May also be ca lled m icrobial renn ets.

Release i f the importer h as a s tatem ent th at th e coagu lan t (renn et) is

of microbial origin. If a live culture, covered under microorganisms,Live Animals and Related Material.microbial rennets. See Microbial co agulants .

middles. Natu ra l cas ings m ad e from th e large int estine of beef an dhogs. Covered under Casings .

Important

Some articles are exempt from the meat food product definition based on a

determination that the article contains relatively small proportions of meat orother portions of a carcass. These exemptions to the definition only apply to

FSIS regulations and not APHIS regulations. Exempted articles are referred to

as nonamenable by FSIS.
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milk -based dumplings. A South Asian t rea t su ch a s Rasgul la, Gu labJ am u n, Rajbhog and Cha m Cha m, whose prima ry ingredients consis t

of variou s m ilk pr oducts inclu ding cream , cond ensed m ilk a nd/ or

whole m ilk, an d s u gar. Regu late a s a sweetened m ilk m ixture u nd erMilk a nd Milk Produ cts milk, fresh (chilled, or frozen). A secretion produ ced by ma mm als to feedtheir young. Covered under Milk a nd Milk Produ cts .milk protein concentrate (MPC). A fine, wh ite to light crea m -coloredpowder res u lting from th e u ltra filtra tion of milk to extract milk

proteins. Regulate as Dry Milk Products .milk powder. Dry, powdered milk. Covered u nd er Milk a nd MilkProducts .

milk UHT. See long-life milkMing Dynasty eggs. See Hundred-year e ggs .

mixed meat. Rum ina nt a nd s wine m eat in combinat ion. Covered un derMeat an d Meat Prod ucts .monoclonal antibodies. An tibodies wh ich ar e identical in th at th ey all:(1) Are p rodu ced from cells wh ich origina ted from th e sa me clone; an d

(2) Recognize th e sa me foreign su bsta nce, su ch a s imm u nogen.

Covered u nd er organ ism s a nd vectors , Live An ima ls and Rela tedMaterial.mortadella. A cat egory of Ita lian cervelat s au sa ge ma de of finely grou n dpork an d seas onings s tu ffed in a na tur al casing, us u al ly from th e

bladder of a h og. Pork jowls are ch opped a nd ad ded in ord er to give

morta della a u niqu e look an d distinctive textur e. Th e mix obta in ed is

then pu t into casings in th e s ize desi red a nd cooked. The p rocedu re

involves th e u se of ap propr iate d ry-air ovens , with cooking times th at

var y from a few hou rs u p to an ent ire da y, according to sizes. See also

Cervelat . Regu late u nd er Foreign Origin Meat a nd Meat Produ cts,S w i n emouse immunoglobulins. Mouse serum pro te ins tha t a re made u p of

l ight cha in s an d hea vy cha in s u su ally lin ked by disu lfide bond s. Th eseinclude antibodies. Covered under Miscellaneous Products .mule. A sterile hybrid of a m ale ass a nd a fema le hors e; an equine.

musk. A perfum e fixative obtained from a sa c benea th th e abd omen ofa m ale mu sk deer . Covered un der Organs .


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musk grains or pods. Obtained from a sac of the m ale mus k deer , an dwhen dried, is a grainy powder. Covered u n der Organs .mutton. A sh eep (ru mina nt ) over 2 years old; mea t from s h eep over 2years old, having a stronger flavor, and less tender than lamb.

Regulate un der Foreign Origin Meat a nd Meat Produ cts , Ru m ina nts .noil. The short fiber removed after scouring and combing wool. Noilsar e covered as wool u nd er Hides and Rela ted By -Products .noncommercial restricted imports. Those a nimal produ cts orby-produ cts entering the Uni ted States th at do not enter t rade

cha nn els . For exam ple, hides , skins , a nd bones imported as t r ophies ,

bird s pecimen ma terial for mu seu ms or educat ional ins t itu t ions; an d

small amounts of animal material imported for examination, testing,

or analysis.

nonedible gelat in. See an im al glue .nonhuman primate. Any mem ber of th e order which inclu des a pes,lemurs , monkeys, and tars iers .

nucleic acid. Any of variou s a cids th at a re comp osed of nu cleotidech ain s. For exam ple, ribon u cleic acid (RNA) an d deoxyribonu cleic acid

(DNA).

nutriceutical. See die tary supplementsoffal. The pa rts of a bu tchered an ima l tha t are rem oved in dress ing.These pa rts ar e inten ded for use a s raw ma terial in th e man u factu re of

inedible by-produ cts , an d a re n ot int end ed for u se a s food forhu ma n s. Exam ples of offal inclu de trimm ings (blood, hea d m eat,

hooves, skin, tail), and viscera (brain, heart, liver). Regulate offal as a

rendered product u nder Animal Was te and Rela ted By -Products .Even if an in edible an ima l produ ct complies with APHIS r equiremen ts,

th e produ ct ma y still ha ve to comp ly with FSIS requiremen ts. Regulate

an imal par t s fo r hum an consu mpt ion u nder Meat an d Mea t Produ cts .official government of origin certificate. Certificate u sed to verify thedescription of th e imp ortation, the cou n try of origin a nd sta temen ts

at tes t ing to entry requirements , an d can be on a let terhead or a form.An official govern m en t of origin cer tificate is requ ired t o a llow ent ry of

an ima l produ cts an d by-produ cts , su ch a s : an t lers , gelat in , eggs for

food, intes t ines for man u factu ring, rennets , m eat an d mea t produ cts ,

and fresh organ s a nd glan ds .

oleic acid. An oily liquid d erived from inedible ta llow for m ak inglu brican ts . Covered u nder Animal Was te and Rela ted By -Products .


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Glossary



organ (fresh). A str u ctu re cons isting of t issu e per form ing a specificfu n ction (e.g., hea rt , kidn ey). When th e inten ded u se is for

consu mption, organ s ar e covered un der Meat an d Meat Products .When the intended u se is for o th e r t h a n consumption, organs arecovered u nd er Organs .organism. A livin g cultu re or collection of cu ltur es or th eir derivativeswhich may introduce or disseminate any contagious or infectious

disease of animals. Covered under Live An im als an d Rela tedMaterial.ossein. The organic cons t itu ent of bone th at r emains after the m inera lma tter h as been dissolved by acid. Ossein looks l ike grainsma ll,

ha rd ker nels . Regu late a s collagen u nder Animal Was te and Rela tedBy-Products .

ostrich. A swift-footed, two-toed ra tite bird of North ern Africa th at h asedible meat and valuable wing and tail plumes. See Ratite .

ovalbumin. Albu min th at occu rs in egg wh ite.

ovine. Of or relat ing to sh eep; a s heep is ru minan t .

ovum (pl. ova). Th e fema le repr odu ctive cell or gam ete of an an im al.Regulate ova under Live Animals and Related Material.owl pellets. Seepellets (from birds of prey).ox. The domestic bovine (Bos taurus ); comm only a ca stra ted, ma leadu lt u sed a s a draft animal or for food.

ox gall. Gall of oxen or ca tt le u sed in m edicin e, painting, an d m arb lingbooks. Covered under Organs .oxytocin. A pi tu itary horm one th at s t imu lates th e contra ct ion of u terine mu scle an d th e eject ion of milk. Imported for ph ar ma ceut ical

u se. Covered un der Miscellaneous Products .paddywack. Beef neck l igaments tha t ar e cooked an d th en a ir dried.Regu late as b eef chews.

pancreas. Glan d th at s ecretes digest ive enzymes an d th e horm oneins u lin . Covered u nd er Organs . If to be eaten , regulate as m eatby-pr odu cts (form erly edible offal) u n der Meat an d Meat Prod ucts .pancreas powder. Dry, finely grou nd pa n creas . Im ported forph ar ma ceut ical u se. Covered un der Miscellaneous Products .


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Glossary



pancreatic trypsin. An enzyme th at metab olizes p rotein in the s tomach .Imp orted for pha rm aceut ical use. Covered u nder MiscellaneousProducts .pancreatin. A produ ct tha t is comp osed of var iou s en zymes extractedfrom th e pan creas of catt le, pigs, or sh eep an d u sed a s a digestive aid.

Imp orted for pha rm aceut ical use. Covered u nder MiscellaneousProducts .parasites. Variou s worms , ar th ropods, an d other organ ism s th at live onor in a nima ls. Wh en th e par as ites a re l ive, they are imported for

biological us e an d covered u nd er Organism s a nd Vectors . Fixedpara si tes a re those th at a re killed, har dened, an d preserved for

microscopic study.

parathyroid glands. Sma ll glan ds em bedded in or nea r th e thyroid

glan d. Th ey regulate calciu m m etab olism . Covered u n der Organs .parchment, dry. Hard an d s tiff like pap er. A creas e is ma de when folded.

parenteral. Introdu ced by mean s other than the digestive system, forexamp le , in t ram us cular, in t ravenous , and su bcutan eous .

parma ham. Prosciu tto (dry-cur ed sp iced h am ) from Pa rm a, a city inNorther n Italy. Covered u n der Foreign Origin Mea t an d MeatProdu cts , Sw ine .pt. Meat or l iver pa ste th at m ay come from a ny an ima l or fish .

pt de foie gras. Paste made from poultry livers (usually goose); p

pasteurized canned. See cooked, perishable .pasteurized processed cheese. .A dairy product m an u factu red by m ixingan d hea t ing natu ral cheeses with other agents to produce a

homogenou s m ass processed at tem peratu res th at effect ively

in activate FMD. Exam ples includ e wrapp ed ch eese slices, wrapp ed

cheese t r ian gles

glossary for meat

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