glossary of produced water and fracking...
TRANSCRIPT
CONFERENCE GLOSSARY
Produced Water ● Fracking ● Water Treatment ● Energy Production
Term Definition Reference Link
16/30 sand Frac sand (proppant) with particle sizes of600 µm – 1180 µ.http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particl
e-characterization/applications/frac-sand/
20/40 sand Frac sand (proppant) with particle sizes of 420 µm - 840 µm.http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particl
e-characterization/applications/frac-sand/
30/50 sand Frac sand (proppant) with particle sizes of 300 µm – 600µm.http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particl
e-characterization/applications/frac-sand/
40 CFRDischarge to a surface water or tributary groundwater – 40 CFR 435
40/70 sand Frac sand (proppant) with particle sizes 212 µm - 420 µm.http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particl
e-characterization/applications/frac-sand/
70/140 sand Frac sand (proppant) with particle sizes 106 µm - 212 µm.http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particl
e-characterization/applications/frac-sand/
activated carbon
Activated carbon is carbon riddled with microscopic pores so that it is useful in
removing impurities such as hydrocarbons or chlorine from water. Delta Pure Filtration
manufactures filters containing activated carbon.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon
AFS
The American Filtration Society is an organization for filter professionals in all aspects of
filtration serving many industries. The organization helps members to network and
learn about technical advances. Produced Water has been a major focus of several
papers presented at recent meetings, and will be a focus of the upcoming March 25-26,
2014 meeting in Houston, TX USA.
http://www.afssociety.org/
aliphaticAliphatic combounds are organic molecules that are not aromatic and do not have a
"ring structure." These compounds are comprised of straight chains.
AMENDED SUBSTITUTE HOUSE BILL
501 – PASSED IN 1985
The AMENDED SUBSTITUTE HOUSE BILL
501PASSED IN 1985, 1)eliminated “evaporation pits” as of July 1, 1986
2)Established lawful disposal options – deep well
injection or surface spreading and 3) Established registration and reporting
requirements for brine haulers
http://www.ohgeosoc.org/presentations/201111/
Tomastik_ShalePlays_ClassIIWells.pdf
amine
Amine is often used to sweeten (remove H2S from) natural gas in a gas plant. "Foam
outs" can disrupt the effectiveness of the amine sweetening process and are an "upset
condition". Particulate contamination can stablize foam and contribute to foam outs.
This is one of many reaons why amine is filtered. Many gas plants use string wound
filters or melt blown filters from Delta Pure Filtration.
Antrim Shale A shale gas play in the State of Michigan - lower peninsula.
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
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Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
APB Acid producing bacteria. See also SRB.
APGAssociated gas is natural gas that resides in the same formations as oil. Synonyms are
"flare gas" and "associated petroleum gas" (APG).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_petroleu
m_gas
API
The American Petroleum Institute (API) has broad interests from exploration to
pipelines. API funds scientific research regarding clean water and has formed a number
of issue-specific task groups that are working closely with industry, governmental and
other groups to address a broad range of water quality issues.
http://www.api.org/environment-health-and-
safety/clean-water
API gravity
American Petroleum Institue (API) gravity is the reciprocal of specific gravity. A
petroleum grade with a higher API gravity will float on top of the grade with the lower
API gravity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_gravity
aquifer
An aquifer is an underground layer of water - often within highly porous rock . Fresh
water aquifers are often sources of drinking water, or potential future sources. Drilling
companies often must drill well bores through aquifers to reach shale gas layers. Many
people are concerned about actual or potential contamination of drinking water
aquifers with fracking chemicals and with methane shale gas. There is disagreement
about the extent of such contamination, as well as controversy about the level of risk.
There is also disagreement about whether providing affordable energy requires
environmental risk.
aromaticOrganic compounds (containing carbon and hydrogen) whose structure includes at least
one ring. These are cyclic molecules.
associated gasAssociated gas is natural gas that resides in the same formations as oil. Synonyms are
"flare gas" and "associated petroleum gas" (APG).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_petroleu
m_gas
ATEX
The ATEX directive consists of two EU directives describing what equipment and work
environment is allowed in an environment with an explosive atmosphere. ATEX derives
its name from the French title of the 94/9/EC directive: Appareils destinés à être utilisés
en ATmosphères EXplosibles.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATEX_directive
autogenic produced from withinAWWA American Water Works Association
bacteriophage
Bacteriophage (or phage) are viruses that attack bacteria. Employing bacteriophage as
a natural predator for SRB (bacteria that cause corrosion problems in production
operations) is the latest attempt to replace chemical biocides in fracking fluids.
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Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
BAF
biological aerated filter - A system whereby water is purified biologically with biofilm
grown on a media such as rocks or plastic surfaces. BAF can reduce oil, suspended
solids, ammonia, and nitrogen, chemical oxygen
demand, biological oxygen demand, iron, manganese, heavy metals, solubleorganics,
trace organics, and hydrogen sulfide.
http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/r
eport157.pdf
Bakken ShaleThe Bakken Shale gas play underlies Montana, North Dakota, Saskatchewan and the
southwest corner of Manitoba.barite Barite is a type of mineral often used in drilling muds.
Barnett ShaleA tight gas play in northern Texas, which underlies 17 counties and the Dallas-Fort
Worth area. It may be the largest natural gas reservoir in the United States.
barrel
A barrel is a unit of volume. In the United States and Canada, a barrel is equal to 46 US
gallons. The abbreviation for barrel is bbl. Other units of volume used in the petroleum
industry are cubic meters and metric tonnes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_(unit)
BAT Best available techniques
Baxter Shale The Baxter Shale plays are in northwestern Colorado and southwestern Wyoming.
bbl Barrel - equal to 46 US gallons
bbl/MCF barrels per million cubic feethttp://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/reportpdfs/r
eport157.pdf
beneficial use
Rather than injected into disposal wells, waste water might be re-purposed for
"beneficial use" after propper treatment. Some examples are irrigation, water for
livestock, cooling of popwerplants.BHA Bottom Hole Assembly
biochemical oxygen demand
Biochemical oxygen demand, or BOD, measures the amount of oxygen consumed by
microorganisms feasting on organic matter in water or waste water. If bacteria are
depleting oxygen in the process of consuming organic matter, then fish and aquatic life
can suffocate.
http://www.gaepd.org/Files_PDF/techguide/wpb/
devwtrplan_b.pdf
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the new EcoWound™ filter for produced water and brine fluids
economic ▫ ecological ▫ effective
made with recycled materials!
www.deltapure.com 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
biocide
Biocides are chemicals added to fracking fluids to kill bacteria and other micro-
organisms. When the fracking fluids are pumped down hole, organisms can multiply,
blocking the formations. The metabolism of some micro organisms can also produce
corrosive byproducts such as H2S (acid gas) that damage metallic equipment and even
concrete. Some bacteria can also metabolize methane gas, causing loss of production.
Biocides are a source of environmental and health concern, especially because there is a
perceived or actual risk that biocides can get into drinking water supplies (aquifers), and
consequently there is a lot of research into safer biocides and biocide alternatives. In
the USA, the selected biocides must be EPA registered, but drilling companies often
don't have to disclose to the public the names of the biocides they are using.
biofuelUsually this is a liquid fuel such as ethanol or biodiesel, and is made from biomass (plant
matter), fats, or oils, etc. Biofuel might also be biogas.
biogas
Methane gas made from organic waste materials (such as waste water solids, manure,
fats, oils, grease, etc.) that has been anaerobically digested (treated with bacteria under
zero-oxygen conditions).
https://www.americanbiogascouncil.org/biogas_h
owSystemsWork.asp#null
BitumenThick, sticky hydrocarbon that requires thermally enhanced extraction methods such as
the use of steam.
BLM
The US Dapartment of the Interior is responsible for natural and cultural resources in
the USA, and issues safety rules for drilling and fracking on public lands through the The
Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The BLM is part of the Department of the Interior.
A recent proposal requires operators drilling on public lands to: 1) disclose the
chemicals they use in fracturing activities 2) provide assurances of well-bore integrity so
that fluids used during fracturing operations are not contaminating groundwater, and 3)
have a water management plan in place for handling fluids that flow back to the
surface.
http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/content/wo/en/info/
newsroom/2013/may/nr_05_16_2013.html
blowout
A blowout is massive release of oil or gas out of a well, accompanied by failure of
pressure control devices. A smaller version of escape of oil and gas from a formation is
called"kick" or "formation kick" - but uncontrolled can grow to a blowout.
blowout preventerA blowout preventer is a stack of equipment such as valves used to seal, control and
monitor a well.
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Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand, or BOD, measures the amount of oxygen consumed by
microorganisms feasting on organic matter in water or waste water. If bacteria are
depleting oxygen (reducing DO or dissolved oxygen) in the process of consuming organic
matter, then fish and aquatic life can suffocate. BOD takes a long time to measure -
many days.
http://www.gaepd.org/Files_PDF/techguide/wpb/
devwtrplan_b.pdf
BOD5
BOD test takes a long time to perform -five days - hence "BOD5". Biochemical oxygen
demand, or BOD, measures the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms
feasting on organic matter in water or waste water. If bacteria are depleting oxygen
(reducing DO or dissolved oxygen) in the process of consuming organic matter, then fish
and aquatic life can suffocate.
http://www.gaepd.org/Files_PDF/techguide/wpb/
devwtrplan_b.pdf
Bore
A bore, bore hole or well-bore is the hole that is drilled into the ground to get out the
oil or gas. A well bore can be very long! For example, a well might be drilled vertically
(down) for about two miles and then horizontally for about another two miles.
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/03/bakk
en-shale-oil/fracking-animation-video
Bossier Shale Gas
Bossier Shale gas plays are in eastern Texas and western Louisiana in the United States.
Haynesville shale, which lies deeper underground than Boosier shale, is associated with
the Boosier shale.
bottom hole assembly
The drilling apparatus at the bottom of the drilling string which includes the drill bit and
many other bits of tooling is called the bottom hole assembly (BHA). The BHA for a
straight hole (heading vertically down) and a directional hole (deviated or horizontal -
after the kick off point) are slightly different.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=BHA
brackish waterBrackish water is salty, but not as salty as sea water. Brackish water has TDS (total
dissolved solids) of between 1000 and 10,000 mg/L according to Wikepedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solid
s
brine
Brine is very salt water with very high TDS (>35,000 mg/L). Completion fluids have a
high salinity to protect formations (to prevent swelling) and to maintain hydrostatic
pressure (brine fluids can be very heavy - that is, they can have a high specific gravity.)
http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/docu
ments/02_Godsey_-_Source_Options_508.pdf
BTEX
BTEX can refer to a group of chemicals or one chemcial in the group, which includes
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. Some members of the group are known
or suspected carcinogens, while others lack sufficient carginogenecity data.
C.F.R.
The US C.F.R. or Code of Federal Regulations is the body of administrative law
(regulations or rules) created by US agencies, such as the FDA, EPA, etc. These US
agencies are authorized by statutes issued by Congress (such as the Safe Drinking Water
Act) to create detailed regulations.
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Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Cane Creek Shale GasThis shale gas play is located in Utah and Colorado, (North of the Lewis and Mancos play).
http://www.halliburton.com/public/solutions/contents/Shale/related_docs/Mancos.pdf
Cannasauga and Floyd Shale Gas These shale plays are in Alabama.CAPP Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers http://www.capp.ca/Pages/default.aspx
casingCasing is a long section of pipe lowered into the well in what is called a "casing string." It is cemented on the outside to protect the various formation sections, such as those containing fress water.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casing_string
casing strings
Casing string is a long section of connected oilfield pipe placed into a wellbore to enable the space between the pipe and the well bore (the annulus) to be filled with cement (the casing). The pipe or string is comprised of segments (called "joints") and they are usually joined by a coupler. For example, a casing would be used to protect a fresh‐water‐bearing zone. Because there are different zones, wells are drilled and casings are run in sections.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casing_string
CBM Coal Bed Methane http://www.arrowenergy.com.au/our‐company/what‐is‐coal‐seam‐gas
CELCOMCentral Louisiana Coalbed Methane Basin
CFR 30A big body of law administered my MMS (Minerals Management Service) relating to mining and exploration ‐ there are a lot of safety rules. One example is 30 CFR 250.617 ‐ which covers BLOWOUT PREVENTER SYSTEM TESTING, RECORDS, AND DRILLS.
http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi‐bin/text‐idx?c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title30/30tab_02.tpl
Chattanooga Shale GasThe Chattanooga shale is located in Northeast Georgia, Southern Kentucky, Northern Alabama, and Eastern Tennessee. The Chattanooga Shale field is an extension of the Appalachian Basin Devonian Shale ‐ known as the Marcellus Shale.
http://oilshalegas.com/chattanoogashale.html
chelating Chelating is a chemical mechanism describing the binding and capturing of metal ions.
chemical oxygen demandMeasure of all the amount of oxygen required to oxidize all the organics (even organics that cannot be "digested" by bacteria) present in water or waste water.
http://www.gaepd.org/Files_PDF/techguide/wpb/devwtrplan_b.pdf
Chlorine DioxideClO2 is a gas that can be used as a water disinfectant and is one of many potential strategies to kill SRB (sulfate reducing bacteria) and prevent their innoculation into a well.
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Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Christmas tree
A Christmas tree is an assembly of pipes, valves and other hardware that resembles a
tree. A Christmas tree, or tree, controls the flow of oil or gas out of a producing well. A
tree can also control the injection of gas or fluids into a non-producing well to enhance
production rates from other wells. Trees can be on dry land (a surface tree) or under
water (subsea tree.) A Christmas tree is not the well head, but is at or attached to the
well head. Below the Christmas tree and the well head is the well string- the tube that
goes underground.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_
well)
Class I injection wellClass I Injection Wells isolate hazardous, industrial and municipal wastes through deep
injection.
http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/wells
_class1.cfm
Class II injection well
Class II wells involve the injection of fluids into the ground for reasons associated with
oil and gas production. See also See "SWD". The most common fluid injected into a class
II well is brine - salty produced water. Examples of Class II Wells: 1) Enhanced Recovery
Wells inject brine, water, steam, polymers, or carbon dioxide or natural gas into oil-
bearing formations to recover residual oil. This is also known as secondary or tertiary
recovery. 2) Disposal Wells inject brines and other fluids associated with the production
of oil and natural gas or natural gas storage operations. 3) Hydrocarbon Storage Wells
inject liquid hydrocarbons in underground formations (such as salt caverns) where they
are stored, generally, as part of the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve.
http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/class
2/
Class III injection well Class III Wells minimize environmental impacts from solution mining operations.http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/wells
_class3.cfm
Class IV injection well
Class IV wells are generally prohibitted, and are shallow wells used to inject hazardous
or radioactive wastes into or above a geologic formation that contains a USDW. In 1984,
EPA banned the use of Class IV injection wells for disposal of hazardous or radioactive
waste. Now, these wells may only be operated as part of an EPA- or state-authorized
ground water clean-up action. There are about 32 waste clean-up sites with Class IV
wells in the United States.
http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/wells
_class4.cfm
Clean Water Act
Disposal of flowback into surface waters of the United States is regulated by the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program. The Clean
Water Act authorizes the NPDES program.
http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/class
2/hydraulicfracturing/wells_hydroreg.cfm
cleates fractures in a coal bed. Methane gas can reside there.http://www.arrowenergy.com.au/our-
company/what-is-coal-seam-gas
CMM Coal Mine Methane http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalbed_methane
coal bed methaneCoal Bed Methand (CBM) is very sweet (having little H2S) methane extracted from
some coal beds.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalbed_methane
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Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
coal seamA coal seam is a coal bed. There is often methane gas and water in a coal bed, along
with the coal.
http://www.arrowenergy.com.au/our-
company/what-is-coal-seam-gas
coalescer, coalescing filter
A coalescer or coalescing filter is a type of filter that removes liquid from a gas stream (a
liquid-gas coalescer) or removes a liquid that is dispersed in another liquid in which it is
immiscible (a liquid-liquid coalescer). Examples are a lqiuid-gas coalescer that removes
oil entrained in natural gas, or a liquid-lquid coalescer that removes oil dispersed in
water. Coalescers aid small droplets of contaminating fluid into larger droplets, so that
they can drain out of the filter and be removed.
COD
Measure of all the amount of oxygen required to oxidize all the organics (even organics
that cannot be "digested" by bacteria) present in water or waste water. COD is a much
faster test (hours) compared to BOD (days).
http://www.gaepd.org/Files_PDF/techguide/wpb/
devwtrplan_b.pdf
completion
The process of making a well ready for production (or injection) is called completion.
Steps can include preparing the bottom of the hole to the required specifications,
running in the production tubing and its associated down hole tools, perforating,
stimulating and sometimes running in and cementing a casing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completion_(oil_and
_gas_wells)
completion fluid
Completion fluids are often brines. They are typically filtered to a high degree to avoid
introducing solids to the near-wellbore area. The fluid is placed in the well in order to
facilitate final operations prior to initiation of production, such as setting screens,
production liners, packers, downhole valves or shooting perforations into the producing
zone. The fluid is meant to control a well should downhole hardware fail. While fresh
water or water of too low a salinity can cause instability and swelling of clays, which in
turn can causes all kinds of problems from stuck pipe to blocked formations, brine
solutions can contribute to the stability of the formation and the "inhibition" of clays.
The density (specific gravity) of the completion fluid is also important for achieving the
correct hydrostatic pressure.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=completion+fluid
concentrate"Concentrate" can mean the activity of de-watering, or raising the concentration of a
solute. It can also be a synonym for the retentate in a cross flow system.
Conventional gas extraction
Conventional gas extraction is the drilling for gas near the surface and in highly
permeable formations. Conventional gas extraction does not have to use fracking.
Conventional gas extraction is easier to accomplish than unconventional gas extraction.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJawiHH8Jl4
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Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
core sample
An operator will drill a core sample - a cylindrical sample of rock - for porosity and
permeability analysis. The results of the analysis will help determine a drilling strategy,
such as the type of fluids and other additives to use. A sample of cylindrical rock that is
cut from the core is called a plug. The drill bit that used to cut the core sample is called
a rotary coring bit.
http://www.rigzone.com/training/insight.asp?insig
ht_id=325&c_id=18
cross flow filtration
In cross flow filtration (synonymous with tangential flow filtration), some percentage
(but less than 100%) of flow goes through a filtration membrane and is thus filtered,
and the balance flows across the surface of the membrane, helping to keep the
membrane surface clean. The part of the flow that flows through the filter membrane is
called the filtrate or permeate, while the part of the flow that does not flow through the
membrane (but flows across the membrane) is called the retentate or concentrate.
Cross flow filtration can be used to filter out particulates, for separations of immiscible
fluids, for removal of molecular contamination, for the removal of salts, and for other
applications as well.The type of contaminant or molecule that can removed (or
retained) by the cross flow filtration system depends primarily upon the type of
membrane that is selected. String wound filters from Delta Pure Filtration are often
used as "pre-filters" in front of cross flow filtration membranes.
crude oil
Crude oil is naturally occuring, unprocessed petroleum, found in underground
formations. It is refined, separated into many products, including gasoline (petrol),
kerosene, asphalt, chemical reagents, and also converted into plastics. There are many
grades or "qualities" of crude oil, and some grades fetch higher prices than others.
CSG Coal Seam Gashttp://www.arrowenergy.com.au/our-
company/what-is-coal-seam-gas
CSG
CSG stands for coal seam gas. Synonyms are coalbed methane, coal bed methane
(CBM), coalbed gas, or coal mine methane (CMM). It is methane gas extracted from coal
beds.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalbed_methane
C-Tour
C-Tour is a multistep process which involves addition of a solvent ("condensate") to
water, whereby the solvent absorbs aromatics from the water, after which the solvent
and water are separated by hydrocyclone technology. http://www.ogp.org.uk/pubs/324.pdf
cuttings (rock cuttings)
Rock cuttings are bits of rock and debris that are cut away during drilling. The cuttings
are brough up to the surface throught he annulus in the drilling fluid. The drilling fluid
goes down throug the drilling string, and then up through the annulus.
CWT Centralized waste treatment facilityD&C drilling and completion
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Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
DAF
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a waste water treatment whereby air bubbles (which are
created by reducing the pressure of aerated water so that dissolved air comes out of
solution) adhere to oil or particles to bring them to the surface where they can be
skimmed out of the water.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotatio
n
Department of Interior
The US Dapartment of the Interior is responsible for natural and cultural resources in
the USA, and issues safety rules for drilling and fracking on public lands through the The
Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The BLM is part of the Department of the Interior.
A recent proposal requires operators drilling on public lands to: 1) disclose the
chemicals they use in fracturing activities 2) provide assurances of well-bore integrity so
that fluids used during fracturing operations are not contaminating groundwater, and 3)
have a water management plan in place for handling fluids that flow back to the
surface.
http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/content/wo/en/info/
newsroom/2013/may/nr_05_16_2013.html
derrick
1)A tall crane-like structure on a ship. It has a long "arm" that lifts and moves heavy
objects.
2) A tall tower that is built over an oil well and used to support and guide the drilling
and recovery tools.
http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/derrick
Desalination
Desalination is the removal of salts from salt water in order to make fresh or drinking
water. Common technologies that are used are nanofiltration and RO (reverse
osmosis.) Special membranes are used the exclude salts and allow water to go through.
Delta Pure Filtration provides string wound filters for protection (pre-filtration) of
membranes used in desalination.
Devonian Shale GasA huge shale gas field that includes the Marcellus and Chattanooga shale gas plays -
they are both considered Devonian shale.
DGF
Dissolved gas flotation (DGF) is a waste water treatment whereby gas bubbles (which
are created by reducing the pressure of aerated water so that dissolved air or nitrogen
comes out of solution) adhere to oil or particles to bring them to the surface where they
can be skimmed out of the water.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotatio
n
diagenetic Describing the conversion of sediment into sedimentary rock. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagenesis
Disposal well
Disposal wells are injected with fluid for the purpose of disposing of waste water, but
not for the primary purpose of oil or gas production. An underground interval is
selected that is not productive of oil and gas and is sealed above and below by
unbroken, impermeable strata. A disposal well may also dispose produced water back
into a productive zone where the oil or natural gas is produced.
http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/about/faqs/saltwaterw
ells.php#difference
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Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
dissolved air flotation
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a waste water treatment whereby air bubbles, which are
created by reducing the pressure of aerated water so that dissolved air comes out of
solution, adhere to oil or particles to bring them to the surface where they can be
skimmed out of the water.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotatio
n
dissolved gas flotation
Dissolved gas flotation (DGF) is a waste water treatment whereby gas bubbles, which
are created by reducing the pressure of aerated water so that dissolved air or nitrogen
comes out of solution, adhere to oil or particles to bring them to the surface where they
can be skimmed out of the water.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotatio
n
DMRMOhio Division of Mineral Resources Management
DO Dissolved oxygen.
DOE
In 2013 US Department of Energy (DOE) preliminarily conclucded that fracking is safe
for drinking water, based on their study of tracer fluids injected into a Marcellus shale
well. This contradicts other studies.
http://rt.com/usa/study-claims-fracking-safe-324/
DOGRM Ohio Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management
dolomiteDolomite is a carbonate material with many uses, from creating decorative stone pieces
, to making concrete aggregate. It is also a petroleum reservoir rock.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_mineral
donwstreamThe "downstream" segment of the petroleum industry is the refining of oil and the
processing (such as sweetening, etc.) of gas.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downstream_(petrol
eum_industry)
drill bit A drill bit is at the end of the drilling string. It is used to cut, scrape, or crush rock.http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=drill+bit
drill in fluid A drill in fluid is a specially designed mud for the producing interval.http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/d/
drill-in_fluid.aspx
drill pipe or drillpipe
Conduit - steel tube - fitted with threaded ends called tool joints. The drillpipe
connects the rig surface equipment with the bottomhole assembly and the bit. The drill
pipe is used to pump drilling fluid to the bit. The drill pipe also raises, lowers and rotates
the bottomhole assembly and bit.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=drill+pipe
drill stringA dill string is the drillpipe plus bottom hole assembly and whatever tools are used to
operate the drill bit at the bottom of the wellbore.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=drill+string
www.deltapure.com Page 11 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
drilling fluid
Drilling fluid is pumped down into the well throug the drill string while the well bore is
being drilled. The drill string is a long tube tube that goes down into the well with a drill
bit at the very end. The drill string turns the bit, so the bit can chew up the rock. The
drill string is a hollow pipe or tube. The path of the drilling fluid is down the center of
the string, and then up through the bore in space between the drill string and the
formations, called the annulus. This "down the string, up the annulus" flow pattern is
often called a u-tube. The drilling fluids lubricate and cool the bit. The drilling fluids also
carry rock cutting debris up to the surface. If the drilling fluid is not heavy (dense)
enough, fluids in the formation can push out into the bore, so the drilling fluids also
serve to maintain a sufficient hydrostatic pressure. The drilling fluids contain thickner
chemicals and particles, a mixture called mud. The mud lines the bore to protect the
formations and to prevent fluid loss, which is leakage of drilling fluid into the
formations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_fluid
Drilling Mud
Drilling muds are either water or oil based, and contain particles made of calcium
carbonate or barite. The purposes of the mud are to: cool and lubricate the drill bit,
prevent the escape of gas and oil during drilling,
transport rock cuttings to the surface, prevent fluid invasion into the rock formation,
prevent particles from enterming the formation (by creating a filter cake), and stabilize
the well as it is being drilled.
http://www.engineerlive.com/content/18374
Dv50
Dv50 is the "Median Particle Size by Volume." This is an example of a number used to
describe a particle size distribution. The first character is a capital letter indicating the
type of particle attribute that is measured, in this case D = diameter. The next character
is a lower case letter that describes how we are quantifying the particles - in this case v
= volume (so we are not looking at particle count, but istead particle volume.) The next
characters are numeric and indicate the percentage or fraction below the indicated
particle size. So, "Dv50 = 5 mm" means that 50% of the particle volume in the sample is
below 5 microns in diameter.
http://golik.co.il/Data/ABasicGuidtoParticleCharac
terization(2)_1962085150.pdf
E&P Exploration and Production
EC
Electrical Conductivity or EC, is an indirect way to measure salinity. Units of EC are the
micro-Siemen per centimeter ms/cm. Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of
resistance. A desalination system might use an EC probe/EC meter to verify
performance of the system, for example.
EOREnhanced Oil Recovery - Tertiary Recover. The use of steam, fire, etc. to lower the
viscosity of heavy, thick fuels to enable them to flow out of a well.EPA Environmental Protection Agency
www.deltapure.com Page 12 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
evaporation pond, evaporation pit
A lined pit where produced water is sent for storgage until it evaporates. Various
equipment can be used: spray systems with nozzles spray the water into fine mist;
aeration systems to help control odor; netting covers to prevent birds from landing in
the oily water. Ponds or pits can also be used for temporary storage until the water is
hauled away in trucks.
http://www.muleshoe-
eng.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/produ
cedwaterhandouts.pdf
Excello
While many shale gas play maps depict the Excello shale as being centered in and
limitted to Kansas, much is actually written about the Excello gas play in northern
Oklahoma.Fayetteville Shale This gas play is in Arkansas.
filterable
"Filterable" is an adjective that is usually used to described particles. If a particle is
characterized as filterable, this does not mean that it is impossible to filter out, but the
speaker or writer is saying that it will readily pass through a filter of interest, or will
easily pass through the type of filter that might ordinarily be selected. For example, a
"filterable virus" is a virus that will pass through many types of filters that will remove
small bacteria.filtrate The fluid that passes through, or that has passed through, a filter or membrane.
fire flooding
Fire flooding is in situ burning of some of the oil in the well to lower the viscosity of the
surrounding oil, making it easier to pump out (extract). This is one method of thermally
enhanced oil recovery (TEOR).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_of_petrole
um
FLC - fluid loss control
Fluid loss control is the prevention of drilling fluid loss into the formations. Drilling fluids
are needed to cool the bit (the device that cuts through the rock), to bring cuttings to
the surface through the annulus, and to maintain hydrostatic pressure, so losing the
fluid into the formations is undesirable. Slow, controlled fluid loss would help build up a
protective filter cake along the formation, while uncontrolled fluid loss could result in a
detrimental cake. Fluid loss is prevented or slowed down by use of additives such as
thickeners and mud particles.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/f/f
luid_loss.aspx
flowback Water
Flowback water is water that comes up out of the well when it is first starting up, with a
significant amount of fracking chemicals that were pumped into the well, mixed some
materials originating in the well. The water is considered to be a flow-back-out of what
was previously pumped-in. At some point, the water that comes out is considered to no
longer be flowback water, but to have transitioned to "produced water", which is water
that originated in the formation.
Floyd and Cannasauga Shale Gas These shale plays are in Alabama.
FGD Flue Gas Desulphurization - is a process for removing S02 from coal plant exhaust gasses.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue-
gas_desulfurization
www.deltapure.com Page 13 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
FOG FOG is a waste water and waste treatment term referring to fats, oils and grease.
foreign oil
Foreign oil is petroleum that is produced outside of one's own country. In the USA, net
imports (imports minus exports) were about 40% of the petroleum (crude oil and
petroleum products) that the nation consumed in 2012. Slightly less than half of these
imports came from outside of the Western Hemisphere. The USA's dependence on
foreign petroleum has declined since peaking in 2005.
http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/
formation
Geologists use the term "formation" to classify and map layers of rock. A formation is a
rock unit that is distinctive enough for geologic mappers to tell it apart from the
surrounding rock layers, and is big enough (deep and wide) to plot on a map.
Formations are often porous, and can have energy sources such as natural gas or oil in
them, and can also have water in them.
http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/gladasked/gl
adformation.htm
forward osmosis
a water purification technique using membrane with small pores, whereby fresh water
flows from low concentration of salts to high concentration of TDS. Pre-filters from
Delta Pure Filtration are commonly used to protect various types of membrane.
http://vimeo.com/84864451
frac sand
"Frac sand" is sand used as a proppant to to keep underground fractures or fissures
(created through the process of hydraulic fracturing) propped open. Proppant sand can
be natural sand or it can be resin coated - but usually only the naturally occuring
(uncoated) type is called frac sand.
http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particl
e-characterization/applications/frac-sand/
fracking
Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, is the pocess of using a high pressure fluids to create
fissures in relatively impermeable rock (formations in which the pores that contain
hydrocarbons are not very well interconnected) to enable gas or oil to flow out of the
well. Lots of chemicals are pumped into the ground as a result of fracking, and it is
often necessary to drill through drinking water aquifers. For these and many other
reasons, many people are concerned about the impact of drilling and production
activities on water supplies, human health, and the environment. Energy producers use
an array of technologies to prevent contamination of drinking water and the
environment.
freeze-thaw desalinationFreeze-thaw desalination is a method of producing fresh water though freezing the salt
water such that the process of freezing excludes salt from the ice crystals.http://www.usbr.gov/research/AWT/freezing.html
www.deltapure.com Page 14 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
fresh water
Salinity is a measurement of the TDS (total dissolved solids), primarily salts, in water.
Depending on the level of salinity, water might be called fresh (1-3,000 mg/L), brackish
(3,000 - 10,000 mg/L), saline (10,000-35,000 mg/L) or brine (>35,000 mg/L). Electrical
conductivity is an indirect way to assess salinity. Produced water often has a high
salinity. Completion fluids have a high salinity to protect formations (to prevent
swelling) and to maintain hydrostatic pressure (brine fluids can be very heavy - that is,
they can have a high specific gravity.)
http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/docu
ments/02_Godsey_-_Source_Options_508.pdf
GammonGammon shale is located in southwest North Dakota, northwest South Dakota, and
southeast Montana.
gas
Gas or natural gas is a mixture of gasseous hydrocarbons, principally methane. It
generally requires treatment (processing) to make it ready to use as a fuel. In North
America, the term "gas" can be a colloquial term for gasoline - liqud petroleum.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas
gas cap
A gas cap is a layer of associated gas that sits on top of the underground liquid
petroleum. The gas pressure can help to push out the oil during production, and this
pressure is called "gas cap drive."
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/glos
sary_of_terms/glossary_of_terms_g.html
gas cap drive
A gas cap is a layer of associated gas that sits on top of the liquid petroleum in the rock
formation. The gas pressure can help to push out the oil during production, and this
pressure is called "gas cap drive."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir
gravel packing
Gravel packing is the placement a steel screen in the wellbore and then packing the
surrounding annulus with gravel of a specific size to prevent the passage of formation
sand. The screen and packing are designed to stabilize the formation while maximizing
well productivity.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/g/
gravel_pack.aspx
GRIGRI is the former Gas Research Institute. The Gas Technology Institute (GTI) is an Illinois
non-profit formed by the merger of IGT and GRI.
ground water
Ground water is water that is undergound, such as in an aquifer. Water that is at the
"ground level", for example, a stream, river, or lake, is not ground water but instead
called "surface water."
GTIGas Technology Institute - an Illinois non-profit formed by the merger of IGT and GRI in
2000.
http://www.gastechnology.org/About/Pages/Histo
ry.aspx
GWGW stands for ground water (which is underground water). GW discharge requires
GWDP approval while surface water requires NPDES approval.
GWDP
GWDP stands for Ground Water Discharge Plan or Ground Water Discharge Permit.
Injection well water-disposal will require local (State) adminstrative approval for the
GWDP.
www.deltapure.com Page 15 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Hard Water
Hard water has a high mineral content. In a home, people might notice that hard water
interferes with some soaps and detergents. In homes, commercial and industrial
settings, hard water can cause scale (which reduces heat exchange and energy
efficiency) and corrosion (an expensive maintenance problem) in boilers, heat
exchangers, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water
Haynesville Shale A shale gas play in western Louisiana/ eastern Texas.
heavy crude
crude oil that is very dense (and more dense than water) and highly viscous. Some
grades are called "extra heavy" crude oil. This oil is more difficult to recover and more
expensive to process than light grades.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil
HFFW hydraulic fracturing flowback waterHilliard A shale gas play in Wyoming.
hollow fiber
A type of "membrane" technology comprised of porous hollow fibers. Hollow fiber
systems might be used to remove tiny oil droplets from produced water, for example.
Hollow fiber filter systems are most often used in cross flow mode.
horizontal drilling
Horizontal drilling is a type of direction drilling. In horizontal wells, the well is drilled
vertically for a stretch, until the "kick off point" (KOP) is reached. At the kick off point,
the direction of the drilling will begin to deviate from vertical, until a horizontal
direciton is achieved. The horizontal stretch is called the lateral. Two common reaons
for employing horizontal drilling are 1) to be able to recover more hydrocarbons
because the hydrocarbon bearing formations are in a specific horizontal layer 2) to be
ablet to place the drilling rig in a location convenient for drilling, even though the
hydrocarbons are located elsewhere.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_drilling
humidification dehumidification
desalination
A process whereby fresh water is extracted from salt water by evaporation of the water
into an air stream, and then condensed out of the air through a dehumidification
process.
http://video.mit.edu/watch/humidification-
dehumidification-desalination-13537/
Hydraulic Fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing is the process of using high pressure fluids to create fractures in a
very tight formation that otherwise would not let hydrocarbons to freely pass into the
well. The fractures increase the permeability of the formation.
hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon is a chemical compound comprised of only carbon and hydrogen. The
fuels such as a natural gas and oil that energy producers take out of the ground are
often referred to as hydrocarbons. Gas and oil, as taken out of the ground, are each
actually comprised of a mixture of different types of hydrocarbons, plus impurities.
Hydrocarbons generally can be burned to produce heat.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon
www.deltapure.com Page 16 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
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Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Hydrocyclone
A hydrocyclone is a device for removing large, heavy (or, more accurately, dense) solid
particles from a fluid such as water. A hydrocylcone also might be used to remove
droplets of a denser, immiscible fluid from water.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocyclone
hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a column of fluid. The makeup of
completion fluids, for example, are selected carefully so that they not only have the
correct chemistry, but have the desired specific gravity (density) so that they exert the
required hydrostatic pressure in the well.
IADC
International Association of Drilling Contractors - the organization states: "IADC’s
mission is to advance drilling and completion technology; improve industry health,
safety, environmental and training practices; and champion sensible regulations and
legislation which facilitate safe and efficient drilling. Membership is open to any
company involved in oil and gas exploration, drilling or production, well servicing,
oilfield manufacturing or other rig-site services."
http://www.iadc.org/
IFAS
IFAS or Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge is a biological treatment process similar
to MBBR but retrofitted into convential activated sludge waste water treatment
systems. It utilizes polyethylene structures or "media" with high surface area, which
are fluidized in a waste water stream. A biofilm forms on the surface of the media
which consumes organic constiuents in the water. Air is sparged to aerate the sytem.
IGF
Induced Gas Flotation (IGF) is a waste water treatment process whereby gas bubbles,
created through injection of air or nitrogen into the waste stream, carry oil or solid
contaminants to the surface where they can be skimmed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_gas_flotatio
n
IGF
Induced Gas Flotation (IGF) is a waste water treatment process whereby gas bubbles,
created through injection of air or nitrogen into the waste stream, carry oil or solid
contaminants to the surface where they can be skimmed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_gas_flotatio
n
IGTIGT is the former Institute of Gas Technology. The Gas Technology Institute (GTI) is an
Illinois non-profit formed by the merger of IGT and GRI.
http://www.gastechnology.org/About/Pages/Histo
ry.aspx
injection well
Injection wells inject fluids into a reservoir for secondary or enhanced oil recovery from
depleted reservoirs. Operators use secondary recovery techniques to maintain an oil
field’s pressure that gets depleted as oil is produced and also to displace or “sweep”
more oil toward producing wells. Secondary recovery is sometimes known as
waterflooding. Injection wells can also inject waste water for the purpose of disposal,
and in this context, the term is synonymous with "disposal well."
http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/about/faqs/saltwaterw
ells.php#difference
innoculationInnoculation (in the context of this glossary) is an advertent, undesirable introduction of
SRB into a well.
www.deltapure.com Page 17 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
intervalA contour interval is the height or distance between two contour lines on a countour
map. The term interval is also used synonymously with zone and stratum - a rock layer.
isochore
An Isopach is region of stratum that is of an arbitrary thickness range. An isopach map
shows a bunch of colored regions, and each color depicts the thickness of the stratum of
interest. For example, an isopach map might show dark brown where the stratum is 20-
21 meters thick, and light yellow where the stratum is only 0-2 meters thick. An
isochore map is similar, but there are technical differences between an isochore map
and an isopach map. With an isopach map, if the stratum boundary dips down or rises,
the thickness will be measured at an angle deviating from vertical, (and so the map is
called a True Stratigraphic Thickness or TST map), whereas with an isochore map, the
thickness will be meaured exactly vertically (and is thus called a True Vertical Thickness
or TVT map.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopach_map
isopach
An Isopach is region of stratum that is of an arbitrary thickness range. An isopach map
shows a bunch of colored regions, and each color depicts the thickness of the stratum of
interest. For example, an isopach map might show dark brown where the stratum is 20-
21 meters thick, and light yellow where the stratum is only 0-2 meters thick. An
isochore map is similar, but there are technical differences between an isochore map
and an isopach map. With an isopach map, if the stratum boundary dips down or rises,
the thickness will be measured at an angle deviating from vertical, (and so the map is
called a True Stratigraphic Thickness or TST map), whereas with an isochore map, the
thickness will be meaured exactly vertically (and is this called a True Vertical Thickness
or TVT map.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopach_map
IWC
The International Water Conference is an annual educational conference held in cities
such as San Antonio, TX or Orlando, FL and featuring technical paper presentations,
networking events, and exhibit hall. Educational tracks include: Wastewater & Recycle,
Produced Water, FRAC water treatment,
Desalination Principles & Approaches, Mine Water Treatment, Steam Generation,
Process Water Preparation, Cooling and Process Water. IWC is run by the Engineer's
Society of Western Pennsylvania. The 2014 IWC had over 1,000 attendees and more
than 100 exhibiting companies. Delta Pure Filtration was an exhibitor in 2014.
http://www.eswp.com/water/
IWCFInternational Well Control Forum is a non profit which develops and administers well
control training, assessment and certification programs.http://www.iwcf.org/
kaolinite A clay mineral and potential particulate contaminant in some produced waters.
www.deltapure.com Page 18 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
kerogen
Kerogen is organic matter such as that from algae and plant matter that is insoluable
and under hot geological conditions generates oil, gas or waxy substances. Kerogen is a
component (contaminant) in produced water which can pose a water treatment
challenge.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=kerogen
kickUndesired Leakage of formation fluids into the wellbore, due to the pressure in the
wellbore becoming lower than the pressure in the formations.
kick off
1. to start production in a well by injecting gas into a gas lift well 2. to swab a well to
restore it to production in workover operations. 3. to start turning toward horizontal
from the vertical in directional drilling.
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/glos
sary_of_terms/glossary_of_terms_k.html
kick off point
Kick of Point or KOP in directional drilling is the depth in a vertical hole at which a
deviated or slant hole is started. For example, a well might be drilled straight down
(vertically) and then drilling will start to make a turn toward horizontal at the kick off
point.
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/glos
sary_of_terms/glossary_of_terms_k.html
KOPKick of Point or KOP in direction drilling is the depth in a vertical hole at which a
deviated or slant hole is started.
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/glos
sary_of_terms/glossary_of_terms_k.html
landfill gasLandfill gas has significant amounts of methane (40-60%) and is produced through
decomposition of organic matter in a landfill waste disposal site.http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm?id=L
Lewis and Mancos Shale Gas four corners of Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico
light crude
Light crude oil is liquid petroleum that has a low density, low viscosity, low specific
gravity and high API gravity. It has a high proportion of light hydrocarbon fractions.
Light crude oil is more expensive than heavier grades because it yields a higher
percentages of gasoline and diesel fuels when refinerd.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_crude_oil
LinerLiner is large diamter pipe inserted into the open hole and is a type of casing, but it is
casing that is hung from another casing.
liquid-gas coalescer
A liquid-gas coalescer is a type of filter cartridge assembly that removes liquid (such as
water or liquid hydrocarbon) from a gas stream (such as natural gas or compressed air).
Such a filter might help protect downstream purification processes or turbines. The
method of removal is "coalescence" or agglomeration of small entrained droplets into
larger droplets. Most often, the flow path is from "inside to outside" of the filter
element, and in such cases the outside of the filter often has a type of drainage layer to
help conduct the large coalesced droplets to the bottom of the fiter whre they fall into
and collect in a sump at the bottom of the filter vessel. Such assemblies are sized to
control gas velocities in order to avoid re-entrainment of aerosols.
www.deltapure.com Page 19 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
liquid-liquid coalescer
Liquid liquid coalescers are a type of filter assembly that remove one immiscible liquid
from another, for example, to remove oil droplets from produced water. The method
of separation is coalescence (rather than common alternatives such as adsorption,
physical exclusion, or cyclonic action) whereby tiny droplets of the contaminating fluid
are agglomerated into larger droplets as liquid flows throught the filter medium. The
droplets then either float or sink after they emerge enlarged from the filter cartridge.
Coalescence is enabled when the interfacial surfce tension is sufficiently high, and
separation also requires a sufficient difference in densities between the two fluids. The
minimial interfacial surface tension that will allow coalescence depends of the the type
of filter medium - a common material is glass, but others are also used. Fluids with
small differences in density may needed a sufficiently long, horizontal filter assembly to
allow sufficient separation. Liquid liquid coalescing filter cartridges are subject to
premature fouling with particulates if adequate prefiltration is not provided. String
wound filters from Delta Pure Filtration may be used as prefilters to liquid liquid
coalescing filter assemblies.
http://www.pall.com/pdfs/Fuels-and-
Chemicals/FCSTR1.pdf
LithologyLithology is a physical description of rock. Strata are mapped based upon litholographic
units - zones of common lithology.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithology
LNG liquified natural gas
Mancos
Mancos shale is made up of many subunits. Among them are Gallup, Niobrarra, Mancos
B, Baxter, Hilliard, Blair, and Bowdoin. This gas play is located among the "four corner"
states of Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico.
http://www.halliburton.com/public/solutions/cont
ents/Shale/related_docs/Mancos.pdf
Marcellus ShaleMarcellus shale lies beneath much of Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and New York,
and underlies small areas of Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia.http://geology.com/articles/marcellus-shale.shtml
matrix The pores in a coal bed. Methane gas can reside there.http://www.arrowenergy.com.au/our-
company/what-is-coal-seam-gas
MBBR
MBBR or Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor is a biological treatment process. It utilizes
polyethylene structures or "media" with high surface area that are fluidized in a waste
water stream, and a biofilm forms on the surface of the media which consumes organic
constiuents in the water. Air is sparged to aerate the sytem.
MClure Shale GasThis shale gas play is located in Kern County, CA. Kern is inland, to the east of San Luis
Obisbo and just north of Los Angeles county.
www.deltapure.com Page 20 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
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Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
MD
MD is measured depth. A horizontal turn counts as part of the measured depth, so the
measured depth can be longer than the TVD (true vertical depth). To calculate the
hydrostatic pressure exerted by a fluid (e.g., a completion fluid) at the bottom of a well,
one would nead to use the TVD and not the MD.
http://www.slideshare.net/Drlee777/well-control-
school-well-control-manual-i
measured depthWith measured depth (MD), a horizontal turn counts as part of the depth, so the
measured depth can be longer than the TVD (true vertical depth).
mechanical vapor compression
(MVC)
Mechanical Vapor Compression is a method of concentrating brine and uses heat and
thin falling vertical films of water to create a distillate that is sent to a boiler to create
steam. MVC is often associated with SAGD and Zero Liquid Discharge processes.
http://www.tundrasolutions.ca/files/Evaporators%
20in%20SAGD%20DP.pdf
melt blown filter
A melt blown filter is a filter cartridge made utilizing a fiber-making process called "melt
blowing". The result is a thick cylindrical "depth-filter" that removes particulates
thoughtout its depth. The fibers within the filter are bonded to each other, such that
there is a "fixed pore structure" that will keep particles trapped, even with the build up
of differential pressure. Delta Pure Filtration manufactures melt blown filters for
protection of RO and other membranes, to remove foam stabilizing particles from
amine, and to reduce TSS from a range of water and chemical processes.
http://www.deltapure.com/new-dmb-series-
meltblown-filters/
membrane
A membrane is a filter material that, in the context of potable water filtration or
treatment of waste water, is often associated with cross flow filtration in RO or
nanofiltration systems used for desalination and removal of small-molecule impurities.
Membrane systems are not only associated with removal of salts and tiny molecules,
however; coarser membranes might be used for removal of large molecules or viruses
(ultrafiltration) or for submicron particles, bacteria, and micro-organisms
(microfiltration). String wound filters and melt blown filters (depth filters) from Delta
Pure Filtration are often used as pre-filters to protect membrane filters.
membrane distillationMembrane distillation uses membrane technology in combination with heat to purify
water, and draw vapors through the membrane.http://vimeo.com/84864451
mesh size
The particle sizes within a propprant are determined using woven mesh, i.e., a sieve.
The more openings per linear inch, the smaller the size particle than can be retained by
the screen. For example, 40 mesh equates to about 420 microns, while 20 mesh equates
to about 840 microns.
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/chemistry/stockroo
m-reagents/learning-center/technical-
library/particle-size-conversion.html
www.deltapure.com Page 21 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
methanogenic organisms
Methanogenic organisms or methanogens are organisms that generate methane gas as
a metabolic byproduct in anoxic (no oxygen) conditions. They are are not bacteria, but
archaea. Methanogens can do their work in a variety of oxygen starved settings, for
example, underground in a coal bed, in a waste treatment plant, or in a mammal's gut.
MF - microfiltration
Microfiltration or MF is removal of submicron particles and organisms such as bacteria.
MF membranes are rated based on an assigned micron rating which often can have
more to do with their relative performance than a precise representation of a pore size
measurement.
micron
A micron, or micrometer, is a unit of length equal to 1 millionth of a meter or one-
thousandth of a millimeter. It is roughly 1/25,000 of an inch. As an example, a typical
width of a human hair might be around 100 microns - but this varies very widely. The
smallest visible particle would be around 40 microns in diameter.
midstreamMidstream oil and gas industry activities include storage, transport and marketing.
Sometimes midstream activities are combined with activities in other stages.
mil A mil is one thousandth of an inch. One mil is 25.4 microns. mile 5280 feet, 1.6 km (approx.)MMS Minerals Management ServiceMonterey Shale Gas A shale gas play in California.Mowry A shale gas play in Wyoming.
MPPE
MPPE stands for macro porous polymer extraction technology. It is used to remove
organics such as aromatics from produced water. The produced water is passed through
a column packed with MPPE particles. MPPE can be regenerated with steam, which
strips out the hydrocarbons.
http://www.offshore-
technology.com/contractors/separation/veolia/
mud
Drilling muds are either water or oil based, and contain particles made of calcium
carbonate or barite. The purposes of the mud are to: cool and lubricate the drill bit,
prevent the escape of gas and oil during drilling,
transport rock cuttings to the surface, prevent fluid invasion into the rock formation,
prevent particles from enterming the formation (by creating a filter cake), and stabilize
the well as it is being drilled.
http://www.engineerlive.com/content/18374
MVC
Mechanical Vapor Compression is a method of concentrating brine and uses heat and
thin falling vertical films of water to create a distillate that is sent to a boiler to create
steam. MVC is often associated with SAGD and Zero Liquid Discharge processes.
http://www.tundrasolutions.ca/files/Evaporators%
20in%20SAGD%20DP.pdf
www.deltapure.com Page 22 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
MWCF
Mn3O4-weighted completion fluid. Mn3O4 is Manganese(II,III) oxide. The proper
weight and specific gravity helps to maintain the propper hydrostatic pressure.
MWCO
Molecular Weight Cutoff - Ultrafiltration or UF membrane is generally rated either
based on the smallest molecule size that it is expected to quantitatively retain, or the
largest molecule size that is expected to substantially pass (depending on the
manufacturer). The molecular weight cutoff is provided in daltons, with a "K" indicating
kilodaltons - for example, a 100K membrane would have a MWCO of 100 kilodaltons.
nanofiltration
Nanofiltration (NF) - use of membrane technology for desalination, or removal or
concentration of large salts. Sometimes NF is described as "leaky RO." A point of
confusion is that removal of viruses (the size of which are commonly tens of
nanometers) is not nanofiltration but instead is called ultrafiltration. Depth filters (string
wound filters, melt blown filters) from Delta Pure Filtration are often used to protect
nanofiltration membranes.
Nephelometer
This instrument is also called a turbidimeter and measures the turbidity of water. The
units of turbidity are commonly called NTU, Nephelometric Turbidity Units in the United
States. Depth filters (string wound filters, melt blown filters) from Delta Pure Filtration
are often used to remove sediment and reduce turbidity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephelometer
New Albany Shale GasThe New Albany shale reservoir is in northern Kentucky, and southern Indiana and
Illinois
NF
nanofiltration - use of membrane technology for desalination, or removal or
concentration of large salts. Sometimes NF is described as "leaky RO." A point of
confusion is that removal of viruses is not nanofiltration but instead is called
ultrafiltration.Niobrara A shale gas reservoir in Colorado, Wyoming, Nebraska, and Kansas.NORM Naturally Occuring Radioactive Material
NPD
A name of a group of chemicals, NPD can refer to one or more of these 2-3 ring
aromatic compounds: napthalene, phenathrene and dibenzothiophne, including Cl-C3
hologues. They can be contaminants in produced water.
http://www.ogp.org.uk/pubs/324.pdf
www.deltapure.com Page 23 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
NPDES
In the US, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) is administered
by the EPA (environmental Protection Agency) and the individual states as authorized
by the Clean Water Act. NPDES requires permits for certain types of waste water
discharge to surface waters, in order to control and pevent pollution. NPDES regulates
point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States. A point source
is a discrete conveyance such as a pipe or man-made ditch.
http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/
NPT
non productive time - time spent troubleshooting, fixing problems, etc. Also, national
pipe thread - a type of American thread used for fittings and connections on pipes and
pressure vessels.
NTU
A nephelometer, also called a turbidimeter, measures the turbidity of water reporting
the results in units of turbidity commonly called NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) in
the United States. Depth filters (e.g.,string wound filters, melt blown filters) from Delta
Pure Filtration are often used to remove sediment and reduce turbidity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephelometer
ODNR Ohio Department of Natural Resources
Office of Wastewater Management
The US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Office of Wastewater Management
regulates (in cooperation with State governements and other localities) discharges in
surface waters (rivers, lakes and the like) via an NPDES (National Pollutant discharge
elimination system) permitting process.OGP The International Association of Oil and Gas Producers
oil
Oil is often used synonymously with petroleum and crude oil. Crude oil is the raw liquid
hydrocarbarbon produced out of oil wells. Crude oil is found within underground rock
and is thus called mineral oil or petroleum (from the Greek petros for stone.) Crude oil
must be treated and refined to convert it to other useable forms. One US Barrel (42 US
gallons) of crude oil yields about 45 gallons of other useful products: 19 gallons of
gasoline, 11 gallons of diesel fuel, 7 gallons of other products, 4 gallons of jet fuel, 2
gallons of liquified petroleum gasses, and 1 gallon of heavy fuel oil.
http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?p
age=oil_home
oil skimming
When salt water is trucked or piped to a SWD, oil is salvaged from the water prior to
pumping it into the disposal well. “Skim oil” can then be a significant revenue source for
the facility, above and beyond saltwater disposal fees.
http://www.injectionpartners.com/what-are-
saltwater-injection-wells/
ORP (Oxidation-reduction potential)
ORP is measured in millivolts (mv) using an ORP meter. A positive ORP indicates that a
substance is an oxidizing agent (accepts electrons), while a negative ORP indicates that
a substance is a reducing agent (donates electrons). Tap water and bottled drinking
water normally have a positive ORP.
http://www.aquahealthproducts.com/understandi
ng-ph-and-orp
www.deltapure.com Page 24 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
OSG
On Site Generation: Some disinfection chemicals, for example, hypochlorite and others,
can be generated on site in stead of being hauled in by trucks. Disinfection chemicals or
oxidants might be used as biocides to kill corrosion causing bacteria, for example, and
can be one of the ingredients in fracking fluids.
OSPAR
OSPAR is the Administrator of the Oslo and Paris Conventions for the protection of the
marine environment of the North-East Atlantic. The OSPAR Convention is the current
legal instrument guiding international cooperation on the protection of the marine
environment of the North-East Atlantic. Work under the Convention is managed by the
OSPAR Commission, made up of representatives of the Governments of 15 Contracting
Parties and the European Commission, representing the European Union.
http://www.ospar.org/
OTSG OTSG stands for Once Through Steam Generator - as in "OTSG boiler".http://www.tundrasolutions.ca/files/Evaporators%
20in%20SAGD%20DP.pdf
OverboardWaste water that is pumped "overboard" from an offshore oil rig is pumped into the
ocean.
packer
The hole in the ground whose walls are rock is the well bore. When the drilling of an
interval is done, the drill string is (perhaps temporarily) removed. A lining or casing
made of metal is placed into the well bore. In the production zone the casing or liner
can be often be perforated or screen-like. Casing is often cemented in place- that is, the
space or annulus between the casing and the well bore is always cemented at the upper
portions (in accordance with environmental regulations, to protect drinking water
aquifers) but the lower deviated or horizontal portions of the well are not always
cemented. After all drilling is complete, production tubing is placed down the borehole.
A seal, called a packer or packing, is placed between the production tubing and the
casing (liner.)
http://www.google.nl/patents/US7216706
PAHPAH refers to one or more of a group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. They can be
harmful to human health. They can be contaminants in produced water.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbo
n
Palo Duro Shale Gas A shale gas play centered in northern Texas, extending into New Mexico and Oklahoma.
Paradox Formation Play Utah, Colorado
pay
A zone of rock that has a reservoir of hydrocarbons that can be economically produced
is called a "pay" because it can pay an income. It might also be called "pay sand" or
"pay zone". A wide interval containing several related but distinct pay sections is called
"gross pay", while subsections are called "net pay."
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=pay
www.deltapure.com Page 25 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
perforating
Explosive charges are used to blast periodic holes in the production casing. This is called
"perforating." The holes are where the hydraulic fracturing fluid can create fractures in
a tight formation to improve its permeability. The link to the right is to a video that
vividly illustrates this.
http://www.oerb.com/?tabid=242
perforating gun
A perforating gun is a device with explosive charges placed in a strategic pattern - the
device creates explosions perforate the production casing. Afterwards, in the process of
fracking or hydraulic fracturing, high pressure fluids will push out at the perforations,
creating fissures radiating out into the producing formation. These fissures or fractures
increase the permeability of the formation.
http://www.oerb.com/?tabid=242
Perforating plug
Unconventional gas plays are often perforated and fracked in many sections because
they are too big to frack all at once. When a "plug-and-perf" method is used, the lateral
or horizontal section furthest toward the end (farthest from the kick off point - at the
"toe") is perforated and fracked first. A plug (a perforating plug) is placed in the well
bore just upstream of the fracked section, and then the next section is perforated and
fracked, and so on, progressing toward the "heel". When all the sections are fracked, a
drill bit is re-inserted in to the well to drill through all the plugs. The plugs are often
made of a "composite" material that is easy to mill out. The actions mentioned fall
within a process called "completion".
http://www.oerb.com/?tabid=241
permeate
In cross flow filtration, some percentage (but less than 100%) of flow goes through a
filtration membrane and is thus filtered, and the balance flows across the surface of the
membrane, helping to keep the membrane surface clean. The part of the flow that
flows through the filter membrane is called the filtrate or permeate, while the part of
the flow that does not flow through the membrane (but flows across the membrane) is
called the retentate or concentrate. Cross flow filtration can be used to filter out
particulates, to remove microbes, for separations of immiscible fluids, for removal of
molecular contamination, and even for the removal of salts. It can be used for de-
watering or concentration. The type of particle or molecule that can be removed or
concentrated by the cross flow filtration system depends in large part upon the type of
membrane that is selected. String wound filters or melt blown filters from Delta Pure
Filtration are often used as "pre-filters" in front of cross flow filtration membranes.
PermiabilityPermiability is a measure of how easily oil or gas can flow through a formation. The unit
of permiability usually used is the millidarcy (mD).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(earth_
sciences)
www.deltapure.com Page 26 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
phage
Bacteriophage (or phage) are viruses that attack bacteria. Employing bacteriophage as
natural predators for SRB (bacteria that cause corrosion problems in production
operations) is one of the latest attempts to replace chemical biocides in fracking fluids.
Pipeline PiggingThis is the insertion of a device - often a cleaning device - into a pipeline. The device -
called a pig - is carried throught the pipe with the movement of the fluid.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigging
Play A geographical area where hydrocarbons can be - or are predicted to be - produced.http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/p/
play.aspx
Plug-and-Perf
Unconventional gas plays are often perforated and fracked in many sections because
they are too big to frack all at once. When a "plug-and-perf" method is used, the lateral
or horizontal section furthest toward the end (farthest from the kick off point - at the
"toe") is perforated and fracked first. A plug (a perforating plug) is placed in the well
bore just upstream of the fracked section, and then the next section is perforated and
fracked, and so on, progressing toward the "heel". When all the sections are fracked, a
drill bit is re-inserted in to the well to drill through all the plugs. The actions mentioned
fall within a process called "completion".
http://www.undeerc.org/bakken/completiontechn
ologies.aspx
point source
A point source is a discrete conveyance such as a pipe or man-made ditch. Pollutants or
waste water are sometimes discharged into a river or other body of water via a "point
source." In the USA such discharges are regulated by an NPDES permitting program.
http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/
porosityA description of the pore volume in a formation, expressed as a percentage voids
volume.
http://www.slideshare.net/Drlee777/well-control-
school-well-control-manual-i
potable water
Potable Water is intended for, and suitable for, human consumption. "Drinking water."
A wide range of filters from Delta Pure Filtration, including carbon filters, string wound
filters, and melt blown filters, are used for potable water.
POTWPublically Owned Treatment Works - for example, a municipal waste water treatment
facilityPPG Pounds per Gallon (unit of density); polypropylene glycol (viscosifier)ppm parts per million. 1 ppm = .0001%
pressure gradient
Often in units of PSI/ft - "pressure gradient" is the pressure increase per unit of depth
due to a fluid's density. The normal hydrostatic pressure gradient for freshwater is
0.433 psi/ft, or 9.792 kPa/m, and in the Gulf Coast where watertypically water has
100,000 ppm total dissolved solids, it is 0.465 psi/ft or 10.516 kPa/m.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=pressure%20gra
dient
www.deltapure.com Page 27 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Primacy
Primacy – or primary enforcement authority – is the authority to implement the UIC
(Underground Injection Control) Program. To receive primacy, a state, territory, or tribe
must demonstrate to EPA that its UIC program is at least as stringent as the federal
standards. The state, territory, or tribal UIC requirements may be more stringent than
the federal requirements. (For Class II, states must demonstrate that their programs are
effective in preventing pollution of USDWs - underground sources of drinking water.)
EPA may grant primacy for all or part of the UIC program, e.g., for certain classes of
injection wells.
http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/gloss
ary.cfm#primacy
primary recovery
Primary recovery is the extraction of crude oil from a well which has natural pressure
inside (e.g., from natural gas) that helps push up the oil. Pumps can be used to assist
with the process.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_of_petrole
um
primary treatment This is synonymous with "settling" .
produced waterProduced water is water that originates underground and comes up out of a producing
well with the produced oil or gas.
Produced Water Society
"The Produced Water Society is a collection of engineers and industry professionals with
the common purpose to study and improve the separation, treatment, and analysis of
Offshore and Onshore Produced Water with the goal to meet the discharge and
reinjection requirements of the industry and the environment. "
http://www.producedwatersociety.com/
production casing
After the well bore is complete, and has been drilled to the very end of its total length,
the drill string is removed and produduction casing pipe is paced down into the well.
Often, the casing is cemented. Cement is pumpled down the casing where it comes out
at the "shoe" and fills the annulus. Cement is pushout out of the center of the casing
pipe with fluid. The casing is important to prevent the leackage of fluids and
hydrocarbons into the formation.
http://www.oerb.com/?tabid=242
Production String Conduit or pipe through which reservoir fluids are produced to surface.http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/p/
production_string.aspx
proppant
Proppants are propping agents that keep the fissures in the producing formation
(induced by hydraulic fracturing) propped open so that hydrocarbons will flow out of
the well. Energy producers will typically select from naturally occurring sand grains
called frac sand, resin coated sand, high-strength ceramic material, or resin coated
ceramic materials .
http://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/particl
e-characterization/applications/frac-sand/
PW Produced WaterRDF reservoir drill in fluids
receiving water"Creeks, streams, rivers, lakes, estuaries, groundwater formations, or other bodies of
water into which surface water, treated waste, or untreated waste are discharged."
http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/lawsguidance/cwa/
tmdl/glossary.cfm
www.deltapure.com Page 28 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
DMB and DMC Series Melt Blown Filters
• Prevent Membrane Fouling• Remove Resin Fines• Protect Equipment and Processes
Made in Ashland, VA USA
www.deltapure.com 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
retentate
In cross flow filtration, some percentage (but less than 100%) of flow goes through a
filtration membrane and is thus filtered, and the balance flows across the surface of the
membrane, helping to keep the membrane surface clean. The part of the flow that
flows through the filter membrane is called the filtrate or permeate, while the part of
the flow that does not flow through the membrane (but flows across the membrane) is
called the retentate or concentrate. Cross flow filtration can be used to filter out
particulates, to remove microbes, for separations of immiscible fluids, for removal of
molecular contamination, and even for the removal of salts. It can be used for de-
watering or concentration. The type of particle or molecule that can be removed or
concentrated by the cross flow filtration system depends in large part upon the type of
membrane that is selected. String wound filters or melt blown filters from Delta Pure
Filtration are often used as "pre-filters" in front of cross flow filtration membranes.
reverse osmosisReverse osmosis is the use of high pressure water forced through membranes with tiny
pores. The process removes TDS (total dissolved solids) to produce fresh water.http://vimeo.com/84864451
RO
reverse osmosis - the use of membrane filters to remove molecules, down to simple
salts. RO can be used for desalination. For desalination, RO would remove more salts
than NF because RO membranes are "tighter" than NF membranes, but the energy and
pressure requirements would be higher.
RPSEA
RPSEA (www.rpsea.org) is a nonprofit corporation with a stewardship mission for
research, development and deployment of safe and environmentally responsible
technology that can effectively deliver hydrocarbons from domestic resources to the
citizens of the United States. RPSEA is a
consortium of U.S. energy research universities, industry, and
independent research organizations, and it manages the program under a
contract with the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Energy
Technology Laboratory.
http://www.naeshalegas.com/pdf/16Silva.pdf
Safe Drinking Water Act
The United States Safe Drinking Water Act authorizes the US Environmental Protection
Agency to protect tap water - this includes the regulation of flowback water and
produced water because impropper handling of these waste streams can endanger
drinking water. If Diesel fuel is added to a fracking fluid, the EPA can regulate that.
http://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-
safe-drinking-water-act
www.deltapure.com Page 29 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
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Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
SAGD
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is an Enhanced oil recovery technology for
producing heavy crude oil and bitumen using steam stimulation to reduce the viscosity
of the oil. This is one of the techniques used with oil sands in Canada.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam-
assisted_gravity_drainage
saline water
Salinity is a measurement of the TDS (total dissolved solids), primarily salts, in water.
Depending on the level of salinity, water might be called fresh (1-3,000 mg/L), brackish
(3,000 - 10,000 mg/L), saline (10,000-35,000 mg/L) or brine (>35,000 mg/L). Electrical
conductivity is an indirect way to assess salinity. Produced water often has a high
salinity. Completion fluids have a high salinity to protect formations (to prevent
swelling) and to maintain hydrostatic pressure (brine fluids can be very heavy - that is,
they can have a high specific gravity.)
http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/docu
ments/02_Godsey_-_Source_Options_508.pdf
salinity
Salinity is a measurement of the TDS (total dissolved solids), primarily salts, in water.
Depending on the level of salinity, water might be called fresh (1-3,000 mg/L), brackish
(3,000 - 10,000 mg/L), saline (10,000-35,000 mg/L) or brine (>35,000 mg/L). Electrical
conductivity is an indirect way to assess salinity. Produced water often has a high
salinity. Completion fluids have a high salinity to protect formations (to prevent
swelling) and to maintain hydrostatic pressure (brine fluids can be very heavy - that is,
they can have a high specific gravity.)
http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/docu
ments/02_Godsey_-_Source_Options_508.pdf
Salt Cavern Leaching, Salt Dome
Leaching
Natural gas (and even liquid hydrocarbons) are sometimes stored in underground
caverns called "salt caverns." Salt caverns are man-made storage structures made by
pumping water into an undergound salt deposit (a salt bed, or salt dome) to dissolve (or
"leach-out") the salt, and then by pumping out the salty water (brine). This leaves
behind big open cavern that is great for storage of natural gas for "peak loads" or short
term needs because the gas is easy to extract from the cavern. In the process of creating
the cavern, large amounts of brine must be dealt with as waste water. It might be
pumped into the ocean, it might be injected into waste water wells, or it may be routed
to some type beneficial use. In any case, the water generally must be treated to render
it compliant with regulatory and/or process requirements. Delta Pure Filtration offers
an array of filters that may be used for Salt Cavern Leaching operations.
http://www.naturalgas.org/naturalgas/storage.asp
#aquifers
salt water disposal well (SWD)This is a well that is no longer producing hydrocarbons that is used for the injection of
brine fluids such as flowback water or produced water. See Class II Injection Well.
http://www.injectionpartners.com/
what-are-saltwater-injection-wells/
www.deltapure.com Page 30 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
sand
In drilling, sand is a particle in a drilling mud that is at least 74 microns in diameter. In
well completions, sand is a particulate contaminant that one strives to prevent being
produced out of of the well.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/s/s
and.aspx
sandstone
A very porous type of rock that is of the nature of consolidated sand. Sandstones are
often reservoir rocks. They can be highly permeable and produced through
conventional methods, or they can be "tight sandstone" and are then produced through
uconventional methods such as fracking.
Scale"Scale" are deposits composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium
hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and calcium sulfate (CaSO4).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water
SCE solids control equipment
Screen A screen is a deviced used in the well for sand control.http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/s/s
creen.aspx
Screenout
Screenout is the plugging of perforations or other openings in the production
equipment - pressure of the completion fluid then spikes. Screenout can also be a rise in
pressure during gravel packing operations - which can signify the conclusion of the
operation, or if it occurs too soon can signify a problem.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/s/s
creen_out.aspx
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
secondary recovery
After the natural pressure in a well as fallen off, crude oil is forced out by externally
applied pressure through the injection of water ("waterflood"), natural gas re-injection,
or gas lift (injection of a gas such as air or carbon dioxide) - this is the secondary
recovery operation.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_of_petrole
um
secondary tertiary recoveryThe use of microbes to lower the viscosity of difficult-to-extract oil is called "secondary
tertiary recover." Texas offers tax incentives to do this.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_of_petrole
um
secondary treatment
In a municipal waste water treatment plant, secondary treatment is a biological
treatment component of a municipal treatment plant and is usually preceded by simple
settling (primary treatment).
http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/techbasedpermitting/
sectreat.cfm
sedimentary rock
Hydrocarbons (crude oil, methane gas) are created and contained in the pores geologic
formations, usually in sedimentary rocks. Commonly known sedimentary rocks include
sandstone, limestone, and shale. Sedimentary rock is made of sediment that, with the
passage of time, is pressed and cemented into rock.
http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/bmordick/scien
cefiction_why_do_we_frac.html
www.deltapure.com Page 31 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
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separator
A mechanical separator is usually employed to remove large aerosols and particles from
a natural gas stream, as a type of pre-filtration step. The usual format for a separator is
that of a large vessel which allows gas to expand so that velocity is reduced, allowing
large droplets and particles to drop out of the flow stream. This idea is sometimes called
a "knock-out pot." A second stage in the top of the vessel might be a type of knitted
mesh or "demister pad". Vanes (vane demister) or cyclonic action might be employed in
a mechanical separator.
settling pondA settling pond is large "man made" pond for wastewater where water is stored for a
period of time to allow large and heavy partcles to settle. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settling_basin
SGE Shale Gas Extraction.
SGE Wastewater
shale gas extraction wastewater: includes HFFW, produced water, spent drilling fluids,
and spent well completion and treatment fluids that have result from shale gas
extraction activities.
shaker a shaker is vibrating sievehttp://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=shaker
shaleA tight (impermeable) rock that is sensitive to water (it can swell) and can harbor "shale
gas."
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/s/s
hale.aspx
Shale Gas Natural gas found in shale formations.sheen A discoloration found on the surface of water contaminated with oil.
sieve cut
Sieve cut describes the particle size range of a sample, such as a proppant. -20/40
would mean that 90% of particles pass through a 20 mesh sieve (840 microns) and be
retained by a 40 mesh sieve (420 microns).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_(scale)
skim oil
When salt water is trucked or piped to a SWD, oil is salvaged from the water prior to
pumping it into the disposal well. “Skim oil” can then be a significant revenue sources
for the facility, above and beyond saltwater disposal fees.
http://www.injectionpartners.com/what-are-
saltwater-injection-wells/
Sliding Sleeve
For wells that are fracked, a "sliding sleeve" method is one potential alternative to
"plug and perf." Sections are targetted for fracking by selectively exposing perforations
in a sliding casing. A series of balls or darts are sent downhole, (smallest first, then
largest) to trigger the sleeves. The method is faster and perhaps less expensive than
"plug and perf" but productivity might be less.
http://www.undeerc.org/bakken/completiontechn
ologies.aspx
sour crudeA crude oil which contains high levels of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide or mercaptans
and requires appropriate processing.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=sour+crude
SPE Society of Petroleum Engineers http://www.spe.org/index.php
SRB Sulfate reducing bacteria - these culprits generate destructive H2S (acid gas).
www.deltapure.com Page 32 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is an enhanced oil recovery technology for
producing heavy crude oil and bitumen using steam stimulation to reduce the viscosity
of the oil. This is one of the techniques used with oil sands in Canada.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam-
assisted_gravity_drainage
stimulation
Stimulation enhances the permeability of a formation so that hydrocarbons can more
easily flow out, or it can restore the permeability of a formation that was damaged
through plugging. Fracturing is one form of stimulation which uses high pressure fluid
to create fractures in the production zone. Other forms of stimulation (matrix
stimulation) use acids (such as hydrochloric acid) or solvent at a pressure below the
"fracturing pressure" to eat away blockages, or create wormholes in the formation.
Stimulation fluids are often filtered. (Contact Delta Pure Filtration for your filtration
requirements!)
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=stimulation
Storage Pit
A "drilling fluid storage pit" is pit used for storage of drilling fluid for future drilling
operations. An "emergency saltwater storage pit" is used for temporary storage of
produced saltwater when there is a temporary shutdown of a disposal well or fluid
injection well, or when there is temporary overflow of saltwater storage tanks, or when
a well loads up with formation fluids such that the well may die. Emergency saltwater
storage pits are sometimes called emergency pits or blowdown pits.
http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.Tac
Page?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_pl
oc=&pg=1&ti=16&ch=3&rl=8
string wound filter
A type of economically-produced depth filter common in both upstream and
downstream hydrodcarbon processing that uses a perforated core around which a filter
medium, comprised of a "filter yarn" is wound. The removal rating of the filter is
controlled by the winding pattern, the winding tension, the depth of the winding, and
the properties of the yarn. This filter format is flexible in that an appropriate material
can often be wound in order to assure chemcial compatibility for a given application.
Also, lead times for this type of filter are often short compared to many other filter
types, which provides a logistical benefit. Delta Pure Filtration is a leading manufacturer
of string wound filters and other filters.
http://www.deltapure.com/phpages/wp-
content/uploads/2012/10/Best_Pre-
Filters_String_Wound.pdf
www.deltapure.com Page 33 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
the new EcoWound™ filter for produced water and brine fluids
economic ▫ ecological ▫ effective
made with recycled materials!
www.deltapure.com 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
stripping
Stripping is the process of removing a normally or potentially gasseous chemical
dissolved in a fluid, generally with heat supplied by steam (steam stripping) in a
stripping column. Reducing pressure in the stripper column also assists in pulling out
the target chemical. For example, rich amine (with H2S in it) is made lean (with much
reduced H2S, and with reduced CO2) in a stripper column. Stripping can be a way of
"regenerating" a fluid for re-use, for example. A stripper column uses a countercurrent
flow mechnism - the rich fluid flows down and the lean fluid exits at the bottom. The
stripping gas (steam) flows up. A way of increasing the surface area for contact
between the flow streams must be used, such as packing media, wiers, trays, bubble
caps or the like.
Surface Casing
Surface casing is a cement plus pipe structure that protects aquifers from the effects of
drilling and hydrocarbon production operations. The Surface Casing casing starts at the
top surface and goes down just below a fresh water aquifer, but does not go all the way
to the end of the well. A casing pipe is inserted into the bore, through which cement is
poured, such that the cement comes out the "shoe" at the end of the pipe and fills the
annulus between the casing pipe and the bore wall. (Cement is pushed out of the center
of the pipe.) The casing not only protects fresh water aquifers from contamination, but
serves as an attachment point for the blowout preventer. It is also a support for other
casings that are later added to the well.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=surface+casing
Surface Water Examples of surface waters are streams, rivers, ponds and lakes.
swab
Swabbing is generally insertion of a rubber cub like device into the well, which once
inserted is made to seal against the well bore and where it is then raised - thus causing a
"kick" - initiating flow of oil out of a well.
SWD (Salt Water Disposal Well)This is a well that is no longer producing hydrocarbons that is used for the injection of
brine fluids such as flowback water or produced water. See Class II Injection Well.
http://www.injectionpartners.com/
what-are-saltwater-injection-wells/
www.deltapure.com Page 34 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
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Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
sweetening
Sweetening is the process of removing H2S (hydrogen sulfide), an acid gas from natural
gas. When natural gas has H2S in it, the gas is called sour gas. The gas without much H2S
in it is called sweet gas. Sweetening is often accomplished through the use of "amine"
which absorbs the H2S . C02 is another acid gas that is removed during sweetening. Acid
gasses are undesirable because they cause corrosion problems, and because they
cannot be burned to produce heat (i.e., they have no heating value). Sweetening is a
countercurrent process: the amine flows down a contactor tower across a series of
trays, while the sour gas flows up. Filters from Delta Pure Filtration are used in the
amine sweetening process in order to prevent foaming (upsets called "foam outs") and
protect equipment from fouling.
synfuelSynthetic fuel or synfuel is generally a liquid fuel derived from coal, natural gas, or
biomass.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fuel
syngas
Syngas is made through a "gasification" process whereby carbonaceous matter such as
coal or biomass is subjected to process conditions such as heat, limitted amounts of
oxygen, steam and catalysts. In underground coal gasification the process is made to
occur in situ . Syngas has less energy content and different combustion properties as
compared to natural gas, so it is used as an intermediate in making other fuels, or it is
used in special or modified engines. High-temperature-compatible, corrosion-resistant
filters are used in the manufacturing process.
http://www.clarke-energy.com/gas-type/synthesis-
gas-syngas/
tangential flow filtration
In cross flow filtration (synonymous with tangential flow filtration or TFF), some
percentage (but less than 100%) of flow goes through a filtration membrane and is thus
filtered, and the balance flows across the surface of the membrane, helping to keep the
membrane surface clean. The part of the flow that flows through the filter membrane is
called the filtrate or permeate, while the part of the flow that does not flow through the
membrane (but flows across the membrane) is called the retentate or concentrate.
Cross flow filtration can be used to filter out particulates, for separations of immiscible
fluids, for removal of molecular contamination, for the removal of salts, and for other
applications as well.The type of contaminant or molecule that can removed (or
retained) by the cross flow filtration system depends primarily upon the type of
membrane that is selected. String wound filters from Delta Pure Filtration are often
used as "pre-filters" in front of cross flow filtration membranes.
TCF standard cubic feet/tonTDS Total Dissolved Solids
www.deltapure.com Page 35 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
TEORTEOR or thermally enhnaced oil recovery methods include injection of steam, or lighting
fire to a portion of the well.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_of_petrole
um
tertiary recovery
After oil producers utilize primary and secondary recovery methods to bring crude oil to
the surface, they may resort to more expensive tertiary recovery methods when the
price of crude oil justifies these means. Tertiary recovery employs strategies to reduce
the viscostiy of heavier crude oils . Methods include: steam, fire,surfactants, carbon
dioxide, and microbes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_of_petrole
um
tertiary treatment
Tertiary (advanced) treatment uses a variety of biological, physical, and chemical
treatment methods, beyond those used in primary and secondary treatment, to reduce
nutrients, organics, and pathogens.
https://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/water/wastewat
er/EPA_water_%20treatment_manual_primary_se
condary_tertiary1.pdf
TFF
In cross flow filtration (synonymous with tangential flow filtration or TFF), some
percentage (but less than 100%) of flow goes through a filtration membrane and is thus
filtered, and the balance flows across the surface of the membrane, helping to keep the
membrane surface clean. The part of the flow that flows through the filter membrane is
called the filtrate or permeate, while the part of the flow that does not flow through the
membrane (but flows across the membrane) is called the retentate or concentrate.
Cross flow filtration can be used to filter out particulates, for separations of immiscible
fluids, for removal of molecular contamination, for the removal of salts, and for other
applications as well.The type of contaminant or molecule that can removed (or
retained) by the cross flow filtration system depends primarily upon the type of
membrane that is selected. String wound filters from Delta Pure Filtration are often
used as "pre-filters" in front of cross flow filtration membranes.
tight GasTight gas is found in an impermeable formation and "fracking" maybe required in order
to produce it.
Tight OilTight oil is found in an impermeable formation and "fracking" maybe required in order
to produce it.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_oil
true vertical depthTrue vertical depth (TVD) is the "straight down" depth, and TVD can be less than the
measured depth (MD).TSS total suspended solidstubing drill pipe
TVDTVD = true vertical depth. This is the "straight down" depth and can be less than the
measured depth (MD).
www.deltapure.com Page 36 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
UF
Ultrafiltration or UF - use of membranes to remove molecules larger than inorganic
salts. Virus filtration is also considered UF, because viruses are about the size of some
very large molecules, and because most viruses are smaller than bacteria which are
removed by microfiltration or MF. UF membranes are rated based on MWCO or
molecular weight cutoff, in Daltons or kilo Daltons (kD). UF is sometimes used to
remove organics in front of RO membrane. Melt blown filters or string wound filters
from Delta Pure Filtration can be used in conjunction with UF.
UIC
Underground Injection Control - The UIC Program of the US EPA is responsible for
regulating the construction, operation, permitting, and closure of injection wells that
place fluids underground for storage or disposal. This is administered by the Federal
Government throught the EPA, or through the state if the state achieves "primacy."
ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration or UF - use of membranes to remove molecules larger than inorganic
salts. Virus filtration is also considered UF, because viruses are about the size of some
very large molecules, and because most viruses are smaller than bacteria which are
removed by microfiltration or MF. UF membranes are rated based on MWCO or
molecular weight cutoff, in Daltons or kilo Daltons (kD). UF is sometimes used to
remove organics in front of RO membrane. Melt blown filters or string wound filters
from Delta Pure Filtration can be used in conjunction with UF.
Uncemented Liner In the producing zone, the well casing or liner sometimes is not cemented in place. http://www.undeerc.org/bakken/completiontechn
ologies.aspx
unconventional gas extractionUnconventional gas extraction is generally synonymous with methods of production
using hydraulic fracturing, or fracking.
Upstream
Upstream production in the oil and gas industry is synonymous with exploration and
production. Upstream activities involve finding oil and gas reservoirs, and extracting the
oil and gas out of the ground.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_(petroleu
m_industry)
USDW Underground Source of Drinking WaterUSDWs Underground Sources of Drinking WaterUSEIA United States Energy Information Agency
USGS
United States Geological Survey. A United States scientific governmental agency aimed
at gathering and dispersing information to help with understanding and managing the
nation's natural resources for purposes of supply and safety.
http://www.usgs.gov/
www.deltapure.com Page 37 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
U-tube
Wells can be thought of as a pipe within a pipe - the drill string is within the wider bore
(the hole that is being drilled) for example. Fluid can flow down the central tube, and
then up the annulus. An analogous way to envision this is a U-shaped tube, (such as in a
device that might be used to measure barometric pressure.) If a heavy plug of fluid is
pumped down the central tube and a less dense fluid is displaced and comes up out of
the annulus,the fluid is said to "U-tube."
http://www.slideshare.net/Drlee777/well-control-
school-well-control-manual-i
vortex A hydrocyclone.
VSSIf TSS (total suspended solids) are collected, then ignited at a very high temperature, the
VSS or volatile suspended solids will burn off.
WACWeak Acid Cation (WAC) ion exchange - this step is obviated through use of evaporative
water treatment techniques.
http://www.tundrasolutions.ca/files/Evaporators%
20in%20SAGD%20DP.pdf
water buffaloA large tank of a capacity of perhaps around 1,000 US gallons (the actual capacity can
vary), that holds fresh water.Water Softener An ion exchange resin wich removes minerals from hard water. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water
watershedA drainage basin or catchment where all the surface water drains into the same place,
such as a river or reservoir.
WEF
Water Environment Federation is a nonprofit association for water quality professionals -
key focuses are waste water and sewage treatement. The signature event of the WEF is
called WEFTEC.
http://www.wef.org/
Well Casing
Casing is strong, wide pipe that hangs down from the surface into a well, to prevent the
well from caving in, and to protect aquifers and formations. The casing is often
cemented in place. There are several stages of casing, and the stages progress from
wider to narrow as they get close to the bottom: conductor casing, surface casing,
intermediate casing, production casing, perforated casing.
http://www.rigzone.com/training/insight.asp?insig
ht_id=333&c_id=24
Well Casing String
Casing string is a long section of connected oilfield pipe placed into a wellbore to enable
the space between the pipe and the well bore (the annulus) to be filled with cement
(the casing). The pipe or string is comprised of segments (called "joints") and they are
usually joined by a coupler. For example, a casing would be used to protect a fresh-
water-bearing zone. Because there are different zones, wells are drilled and casings are
run in sections.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casing_string
well headThis is the pressure-containing equipment at the surface of the well where casing strings
are suspended and the blowout preventer or Christmas tree is connected.
www.deltapure.com Page 38 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
Term Definition Reference Link
Glossary of Terms for Produced Water, Fracking, Energy Production, Filtration, and Water Treatment
wellbore
Wellbore is the hole that is drilled in production operations, and its outer diameter has
as its boundary the face of the rock wall. "Wellbore" may also refer to the rockface
within the drilled hole.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/w/
wellbore.aspx
WLSWarm Lime Softening - this water treatment step is obviated through use of evaporative
water treatment techniques.
http://www.tundrasolutions.ca/files/Evaporators%
20in%20SAGD%20DP.pdf
Woodford Shale Woodford shale is in Oklahoma, USA.
WOR
Water to Oil Ratio - the ratio of the number of barrels of produced water to barrel of oil
produced. A typical WOR is 3 or 4, but it can be much higher for some drilling
operations.
http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/pr
oduced-water-an-economic-opportunity
workover
Workover is the repair, remediation, or stimulation of an existing production well in
order to restore, prolong or enhance the production of hydrocarbons. Workover fluids
such as brine are used. These fluids are generally filtered. Delta Pure Filtration is a
manufacturer of filters for workover and other fluids.
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms.as
px?LookIn=term%20name&filter=workover
WWTP waste water treatment plant
zeoliteA zeolite is a microporous mineral commonly used as a commercial adsorbent, a water
purification aid, as a catalyst, as detergent additive, etc. etc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolite
zero liquid discharge (ZLD)
Zero Liquid Discharge or ZLD is a waste water or produced water treatment process that
aims to have no water effluent that would need to be disposed of, but instead aims to
re-cycle water - such as for steam as is used in SAGD. Concentrated solids are also
produced.
http://www.tundrasolutions.ca/files/Evaporators%
20in%20SAGD%20DP.pdf
www.deltapure.com Page 39 of 39 phone: 804-798-2888
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www.deltapure.com 804-798-2888