goal 3 (#1-21)

Goal 3 (#1-21)

Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of

organisms over time.

Mitosis• 1 parent cell makes 2

genetically identical daughter cells

• Diploid Diploid cells• Asexual reproduction• Growth, maintainence,

repair

Meiosis• 1 parent cell makes 4

genetically different gamete cells– Cross over– Independent assortment

• Diploid Haploid• Sexual Reproduction• Gamete = sex cells (eggs

and sperm)

• Crossing over- alleles change place on homologous chromosomes during meiosis= increases genetic variation

• Nondisjunction- chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis= too many (trisomy like Downs Syndrom) or too few

chromosomes (monsomy) in gamete cells

Haploid• Cells with HALF the

chromosomes• Cells with one of each

chromosome• Gamete cells only

Diploid• Cells with TWICE the

chromosomes• Cells with both homologous

chromosome pairs• Somatic (body) cells

Question 1

• A human skin cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in a human sperm cell?A. 23B. 46C. 92D. 138

Cell Cycle• G1 -GROWTH

• S- DNA replication/synthesis

• G2- preparation to divide

• M- mitosis or meiosis

Sexual Reproduction• Increases genetic variation• Beneficial in changing

environments• Requires 2 parents• Takes more time and energy

Asexual Reproduction • Maintains genetic stability• Beneficial in stable

environment• Requires 1 parent• Faster and more energy

efficient

Question 2

• Which statement is true regarding asexual reproduction as a method of producing offspring?A. common among mammalsB. not a method used by plantsC. produces offspring that are genetically identicalD. limited to unicellular organisms

Genetics (3.03)Inheritance- get traits from parents

Gene- segment of DNA that codes for protein

Allele- version of gene (R or r)

Homozygous- same alleles (RR or rr)

Heterozygous- different alleles (Rr)

Dominant- allele that covers other allele (R)

Recessive- allele only seen in homozygote (r)

Phenotype- what it looks like (red or white)

Genotype- genes it has (RR, Rr, rr)

Question 3

• To determine the molecular sequence of a gene for a protein, which molecule should be analyzed?A. tRNAB. ATPC. DNAD. rRNA

• Independent Assortment- separation of alleles during meiosis is random– Each gamete gets different combination of parents

genes– Why you are not exactly the same as biological

siblings!!

Monohybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross

Question 4

• In guinea pigs, the allele for rough coat (R) is dominant to the allele for smooth coat (r). A rough coat male and a smooth coat female mate. They produce several litters, of which 50% are rough coat and 50% are smooth coat. What were the genotypes of the parents?A. RR × rrB. Rr × rrC. RR × RrD. Rr × Rr

InheritanceTypes Description Examples

Dominant/Recessive

Incomplete Dominance

Codominance

Sex-linked

Multiple Alleles

Polygenic traits

One allele is dominant over the other allele (Rr = R dominant)

One allele is not dominant over other allele (Rr = blend of traits)

Both alleles dominant (Rr = both traits shown)

Alleles on X or Y chromosome (Xb)

More than one allele for trait(C, Ch, Cch, c)

More than one gene for the trait

Red and white flowersRR, Rr = red, rr = white

Red, white, pink flowersRR = red, Rr = pink, rr = whiteRed, white and spotted flowersRR =red, Rr= red/white spots, rr= whiteColorblindness, hemophiliaXX & XY = normal, XXb = carrierXbXb & XbY = affectedBlood types:IAIA, IAi = A; IBIB, IBi = B; IAIB = AB; ii = OHair color, height, skin color

Question 5

• In sickle cell anemia, the heterozygous condition results in resistance to malaria. If two heterozygous parents have a child, what are the chances of that child being resistant to malaria but not having sickle cell anemia?A. 25%B. 50%C. 75%D. 100%

Question 6

• Some traits are determined by more than two alleles. If aabbcc is crossed with AABBCC, what would be the genotype of the offspring?A. AaBbCcB. AABBCCC. AabbccD. aaAAbbBBccCC

Karyotypes

• What is a karyote?• Picture of chromosomes during

mitosis

• How do they show sex of an individual?

• XX = female, XY = male • How do they show a genetic

disorder like Down’s Syndrome?• Extra or too few chromosomes• There should be 2 of each

(homologous pairs)

Question 7

• When viewing a karyotype to detect genetic disorders, which of the following would be a concern?A. different chromosomes of different lengthsB. two X chromosomesC. twenty-three pairs of chromosomesD. three chromosomes in any one set

Pedigrees

• Normal male:

• Normal female:

• Affected male:

• Affected female:

• Is this a dominant or recessive trait? Explain.

• Dominant= in every generation, child with trait always has parent with trait

• Complete a Punnet Squres for

individual 3 & 4.

Test Cross

• Which genotype is used in a test cross?A. homozygous dominantB. heterozygous dominantC. homozygous recessiveD. heterozygous recessive

DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis (3.01)

DNA Shape: double helix

DNA Complementary Base PairsA- TT- AG- CC- G

Question 8

• Which of the strands below is the complement to the segment GCATCCGA of a DNA molecule?A. CCTAGGCTB. GCATCCGAC. CGUAGGCUD. CGTAGGCT

DNA Nuleotide

RNA Nuleotide

Phosphate group

Phosphate group

Deoxyribose Sugar

Nitrogenous Base (A, T, G, C)

Ribose Sugar

Nitrogenous Base (A, U, G, C)

DNA RNA

Bases A, T, G, C A, U, G, C

Shape Double helix Single stranded

Sugar deoxyribose ribose

Location Nucleus only Anywhere in cell

Types of RNA

mRNACarries copies of the instructions for assembling amino acids from DNA to the rest of the cell.

rRNA Makes up ribosomes.

tRNA Transfers each amino acid to the ribosome to help assemble proteins

Question 9

• What type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis?A. Messenger RNAB. transfer RNAC. ribosomal RNAD. mitochondrial RNA

Transcription TranslationDNA: AAGCTGGGAmRNA: UUCGACCCULocation: nucleus

Location: ribosome in cytoplasmmRNA: UUCGACCCAProtein: Phe, Asp, Pro

protein

http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_vid_proteinsynth/

Question 10

• If a portion of a DNA strand has the base sequence TACGCA, what will be the base sequence of the mRNA strand transcribed?A. TACGCAB. UACGCAC. AUGCGUD. ATGCGT

Question 11

• The chart below matches messenger RNA codons with amino acids.

• A DNA strand has the codon TCA. According to the chart, the corresponding messenger RNA codes for which of the following amino acids?A. Glycine C. alanineB. Leucine D. serine

Replication

• What happens? Make a copy of DNA– 1 original strand– 1 new strand

• When does this happen? S phase of cell cycle (BEFORE mitosis or meiosis)

http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_vid_dnaanimation/

Question 12

• During DNA replication, which of the following segments would be complementary to the original DNA segment of CCTAAT?A. CGATTAB. GGUTTUC. GGATTAD. GGAUUA

Mutation and Protein SynthesisA mutation is Mutation occurs

whenMutations affect proteins

Mutations affect genetic variation.

Change in DNA

sequence

Mistake during DNA replication

When cause change in protein (amino acid) sequence

Increase

Question 13

• Albinism is a genetic mutation that results in some animals being born without the enzyme that produces the pigment for skin and eye color. Which of the following best explains this mutation?A. The DNA failed to replicate.B. The deoxyribose sugar became separated from the

DNA.C. The genetic code change caused the wrong protein to

form.D. The RNA necessary to produce proteins was not

present.

Genetic DisordersInheritance Symptoms

Hemophilia X-linked recessive

Bleeding disorder

Cystic Fibrosis recessive Affects breathing, digestion

Sickle Cell Recessive/codominant

Misshapen blood cells,Heterozygote (AS) = resistant to malaria

Down’s Syndrome

Trisomy 21 Developmentally delayed, oval head, tongue protrubence

Color Blindness

X-linked recessive

Can’t distinguish between colors (ex. Red and green)

Huntington’s Disease

dominant Gradual loss over muscle movements and neurological deterioration

Question 14

• A student has cystic fibrosis, a genetic condition caused by the presence of a homozygous recessive gene. What could be her parent’s genotypes for the cystic fibrosis trait?A. Her father is homozygous dominant; her mother is

homozygous recessive.B. Her father is heterozygous; her mother is homozygous

dominant.C. Her father is homozygous dominant; her mother is

homozygous dominant.D. Her father is heterozygous; her mother is homozygous

recessive.

Genetic Engineering (3.04)H Selective Breeding a. circular piece of DNA. This can be used to create recombinant DNA.

C Gel Electrophoresis b. Genetically identical cells or organisms.

F PCR c. Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by size. DNA fragments are placed at one end of a porous gel and electrical voltage is applied.

J Restriction enzymes d. DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

D Recombinant DNA e. Analysis of the human genome to identify genes.

K Transformation f. Technique that allows scientists to make many copies of a particular gene

A Plasmid g. Replacing an absent or faulty gene with a normal, working gene.

L Transgenic Organism h. Method of breeding that allows only organisms with desired traits to produce the next generation. Ex) farming or dog breeding

I DNA Fingerprinting i. Analysis of sections of DNA, using gel electrophoresis, that have little or no known function that vary widely from one individual to another

E Human Genome Project j. Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides, allows creation of recombinant DNA

G Gene Therapy k. A cell takes in DNA from outside the cell and becomes part of the cell’s DNA

B Cloning l. Organism that contains genes from other organisms

What technique was used to create the DNA bands?Gel electrophoresis

How can you use this process to identify paternity?DNA bands kid has not from mom must be from dad.

Which two organisms are most closely related?Ones with most DNA bands in commom

Crime scene DNA matches Suspect 2

Organism 2 and 4 most closely related

Question 15

• How would genetically altering crops for pest resistance be economically beneficial?A. Erosion of topsoil would no longer be a concern.B. Crops would be more easily protected from

weeds.C. Crop-eating pests would not ruin crops.D. Abnormal plant growth would be eliminated.

Question 16

• After performing amniocentesis, which analysis is most often used to determine the chromosomal condition of a developing fetus?A. blood typeB. DNA sequenceC. genetic markerD. karyotype

Evolution (3.05)Process Natural Selection Genetic Drift Mutation

Describe Organisms with best traits (adaptations) survive and reproduce better

Random change in gene pool of small populations

Random change in DNA sequence

Example Giraffes with long necks could reach more food and now all giraffes have long necks

A hurricane kills all the spotted beetles and only light and brown beetles remain

ATGGC AAGGC

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/quicktime/l_012_02.html

Question 17

• Which of the following is an example of natural selection in bacteria?A. genetic engineeringB. binary fissionC. antibiotic resistanceD. nitrogen fixation

• Fitness- ability to survive and reproduce

• Adaptation- trait that helps organism survive and reproduce

Question 18

• The snowshoe rabbit has white fur in winter and dark fur in summer. What is the main advantage of this fur color change to the rabbit?A. The dark fur keeps the rabbit from getting sunburned in

summer.B. The white fur absorbs more sunlight so the rabbit is

warmer in winter.C. The fur color makes the animal blend better with its

environment so that a predator is not as likely to see it.D. The white fur is more valuable to fur trappers, so the

animal will be trapped and better fed in winter.

Phylogenic Tree/Cladogram Dichotomous Key

C is more closely related to B than A

• Origin life- Circle which trait evolved first– Unicellular or multicellular organisms– Aerobic or Anaerobic organisms– Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic organisms– Sexually reproducing or asexually reproducing

organisms

http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_vid_deepseavents/

• Describe and diagram endosymbiotic theory:

• Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotes

• = mitochondria and chloroplast

Types of Selection

Disruptive Selection- extreme traits (end of curve) survive better

Stabilizing Selection- average trait (middle of curve) survive better

Directional Selection- one type of trait (one end of curve) has best fitness

Evidence of EvolutionFossils Show transitional species, homologous structures and

change over timeHomologous Structures

Evidence of common ancestorEx) bat wing and human arm bones

Vestigial Organs Organ not used in modern species, show change in species over time

Embryology Show common ancestor

Artificial selection Show change over time ex) dog breeding

DNA and proteins Similarities show common ancestor

Insecticide/pesticide/antibiotic resistance

Show change over time

Question 19

• The genetic information in the DNA of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas is more than 98% the same. What is the most likely explanation for this similarity?A. They evolved from a common ancestor.B. They evolved from each other.C. Their evolution is nearly complete.D. They evolved at the same time.

New species occur through the process of ____________________. This occurs through _____________________________, when individuals can no longer reproduce with each other. This can happen when members of a population are separated by rivers, moutains or other types of ______________ isolation.

Reproductive Speciation

Geographic

Reproductive isolation

Geographic

Speciation

Question 20

• Islands are the habitats of many of the world’s rare species. Which of the following factors contributes most to this situation?A. small land areaB. genetic isolationC. limited food varietyD. fewer predators

Punctuated equilibrium-Evolution occurs rapidly at times

Graudalism-Evolution occurs slowly and steadily

Coevolution- 2 organisms that interact in the environment affect the evolution of the otherEx) newt and snakeBird and flower

Adaptive radiation- Many species can evolve from 1 common ancestor

Convergent evolution-Organisms can look similar because they live in similar environments but not have a common ancestor

Question 21

• The Galapagos finches are a group of closely related species of birds. Over time, specialized beaks have evolved for each species in response to mutations and competition for food and living space. This is an example of which of the following?A. adaptive radiationB. CoevolutionC. convergent evolutionD. vestigial structures

Goal 3

Questions 1-37

Question 1


Question 1


Gamete = haploid = ½ chromosomes!!!

Question 2

• Which statement is true regarding asexual reproduction as a method of producing offspring?A. common among mammalsB. not a method used by plantsC. produces offspring that are genetically identicalD. limited to unicellular organisms

Question 3

• To determine the molecular sequence of a gene for a protein, which molecule should be analyzed?A. tRNAB. ATPC. DNAD. rRNA

Question 4


Question 4


R r

r Rr rr

r Rr rr

50% 50%

Rough coat parentSm

ooth

coa

t par

ent

Question 5


Question 5


A a

A AA Aa

a Aa aa

Question 6


Question 6


AABBCC aabbccAaBbCc

Question 7


Question 7


Trisomy, like Down’s Syndrome

Question 8

• Which of the strands below is the complement to the segment GCATCCGA of a DNA molecule?A. CCTAGGCTB. GCATCCGAC. CGUAGGCUD. CGTAGGCT

Question 9

• What type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis?A. Messenger RNAB. transfer RNAC. ribosomal RNAD. mitochondrial RNA

Question 10


Question 10


DNA RNA

Question 11



Question 11



TCA AGU

Question 12

• During DNA replication, which of the following segments would be complementary to the original DNA segment of CCTAAT?A. CGATTAB. GGUTTUC. GGATTAD. GGAUUA

Question 12

• During DNA replication, which of the following segments would be complementary to the original DNA segment of CCTAAT?A. CGATTAB. GGUTTUC. GGATTAD. GGAUUA DNA DNA

Question 13

• Albinism is a genetic mutation that results in some animals being born without the enzyme that produces the pigment for skin and eye color. Which of the following best explains this mutation?A. The DNA failed to replicate.B. The deoxyribose sugar became separated from the

DNA.C. The genetic code change caused the wrong protein to

form.D. The RNA necessary to produce proteins was not

present.

Question 14





recessive.

Question 14





recessive.

ff

F f

f Ff ff

f Ff ff

Question 15

• How would genetically altering crops for pest resistance be economically beneficial?A. Erosion of topsoil would no longer be a concern.B. Crops would be more easily protected from

weeds.C. Crop-eating pests would not ruin crops.D. Abnormal plant growth would be eliminated.

Question 16

• After performing amniocentesis, which analysis is most often used to determine the chromosomal condition of a developing fetus?A. blood typeB. DNA sequenceC. genetic markerD. karyotype

Question 17

• Which of the following is an example of natural selection in bacteria?A. genetic engineeringB. binary fissionC. antibiotic resistanceD. nitrogen fixation

Question 18






Question 18






Camouflage

Question 19

• The genetic information in the DNA of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas is more than 98% the same. What is the most likely explanation for this similarity?A. They evolved from a common ancestor.B. They evolved from each other.C. Their evolution is nearly complete.D. They evolved at the same time.

Question 20

• Islands are the habitats of many of the world’s rare species. Which of the following factors contributes most to this situation?A. small land areaB. genetic isolationC. limited food varietyD. fewer predators

Question 21

• The Galapagos finches are a group of closely related species of birds. Over time, specialized beaks have evolved for each species in response to mutations and competition for food and living space. This is an example of which of the following?A. adaptive radiationB. CoevolutionC. convergent evolutionD. vestigial structures

Question 22

• Which process is responsible for the diversity of plants within a species?A. cross-pollinationB. TranspirationC. self-fertilizationD. photosynthesis

Question 23

• Which of the following demonstrates the most significant difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?A. The chromosome number is reduced during asexual

reproduction.B. The number of chromosomes is reduced during sexual

reproduction.C. The appearance of the organism is changed as a result

of asexual reproduction.D. There is genetic variation as a result of sexual

reproduction.

Question 24

• What is true about any two normal gametes from a human male parent?A. Each has a diploid number of chromosomes.B. They can combine to form a new organism.C. Their chromosomes are exactly the same.D. They have the same number of chromosomes.

Question 25

• A cell has undergone a meiotic division cycle. In order for the cell to achieve a diploid state, what must occur?A. CleavageB. FertilizationC. MeiosisD. mitosis

Question 26

• In a genetics laboratory, two heterozygous tall plants are crossed. If tall is dominant over short, what are the expected phenotypic results?

• A 100% tall• B 75% tall, 25% short• C 50% tall, 50% short• D 25% tall, 75% short

Question 27

• Mr. Jones has blood type A and Mrs. Jones has blood type AB. What is the probability that they will have a child with blood type A if both of Mr. Jones’s parents were AB?A. 0%B. 25%C. 50%D. 100%

Question 28

• Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. A mother with normal color vision and a color blind father have a color blind daughter. Which of the following statements is correct?A. All of their daughters will be color blind.B. The mother is a carrier of the color blindness

gene.C. All of their sons will have normal color visionD. All of their sons will be color blind

Question 29

• What is the purpose of transfer RNA?A. It unzips the double helix so transcription can

begin.B. It retrieves amino acids from the cytoplasm for

protein construction.C. It carries genetic information to the ribosomes.D. It produces a complementary copy of a strand of

DNA

Question 30

• Transcription of the DNA sequence below:AAGCTGGGA

would most directly result in which of the following?A. a sequence of three amino acids, linked by

peptide bondsB. a DNA strand with the base sequence TTCGACCCTC. a mRNA strand with the sequence TTCGACCCTD. a mRNA strand with the sequence UUCGACCCU

Question 31

• The messenger RNA will carry the DNA’s instructions out of the nucleus to which of the following?A. VacuoleB. MitochondriaC. ChloroplastD. ribosome

Question 32

• Great caution must be exercised with recombinant DNA technology. What is the main reason for this concern? A. possible patent violations from competing companiesB. possibility of the fragile recombinant organisms dyingC. possible release of genetically engineered organisms

into the environment with unpredictable resultsD. possibility of producing medicine at a lower cost than

with current technology

Question 33

• Which of the following DNA technologies offers the best chance of survival for endangered species?A. SequencingB. CloningC. ElectrophoresisD. antibody production

Question 34

• A population of bacteria is treated with an antibiotic. How will variation in the population of bacteria increase the likelihood of survival?A. It allows all of the bacteria to be resistant to the

antibiotic.B. It enables the population to increase rapidly.C. Some of the bacteria may be resistant to the

antibiotic.D. The population will be better able to obtain a food

source.

Question 35

• As scientists have developed more productive crop varieties, farmers have switched from growing many traditional varieties to new high-yield varieties. For example, in India, the 10,000 varieties of rice once grown have been reduced to 10 major ones for most of the rice crop.

• Besides the varieties of rice being reduced, what else is reduced by this practice?A. types of soil nutrientsB. the gene pool for riceC. food chains that include riceD. human dietary choices

Question 36

• Some species protect themselves by spraying a foul-smelling chemical when threatened. Why would a spray defense be a useful mechanism for a species?A. Predators would confuse the species with others that

produce foul smells.B. Spray can turn a predator away before an individual is

harmed.C. It is hard for other species to mimic a spraying defense.D. There is no known defense against foul-smelling sprays.

Question 37

• Biochemical analysis uses similarities in which of the following as evidence for evolutionary relationships?A. amino acid sequenceB. bone structureC. cellular architectureD. movement

goal 3 (#1-21)

Documents

alleles dominant rr

allele rrecessive allele

white red

protein allele version

r dominant

rough coat r

gene r

over alleles