goat science and production

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Goat Scienceand

Production


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Goat Scienceand

ProductionSandra G. Solaiman

A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication


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Edition rst published 2010©2010 Blackwell PublishingChapters 3 and 4 are works of the Canadian Government and are not subject to U.S. copyright.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Solaiman, Sandra Golpashini, 1952– Goat science and production / Sandra G. Solaiman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-0936-6 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8138-0936-3 (alk. paper) 1. Goats. 2. Goats–Breeding. I. Title. II. Title: Goat science and production. SF383.S65 2010 636.3 ′ 9–dc22 2009033115

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1 2010


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Dedication

To my mother, Mariam, who instilled in me the value of hard work; to my dearest children, Diaco, Dion, and Emeline,who encourage, strengthen, and humble me; to my dearest students who constantly challenge, question, and motivate me:

May your efforts always be sincere, showing commitment to seemingly trivial matters and not devotion only to subjectsof high status and importance. In the end, status will fade, yet one can never know the impact these supposedly trivialmatters may have on the life of another.

In everything you do, do your best, proceed with integrity, and let your actions be guided by a humane conscience. Indoing so, your life portrait will be painted in colors of true fulllment, unselsh accomplishment, compassionate love,and peace of conscience.

“In all your ways acknowledge him and he will make your paths straight. ”Proverbs 3:6


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Contents

Foreword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Contributors xv

1 Perspectives on Goats and Global Production 3C. Devendra and S.G. Solaiman

2 Goat Breeds 21 N.K. Gurung and S.G. Solaiman

3 Conservation of Goat Genetic Resources 39J.N.B. Shrestha and S. Galal

4 Breeding and Genetics 55J.N.B. Shrestha and G.H. Crow

5 Animal Evaluation 77R.A. Ebert and S.G. Solaiman

6 Functional Anatomy of the Goat 89G.M. Constantinescu and I.A. Constantinescu

7 Applied Reproductive Physiology 139J. Greyling

8 Digestive Physiology and Nutrient Metabolism 157S.G. Solaiman and F.N. Owens

9 Ingestive Behavior, Diet Selection, and Feed Intake 179H. Dove

10 Feeds and Feeding Management 193S.G. Solaiman

11 Health Management, Diseases, and Parasites 217J.E. Miller, B.M. Olcott, and G.F. Bath

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viii Contents

12 Preferred Management Practices 241L.J. Dawson

13 Meat Production and Quality 255K.W. McMillin

14 Milk Production 275Y.W. Park and G.F.W. Haenlein

15 Fiber Production 293C.J. Lupton

16 Environmental Enhancement 313A. Peischel

17 Housing Requirements 323S.G. Solaiman

18 Business Plan, Production Enterprise, and Marketing Strategy 339S.G. Solaiman, E. Kebede, and E.M. Aviki

19 Future Needs for Teaching, Research, Extension, and Outreach 359S.G. Solaiman and G.F.W. Haenlein

Appendices 369 Index 389


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Foreword

Congratulations and commendations to Dr. Solaiman for bringing together a truly international team of experts as

contributors to this book addressing the characteristics,management, production, and contributions of goats inour world. These authors have resided and studied in atleast 14 countries and traveled extensively throughoutmany others, molding their perspectives on the roles ofgoats in global cultures. Sandra, whom I am privileged toknow personally, is a consummate professional, moreinterested in truth than perception and value than appear-ance. Clearly, these qualities are shared by those selectedas contributors.

Goats belong to one of a large number of species

regarded generally as small ruminants that occupy specialniches throughout the entire world. They vary in size,shape, color, and behavior and supply numerous consum-able products. Likewise, the human populations served bygoats are diverse. In 2007, the National Research Councilof the National Academies published under its Animal

Nutrition Series the “ Nutrient Requirements of Small

Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New WorldCamelids. ” Dr. Solaiman, a member of the writing com-

mittee of the NRC issue and a major contributor to the goatsections, determined to expand the application of knowl-edge of the goat beyond its nutritional requirements toinclude other biological, social, managerial, and economicconsiderations. It is to that end and for that purpose thatthis volume is being published. The codependence of goatsand their holders under greatly different circumstances

presented special challenges to the authors. Under Dr.Solaiman ’s editorial leadership, these challenges were met.

Having invested a career working with goats and withcolleagues of similar interests, I am grateful for this oppor-

tunity to commend this volume to you for your informationand enjoyment.

Ed HustonProfessor Emeritus of Animal and Range ScienceTexas A &M UniversitySan Angelo, Texas

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Preface

Currently in the U.S., goats have been gaining popularityfor their milk and meat products, catching up with popular-ity they have experienced in other parts of the world.Though more U.S. universities are involved in goatresearch and extension programs than ever before, fewoffer courses in goat science and management. The lastcomprehensive book on goats, “Goat Production,” was published more than a quarter of a century ago by Gall(1981), while a more recent publication, “Goats: Biology, production and development in Asia” by Devendra (2007)is focused on Asia. There was a need for a new book cover-ing all aspects of goat sciences and all applicable produc-tion practices; therefore, this book was created. This book

has been designed to provide a comprehensive, up-to-datecompilation of information on goat science and the prin-ciples governing their production. It is intended to primar-ily serve as a textbook for a Junior-Senior level animalscience course, which may also be taught as a rst-yeargraduate course in some universities. The depth of scien-tic information relating to the eld of animal and veteri-nary science presented in this book qualies it for use ineducating veterinary students as well as for use as aresource book for veterinarians, educators, researchers,extension specialists, managers, consultants, and all other

goat enthusiasts.TOPICSThe topics covered in this book are the collections of mythoughts after reviewing many textbooks and resource books, after conducting more than 20 years of research inthe eld of goat science and production, both nationallyand internationally, and lastly after serving more than 25years as a teacher in higher education. I would also like to

note that many of my contributors have provided me wexcellent suggestions that were also incorporated into contents. I felt that the reader should be introduced to goin Chapter 1 to understand the main position of this noanimal and its signicant contribution to the socioeconoics of subsistence farming and its role in hunger alleviatin the world. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 are focused on majo breeds of goats and how to conserve genetic resourceindigenous breeds, especially after introduction of gencally superior breeds, principles of genetics, and breediChapter 5 can serve as a reference and satisfy goat entsiasts that actively show goats. Showing animals iscommon practice in the developed world and goats are

exception as they are commonly included in animal shoThis chapter additionally focuses on ideal meat, dairy, ber goat characteristics for proper selection for breediChapter 6 was created mainly for veterinary students aothers interested in different functional parts of the goThis chapter identies the principles governing comm practices, for example, hoof trimming, dehorning, castion, etc., as well as major functional anatomy of differ body systems, such as digestive, respiratory, cardiovaslar, endocrine, nervous, etc. Chapter 7 focuses on applreproductive physiology of the goat and covers all of

advances in reproductive technology practiced in goChapters 8, 9, and 10 cover principles governing digesti physiology, nutrient metabolism, unique ingestive behior of goats, and feeds and feeding practices. Rumen dfunctions and common problems associated with feedare also covered in these chapters. The next two chapt11 and 12, cover herd health program, diseases and parsites, integrative approaches for prevention and contro parasites, and preferred goat management practices

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xii Preface

raising healthy goats. Chapters 13, 14, and 15 focus ongoat products such as meat, milk, and ber including topicssuch as their uniqueness, quality, and marketability.Chapter 16 explores the unique characteristics of goats andtheir use in enhancing the environment, reducing fuel load,and preventing res. Chapter 17 discusses the require-ments for housing including a discussion of both shelterand fencing. After properly raising goats, they should bemarketable and protable. Chapter 18 covers basic eco-nomic indices based on enterprise budgeting, which can beused to measure protability and to identify proper market-ing channels for goat meat, milk, and ber.

Reviewing information provided in each chapter, con-tributors were asked to identify main teaching, research,extension, and outreach activities that are currently lacking.

Also by searching the literature and Internet using varisearch engines, information lacking was identied. Baon information gathered, future needs for teachiresearch, extension, and outreach were formulated briey summarized in Chapter 19.

PREREQUISITESThis book is written assuming that the reader has aminimum a basic understanding and exposure to both logical and animal science. In terms of mathematical chemical background, it is assumed that the reader ha basic understanding of the topics covered in general chistry, organic chemistry, and rst and second year equilent mathematics concepts.


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Acknowledgments

I am extremely grateful for a number of individuals whohave assisted, encouraged, and motivated me throughout

the creation of this book. Specically, my 90 -year -oldmother, Mariam, who has instilled in me the value of hardwork from a very young age, and my three children, Diaco,his wife Angie, Dianoosh, and Emeline for providingadvice, encouragement, and support at various stages ofthe preparation of this book. I also thank my sister Valentineand my brother -in-law, Dr. Jose Hernandez, for remindingme that there are things in life beyond writing books.

I am deeply indebted to Dr. Denny Marple, my friendand colleague, for his continuous support in providinggrammatical corrections and for his advice regarding sec-

tions that needed revisions for clarity. His valuable sug-gestions and comments have signicantly shaped the nal

product you have before you. I am thankful to Dr. FredOwens, my lifelong advisor and mentor, for reviewing andediting various chapters of this book, and Dr. Ed Hustonfor believing in me. I am grateful to Dr. Devendra and Dr.Haenlein, my dear mentors, and Dr. Shrestha for theirinput and support throughout this project and their helpwith the contents and order of the chapters. I am gratefulto all of the contributors for their collaboration and gener-

osity in sharing their information, and a very special thankyou to the contributors whose assistance related to their

expertise came at times of great need. Specically, I amgrateful for Dr. Olcott, Dr. Dawson, Dr. Kebede, Dr.Gurung, and future Dr. Aviki (my daughter), who extendedhelping hands in order to make this book a reality. Amongothers, I am thankful to my dean and friend, Dr. WalterHill, for his patience and encouragement, to Dr. LutherWilliams for his advice, to Dr. Ankumah for his support,and to Dr. Kenneth Andries who contributed to Chapter19.

One of the special features of this book is the originalartwork and illustrations provided by three professional

artists and illustrators. I would like to extend a special“thank you ” for their contribution: Beth Emery for Chapter2; Dr. G. Constantinescu for Chapters 5 and 6 ; and Z.Proctor for Chapter 12 .

Finally, I would like to warmly thank Justin Jeffryes,Executive Commissioning Editor, for believing in me andfor his encouragement, and Shelby Allen, Senior EditorialAssistant, and the Wiley -Blackwell team for enthusiasticsupport of this project. I am grateful to the production teamat Wiley -Blackwell for their excellent work.

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About the Contributors

The contributors for this book were hand selected fromrecommendations provided by reputable sources, and bysearching the current topics in the literature related togoats. Attempts were made to include authors who repre-sent a wider global demographic distribution in order to

provide an international prospective on goats. As indicatedin their short biographies, they are experts in their respec-tive elds.

E.M. Aviki , BS, MBA. Emeline has a BS in Economicsand is an MD/MBA student at Duke University School ofMedicine and the Fuqua School of Business, DukeUniversity, Durham, NC. Emeline has 4 years of experi-ence as a teaching assistant for various economics courses

including Introductory Macroeconomics and LaborEconomics. Her short research experience has focused onhealth outcomes in transplantation and translationalresearch involving malignant melanoma. She currently hasone paper submitted for publication.

G.F. Bath , BVSc. Gareth is a Professor of ProductionAnimal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universityof Pretoria. He has more than 40 years of private practice,teaching, research, and outreach activities experience inthe areas of sheep and goat nutrition, sustainable parasites

control, health systems, and diagnostics. He has mentorednumerous graduate and undergraduate students, authored8 books or book chapters, and has over 150 refereed andnon-refereed publications.

G.M. Constantinescu , DVM, PhD, mult. Dr.h.c. Gheorgheis a Professor of Veterinary Anatomy, Department ofBiomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine,University of Missouri, Columbia. He has 58 years of

teaching and research experience in Clinical Anatomy andthe Anatomical Nomenclature. He is one of the vemembers of the Editorial Board of the 5 th edition of the

Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, and an honorary memberof the Editorial Board of Experimental Medical andSurgical Research. He has mentored 73 graduate students,and published 25 books, 52 book chapters, and 96 refereed

papers. He is also a professional member of the Associationof Medical Illustrators.

I.A. Constantinescu , MS, DVM. Ileana is a ClinicalAssistant Professor of Veterinary Anatomy, Department ofBiomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine,University of Missouri, Columbia. She is one of the eight

members of the International Committee on VeterinaryEmbryological Nomenclature. She teaches VeterinaryAnatomy and Developmental Anatomy. She has authored3 books, book chapters, and more than 20 refereed

publications.

G.H. Crow , BSc, MSc, PhD. Dr. Crow is an AssociateProfessor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty ofAgriculture and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba,Canada. Gary has 28 years of experience in teaching,research, and outreach working in the areas of quantitative

genetics, genetic resources. He has mentored more than 10graduate students and authored more than 50 refereed andnon-refereed publications.

L.J. Dawson , BVSc, MS, Dip. American College ofTheriogenology. Lionel is an Associate Professor,Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Centre of VeterinaryHealth Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater,Oklahoma, and an Adjunct Associate Professor, Research

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xvi About the Contributors

and Extension, Langston University, Langston, Oklahoma.He has 27 years of experience in teaching, research,and outreach in the area of goat nutrition, internal para-sites, synchronization and articial insemination, andmale infertility. He has mentored 56 graduate students,interns, and residents, and has authored 6 books or bookchapters and more than 120 refereed and non -refereed

publications.

C. Devendra , B. Agric. Sci., M. Agric. Sci., PhD, DSc.Dev is a Fellow of the Academy of Sciences, Malaysia,and is now an Independent Consultant, with internationalefforts spanning more than 25 years of experience inanimal nutrition and feed resources, animal productionsystems, and integrated natural resource management. Heis on the Editorial Boards for the Small Ruminant Research ,

Livestock Science , and Outlook on Agriculture journals.He is the author of 17 books and more than 440 publica-tions published internationally. He was DistinguishedVisiting Professor to the University of Delaware. Hisawards include the International Dairy Production (U.S.),Lincoln International Alumni Medal (New Zealand), andthe Asian Animal Science (Korea).

H. Dove , B. Agr. Sci., Dip.Ed., PhD. Hugh is a ChiefResearch Scientist, CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra,Australia. He is a Fellow of both the Australian Instituteof Agricultural Science and Technology and the Australian

Society of Animal Production, and was awarded theResearch Medal of the Nutrition Society of Australia. Hehas 33 years of experience in the area of diet selection andintake estimation, and crop livestock interaction. He hasauthored 13 books and book chapters, and more than200 refereed and non - refereed publications. He is anAssociate Editor of the Journal of the Science of Foodand Agriculture and is on the Editorial Board of the

Encyclopedia of Animal Science .

R.A. (Bob) Ebert , BS, MEd. Bob is an Extension

Specialist, Department of Animal Sciences, College ofAgriculture, Auburn University, Alabama. He has 25 yearsof teaching and extension activities in the areas of live-stock judging and evaluation, 4 -H youth educational pro-grams, and adult education.

B. Emery , BS Studio Art, Emphasis in Painting, Schoolof Visual Arts, Florida State University. Beth has partici-

pated in many group and solo exhibitions throughout theU.S. and has won numerous awards for painting. Beth likesto take chances with colors and shapes; and committed to

visual reality, her work conveys life, energy, and move-ment. She generously contributed her artistic production toChapter 2 of this book. For more of her work, please visitwww.betemeryart.com .

S. Galal , BS, MS, PhD. Salah is a Professor in the AnimalProduction Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain ShamsUniversity, Cairo, Egypt. He has more than 45 years ofteaching and research experience including working forthe FAO in the areas of animal breeding and genetics,

population genetics, and animal genetic resources. He isan Associate Editor for the Small Ruminant Research

journal. He has mentored 25 graduate students, authored 3 books and book chapters, and published more than 100refereed and non -refereed publications.

J. Greyling , BS, MS, PhD. Johan is a Professor andDepartment Head, Department of Animal Wildlife andGrassland Sciences, Faculty of Natural and AgriculturalSciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein,South Africa. He has 30 years of teaching, research,and outreach activities in the areas of reproductive physiol-ogy and accelerated reproductive techniques. He has men-tored 47 graduate students and authored 3 books and 98refereed and non -refereed publications. He is currentlyAssociate Editor of the Small Ruminant Research journal,sub-Editor of the South African Journal of Animal Science ,and is on the Editorial Board of the Livestock Science

journal.

N.K. Gurung , BS, MS, PhD, Professional Animal Scientist(PAS), and Hubert Humphrey Fellow. Nar is an AssistantProfessor, Department of Agricultural and EnvironmentalSciences, College of Agricultural, Environmental and

Natural Sciences, Tuskegee University, Alabama. He hasmore than 15 years of research, extension, outreach, andteaching experiences in Animal Nutrition, especially goats,

by- products utilization, goat production, and silvopasturesystems. He has authored more than 30 refereed and non -

refereed publications.

G.F.W. Haenlein , Dipl. Ag., DSc., MS, PhD. George is aProfessor Emeritus, Department of Animal & FoodSciences, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources,University of Delaware. He has 59 years of research andmore than 42 years of teaching and extension experiencein the areas of dairy goats, nutrition, milk production, andcomposition. He is founder and Honorary Editor -in-Chiefof the Small Ruminant Research journal. He has mentored20 graduate students and has authored 7 books or book


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About the Contributors xvii

chapters and more than 650 refereed and non -refereedarticles.

E. Kebede , BS, MS, PhD. Ellene is an Associate Professor,Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences,College of Agriculture, Environmental and NaturalSciences, Tuskegee University. She has 15 years of expe-rience in teaching, research, and outreach in the areas ofresource management, impact analysis and policy, and

participatory research. She has mentored 12 graduatestudents and authored more than 27 refereed and non -refereed publications.

C.J. Lupton , BSc., PhD. Chris is a Professor, Departmentof Animal Science, College of Agriculture and LifeSciences, Texas A &M University, and Adjunct Professor,Department of Agriculture, Angelo State University,Texas. Chris has 25 years of research and outreach activi-ties in the area of animal bers (ber metrology and effectsof nutrition, management, selection, and genetics). He hasone patent. He has mentored 20 graduate students, and hasauthored 13 book chapters and more than 250 refereed andnon-refereed publications. He is currently serving on theEditorial Board of the Sheep and Goat Research journal.

D.N. Marple , BS, MS, PhD. Denny is a retired Professorand Department Head of Animal Sciences (2001), IowaState University. Denny is a past President of the American

Society of Animal Science, and a former member of theBoards of Directors of American Society of AnimalScience and the Council for Agricultural Science andTechnology. He has more than 35 years of experience inteaching, research, and outreach in the area of animalgrowth and development and was involved in research onswine growth and meat quality as well as beef cattleresearch on shipping fever and fescue toxicity. He is theauthor or co -author of 57 refereed journal papers.

K.W. McMillin , BS, MS, PhD, Professional Animal

Scientist (PAS), Diplomate in the American College ofAnimal Food Science. Ken is a Professor of Meat Sciencein the School of Animal Sciences and Department of FoodSciences, the Louisiana State University AgriculturalCenter at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He has more than 28years of experience in teaching, research, and outreach inthe area of processing and shelf life of muscle food species,modied atmosphere packaging, and goat meat propertiesand marketing. He has mentored 14 graduate students, has2 patents, and has published 9 book chapters, 71 refereed

journal articles and conference proceedings, and 64 popular

press and technical articles. Currently he serves asAssociate Editor of the Animal Products , Journal of

Animal Science and is on the Editorial Board for MeatScience .

J.E. Miller , DVM, MPVM, PhD. Jim is a Professor ofPathobiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine,and Veterinary Sciences, Louisiana State University Agri-cultural Center and Adjunct Professor, Department ofAnimal Science. He has 27 years of research, teaching, andoutreach experience in the areas of epidemiology andcontrol of ruminant parasites, host response to parasiteinfection, and genetics of breed resistance to parasite infec-tion. He has mentored 25 graduate students, authored 5

books or book chapters, and over 100 refereed and non - refereed publications.

B.M. Olcott , BS, DVM, MS, MBA. Bruce is an AssociateProfessor, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science,College of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana StateUniversity. He has 31 years of experience in teaching,research, and outreach in the areas of veterinary productionmedicine, small ruminant health and production, veteri-nary science, clinical herd health and production medicine.He has mentored 9 graduate students and has authored 6

book chapters and more than 40 refereed and non -refereed publications.

F.N. Owens, PhD, and Professional Animal Scientist(PAS). Fred is a senior research scientist for DuPont - owned Hi -Bred International and a Professor Emeritus ofAnimal Sciences at Oklahoma State University. He hastaught and conducted research on protein nutrition, feedintake, grain processing, rumen function and feed additivesfor 40 years. He served as president of the AmericanSociety of Animal Science and Editor -in-Chief for the

Journal of Animal Science , mentored numerous graduatestudents, authored 18 book chapters, and published 460referred and non -referred articles. In 1996, Fred received

the Morrison Award, the most prestigious U.S. researchaward in animal science.

Y.W. Park , BS, MS, M. Div., PhD. D. Min. Young is aProfessor at Georgia Small Ruminant Research &Extension Center, Fort Valley State University, FortValley, GA, and an Adjunct Professor, Department ofFood Science and Technology, University of Georgia,Athens, Georgia. He has more than 30 years of researchexperience in the area of goat milk and its products. Hehas mentored more than 20 graduate students. He is on the


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xviii About the Contributors

Editorial Board for the Small Ruminant Research journal.He has published 3 books, 27 book chapters, and more than240 refereed and non -refereed articles.

A. Peischel , BS, MS, PhD. An is an Assistant Professorand Extension Specialist, Tennessee State University/University of Tennessee —Cooperative Extension Program.She has 25 years of experience in Extension and Outreachin the areas of goat production, vegetation control andenvironmental enhancement using goats. She has men-tored several graduate students and has authored 5 bookchapters and numerous refereed and non - refereed

publications.

J.N.B. Shrestha , BVSc & AH, MS, PhD. Jap is a ResearchScientist, at the Dairy and Swine Research and Develop-ment Centre, Agriculture and Agri -Food Canada,Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, and also an Adjunct Professor,University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Hehas 35 years of research and outreach activities in animal

breeding and genetics, and conservation of domesticanimal diversity. He is an Associate Editor for the Small

Ruminant Research journal. He has authored 20 books and book chapters and more than 200 refereed and non -refereed publications.

S.G. Solaiman , BS, MS, PhD, and Professional AnimalScientist (PAS). Sandra is a Professor, Departmentof Agricultural Sciences, College of Agricultural,Environmental and Natural Sciences; Director of SmallRuminant Research and Education Program, TuskegeeUniversity; and an Adjunct Professor at Department ofAnimal Sciences, Auburn University, Alabama. She hasmore than 25 years of teaching, research, and outreachexperience in the areas of goat nutrition, trace mineralnutrition, kinetics of digestion and passage, forages and

pastures, system nutrient optimization, growth perfor-mance, and carcass quality. She was a member of theSmall Ruminant Committee of National Research Council,and currently serves as Editorial Board member of theSmall Ruminant Research journal. She has mentoredmore than 20 graduate students and has authored 3 booksor book chapters and 50 refereed and non -refereed

publications.


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Goat ScienceandProduction


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3

Perspectives on Goats andGlobal ProductionC. Devendra , PhD , DSc , FASc and S.G. Solaiman , PhD, PAS

1

INTRODUCTIONThe goat species is an important component of animalgenetic resources. Together with sheep, and partly because of their size, both are commonly called “smallruminants.” Goats have been associated with man sincethe dawn of agriculture and the domestication of animals.Goats were the rst animals to be domesticated by manand continue to hold an important niche particularly

in subsistence agriculture in the developing countriand they support a variety of socioeconomic functiothroughout the world.

This chapter provides a comprehensive background asome perspectives on goats and goat production in world and the U.S. highlighting and discussing the variaspects of goat production. For brevity, discussions necessarily concise, and readers are encouraged wh

KEY TERMSImprover breeds —local breeds of goats that have a potential to improve performance of other breeds.Bezoar —Capra hircus , the true goat, one of the ve wild ancestors of the domestic goat.The Silk Road —one of the world’s oldest and historically important trade routes.Agroecological zones —climate, soil, and terrain conditions relevant to agricultural production.Agropastoralism —mixed crop-livestock systems with extensive grazing in which households are on the move

their livelihoods are involved with the system.Range- based systems —extensive systems characterized by rainfall of less than 150 millimeters (mm)/year.4-H Competition —a competitive event important in youth development education.Rainfed areas —non-irrigated agricultural areas that depend on rain as a source of water.

OBJECTIVESBy completing this chapter, the reader should acquire knowledge on:

• Where the goat originated• How the goat contributes to human culture• Outlook for goat production in the world• Outlook for goat production in the United States (U.S.)• Production systems in the world• Production enterprises in the U.S.• Constraints to goat production• Farming systems research


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4 Goat Science and Production

family Bovidae, and is of either theCapra or the Hemitragus genera. The distinction between these twgenera was based rst on horn structure, but the distinchas been conrmed genetically.

The domestic goat belongs to the genusCapra . It devel-oped from the following ve wild ancestors:

1. Capra hircus , the true goat including the bezo(e.g., aegagrus)

2. Capra ibex , the ibexes3. Capra caucasica , the Caucasian tur4. Capra pyrenaica, the Spanish ibex5. Capra falconeri , the markhor

See Table 1.1. The Mediterranean breeds also owe somof their distinctive characteristics to the ancestral inue

of the extinctCapra prisca. The comparative morphology and breeding experimindicate that the bezoar of western Asia was the m progenitor of most domestic goats. Both the markhor bezoar gave rise to the majority of the Indian and cenAsian breeds with their distinctive characteristics: lcoarse hair, black rather than white, brown, or other coland scimitar-shaped horns (Devendra and Burns, 1983).

IMPORTANCE AND SOCIOECONOMICRELEVANCE OF GOATS

Goats provide products and services important for mthroughout the world. In developed countries goats valued mainly for their milk, ber, and meat; while indeveloping countries, they are valued mainly for mfollowed by milk, ber, and skins. Table 1.2 summarithe products and services from goats in Asia, which be similar to other regions of the world.

The socioeconomic relevance of goats is greatestdeveloping countries where they meet socioeconomic, tural, and recreational needs. Their small size is especirelevant and relates directly to economic, managerial,

appropriate to read the references provided when seekingfurther information.

EVOLUTION AND DOMESTICATIONOF GOATSEvolutionary biology indicates that the goat was domesti-cated about 10,000 years ago at the dawn of the Neolithicage. Domestication was associated with three of the oldestcivilizations: the Nile in northeast Africa, the Tigris – Euphrates in west Asia, and the Indus in the Indian sub-continent. Archeological investigations of relics from pastcivilizations show that links between goats and people andtheir livelihoods were very close. Archeologists indicatethat the goat was rst domesticated in the “Fertile Crescent”of the eastern Mediterranean. This landmass stretches between the Black and Caspian seas along the coast ofPalestine, and curves like a quarter moon toward thePersian Gulf. This is the site where agriculture originated — in the narrow strip bounded by the Euphrates and Tigrisrivers.

Domestication of wild goats was evident rst in Jericho(Jordon) around 7000 BC as well as in the ZagrosMountains in Gangi Dareh (Iran) around 8000 BC (Zeuner,1963). Since then, the goat has been involved in manyaspects of human culture including religion, tradition, folk-lore, nutrition, livelihood, and economics (Boyazogluet al., 2005).

GOATS IN MYTHOLOGYGoats, probably more than any other species, have beenassociated with mythology in many cultures. In ancientmythology, Jupiter was nursed by a goat and Thor’s chariotwas pulled by a team of goats. The Greek god Pan oftenis represented as half man and half goat. In Chinese culturefor example, the goat spirit Yang Chin is the god of Fan- Yin, the transcendent goat with a white face, horns, a long beard, and a special headdress.

In Chinese astrology, the goat is one of the cycles amongthe 12 earthly branches of nature. Symbolizing love and

happiness, the goat represents Wei, the eighth earthly branch and the embodiment of summer. The goat also is aMongolian god (Cooper, 1992). The zodiacal signCapricorn comes from the Latin wordCapra meaning agoat. In addition, the sign Aries has a mixed etymology.In Umbrian it is a ram, in Greek it is a kid (goat), and inold Irish it is a doe.

ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONThe goat is a hollow-horned ruminant that belongs to themammalian order Artidactotyla, suborder Ruminantia ,

Table 1.1 Zoological classication and ancestryof domestic goats.

Common name Species

True goat Capra hircus , including the bezoar (c.h.aegagrus )

Ibexes Capra ibex Caucasian tur Capra caucasica Spanish ibexes Capra pyrenaica Markhor Capra falconeri

Source: Ellerman and Morrison Scott, 1951.


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1 / Perspectives on Goats and Global Production 5

marriage ceremonies, and are even used for sport and rreation. In harsh semiarid and arid environments suchthe Sahel, Near East region, and northern parts of the Indsubcontinent to which the species are well adapted, pand landless farmers often increase the size of their gocks to provide greater food and economic security.

POPULATION SIZE AND GLOBALDISTRIBUTIONTable 1.3 tabulates the total population size and the glodistribution of goats. Several items of note follow:

• The total world population of goats in 2007 was ab850 million.

• The developing countries claim about 41% of the g population.

• The low-income, food-decit countries had about 86%

of the goat population.• The largest goat population is in Asia (545 milliofollowed by Africa (245 million). Combined, these tcontinents accounted for about 93% of the world’s totalgoat population.

• During the period of 1986 –2007, the annual growth othe goat population was 3.5% per year, with growth rin developing countries of 4.5%. Of the developinations, only Latin America and the Caribbean hadvery low population growth rate for goats.

• In Europe, goats had a negative growth rate. But Eurohad 2% of the total world goat population with a sizeanumber of breeds (26% of breeds), many of which ha been introduced into other countries.

• Oceania had the highest negative growth rate and o0.1% of the total world goat population. But it is amothe highest exporters of goat meat.

• North America had the smallest goat population of ab3 million or about 0.3% of the total goat population, it has an impressive population growth rate of 3.4among developed countries.

Table 1.3 shows how goats are distributed very wid

globally across a wide variety of agroecological zon(AEZ). Historically, distinct dispersion routes enabled spread of goats leading to their wide distribution. Sutrade routes continue to be used today. Examples woinclude the early settlement of the West Indies where gooften were carried aboard ships to supply fresh milk durvoyages. Thereby, goats from India were introduced Trinidad, Guyana, and Jamaica. Likewise, goats accomnied immigrants aboard the ship with Captain CookAustralia in the eighteenth century. Asia, western Asand the Indian subcontinent were especially important

biological advantages over other species. The following benets are noteworthy (Devendra, 1998):

• Income: means to earn supplemental money• Food: provide animal proteins (milk and meat) for the

nutritional well- being of peasants, particularly theundernourished

• Security: form for investment, maintenance of assets,security, and economic stability

• Employment: creation of jobs, including effective utili-zation of family labor

• Fertilizer: contributes to crop production and farm fertil-ity through the return of dung and urine

• By- product utilization: using nonmarketable crop resi-dues to generate value-added products (for example,meat, ber, and skins)

• Social values: increases cohesiveness in village activi-ties and religious ceremonies

• Recreation: buck ghting and buck racesThe small size of the goat contributes to its popularity.

Goats help to meet daily food needs (meat and milk), areeasily sold as a source of cash, provide insurance and col-lateral for various agricultural activities, are valued inreligious ceremonies including sacrices, are gifts during

Table 1.2 Goat products and services in Asia.

Products Services

Meat (raw, cooked, blood,soup, goat meat extract — “Zeungtang” in Korea)*

Milk (fresh, sour, yogurt, butter, cheese)

Skins (clothes, shoes,water/grain containers,tents, handcraft,shadow play inIndonesia, thongs, etc.)

Hair (cashmere, mohair,garments, coarse hairrugs, tents, ropes, wigs,sh lures)

HornsBones (handcraft)Manure and urine

(crops, sh)

Cash income andinvestment

Security and insurancePrestige in ownershipGifts and loansReligious rituals (e.g.,

sacricial slaughter)Human nutrition —

benecial characteristicsof meat and milk

Pack transportDraught powerMedicineControl of bush

encroachmentGuiding sheep for grazing

*With goats: Total edible proportion is 61%. Totalsaleable proportion is 82%.

Source: Devendra, 2007a.


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Table 1.3 Goat populations and their global distribution.

Region1986(Million)

2007(Million)

% of Total(2007)

Average AnnualGrowth Rate (%/yr)

Africa 153.4 245 28.8 3.0Asia 288 545 64.1 4.5Europe 20 18.1 2.1 − 0.45Americas 34.6 41.1 4.8 0.9Oceania 1.5 1.0 0.1 − 1.7 North America 1.8 3 0.3 3.4Latin America and

Caribbean32.8 38.1 4.5 0.8

Developing countries 186 351 41.3 4.4Food decit countries 385 728.6 85.7 4.5Least developed countries 126.6 246 29 4.7

Total world 497.5 850.2 — 3.5

Source: FAO, 2007.

the focal points for goat dispersion along two routes(Devendra and Nozawa, 1976):

1. From Iran, Afghanistan, and Turkistan to Mongolia andnorthern China along the Silk Road.

2. From the Indian subcontinent to Asia and Europethrough the Khyber Pass.

The second route is older, being used by the Indo-Aryan

people from the north in the second millennium BC.Mongolia, China, and India received domestic goats fromnomadic and seminomadic pastoralists from western andcentral Asia who used these routes.

Because goats are fully adapted to drier, semiarid to aridAEZ environments, they thrive in sub-Saharan Africa(SSA). Among grassland environments, in the mixedrainfed arid and semiarid grassland systems, and in allmixed systems, goats and sheep outnumber cattle.A similar situation exists in rainfed arid and semiaridRajasthan in the northern parts of India. In such environ-

ments, goats and sheep are critical for the livelihood of thelandless and marginal farmers in West Asia, North Africa,north India, north Brazil, and north Mexico.

The principal reason for the wide distribution of the goatspecies is their intrinsic capacity to adapt to different biophysical conditions and environments. This adaptability isaided by their inquisitive nature and independent habits.This in turn becomes reected in their adaptations in termsof anatomical, morphological, physiological, feeding behavior, and metabolic modications under different cli-matic conditions (Table 1.4).

GOAT PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTIVITYGoats produce meat, milk, ber, and skins. Goat meawidely consumed locally and may be exported. Milk isecondary importance, being consumed primarily by household in developing countries. In developed countmilk and milk products and notably cheese are sold comercially and consumed widely. Milk and milk productsimportant contributors to human nutrition (Haenlein, 20).

Commercially, goat ber (mohair, cashmere) is the mluxurious ber in the world and goatskin is a very valu product with high added value especially in Europmarkets. In developing countries, the value of goatskoften is not recognized due to inadequate knowledge poor processing methods. India is one exception due toadvances in their tannery function and processing methConsequently, the export of skins is a major sourceincome for India.

Figure 1.1 illustrates global goat meat and milk prodtion from 1980 to 2007. Globally, goat meat and m

production were 5.1 and 14.8 million metric tons (MT2007, respectively. These numbers represent increases3.0- and 2.0-fold from 1.7 and 7.7 million MT from thoof 1980. The total world meat and milk inventories in 2according to the Food and Agriculture Organization ofUnited Nations (FAOSTAT) were 285.7 and 671.3 millMT (FAOSTAT, 2007), respectively. Goat meat and mi production represents only 2.0 and 2.2% of the gloinventory, respectively. Unlike other major meats amilk, goat meat and milk are not widely traded but instare consumed locally.


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Table 1.4 Characteristics of adaptation by goats to different tropical climates.

Type of climate Anatomical Morphological Physiological MetabolismFeedutili

Arid/semi-arid Large size (30 – 50 kg), longlegs and ears;scrotumshows twodistinct sacs

White, black, or brown coatcolor; shinysurface; white- colored goatsabsorb lessamounts of solar

radiation

Panting, sweating, andcooling

Increasedmobilization offat during periods of feedshortage; lowerwater turnoverrate

Browredeinrerure

efrore

Subtropical Intermediate size(25 –30 kg)

White, black, or brown coatcolor; less shinycoat

Panting and sweating Lower waterturnover rate

Inte

Humid/subhumid

Small/dwarf size(10 –25kg)short legs;small ears

Mainly black or brown coatcolor; shiny coat

Reduced panting andevaporative coolingdue to humidity andalso more shade

Low metabolicrate; restricted pituitary function

Redinfo

Source: Devendra, 1987.

7


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Among exporting countries, Australia leads the worlgoat meat exports with 21,952 MT exported in 2006 latest data available on the FAOSTAT website in 200and 41.1% of the total world market. Ethiopia claim25.7% of the export market, followed by China (8.9Pakistan (7.4%), and France (5.4%). More than 80%the goat meat was exported by the top seven countr(Table 1.7).

The top importers of goat meat were the U.S. w22.6%, followed by United Arab Emirates (16.7%), China (15.5%). Collectively, these three countries imp

Tables 1.5 and 1.6 summarize the contributions ofthe top 10 countries to global goat meat and milk pro-duction. Goat meat and milk are important in most partsof the world particularly in the developing countries.Production parallels the size of goat populations. Morethan 60% of the total world goat meat was produced by China, India, and Pakistan in 2007. At the sametime, almost 50% of the goat milk was produced byIndia, Bangladesh, and Sudan, and more than 70% of milkwas produced in the top 10 countries in goat milk production.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1 9 8 0

1 9 8 2

1 9 8 4

1 9 8 6

1 9 8 8

1 9 9 0

1 9 9 2

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 8

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 6

Years

P r o

d u c t

( m i l l i o n M

T )

Goat meatGoat Milk

Figure 1.1 Changes in global goat meat and milk production (FAOSTAT, 2007 ).

Table 1.5 Top producers of goat meat.

Country Goat meat (MT) %

China 2,253,678 43.8India 527,000 10.2Pakistan 350,000 6.8Bangladesh 195,000 3.8Sudan 186,000 3.6 Nigeria 148,830 2.9Iran, Islamic Republic 106,000 2.0Indonesia 63,410 1.2Greece 58,000 1.1Mali 52,820 1.0Others 1,214,504 23.6World 5,146,202 100

Source: FAOSTAT, 2007.

Table 1.6 Top producers of goat milk.

Country Goat milk (MT) %

India 3,823,000 25.8Bangladesh 2,016,000 13.Sudan 1,450,000 9.8Pakistan 699,000 4.7France 590,000 4.0Greece 500,000 3.4Spain 488,500 3.3Somalia 393,000 2.6Iran, Islamic Republic 370,000 2China 268,000 1.8Others 4,218,152 28.5World 14,800,534 100



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Status and trends of goat farms and the industryAccording to the 2007 U.S. Department of Agricultu- National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA- NASS),the goat population in the U.S. is a little over 3 millhead. Goat numbers doubled from 1985 to 20(Figure 1.2). In 2007, more than 83% of goats in the U.were meat goats, 10% were dairy goats, and 7% wAngora goats (Table 1.9).

According to the USDA Census (2002), the number ofall-goat farms increased more than 19%, and the go population increased by over 12% from 1997 to 20however, the number of farms selling goats increased over 45%, and goat sales were up by more than 55USDA- NASS (2007) sample data indicated that the tonumber of goats continued to increase, being up 19% frthe 2002 USDA Census. The number of meat goat farincreased by 18%, and the number of meat goats increamore than 57% from 1997 to 2002. The number of farselling meat goats increased by 48% with an increaof more than 108% in meat goat sales. According to 2007 USDA- NASS sample data, meat goat populatiowas up another 29% from the 2002 USDA Census. Tnumber of dairy goat farms increased by 45%, and dagoat numbers increased by 52.5% from 1997 to 2002. Tnumber of farms selling dairy goats increased by 71%, the number of dairy goats sold increased 57%. Accordto the 2007 USDA- NASS sample data, the number of daigoats had increased by another 5% from 2002.

During the same period, the number of Angora gfarms declined by over 63% from 1997 to 2002. Tnumber of farms selling Angora goats also declined w61% fewer Angora goats being sold. Sample data indicathat the number of Angora goats declined another 29from 2002 to 2007. Although there was a drastic reductin Angora goat numbers and sales, the increase in the togoat population in the U.S. can be attributed partially tsmall increase in the numbers of dairy goats, and a maincrease in the numbers of meat goats.

The majority of the meat goats are produced in the So

and the Southeast regions of the U.S. In contrast, the sta producing dairy goats are located in the Midwest aWest, with a small number in the Northeast. The majorof the Angora goats are produced in the South and Southwest.

Texas leads the nation with the largest number goats: 44% of the meat goats, more than 70% of tAngora goats, and more than 8% of the dairy goats (Ta1.10).

According to the USDA- NASS 2007 data, Missouri anFlorida had the greatest percentage increase in the num

almost 55% of the total goat meat imports (Table 1.8).Goat milk and skin are not traded according to theFAOSTAT Web site, and trade of goat cheese is minimal.

THE GOAT INDUSTRY IN THE U.S.As a contrast with the situation in the developing countries,

it seems relevant to examine the goat industry of the U.S.and its outlook.In the U.S., goats are used mainly for meat, milk, and

ber production, for vegetation control and management,and for reducing the fuel for wildre.

Meat goat production in the U.S. has increased in recentyears because of a growing population of ethnic and faith- based groups that consume goat meat. The national esti-mates, based on import data only, indicate that in 2007 theU.S. had a decit of more than 718,000 goats relative tothe current demand for goat meat (Solaiman, 2007).

Table 1.7 Top exporters of goat meat.

Country Goat meat (MT) % Total

Australia 20,199 41.1Ethiopia 12,659 25.7China 4,406 8.9Pakistan 3,650 7.4France 2,666 5.4Saudi Arabia 1,410 2.8 New Zealand 1,132 2.3Others 3,145 6.4World 49,137 100


Table 1.8 Top importers of goat meat.

Country Goat meat (MT) %U.S. 9,653 22.6United Arab Emirates 7,119 16.7China 6,599 15.5Qatar 3,013 7.0China, Hong Kong 2,680 6.3Saudi Arabia 2,511 5.9France 1,470 3.4Italy 1,459 3.4Canada 1,302 3.0

Others 6,914 16.2World 42,680 100



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Import and Export of Goat MeatThe United States was a net exporter of goat meat bef1990. Exports ceased in 1994 due to an increased domedemand. This shift reects increased goat meat consution nationally. In 2007, the U.S. imported 10,166 Mnearly 23 million pounds (lb) of goat meat valued at U

of meat goats (213% and 197%, respectively); Iowa expe-rienced an increase in the number of dairy goats (220%);and although the number of Angora goats continued todecline, Colorado, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Missouriexperienced more than an 80% increase in the number ofAngora goats since 2002.

1.55

1.9 1.85

2.32.52

2.72 2.83

3.015

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

1985 1990 1995 2000 2002 2005 2006 2007

Years

M i l l i o n

G o a

t s

Figure 1.2 Goat populationchanges in the U.S.(1985 –2007).

Table 1.9 Changes in goat farming in the U.S. (1997 –2007 *).

Category 1997 2002 2007 % of total % of 19

All goats Farms 76,543 91,462 119.5 Number of goats 2,251,613 2,530,466 3,015,000 100 134.0*Farms selling goats 29,937 43,495 145.3 Number of goats sold 843,773 1,314,310 155.8

Meat goats Farms 63,422 74,980 118.2 Number of goats 1,231,762 1,938,924 2,500,000 83 203.0*

Farms selling goats 24,539 36,403 148.3 Number of goats sold 532,792 1,109,619 208.3

Dairy goats Number of farms 15,451 22,389 145 Number of goats 190,588 290,789 305,000 10 160.0*Farms selling goats 5,163 8,850 171.4 Number of goats sold 72,307 113,654 157.2

Angora goats Number of farms 5,485 5,075 92.5 Number of goats 829,263 300,753 210,000 7 28.7*

Farms selling goats 1,883 1,662 88.3 Number of goats sold 238,674 91,037 38.1

*Reects the 2007 USDA- NASS sample data.


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6,982

8,463

9,551 9,653

11,07010,166

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Years

G o a

t M e a

t , M T

Australia

New ZealandMexico

Total

Figure 1.3 Changes in the amount of goat meat imported to the U.S. Source: USDA -FAS ( www.fas.usda.gov/ustrade )

Table 1.10 The top three states for the numbersof goats in the U.S. (2007 *).

Category Goat numbers % of total % of 2002

Meat goats 2,500,000 100 129Texas 1,090,000 43.6 116Tennessee 118,000 4.7 110California 100,000 4.0 163Georgia 100,000 4.0 152

Dairy goats 305,000 100 105Wisconsin 33,000 10.8 127California 30,000 9.8 80Texas 25,000 8.2 111

Angora goats 210,000 100 70Texas 150,000 71.4 65Arizona 18,000 8.6 65 New Mexico 7,500 3.6 106

*Reects the 2007 USDA- NASS sample data.

$37 million, up 146% from 6,982 MT in 2002; and its price per kilogram (kg) was up 173% from $2.11 in 2002. Basedon an average carcass weight of 14.7 kg, an estimated718,000 goat carcasses were imported. This number ofgoats imported is a potentially viable value-added enterprise opportunity for the goat industry and increased diver-sication of small farms in the U.S.

The main exporters of goat meat to the U.S. areAustralia and New Zealand with more than 90% of thecontribution coming from Australia. Slightly more than

18 MT of goat meat was imported from Mexico in 20(Figure 1.3).

Goats SlaughteredThe number of goats slaughtered at the state and federainspected plants in 2007 was nearly 830,000, up 3.6-foldfrom 1999. Meat goat slaughter numbers have increasteadily since 1999 (Figure 1.4). The meat goat industryin the U.S. is in its infancy; therefore, many on-farm

slaughters are probably not reported. One can conjectthat for every goat reported, there are at least fo(Solaiman, 2007) that are not reported. Also 2006 was thrst year that the number of goats slaughtered in sta- inspected plants was reported.

Goat Meat ConsumptionGoat meat consumption in the U.S. can be estimated baon imported goat meat and slaughter data at nearly million head of goats being consumed annually (200This represents an increase of 150% from 2002 and a m

than 320% increase from 1999. Total goats imported westimated from the total weight of goat meat imported an average carcass weight of 14.7 kg (29.5 kg of lweight is an average slaughter weight reported by USDA). Goat consumption in the U.S. has increassteadily since 1999 and likely will continue to increase to current trends in population growth that promote mgoat production (Figure 1.5). The sharp increase in thenumber of slaughtered goats may reect the revisionreport data from the state-inspected plants that was initiated in 2006.


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opportunity for U.S. agriculture to produce new producmeet food preferences of this ever-increasing population.

Goat cheese also has gained in popularity in recyears. Goats provide healthy meat and milk that t designer diets of health-conscious Americans.

PRODUCTION ENTERPRISES IN THE U.S.

Three major goat enterprises exist in the U.S. today: mgoat, dairy goat, and Angora or ber goat farms. Meat gfarms predominate with purebred farms, commercfarms, and independent dealers all contributing. These operate on a local or national basis. Dairy goat and Anggoat production are more established industries than newly developing meat goat industry.

Purebred Production FarmsPurebred farms produce a specic goat breed and help preserve the breed quality and integrity. There are sev

Factors Affecting Goat Meat Consumption in the U.S.Population demographic changes have contributed to theincreased interest in goat meat production and consump-tion in the U.S. According to the U.S. 2000 populationcensus, the foreign- born population in the U.S. increased by 57% since 1990, from 19.8 million to 31.1 million, andcontinues to increase. In 2000, 51.7% of the foreign- born

population came from Latin America and 26.4% fromAsia. The Hispanic population is rising rapidly and willreach over 100 million or 25% of the population by theyear 2050. This group of immigrants has a strong prefer-ence for goat meat, and increased consumption of goatmeat will stimulate growth in this sector of agriculture.

The population of different cultures in the U.S. hasincreased. In 2000, over 1 million Buddhists, 1 millionMuslims, over 10 million Asians, and over 35 millionHispanics lived in the U.S. (U.S. Census, 2000). Markedincreases in these populations from 1990 to 2000 created an

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000500,000

600,000

7 00,000

800,000

9 00,000

1,000,000

19 9 9 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Years

G o a

t N u

m b e r s

F ederal

Non federal

T otal S laughtered

Figure 1.4 Goats slaughtered infederally and state inspected plantsin the U.S.

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,0001,800,000

19 9 9 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 200 2008

Years

G o a

t N u m

b e r s

Goats Imported

Goats S laughtered

Goats Consumed

Figure 1.5 Changes in number of

goats consumed in the U.S.


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able, the use of hormones and antibiotics is not permitin an organically raised animal production unit.

GOAT PRODUCTION IN EUROPEThe variation in climate increases the diversity of g production systems in the European countries. Housand indoor feeding often are required for the cold montand supplemental feed normally is required. Upland amountain grazing under marginal conditions in soEuropean countries may require several hectares panimal to sustain production while lowland systems wintensive grazing will have a carrying capacity of sevegoats per hectare with a small herd size. Many Europecountries have emphasized development of the daindustry with superior dairy goat breeds. Goat productsystems in Europe are in close harmony with natural contions in each locality and thus fulll most criteria of stainable development in agriculture. More than 75%goat milk is produced in the Mediterranean region, amost of the goat products (meat, milk and hide) are utilithere. The development from subsistence farming to marketing of products has led to more specialized prodtion systems. In the goat sector, milk is the main prodwith meat being secondary in most cases followed by skand hair. Milk from goats often is regarded as a nic product and is less visible in an open mass-market situa-tion. Goat meat consumption per capita has been faistable or declined slightly over the last 40 years (EAA

2003). However, ethnic changes in the population mlead to an increased demand for goat meat in countrwith large numbers of immigrants.

GLOBAL GOAT PRODUCTION SYSTEMSGoat production systems have evolved from the broalivestock systems and vary among the AEZs and typesfarming systems (Spedding, 1975; Ruthenburg, 1980). The biophysical environment and the available productresources are especially important in the genesis and intsication of the production systems (Devendra, 2007).

The biophysical environment will determine to a ladegree the types of crops that can be grown and the resing feed resource available for animal production.

In developing countries, the main livestock systems be divided into four types: landless, mixed crop basagropastoralist, and range- based. Each of these systemexists in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Central Asi(CA), West Asia and North Africa (WANA), and LaAmerica and the Caribbean (LAC). While the other systeare common in most of the regions referred to, the teagropastoralism is more specic to Africa and is used

purebred meat-type, dairy-type, and ber-type goats in theU.S. Purebred goats usually are more expensive than com-mercial goats, and they are purchased by producers toimprove the quality of their herd. Purebred goat producersalso have a potential source of income in the popular 4-Hmarket. As goats gain in popularity, the number of 4-Hgoat projects, plus the interest in 4-H competition amongyoungsters, will increase and this will increase the marketdemand for purebred goats.

Commercial Goat Production FarmsThe majority of meat, dairy, or ber goat farms in the U.S. produce commercial goats mainly for domestic use.Commercial Angora goat farms usually have a largernumber of goats than meat and dairy goat farms, withAngora goats often being raised under range condition.Most of these producers/ranchers purchase their goatsfrom other farms or at auctions, and some produce theirown kid crop.

The type of goats sold, their age, weight, sex, and colorare important factors for different ethnic groups and must be considered when selling meat goats. Selling brood stockto other producers is another marketing outlet; however,superior stock is required to produce superior-grade goatsthat will be more expensive than commercial goats. Mostcommercial farms use crossbred goats and grade animals.

Multi -enterprise Goat Farming

On multi-enterprise farms, goats that produce meat, ber,or milk also will serve as a holistic tool to control brushand restore vegetation. Gross margins from combinationenterprises with two (meat and ber), three (meat, ber,and milk), four (meat, ber, milk, and brush control), orany combination requires careful economic evaluation.With careful planning, the potential exists to manage adual purpose or multi- purpose crossbreeding enterprisethat produces for ber, milk, meat, or vegetation manage-ment markets. Goat farmers also can produce vegetablecrops to further diversify, increase their cash ow, and

spread the risk of production.Organic Goat ProductionRaising goats organically for meat and milk is gaining popularity in the U.S. and can add value and revenue tothe farm. Organically raised animals are in high demand;however, according to the USDA Organic Program, live-stock produced organically must be managed according tospecic USDA organic standards from the last third ofgestation. Livestock feeds must be 100% organic. Althoughfeeds such as vitamins and mineral supplements are accept-


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(Mahadevan and Devendra, 1986; Devendra, 1989).However, intensication is likely to increase and a shespecially from extensive, to systems combining ara


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Table 1.11 Summary of livestock systems, priority production systems, and major issues acrossregions.

Type oflivestocksystems Priority production system

Regions

Major issuesAsia SSA CA WANA LAC

1. Landless • Peri-urban / urban dairy production

• Peri-urban / urban poultry and pig production

• Feedlot (cattle or smallruminants)

• Goat and sheep production

/ / / / • Surface water contaminatio

• Zoonosis• Waste disposal• Nutrient ows

• Overgrazing

/ / / / /

/ / / / /

/ / / / /

2. Crop basedmixed

• Integrated systems with• Annual crops (ruminants) and

non-ruminants plus sh)integrated systems with perennial crops (ruminants)

• Beef and dairy production• Goat and sheep production

/ / / / / • Food-feed systems• All-year-round feeding

systems• Nutrient ows / soil fertili

• Productivity enhancement• Intensication and

specialization• Overgrazing

/ / /

/ / / / // / / / /

3. Agro- pastoralist

• Cattle

• Goat and sheep production

/ / / • Feed supplies / droughtstrategies

• Property regimes• Overgrazing

• Trypanosomiasis

/ / /

4. Range based • Sheep and goat production / / / / / • Drought strategies• Overgrazing• Property regimes• Marketing

Notes: (i) SSA - Sub-Saharan Africa, CA-Central Asia, WANA - West Asia and North Africa, LAC - Latin America a

the Caribbean(ii) / indicates that both the production systems and animal species are the most important within the regio(iii) Major issuesinter alia are those that currently merit R and D attention. Across regions, the issues are broa

similar as is the case with dairying. Dairy production includes buffaloes and cattle especially in Asia.Source: Devendra, Morton, and Rischkovsky, 2005.

researchers, community, extension agents, nongovernmentorganizations, and development agents are necessary. Inthis context, Eponou (1993) has suggested several ele-ments to integrate agricultural research and technologytransfer. These include shared goals between researchersand farmers, synergy, strong leadership for the whole,decision making by consensus, accountability to clientsand policy makers, and considering farmers as partners.

Advantages of Listening to FarmersAssociated with constraint analysis are the very needs aspirations of individual farmers. Listening to farmercentral for development. Because participatory approachave many advantages, it is therefore important to invtime and resources to address this issue. Research is meingless if it does not drive development, and developm programs are futile if they do not involve farmers


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Area & Target

Diagnosis

Design(Investigations)

On-farm Studies

TechnologyDelivery

Existing Information(Household Surveysetc.)

Investigations

InvestigationsPRA

Interventions

PRAImpacts

D a t a b a s e

PRA

Area & Target

Diagnosis

Design(Investigations)

On-farm Studies

TechnologyDelivery

Existing Information(Household Surveysetc.)

Investigations

InvestigationsPRA

Interventions

PRAImpacts

PRA

EO S : Economic O pportunity S urveyP RA: P articipatory Rural Appraisal

P B: P artial BudgetingLIM A: Livestock Information M ana gement Application

Figure 1.6 Methodology forfarming systems research.

partners. Major advantages from listening to farmers(Devendra, 2006) include:

• They know the biophysical environment.• They understand prevailing farming systems.• They have full understanding of the major constraints

and problems.• Research and development issues are identied.• They are the target beneciaries of improved

technologies.• They have deep knowledge of local customs and indig-

enous and traditional systems.• Farmers are the agents of change and promotion of wide

adoption.• They have all the local contacts.• They know current patterns of marketing.• Farmers are the target beneciaries of sustainable

livelihoods.• This enables understanding of farmers’ perceptions andaspirations about household stability, improved liveli-hoods, and a better tomorrow.

Formulation of Participatory Research andDevelopment ProgramsFarming systems in regions throughout the world are char-acterized by a diversity of crops and animals, traditionalmethods of farming, various contributions of animals, andmultiple crop-animal interactions. The numerous problems

of farmers present complex issues that cannot be resolvedeasily. Farming System Research is important to addressthe needs of farmers.

Farming System Research owes its origin to croppsystems research and methodologies that were develoin Asia and Latin America. The key features of FSR a

• It seeks to provide a clear understanding of the farmsystems and practices.

• It is needs based.• It has systematic methodology.• It is multidisciplinary.• It involves the participation of farmers, researche

community, extension agents, and development agen• It is on-farm.• It identies farmers as partners.• It promotes efciency in NRM.• It enables denition of an agenda for promoting dev

opment and progress.

The methodology for FSR follows several distinct stincluding:1. Site selection2. Site description and characterization (diagnosis)3. Planning of on-farm research4. On-farm testing and validation of alternatives5. Diffusion of results6. Impact assessment

Figure 1.6 illustrates the steps involved in FarmSystem Research. Due to the multidisciplinary naturethe activities, other methodologies also are involved.

Table 1.12 provides an example of constraint analyFor convenience, constraints are identied under subheadings of environment, socioeconomics, farm


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• Large-scale development of the breeds that enhancemeat production

• Acceleration of the transfer of technologies on-farm; promotion of wide dissemination of information, andnetworking

The following chapters provide a comprehensive and up- to-date summation of the science of goat production. Thedescriptions involve both the developing and developedcountries and agroecosystems and a global perspective.

SUMMARYThe goat is one of the rst livestock that was domesti-cated. About 10,000 years ago, the goat was domesticated by three of the oldest civilizations: the Nile in northeastAfrica, the Tigris –Euphrates in west Asia, and the Indus

in the Indian subcontinent. The bezoar of western Asia isthe main progenitor of most domestic goats. The majority(98%) of the world population of goats is in developingcountries where goats are raised under extensive condi-tions. Goats provide meat, milk, and skins and also con-tribute to socioeconomic, cultural, and recreational needsof mankind. In developed countries, goat meat, milk, andber also have increased in popularity. In the last decade,the demand for goat meat and cheese has increased in theU.S. because population demographics have shiftedtoward those that traditionally consume goat products.

The current domestic supply in the U.S. cannot meet demand, so the U.S. is the largest importer of goat meathe world.

Ruminant production systems in the developing cotries are not likely to change in the foreseeable futdespite some increase in intensication of production a gradual shift from extensive production to systems involve cropping of arable land. This change will be dr by population growth. A variety of constraints to g production exist. Constraints must be identied clearlthat research can provide solutions to improve animal formance, and enhance development and productivity. of Farming Systems Research perspectives provide wto address the issues and to formulate approaches strategies to resolve the problems and increase animal pduction to help alleviate world hunger.

REFERENCESBoyazoglu, J., I. Hatziminaoglu, and P. Morand-Fehr. 2005.

The role of the goat in society: past, present and persptives for the future. Small Rumin. Res. 60: 13 –24.

Cooper, J.C. 1992. Mythological and symbolic signicanof goats. In: Symbolic and Mythological Animals. TheAquarian Press, Wellingborough, USA.

Devendra, C. 1987. Herbivores in the arid and wet tropics. In:The Nutrition of Herbivores. Proceedings 2nd InternatioSymposium on the Nutrition of Herbivores. (Eds. J.B.

Agro-ecosystemsocio-economic environment

institutional supportpolicy issues

Maximum

productivityOptimumproductivity

Currentlow output

Traditional(Low inputs)

DiversificationReduced riskLow resource riskLow efficiencyInadequate applicationof technology

•

•

•

•

•

Systems orientationCrop-animal systemsImproved breedsPotential technologyapplication

•

•

•

•

Production to post-productionto consumption systemGermplasm conservationEfficient resource useIntensification

•

•

•

•

• Sustainable development

Goals

• Environmental protection

• Poverty reduction

• Food security

• Economic growth

• Self-relianceIntermediate(Medium inputs)

Market-orientated(High inputs)

Figure 1.7 Potential levels of productivity feasible from traditional, market -oriented system and thedevelopment of sustainable small farms (Devendra, 2000 ).


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people in developing countries (Eds. E. Owen, A. Kitalyi, N. Jayasuria, and T. Smith). Nottingham, U.K.: NottinghamUniversity Press, pp. 29 –52.

EAAP Publication No. 108. 2003. After BSE —A Future forthe European livestock Sector. Edited by E.P. Cunningham.Wageningen Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 104 pp.

(ISBN 90-7699 –823X).Ellerman, J.R. and T.C.S Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist ofPalaearctic and Indian mammals, 1758 –1946. BritishMuseum, London, U.K., 810 pp.

Eponou, T. 1993. Integrating agricultural research and technology transfer. Public Admin. and Dev., Special issue onManaging Agricultural Research, 13: 307 –318.

FAOSTAT. 2007. Food and Agriculture Organization of thUnited Nations. Rome, Italy.

FAOSTAT. 2005. Food and Agriculture Organization of thUnited Nations. Rome, Italy.

Haenlein, G.F.W. 2004. Goat milk in human nutrition. Small

Ruminant Res, 51: 155 –163.Mahadevan, P. and C. Devendra. 1986. Present and projectedruminant production systems of South East Asia and South Pacic. Proceedings Forages in South East Asia anthe Pacic, ACIAR Proceedings. No. 12: 1 –6.

Ruthenberg, H. 1980. Farming systems in the tropics (3rdEd.). Clarendon Press: Oxford, U.K. 131 pp.

Solaiman, S.G. 2007. Future Outlook of Meat Goat Industrfor the U.S. Small Farms. Proc. 4th National Small FarmConference, Greensborough, NC.

Spedding, C.R.W. 1975. The biology of agricultural system.Academic Press, London, U.K., 261 pp.

U.S. Census. 2000. U.S. Census Bureau (www.census.gov).USDA Census. 2002. Census of Agriculture (www.nass.usda.

gov/census/census02/).USDA-FAS. (www.fas.usda.gov/ustrade).USDA- NASS. National Agriculture Statistic Service. (http://

usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/nass/livestock/pls-bblsan0305.pdf).

Zeuner, F.E. 1963. A History of Domesticated Animal.Harper and Row, New York, U.S.A., 560 pp.

Hacker and J.H. Ternouth), Academic Press, New SouthWales, Australia, pp. 23 –46.

Devendra, C. 1989. Ruminant production systems in the devel-oping countries: resource utilisation. In: Feeding Strategiesfor Improved Productivity of Ruminant Livestock inDeveloping Countries. IAEA, Vienna, Austria, pp. 5 –30.

Devendra, C. 1998. Improvement of small ruminant produc-tion systems in rainfed agro-ecological zones of Asia.Annals of Arid Zone, 37:215 –232.

Devendra, C. 1999. Goats: Challenges for increased producti-vity and improved livelihoods. Outlk. on Agri. 28: 215 –226.

Devendra, C. 2000. Animal production and rainfed agriculturein Asia: potential opportunities for productivity enhance-ment. Outlk. on Agric. 29: 161 –175.

Devendra, C. 2004. Integrated tree crops –ruminant systems: potential importance of the oil palm. Outlk. on Agric. 33:157 –166.

Devendra, C. 2006. Listening to farmers: participatoryapproaches for developing goat production. Symp. on Agric.Biotechnology and Environment, Daegu, Korea, pp. 1 –19.

Devendra, C. 2007a. Goats: biology, production and develop-ment in Asia. Academy of Sciences Malaysia, KualaLumpur, Malaysia, 246 pp.

Devendra, C. 2007b. Perspectives on animal productionsystems in Asia. Livestock Science. 106: 1 –18.

Devendra, C. 2007c. Small farm systems to feed hungry Asia.Outlk. on Agric. 36: 7 –20.

Devendra, C. and M. Burns. 1983. Goat Production in theTropics (2nd Revised Ed.). Technical CommunicationBureaux of Animal Breeding and Genetics, CommonwealthAgricultural Bureaux, England, 183 pp.

Devendra, C. and K. Nozawa. 1976. Goats in South EastAsia —their status and production. Z. Tierz., Zuchtbiol. 93 :101 –120.

Devendra, C., J.F. Morton, and B. Rischkovsky. 2005.Livestock systems. In: Livestock and Wealth Creation.Improving the husbandry of animals kept by resource- poor


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21

Goat Breeds N.K. Gurung , PhD, PAS and S.G. Solaiman , PhD, PAS

2

INTRODUCTIONMore than 1,153 goat breeds are listed in the Food andAgriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations’inventory of domestic animal diversity database (FAO,2009). According to the FAO (2007), more than 850million goats exist in the world with more than 95% foundin the developing countries. Of this total population, Asia

has the highest breed share at 65.3%, followed by Afrwith 29.2%, and Central America with 1.3% (Oliver et 2005). Only 60% of the breeds are found in the developcountries (Scherf, 2000). Europe is broadest in goat genetiresource (33%) but only 4% of the world’s goat population(Galal, 2005). According to Oliver et al. (2005), approxi-mately 31% of the goats are dairy/milk goats in t

KEY TERMSHerdbook —records and pedigree of a recognized breed of any livestock species.Breed —a group of animals within a species descended from a common ancestor (similar genotypes) that visib

similar in most physical characteristics (similar phenotypes).Dairy breed — breed of goat selected for high milk production, dairy characteristics, large body capacity, and a su

mammary system.Feral goats —domesticated animals that have been in the wild for over 100 years with no introduction of

genetics.Meat breed — breed of goat selected for faster gain, muscling, and carcass characteristics.Fiber breed — breed of goat selected for ber coat quality.Companion breed —a group of goats with a mild temperament often used for pets.Multi- purpose breed —a group of goats that is valued for its combination of traits (milk, meat, and ber productionComposite breed —a crossbreed developed from two or more existing breeds that outperform the parent purebreTransborder breeds — breeds that cross the national borders.

OBJECTIVESBy completing this chapter, the reader will acquire knowledge on:

• Breed denition• Morphological characteristics of different breeds• Breeds commonly used for meat production• Breeds commonly used for milk production• Breeds commonly used for ber production• Breeds commonly used for pets


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acteristics desired and is productive under all envirmental conditions. Indigenous breeds are adapted local environments but may not excel in performanCrossbreeding of local (indigenous) breeds with impro breeds often produces crossbred offspring that have fagains, higher milk yields, and greater adaptability to ferent regions (Solaiman, 2007). Hybrids or composit breeds can exploit hybrid vigor. Over 80 composite g breed populations have been developed in 37 countriethe world (Mason, 1996). Listed below are favorable traior preferable characteristics usually employed when deoping or selecting a breed.

AdaptabilityAll goats, regardless of their breed, should readily adto the environment where they will grow and perfoSpanish goats raised in hot, dry climates such as w

Texas may not adapt favorably to either the humiditythe southeastern U.S. or the irrigated pastures of western U.S. Improved breeds of goats that are produunder various environmental conditions, such as Bgoats from South Africa or Kikos from New Zealand, m perform differently when produced under environmeconditions that differ from their area of origin. Crossbreedand selection can enhance environmental adaptability.

Reproductive EfciencyCapacity to reproduce is one of the most important prodtion traits for meat, dairy, and ber goats. High ratesconception, kidding, and weaning are all important. Fem(does) that produce more kids per pregnancy are more pductive even though kids may have lower birth weigslower growth, and lower weaning weights. Because gusually are not managed as individuals, total herd reprodtive performance is important. Goat breeds from temperegions and dairy goats tend to breed only seasonally wthe breeding season being from July/August to NovemDecember in the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, g breeds from the tropics or meat goats often kid year-round.This trait is desired economically. However, tropical bremay not have desired meat characteristics and the larcarcasses preferred for meat production.

Growth PerformanceKid performance usually is evaluated in two segmeaverage daily gain (ADG) prior to weaning (pre-weaningADG) and after weaning (post-weaning ADG). For goatsold at weaning (either for Cabrito or meat stock), p-weaning performance is important and depends on bothkid’s ability to grow rapidly and its dam’s mothering abilityFor kids sold as yearlings or for milk production, both -

developed countries compared with only 19% for thedeveloping world. Therefore, worldwide, most goats arevalued primarily for their meat.

BREED AND NUMBERSIn the developing countries, goats are seldom dened in thetraditional sense and generally breed societies, breed stan-dards, or herdbooks are lacking. According to the new FAO(2009) database, there are 1,153 goat breeds in the world.However, the World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds(Mason, 1996) lists 565 goat breeds plus 76 varieties (sub- breeds) but only 68 herdbooks and/or established breedsocieties. Such registries are found primarily in Europe and North America. Of 68 herdbooks or breed societies listed,21 are for the descendents of original breeds. For example,7 breed societies/herdbooks are listed for the Saanen breedand its descendents in different countries. In developingcountries, efforts to establish the purity of breeds or improveexisting breeds generally are lacking. Therefore, the major-ity of goat breeds listed in the FAO database found in thedeveloping countries are not known or recognized outsideof their country of origin.

Goat breeds are usually classied by their geographicalorigin (Epstein, 1969; 1971; 1977), their region and pro-ductivity (Devendra and Burns, 1983), or their height atthe withers (Devendra, 2007). Some classications includethe shape and size of the horns in conjunction with produc-tion and geographical considerations (Mason, 1981) while

other classication methods include the primary productof goats and their distribution (The Council of Science andIndustrial Research [CSIR], 1970), their morphologicalcharacteristics (in India; Acharya, 1982), and hair and coatcharacteristics (in Pakistan; Hasnain, 1985 ). Based onthese different classication methods, the number of goat breeds in the world has been reported to be 562 byDevendra (2007), 136 by Gall (1996), 565 by Mason(1996), and 1,153 by FAO (2009).

Within developed countries, the majority of goat breedsare classied according to their products. Duplications

occur when goats are used for multiple purposes such asmeat, milk, ber, or skin; however, end use has beenadopted for goat breed classication in this chapter. Some breeds are mentioned according to their end use, alphabeti

goat science and production

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