1.1 PROTG EDUCATION CENTER, LLC Giving the Gift of Education www.ProtegeEducation.com Career Development Program High school graduates & College students SAT PSAT NJ ASK Grades 3 to 12 Science Math (Biology, Chemistry & Physics) College Biology, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Chemistry & Physics Biology Research Lab Assistant Certificate of Completion Medical Laboratory Scientist ASCP exam Preparation Presentation, Public Speaking & Leadership Skills Certificate of Completion Tutoring & Test Preparation 732-432-4900 Computer Science Certificate of Completion

2. Biochemistry Glycolysis 2Protg Education Center, LLC All rights reserved www.ProtegeEducation.com Presented by Nithianandan Selliah, PhD Scientist Founder and CEO of Protg Education Center, LLC 3. Protg Education Center, LLC All rights reserved www.ProtegeEducation.com Energy Storage/release The Oxidation of Carbon Fuels Is an Important Source of Cellular Energy ATP serves as the principal immediate donor of free energy. Motion, active transport, signal amplification, and biosynthesis can occur only if ATP is continually regenerated The carbon in fuel moleculessuch as glucose and fatsis oxidized to CO2, and the energy released is used to regenerate ATP The carbon oxidation energy is used in some cases to create a compound with high phosphoryl transfer potential and in other cases to create an ion gradient. In either case, the end point is the formation of ATP. 3 4. Protg Education Center, LLC All rights reserved www.ProtegeEducation.com Glycolysis Glycolytic pathway is common to virtually all cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Stage 1: Conversion of glucose into fructose 1,6- bisphosphate consists of three steps: a phosphorylation, an isomerization, and a second phosphorylation reaction. Glucose enters cells through specific transport proteins and has one principal fate: it is phosphorylated by ATP to form glucose 6-phosphate. This step is notable for two reasons: 1. glucose 6-phosphate cannot diffuse through the membrane, because of its negative charges 2. the addition of the phosphoryl group begins to destabilize glucose, thus facilitating its further metabolism. 4 Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ATP ADP ATP ADP Hexokinase Phosphoglucose isomerase Phosphofructokinase 5. Protg Education Center, LLC All rights reserved www.ProtegeEducation.com Glycolysis Stage 1, which is the conversion of glucose into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 5 Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ATP ADP ATP ADP Hexokinase Phosphoglucose isomerase Phosphofructokinase 6. Protg Education Center, LLC All rights reserved www.ProtegeEducation.com Glycolysis Stage 2: cleavage of the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two three- carbon fragments 6 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Aldolase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Triose phosphate isomerase 7. Protg Education Center, LLC All rights reserved www.ProtegeEducation.com Glycolysis Stage 3: ATP is harvested when the three-carbon fragments are oxidized to pyruvate. 7 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphoate 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate ADP ATP Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase Phosphoglycerate kinase Phosphoenolpyruvate Enolase Pyruvate Pyruvate Kinase Phosphoglycerate mutase ADP ATP Pi, NAD+ NADH H2O 8. Protg Education Center, LLC All rights reserved www.ProtegeEducation.com Glycolysis 8 Stage 3: ATP is harvested when the three-carbon fragments are oxidized to pyruvate. Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O 9. Protg Education Center, LLC All rights reserved www.ProtegeEducation.com The Glycolytic Pathway is Tightly Controlled The rate of conversion of glucose into pyruvate is regulated to meet two major cellular needs: 1. the production of ATP 2. the provision of building blocks for synthetic reactions, such as the formation of fatty acids In metabolic pathways, enzymes catalyzing essentially irreversible reactions are potential sites of control. In glycolysis, the reactions catalyzed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase are virtually irreversible, each of them serves as a control site. These enzyme activities are regulated by 1. the reversible binding of allosteric effectors or by covalent modification 2. Transcription of these enzymes 9 10. Protg Education Center, LLC All rights reserved www.ProtegeEducation.com Glycolysis Pathway 10 Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ATP ADP ATP ADP Hexokinase Phosphoglucose isomerase Phosphofructokinase Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Aldolase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Triose phosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphoate 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate ADP ATP Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase Phosphoglycerate kinase Phosphoenolpyruvate Enolase Pyruvate Pyruvate Kinase Phosphoglycerate mutase ADP ATP Pi, NAD+ NADH H2O 11. Protg Education Center, LLC All rights reserved www.ProtegeEducation.com Sources http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22593/ 11 12. 12 PROTG EDUCATION CENTER, LLC Giving the Gift of Education www.ProtegeEducation.com Tutoring Program Pre-med students Undergraduate students Affordable rates 732-432-4900info@ProtegeEducation.com Biochemistry, Biology, Microbiology, Immunology, Chemistry & Physics 13. 13 PROTG EDUCATION CENTER, LLC Giving the Gift of Education www.ProtegeEducation.com Career Development Program High school graduates & College students SAT PSAT NJ ASK Grades 3 to 12 Science Math (Biology, Chemistry & Physics) College Biology, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Chemistry & Physics Biology Research Lab Assistant Certificate of Completion Medical Laboratory Scientist ASCP exam Preparation Presentation, Public Speaking & Leadership Skills Certificate of Completion Tutoring & Test Preparation 732-432-4900 Computer Science Certificate of Completion 14. 14 PROTG EDUCATION CENTER, LLC Giving the Gift of Education www.ProtegeEducation.com Thank You 732-432-4900 info@ProtegeEducation.com