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International IDEA

SE- 103 34 Stockholm

Sweden

u|flkms l8hfOg M ;'j0f{ x'dfufO{

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ISBN : 978-91-85724-63-5

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3

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g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts tyf ;+j}wflgs Oltxf;sf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0faf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k4lt tyf cGt/j:t'sf] lg0f{o ;fdflhs zlQmåf/f ePsf] xfdL kfpF5f}+ . ;fy} cGt/j:t'df la:tf/} x'“b} uPsf] k|ultn] lg/+s'ztGqaf6 qmdzM nf]stGqlt/ cu|ufdL kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . cfh;Ddsf ;+ljwfgdWo] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ g} cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg eGg ;lsG5 . lsgeg] o;sf] lgdf{0fdf ;fk]IftM ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmof ckgfOPsf] lyof] . ;fy} o; ;+ljwfgn] nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yflt/sf] ofqfnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] lyof] . To;sf nflu o;n] Joj:yflksfdfkm{t hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL lgjf{lrt ;/sf/, clwsf/sf] af“8kmf“8 jf zlQm k[ySsLs/0f / ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] .

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;+;f/sf w]/} efux¿df, vf;u/L pklgj]zx¿df t/ pklgj]zdf dfq xf]Og, klZrdf cg'ejn]

5

Toxf“sf] j}rfl/stfnfO{ vf; cfsf/ lbPsf] kfOG5 . Pl;of tyf clk|msfdf w]/}h;f] :jtGqtf :yflkt ug]{ ;+ljwfgx¿df klZrdL /fHox¿sf ljz]iftf / ;f+u7lgs l;4fGtx¿ k|ltljlDat ePsf] kfOG5 . vf;u/L Pl;ofdf o:t} ePsf] lyof] . h:t}, ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgdf hlt ef/tLo ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts oyfy{ k|ltljlDat ePsf] 5, Tolt g} a]nfotL /fHo Joj:yfsf ljrf/x¿ klg k|ltljlDat ePsf 5g\ . o; jf:tljstfdfly b[li6kft ub}{ Pshgfn] l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\, Pp6f ljsf;dfg ;dfhn] o;/L klZrdL ljrf/ k5\ofpg' g cfjZos lyof] g a'l4dfgL g} . g]kfndf klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjn] hgtfnfO{ /fHosf] ;+/rgf, o;sf] lbzflgb]{z tyf o;sf] P]ltxfl;s kIfnfO{ hf“ra'em ug]{ Pp6f cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf 5 . pgLx¿n] klxrfg, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ljsf; tyf ;fdflhs rfkh:tf hNbfaNbf ;d:ofk|lt /fHosf] s:tf] /j}of /xg] u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ kfpg]5g\ . o;/L ;+ljwfg;efn] /fHosf d"No tyf o;sf] lbzflgb]{znfO{ kl/eflift u/L o;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ /fHosf] s;/L k'gM;+/rgf ug'{kb{5 eGg] s'/f 7Dofpg]5 .

cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgn] ;Daf]wg ug]{ d'Vo d'2fx¿

oxfF xfdL tL cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgaf/] 5nkmn ug]{5f}+ h;n] g]kfnL hgtfsf ;'wf/sf ch]G8fsf k|d'v tTjx¿nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ tl/sfn] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf af/]df hgtfaLrsf] ;Demf}tfsf] Pp6f pRr sfg'gL x}l;ot k|fKt ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] ;+ljwfgnfO{ …;jf]{Rr sfg'gÚ klg elgG5 . o;sf] cy{ c¿ ;a} sfg'g tyf ;fj{hlgs gLltx¿ o;};“u ldNbf] x'g'kb{5 . olb aflemPdf ltgLx¿ nfu" x'g ;Sb}gg\ . ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfk|lt ;a}sf] ;Ddfg sfod /fVg tyf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf nfu" ug]{ sfdnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ k|foM sfg'gL k|lqmofsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;/L ;+ljwfgn] cGo sfo{afx]s hgflwsf/sf] /Iffdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg u5{ . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] ljz]if k|lqmofsf] Joj:yf u/]/ klg ;+ljwfgsf] pRr x}l;ot ;'/lIft ul/G5 . Joj:yflksfn] sfg'g lgdf{0fsf] ;fdfGo k|lqmof cjnDag u/]/ hglgld{t zf;gsf] of] ;Demf}tfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb}g . ;fdfGotof Joj:yflksfsf] ljz]if ax'dt jf Joj:yflksfsf ;fy} cGo ;+:yfx¿sf] klg ;xeflutfaf6, h:t}, If]qLo k|zf;g jf hgdt ;+u|xdfkm{t hgtf cfkm}af6, ;+ljwfg kl/jt{g ug]{ ul/G5 .

;Dk|e';Qf

;Dk|e';Qf ;Dk"0f{ zlQm tyf clwsf/sf] ;|f]t xf] . Oltxf; x]g]{ xf] eg] /fHo /fhfsf] ;Dk|e' cyf{t :jfldTjdf /x]sf], /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ /fhfaf6 lgM;[t ePsf] tyf /fhfaf6 g} ;+ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{, ;+zf]wg ug]{ tyf Pp6f ;+ljwfgsf] 7fp“df csf]{ ;+ljwfg nfu" ul/Psf] kfp“5f}+ . /fhfx¿ ;+ljwfgeGbf dfly x'Gy] . qmdzM /fHo hgtfsf] xf] eGg] ljrf/sf] pbo eof] . ;'?df ;dfhsf s]xL tKsf, h:t}, s'nLg jf wgL jf k|a'4 ju{, nfO{ To:tf] dfGotf lbOof] . t/ cfh /fHosf] clwsf/sf] ;|f]t hgtf xf] eGg] s'/f cfddfGotf ag]sf] 5 .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] klxnf] k6s ;Dk|e';Qf hgtfdf /x]sf] pNn]v u¥of] . To;cl3sf

;+ljwfgs

f] :j¿k / p2]Zo

6

;+ljwfgn] ;Dk|e';Qf /fhfdf /x]sf] dfGotf /fVby] . t/ klg ;Dk|e';Qfsf ;DaGwdf Tof] ;+ljwfg;d]t c:ki6 g} lyof] . o;n] /fHosf] clwsf/ tyf hgtfsf] ;Dk|e';Qf b'j}nfO{ dfGotf lbg'n] w]/} ts{ljts{, ax;, c:ki6tf tyf tf]8d/f]8 u/]/ cYof{pg] 7fp“ v'nf 5f]l8lbof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf /fhfåf/f JoQm ul/Psf] 5 M ‘:jtGq tyf ;fj{ef}d g]kfndf ;Dk|e';Qfsf] ;|f]t hgtfdf lglxt ePsf] s'/fdf xfdL :ki6 5f}+ .’ t/ o;sf ;fy} ‘/fHosf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L’ of] ;+ljwfg /fhfåf/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf] elgPsf] 5 . o;}u/L jt{dfg /fhfn] clk|n 3f]if0ffdf Psflt/ ;Dk|e';Qfsf] ;|f]t hgtf ePsf] :jLsf/]sf 5g\ eg] csf{lt/ ;+;bsf] k'gM:yfkgf klg /fhfaf6} ePsf] xf] .

s'g} klg ;+ljwfgdf hgtfsf] ;Dk|e';Qf k|ltljlDat ePsf] x'g'k5{ . ;fy} o;af6 lgM;[t clwsf/ tyf zlQmnfO{ Jojl:yt ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . hgtfn] ;+ljwfgdfkm{t Joj:yf u/]sf] clwsf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{ tyf ;Lldt ug'{ gful/ssf] :jtGqtfsf] /Iff tyf /fHosf] Gofok"0f{ / plrt k|zf;gsf nflu ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . oxL ljrf/ g} ;+ljwfgjfbdf ;lGglxt x'G5 .

/fHosf] ;Dk|e';Qfsf b'O{ kIf 5g\ M cfGtl/s tyf afx\o .

!= cfGtl/s kIfdf ;Dk|e';Qf eGgfn] lgDg s'/fnfO{ a'emfp“5 M

/fHosf] cfkm\gf e"uf]ndfly jf:tjdf g} lgoGq0f x'G5 .

cfkm\gf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+u7g u/L cfGtl/s Joj:yf ldnfpg /fHo :jtGq x'G5 .

@= afXo kIfdf ;Dk|e';Qf eGgfn] lgDg ljifo kb{5g\ M

/fHo :jtGq x'G5, clg o;sf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfdf s'g} klg /fHon] x:tIf]k ug{ ;Sb}g .

/fHosf] lglZrt tyf ;'/lIft ;Ldf x'G5 .

/fHo cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] Ps ;b:o x'G5 . /fHo ;Dk|e';Qfsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df To:tf] ;d'bfodf ;+ul7t ePsf] x'G5 . o;n] cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7g tyf cGo cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmdx¿df efu lng] clwsf/ /fVb5 .

hgtfnfO{ ;Dk|e';Qfsf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/g] x'gfn] /fHon] hgtfnfO{ cTolws dfqfdf /fHosf Joj:yfx¿df k|ToIf ;xeflutfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ cj;/ lbg] sf]l;; ub{5 . /fHosf Joj:yflksf tyf sfo{kflnsfsf k|ltlglwx¿df pQ/bfloTjsf] efjgf ;'/lIft x'g ;sf];\ eg]/ o;f] ul/G5 .

kl5Nnf b;sx¿df ;Dk|e';Qfsf cjwf/0ffdf Pp6f rfvnfUbf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . h'g s'/f w]/} ;d'bfox¿sf] ;xeflutfåf/f lgld{t s]xL /fHosf ;+ljwfgdf k|ltljlDat ePsf] kfOG5 . Ps ;do s:tf] lyof] eg] ;Dk|e';Qf x'gsf nflu Pp6f zlQm s]Gb| x'g' cfjZos 7flgGYof] . t/ clxn] :jzf;gsf kIfw/ ;d'bfox¿ tyf /fHox¿n] cljeflht ;Dk|e';QfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5g\ .

7

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfh:tf k'/fgf ;+3Lo /fHox¿df ljeflht ;Dk|e';QfnfO{ g} :jLsfl/“b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . t/ clxn] :ki6 ¿kdf PsfTds /fHox¿df klg ljleGg If]qx¿n] :jzf;gcGtu{t Jofks ¿kdf clwsf/ k|of]u ub{5g\ . Olyof]lkofsf h:tf xfn}sf ;+ljwfgn] t s];Dd pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] tL ;+ljwfgx¿ …hgtfÚsf] ;Dk|e';Qfdf cfwfl/t geO{ /fHoleqsf leGg–leGg ;d'bfosf] ;Dk|e';Qfdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . o;/L hftLo tyf wfld{s ;d'bfox¿nfO{ Pp6f pRr ;+j}wflgs x}l;ot k|bfg ul/Psf x'G5g\ .

/fHo / o;sf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;d'bfoaf6 k[ystf

ljleGg ;d'bfo tyf ;d"xdf /x]sf hgtfåf/f /fHo ag]sf] x'G5 . t/ klg /fHo eGg' hgtf dfq} xf]Og . /fHosf] cl:tTjsf] cfg} cfwf/ 5 . ;}4flGts ¿kdf Tof] cfwf/ hgtfsf] sNof0f xf] . To:t}, /fHosf cfg} ;+:yfx¿ x'G5g\ . /fHo tyf hghfltaLrsf] k[ystfn] ;fj{hlgs tyf JolQmut kl/lwnfO{ hGd lbG5 . pQm k[ystfsf] p2]Zo ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] :jtGqtfnfO{ Pscsf{af6 ;'/lIft ug'{ xf] .

nf]stGq tyf /fHozlQmsf] lgoGq0f / pQ/bfloTj

cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs /fHox¿n] hgOR5fcg';f/sf] zf;g Joj:yf k|ltljlDat ub{5g\ . ;a} hgtfn] k|ToIf ¿kdf zf;gdf efu lng g;Sg] x'gfn] /fHonfO{ k|ltlglwTjd"ns nf]stGqsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;+ul7t ul/Psf] x'G5 . h:t}, hgtfn] /fHosf ;+:yfx¿, vf;u/L Joj:yflksf / sfo{kflnsfdf cfkm\gf k|ltlglwx¿ rog u/L k7fp“5g\ . To;sf/0f nf]stGqdf :jtGq tyf lgikIf lgjf{rgsf] 7"nf] dxTj x'G5 .

nf]stflGqs /fHo hgOR5fdf cfwfl/t x'g] eP klg hgOR5f eGgfn] sltko cj:yfdf ax'dtsf] OR5f g} x'g] x'gfn] o;af6 aRgsf nflu Pp6f nf]stflGqs /fHo sDtLdf c¿ tLgj6f d"Nok|lt k|lta4 x'G5 M

ax'dtLo zf;gdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfdf cNkdtsf ljrf/sf] sb/ gx'g] / pgLx¿dfly pTkL8g g} x'g] x'gfn] cNk;+Vossf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt .

hgtfnfO{ /fHosf] pTkL8gaf6 arfpg tyf u}/;/sf/L ;d"x / ;+u7gx¿sf] :jtGqtf ;'/lIft ug{ /fHosf zlQmx¿sf] ;Ldf tf]Sg' . ljleGg tl/sfn] zlQmsf] ;Ldf tf]lsG5, h:t} M /fHonfO{ ljleGg sfdx¿ ug{af6 lgif]w u/]/, /fHozlQmsf] k[ySsLs/0f -sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf_ u/L ljleGg ;+:yfx¿nfO{ zlQm lhDdf nufP/ / Pp6f ;+:yfnfO{ csf]{ ;+:yfdfly lgoGq0f ug{ ;Ifd agfP/ -h:t} M Joj:yflksfn] sfo{kflnsfnfO{, clg Gofokflnsfn] sfo{kflnsf / Joj:yflksf b'j}nfO{_ .

/fHosf ;+:yfx¿sf] pQ/bfloTj tf]Sg', h;af6 ;/sf/sf] sfo{s'zntfdf j[l4 tyf sfg'gL ;Ldf ;'lglZrt x'g uO{ dgf]dfgL, cj}wflgs tyf a]OdfgLk"0f{ sfo{ x'g gkfcf];\ .

;+ljwfgs

f] :j¿k / p2]Zo

8

-of] lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 eg] /fHosf ;+:yfx¿ ;d'bfosf ;+u7gx¿ h:t} u/L ;d'bfosf d"No–dfGotfcg';f/ rn]sf x'“b}gg\ ._

hgtfn] /fHoaf6 7"nf] ck]Iff /fVg] x'gfn] /fHozlQmsf] ;Ldf tf]Sg' tyf o;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ w]/} sl7g x'G5 . cfw'lgs /fHonfO{ ljsf;] /fHosf ¿kdf klg lnOG5 . lsgeg] hgtfn] /fHoaf6 cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ck]Iff /fVb5g\ . t/ /fHon] ;d'bfo, k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ;fj{hlgs ljQdfly ;f/e"t ¿kdf g} lgoGq0f g/fvL ljsf; ug{ ;Sb}g . To;}u/L Pp6f Jofks lghfdlt ;]jf tyf ljsf; / lgofds lgsfox¿sf] cefjdf klg /fHon] ljsf;nfO{ 6]jf lbg ;Sb}g . o;/L /fHosf] lj:t[t sfo{If]q tyf /fHozlQmsf] ;Ldf+sgaLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{ Pp6f 7"nf] r'gf}tL xf] .

JolQmjfb, ;dfgtf / dfgjclwsf/

cfw'lgs /fHo JolQmsf] ;dfgtfk|lt k|lta4 x'G5 . o;sf] dxTjsf sf/0f o;nfO{ cTofjZos l;4fGtsf ¿kdf klg dfGg ;lsG5 . pQm l;4fGtnfO{ ljleGg tl/sfn] nfu" ug{ ;lsG5, h;dWo] s]xL lgDgfg'';f/ 5g\ M

gful/stf lbg', h;n] JolQmsf] /fHo;“usf] ;DaGwnfO{ kl/eflift ub{5 . To;sf] cy{ x'G5, /fHon] s;};“u klg lje]b gu/L ;a}k|lt ;dfgtfk"j{s Jojxf/ ug]{5 .

j}olQms clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{, vf;u/L lje]blj?4 ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} ;+3;+:yfsf] ;b:otf, ;fj{hlgs ;xeflutf / wd{sf] clwsf/ cflbsf] ;'lglZrttf .

j}olQms ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf s]xL vf; dxTjk"0f{ kl/0ffd x'G5g\ . tL ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf qmddf vf; rf;f]sf ljifo x'G5g\ .

;Dk"0f{ JolQmsf] ;dfgtfsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ /fHosf] pQ/bfloTjn] /fHoleqsf ;d'bfox¿sf] :jtGqtfnfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s] s'g} ;d'bfon] cfkm\gf k/Dk/fnfO{ sfod ug]{ gfddf dlxnfnfO{ ;DklQsf] pQ/flwsf/L agfpg jf ;DklQsf] :jfldTjaf6 jl~rt ug{ ;S5 / < jf ljsnf+ux¿nfO{ ;d'bfosf ;+:yfx¿df kbf;Lg x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;S5 / <

s] /fHon] ;d'bfo jf ;d"xnfO{ cfkm\gf cfGtl/s dfldnf cfg} lg0f{oaf6 jf cfkm\g} k/Dk/fnfO{ cjnDag ub}{ rnfpg ;Sg] Pp6f :jtGq lgsfosf ¿kdf j}wflgs :jLs[lt lbg ;S5 < ;Dk"0f{ JolQmsf] ;dfgtfk|lt jrga4 /fHodf ;d"x–clwsf/sf] slt dxTj x'g] <

s] ;dfgtfk|ltsf] jrga4tfn] P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf g} k5fl8 k/]sf cflbjf;L jf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf af/]df ljz]if Joj:yf ug{af6 /fHonfO{ /f]s nufpg ;S5 t <

/fHon] ;Dk"0f{ JolQmsf] df}lns clwsf/sf] /Iff ug'{kb{5 . ltgdf JolQmut :jtGqtf tyf ;'/Iffsf]

9

clwsf/, -of] clwsf/ oftgfaf6 ;'/Iff tyf ljgf;kmfO y'gfdf /fVg] sfdlj?4 ;'/Iff;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 ._ sfg'gL Joj:yf;Ddsf] kx'“r tyf sfg'gL ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/, :j]R5fk"j{s /fHosf] s'g} klg efudf hfg] tyf a;f]af; ug]{ clwsf/, /fhgLlts bn tyf cGo ;+3;+:yfx¿ vf]Ng] clwsf/, cleJolQmsf] clwsf/ tyf cfkm\gf cf:yfcg';f/ Jojxf/ ug]{ clwsf/ cflb kb{5g\ .

;fdflhs Gofo, cfwf/e"t cfjZostf tyf jftfj/0f

/fHon] hgtfsf] k|lti7f tyf ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{kb{5 . hgtfnfO{ pgLx¿sf sfg'gL lqmofsnfk ug{ / cfkm\gf] tyf cfkm\gf kl/jf/sf] x]/rfx ug{af6 jl~rt ug'{ x'“b}g / ;a} hgtfsf] lzIff, a;f]af; tyf :jf:Yof]krf/;Dd kx'“r x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fk|lt ;dy{g a9\bf] 5 .

/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k, h'g s'/f k|foM /fHosf ;+ljwfgdf klg k|ltljlDat ePsf] x'G5, /fHon] efjL lk9Lk|lt pQ/bfoL x'“b} hyfefjL jg km8fgL, kj{t tyf pkTosfsf] ;'Gb/tf laufg]{ sfd / gbLdf k|b"if0f, c;xgLo WjgL k|b"if0fnfO{ /f]sL jftfj/0fsf] ;'/Iff ug'{kg]{ /fHosf] lhDd]bf/L a9\bf] 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;d'bfosf] ;b:otf

/fHox¿ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] ;b:o x'g] x'gfn] s'g} klg /fHosf cfg} clwsf/ tyf st{Jo x'G5g\ . /fHo / hgtfaLrsf] cGt/lge{/tfn] :jLs[lt kfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf tL st{Jox¿ a9\bf 5g\ . dfgjclwsf/ tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fnufot xfd|f] ;dosf r'gf}tLx¿ ;fdgf ug{, /fli6«o pQ/bfloTjx¿ af]sfpg tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u clej[l4sf nflu w]/}eGbf w]/} cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;+u7gx¿sf] :yfkgf u/L pgLx¿sf] ;anLs/0f klg ul/Psf] 5 . oL Joj:yfx¿n] /fli6«o gLlt tyf ;+:yfx¿df k|efj kfg]{ x'gfn] k//fi6« dfldnf zf;ssf] dfq lhDd]jf/L g/xL /fi6«sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfleq g} ;dlGjt x'g k'U5 . o:tf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf lgDgfg';f/ k|ltljlDat x'g k'Ub5 M k//fi6« gLltdf ljz]if Joj:yf, ;Demf}tfx¿ tyf If]qLo sfg'gx¿sf] lgodg tyf k|of]u, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿sf] ;b:otfsf] Joj:yf tyf ljb]zL zflGt ;]gfdf ;fd]n x'g] /fHosf] clwsf/h:tf ;Dk"0f{ ljifo ;+ljwfgdf Jojl:yt x'G5g\ .

cfw'lgs ;+ljwfgn] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;Daf]wg

oBlk ;+;f/df w]/} ;+ljwfg c;kmn ;fljt ePsf 5g\ . nf]stGq / :yfloTjsf nflu cem};Dd klg ;+ljwfgdfly 7"nf] ljZjf; /flvG5 . !(() df g]kfnsf] gof“ ;+ljwfgdfly dflg;x¿sf] 7"nf] cfzf lyof] . To;}u/L !((& df yfONofG8df gof“ ;+ljwfgsf nflu dflg;x¿df 7"nf] pT;fx lyof] . lsgeg] x's'dL zf;g tyf e|i6frf/af6 o;n] Pp6f lgsf; b]nf eGg] cfzf lyof] . s] ;+ljwfgdfly olt w]/} e/f];f ug'{ /fd|f] xf] < c;kmn x'g] ;+ljwfg xf] jf :jo+ hgtf xf] <

;+ljwfgs

f] :j¿k / p2]Zo

10

/fHonfO{ Pp6f k|efjsf/L tyf Gofok"0f{ ;/sf/ lbg ;fy{s of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] ;+ljwfgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . t/ ;+ljwfgn] ef]Ug'kg]{ jf ef]Ug ;Sg] s]xL sl7gfOx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

zlQmsf] j}oQmLs/0f

cfw'lgs ;+ljwfgdf /fHosf] clwsf/ lgj}{olQms x'G5 . o;sf] cy{ lgDgfg';f/ x'G5 M

sfof{nosf clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf kl/eflift clwsf/ lbOPsf] x'G5, JolQmnfO{ xf]Og .

;fj{hlgs enfO tyf cGo /fli6«o p2]Zox¿nfO{ a9fjf lbg]h:tf vf; p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu clwsf/ lbOPsf] x'G5 / tL k|of]hgsf nflu dfq clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ tf}/tl/sf tyf ljlw ;+ljwfg tyf sfg'gdf Jojl:yt x'G5 .

olb s;}nfO{ ljlw;Ddt ¿kdf clwsf/sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5}g eGg] nfu]df lg?k0fsf nflu pm Gofofnodf hfg ;S5 .

t/ g]tfx¿n] g ;w}+ zlQm k|of]usf] lglb{i6 k4lt ckgfPsf 5g\ gt h'g p2]Zosf nflu clwsf/ lbOPsf] xf] To; p2]Zosf nflu clwsf/sf] k|of]u g} u/]sf 5g\ . g pgLx¿n] zlQm ljefhg tyf zlQm k[ySsLs/0fnfO{ g} ;Ddfg u/]sf 5g\ . kl/0ffd:j¿k pgLx¿sf] sfdnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ / pgLx¿nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg sl7g x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;/L g} dGqL tyf clwsf/Lx¿n] klg clgoldt tyf cg'Q/bfoL tl/sfn] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . ;/sf/sf] pRr g]t[Tjsf JolQmx¿sf] cTolws k|e'Tjn] ubf{ / cGo dWo:y ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;anLs/0f ug{ g;Sgfn] ;+ljwfgsf w]/} efux¿ lgis[o /xg k'Ub5g\ . o;/L w]/} /fd|f ;+ljwfg klg slt;Dd sdhf]/ x'g k'Ubf /x]5g\ eGg] s'/f yflS;gsf] zf;gsfndf yfONofG8 / OlGb/f ufGwLsf] zf;gsfndf ef/t / xfn}sf] g]kfnsf] pbfx/0fn] klg b]vfPsf] 5 .

e|i6frf/

/fhgLlts JolQmx¿ /fHodfly cfkm\gf lgoGq0f sfod u/]/ jf cfkm\gf kx'“r a9fP/ JolQmut :jfy{sf nflu k};f xft kfg{ nfnflot x'G5g\ M

s;}n] 3'; vfP/ JolQm jf sDkgLsf] kmfObfsf nflu zlQmsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ .

s;}n] cfg} >LdtL jf gft]bf/sf gfddf sDkgL vf]N5g\ / ltg}nfO{ gfkmf x'g] vfnsf /fHosf 7]Ssfx¿ lbnfp“5g\ . /, tL sDkgLx¿nfO{ ltgn] sfd} gu/] klg jf b]vfj6L tl/sfn] u/] klg e'QmfgL lbnfp“5g\ .

s;}n] sfdsf nflu cof]Uo jf cbIf eP klg cfg} ;fyL jf gft]bf/nfO{ ;/sf/L jf cw{ ;/sf/L kbdf lgo'lQm lbnfp“5g\ .

11

o;k|sf/ ;/sf/L jf cGo ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿df e|i6frf/ Pp6f hLjgk4lt g} aGg k'Ub5 . d'7\7Le/ dflg;x¿ wgL aGb} / c¿x¿ cfkm\gf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf klg k"/f ug{ g;Sg] u/L emg\–emg\ ul/a x'“b} hfG5g\ . e|i6frf/n] /fli6«o ;|f]tx¿sf] b'?kof]unfO{ klg lgDTofp“5 . e|i6frf/sf] ;+:s[ltn] of]Uo / ;Ifd dflg;nfO{ tyf sDkgLnfO{ nufgL ug{ b'?T;fxg ub{5 . e|i6frf/sf] cy{ s] klg x'G5 eg] k|wfgdGqL, dGqL / clwsf/Lx¿n] lgoGq0f tyf pQ/bfloTj kfng u/fpg sfd ug]{ ;+:yf tyf k|0ffnLnfO{ lgis[o kfg{ s'g} s;/ af“sL g/fv"g\ . ;fy}, pRr kb:y clwsf/L tyf GofofwLzx¿nfO{ klg cfkm\gf e|i6 of]hgfdf ;fd]n u/fpmg\ . ;+;f/df ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / cIf/nfO{ e|i6frf/n] hlt df}lns ¿kdf tx;gx; u/]sf] 5, Tolt c¿ s'g} s'/fn] u/]sf] 5}g .

e|i6frf/ ljsf;zLn b]zdf dfq ;Lldt geP klg o;sf] c;/ eg] tL b]zx¿df ;a}eGbf a9L x'G5 . lsgeg] e|i6frf/nfO{ vf]tn]/ To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ tL b]zx¿ cIfd x'G5g\ . s]xL xb;Dd t …ljsl;tÚ b]zdf klg e|i6frf/ hLljt} x'G5 . t/ w]/} b]zx¿, h;dWo] a9L ljsl;t / s]xL sd ljsl;t kb{5g\, e|i6frf/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;kmn 5g\ . e|i6frf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfg :jo+n] t e|i6frf/nfO{ /f]Sg ;Sb}g, t/ o;n] e|i6frf/nfO{ lgoGq0f / b'?T;fxg ug]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ug{;Sb5 .

hfltut ljljwtf

JolQmjfbsf] d"No / gful/s ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;+ljwfgn] cfkm\gf hg;+Vof hfltut, wfld{s jf eflifs cfwf/df ljeQm gePsf] /fHosf p2]Zox¿nfO{ /fd|f];“u k|ltljlDat u5{ . o:tf] bfaL lsg ul/G5 eg] ;+ljwfgn] ;femf d"No tyf ;+:s[lt ePsf / ;fk]IftM sd åGå ePsf ;d'bfosf nflu Pp6f ;':yflkt / ;femf /fhgLlts ;"q cl:tTjdf /x]sf] dfGotf /fV5 . t/ sltko cj:yfdf cfw'lgs ;+ljwfgn] ljljw hftLo pTklQ tyf ljljw efiff af]Ng] jf ljleGg wd{;“u ;DalGwt dflg; a:g] /fHosf] zf;gnfO{ jf:tjd} hl6n tyf sl7g agfPsf] klg 5 .

/fhgLlt tyf cy{tGq hftLos/0f ePsf 5g\ . hftLo ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ g}ltstf, ;Ifdtf tyf Jojxf/ s]xLsf] jf:tf gu/L cfg} hfltsf] g]tfnfO{ ;dy{g ub{5g\ . lsgeg] pgLx¿ cfkm\gf hfltsf] g]tfn] ljsf; Nofp“5 eGg] 7fGb5g\ . ;fy}, csf]{ hftLo ;d"xaf6 lj/f]wL /fhgLltsf] dflg; cfp“5 eGg] klg pgLx¿ ;f]Rb5g\ . o;/L hftLo ;r]tgfn] dfgjclwsf/ tyf ;fj{hlgs g}ltstfnfO{ g} sdhf]/ agfpg] u5{ . ;+ljwfgk|lt ;/sf/sf] ;Ddfg Tof] ;d'bfosf] hftLotfdf cfwfl/t x'G5, g ls ;/sf/sf] j:t'ut clen]vdf . cem} 7"nf] ;d:of t s] eg] hftLo ljljwtfn] ;/sf/sf] :yfloTj / j}wflgstfsf ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] cl:tTjnfO{ g} r'gf}tL lbg] vfnsf åGåx¿nfO{ ;d]t hGd lbG5 .

slxn]sfxL“ s] bfaL ul/G5 eg] >Ln+sf jf ef/tdf h:tf] g]kfndf hftLotf ;d:of xf]Og . t/ blnt tyf dw];Lsf b[li6af6 x]bf{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf; pgLx¿dfly lg/Gt/ k|e'Tjsf] Oltxf; xf]

;+ljwfgs

f] :j¿k / p2]Zo

12

— /fhgLlts, ;}Go tyf ;fdflhs k|e'Tj . Tof] k|e'Tj lxGb' wfld{s bz{g c“ufNg] a|fXd0fx¿sf] k|e'Tj xf] . tL a|fXd0fx¿ zf;s ju{d} k5{g\ / pgLx¿sf] /fhtGq;“u 3lgi7tf /lxcfPsf] 5 . t/ ca ul/aL tyf ;fdflhs Gofok|lt rf;f] a9]sf] x'gfn] pgLx¿sf] Wofg tL ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿sf] zf]if0fsf] ;+/rgflt/ hfg]5, hf] clxn] /fHo tyf ;dfhsf] zf]if0fsf/L ;+/rgfk|lt Hofbf ;r]t 5g\ . pgLx¿ clxn] pgLx¿sf] ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, eflifs dof{bf sfod eO{ k||e'TjzfnL ;d'bfosf] k|e'Tj x6]/ ;fdflhs ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/ tof/ x'g] lsl;dn] /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ug{ rfxG5g\ . c¿ b]zsf] cg'ejnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] klxrfgsf] /fhgLltn] ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/ tyf ;+:yfx¿sf] lgdf{0fh:tf ljifosf] 5nkmndf uDeL/ e"ldsf v]Ng]5 . o;/L gof“ aGg] ;+ljwfgn] hftLo ljljwtf tyf ;fdflhs pTkL8gsf d'2fx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{5 .

xfnsf jif{x¿df /fHosf] ;+/rgfsf ;DaGwdf w]/} af}l4s ljdz{ ePsf] 5 . Pp6f ;'emfj s:tf] k|fKt ePsf] 5 eg] ;+ljwfgn] JolQmsf rfxgfnfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg'sf] ;§f hftLo tyf wfld{s ;d"xsf rfxgfnfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg'kb{5 . elgG5, ;+ljwfgsf] sfd Pp6f …/fli6«oÚ jf ;femf /fhgLlts ;d'bfonfO{ ;'Jojl:yt ug'{ xf]Og a? o;sf] sfd t Pp6f ;femf /fhgLlts ;d'bfosf] l;h{gf ug'{ xf] . t/ Pp6f To:tf] ;femf /fhgLlts ;d'bfosf] l;h{gf ug'{ hxf“ JolQmsf] cf:yf klxnf Tof] ;femf ;d'bfodf / To;kl5 dfq hflt, wd{ tyf efiffut ;d'bfodfly /xG5 . s]xL ljåfg\ / gLlt lgdf{tfsf cg';f/ of] sfd Pp6f pbf/ ;+ljwfgåf/f g} ug{ ;lsG5 . To:tf] ;+ljwfgdf ;a} JolQmnfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf lnOG5 . t/ P]ltxfl;s ¿kn] g} k5fl8 k/]sf ;d'bfosf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ul/G5 . c¿x¿ s] eG5g\ eg] ;+ljwfgn] ;a} ;d'bfosf] /fhgLlts tyf sfg'gL clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbg'kb{5 . clg /fHosf ;+:yfx¿sf] lgdf{0f ;a} ;d'bfoaLrdf clwsf/sf] af“8kmf“8 x'g ;Sg] k|sf/n] ug'{kb{5 . -ldlnh'nL ;/sf/, ;+3Lotf tyf Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, ;z:q an / JolQmut sfg'gL ;Qfx¿df ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjh:tf Joj:yf u/]/_ .

g]kfnh:tf] ljljw ;d"x tyf ;d'bfox¿ ePsf] b]zdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf qmddf ;aeGbf 7"nf] r'gf}tL eg]sf] ljljwtfaLr Pp6f ;femf /fhgLlts ;d'bfosf] l;h{gf ug'{ g} xf] . g]kfnsf] eljio klg df}lns ¿kdf o; r'gf}tLsf] ;dfwfg s;/L ul/G5 eGg]df g} lge{/ /x]sf] 5 .

sdhf]/ gful/s ;dfh

;+ljwfgsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ;+ljwfgn] g} Joj:yf u/]sf ljleGg cf}krfl/s ;+:yfx¿afx]s ;/sf/åf/f ;+ljwfgsf lgb]{zgx¿sf] kl/kfngnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf w]/} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . gful/s ;dfh eGgfn] kl/jf/afx]ssf u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gx¿ kb{5g\ . ltgdf wfld{s ;+u7gx¿, k]zfut ;+3;+:yfx¿, ljQLo ;+:yfx¿, ;~rf/ dfWod tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf kb{5g\ . ljlwsf] zf;g tyf ;/sf/sf] pQ/bfloTjk|lt k|lta4 gful/s ;dfhn] ;+ljwfgn] lgoGq0fsf nflu Joj:yf u/]sf ;+:yf tyf hgdtsf] kl/rfng u/]/ ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbg ;S5 . ;fdfGotM gful/s ;dfh w]/} ljsf;zLn b]zdf eGbf blIf0f Pl;ofdf a9L alnof] / k|v/ 5 . t/ klg o;n] cem} lgDg sl7gfOx¿ v]Kg' k/]sf] 5 M

13

;dfh cg]sf}+ hflt, wd{ tyf hftdf ljeflht x'gfn] ldlnh'nL sfd ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] 5 .

c;Lldt ;|f]tx¿sf] kl/rfng ug]{ x'gfn] ;/sf/n] gful/s ;dfhnfO{ bafPsf] 5 .

hg;+Vofsf] d'Vo efu u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf a;f]af; u5{ . To:tf If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ hgtfsf] vf; rf;f] :yfgLo ljifodf g} s]lGb|t x'G5 . w]/}h;f] dflg;x¿ g /fli6«o /fhgLlt;“u kl/lrt 5g\ g t pgLx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf efu lng] cj;/ g} 5 .

w]/}h;f] hgtfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf af/]df w]/} 1fg 5}g . o;n] pgLx¿sf clwsf/nfO{ s;/L k|efljt u5{ jf pgLx¿ v/fa sfg'g tyf ;/sf/sf v/fa sfdx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ s;/L ;+ljwfgsf] k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] 1fg 5}g .

cufl8sf] af6f]

dfly 5nkmn ul/Psf] ljifosf cfwf/df Pp6f cfw'lgs ;+ljwfgsf ;DaGwdf cg]sf}+ lgisif{ lgsfNg jf JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 . s]xL vf; ljifodf ;+ljwfg ;fGble{s tyf pkof]uL x'G5 eGg] bfaL ug{ ;lsG5 . tL ljifo x'g\ M ;+ljwfgn] /fHosf] ;Dk|e';Qf tyf PstfnfO{ :jLs[lt lbG5 . dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff ub}{ /fHo zlQmnfO{ kl/;Lldt u5{ . t/ ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ tL Joj:yfx¿sf] ;w}+ ;Ddfg u/L ltgnfO{ k|efjsf/L klg agfOPsf] 5}g . olb of] ljZn]if0f ;xL 5 eg] ;+ljwfgsf Joj:yfx¿nfO{ nfu" ug{ ljleGg pks/0f tyf cf}hf/sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ klg ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfsf] st{Jo x'g hfG5 . w]/}h;f] ;+ljwfgdf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfx¿ Jojxf/df nfu" x'g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ yf]/} dfq pks/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 / l;4fGttM ;+ljwfgsf] ;Ddfg k|Tofe"t u/fpg /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf e/ k/]sf x'G5g\ . ;+ljwfgn] Hofb} g} k|lti7f u'dfPsf w]/} ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df /fhgLlts k|lqmofn] klg k|lti7f a9fpg g;s]sf] cg'ej x'gfn] o:tf] cj:yf cfOk/]df cGo j}slNks pkfo klg ckgfpg'kb{5 . tL pkfox? ;+j}wflgs ;+oGqsf] ;anLs/0f, ;+ljwfgk|lt hgr]tgfsf] clej[l4 tyf /fHosf sfdsf/afxLdf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] x'g;Sb5g\ .

cfw'lgs ;+ljwfg s]xL ljifox¿df cIfd x'G5 eg]/ klg bfaL ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}, o;n] hftLo ljljwtf tyf hftLo ;r]tgfnfO{ of t dfGotf g} lb“b}g of lbg'kg]{ hlt dfGotf glbg] x'gfn] of] /fli6«o Pstf tyf hftLo :jzf;gaLrsf] åGånfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ c;kmn ePsf] 5 . cfw'lgs ;+ljwfgsf] Pstfa4 /fhgLlts ;d'bfosf] b[li6sf]0f klg e|ldt tyf ckl/kSj 5 . Tolt dfq xf]Og, cfw'lgs ;+ljwfg ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s Gofo k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf / ul/aLsf ljifodf klg cIfd ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 . olb o; ljZn]if0fnfO{ ;xL dfGg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfgdf g} s]xL kl/jt{g Nofpg' ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg xf] .

cem csf]{ JofVof s] klg x'g ;Sb5 eg] cfw'lgs ;+ljwfg hgtf;“u olt c;Dk[Qm 5 ls o;n] hgtfsf cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg g} ub}{g . o:tf] ts{ cl3 ;fg]{x¿sf] bfaL s]

;+ljwfgs

f] :j¿k / p2]Zo

14

5 eg] zlQm, /fhgLlts ;d'bfo, nf]stGq / dfgjclwsf/ tyf lognfO{ Jojl:yt / nfu" ug]{ ;+oGqsf s'/fx¿ ;j{;fwf/0fn] a'em\g} g;Sg] / pgLx¿n] ;dy{g klg gug]{ x'gfn] oL Joj:yfx¿ sfuhdf dfq ;Lldt /xL oyfy{df k|j]z g} ug{ kfp“b}gg\ . o:tf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ;+ljwfgdf cfd"n ¿kdf g} k'glj{rf/ tyf k'gd"{Nof+sg ug'{kb{5 . Toltdfq} xf]Og, ;fob df}lns ¿kd} km/s k|sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ug'{kg]{5 .

g]kfnsf nflu Pp6f gof“ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ lg0f{o ePsf] o; 38Ldf g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ lgDg ljifox¿df Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 M

g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs tyf ;fdflhs Oltxf;dfly Wofg lbg] .

cfw'lgs ;+ljwfgsf ;an tyf b'a{n kIfdfly ljrf/ k'¥ofpg] .

lgDg k|Zgx¿sf] :ki6 pQ/ k|fKt ug]{ M

s:tf] k|sf/sf] ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] <

s:tf] d"No–dfGotf :yflkt ug]{ xf] <

ljleGg ;d'bfoaLr s;/L ;x–;DaGw :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 <

g]kfn gfd u/]sf] Pp6f a[xt\ /fhgLlts ;d'bfo;“u ltgLx¿ s;/L ;DalGwt x'g] x'g\ <

15

16

@cWofo @cWofo

17

g]kfndf ;+ljwfgsf] Oltxf;

c7f/f}+ ztfAbLsf] pQ/f4{lt/ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f;Fu} cfw'lgs g]kfn cl:tTjdf cfPsf] eP klg !($* ;Dd d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfg eGg]h:tf] s'g} b:tfj]h lyPg . b]zdf zf;g rnfpg] s]xL gLltlgodx¿ lxGb'wd{sf zf:qx¿df plNnlvt d"No–dfGotf tyf cg'lzIf0f / :yfgLo ;d'bfodf k|rlnt d"No–dfGotfdf cfwfl/t lyP . wd{sf zf;sLo l;4fGtx¿n] dflg;sf ljz]ifflwsf/, st{Jo / bfloTj, O{Zj/, ;dfh / :jo+k|lt p;sf] ljlwJojxf/ / wfld{s, /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs sfo{x¿df p;n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ g}lts cfbz{sf] k/LIf0f;d]t bzf{pFYf] . /fhf wd{nfO{ pRrt/ ljwfgsf] ¿kdf c+uLsf/ ug]{, sfo{sf/L, Joj:yfksLo / Goflos sfo{x¿df /fhwd{åf/f lgb]{lzt x'g] Pp6f anjfg\ zf;s x'g'kYof]{ / To;}u/L /fhfsf] clVtof/LnfO{ 6]jf lbg' k|hfx¿sf] bfloTj x'GYof] .

lxGb' d"Nok4ltn] olb /fhf / k|hf cf–cfkm\gf wd{df rNg;Sg] xf] eg] åGåsf] aLhf/f]k0f g} gx'g] dfGotf /fVYof] . g t /fHo / k|hfaLrsf] ;DaGw x]g]{ s'g} cfbz{ ljlwljwfg lyP, g k|hf / /fHoaLrsf] cfk;L lxt /Iffsf nflu x'g] åGå ;dfwfg ug]{ ;+j}wflgs k4lt g} . /fhfnfO{ afFWg] sfg'gL, /fhgLlts k|0ffnL / ljljw ;fdflhs tyf ;fd'bflos k/Dk/fdf clwsf/;DaGwL l;4fGtx¿sf] cefj lyof] h'g l;4fGtx¿ ;+j}wflgstfjfbsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+/rgf aGg ;Sy] . lxGb' / g]jf/ clw/fHox¿n] ckgfPsf] tyfslyt j0f{ Joj:yfn] hg;+Vofsf] ljzfn c+z, ljz]ifu/L blntx¿nfO{ k|efljt u/]sf] lyof] .

!*^$ df b/af/leqsf] cfGtl/s zlQm ;+3if{sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;}lgs g]tf h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] ;Qf xTofpg ;kmn eP / /fhfnfO{ gfd dfqsf] e"ldsf lbP/ /f0ffx¿sf] j+z k/Dk/fcg'¿k hxflgofF k|wfgdGqL x'g] k4lt a;fn] . pgsf] ;Qf ks8n] k"0f{ s]Gb|Ls[t tfgfzfxLnfO{ hGd lbof] . ;+o'Qm clw/fHo / k|mfG;sf] e|d0faf6 k|]l/t eP/ h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] !*%$ sf] d'n'sL P]g hf/L u/] h;n] rngrNtLsf sfg'gx¿nfO{ ;"qa4 u¥of], /fHoJoj:yf ;~rfngsf nflu

18

cfjZos gLltlgod :yflkt u¥of] / tdfd zf;s ju{ tyf ;j{;fwf/0f;d]tnfO{ k|i6¿kn]

lgoda4 ul/Psf] sfg'gL 5ftfd'lg Nofof] . P]g d'Votof hfthfltx¿aLrsf] cfk;L ;DaGw;Fu

;DalGwt lyof] . P]gn] ef/tLo pkdxfåLksf cGo /fHox¿df ckgfOPsf] lxGb' P]gsfg'g

klg ;d]6\g] r]i6f u/]sf] lyof] h;n] ubf{ :yfgLo sfg'gL Joj:yf yk hl6n aGg k'Uof] .

;bfzok"j{s ;'? ul/Psf] eP klg P]gn] :yfgLo k/Dk/fdf rlncfPsf] wd{sf] ;+ult layf]Nof] .

lkt[;QfTds ;fdflhs Joj:yf, s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;j{dfGo sfg'gsf] cefj, c;dfg ;fdflhs

;d"xx¿ tyf wd{ / sfg'gsf] lj:tL0f{ k|s[lt — oL ;a}n] dflyNnf] txdf x'g] zlQmsf]

s;/tnfO{ lgoGq0f / lgodg ug{ k|fo ;d:of kl//xg] Pp6f cnUu} k|sf/sf] ;fdflhs,

/fhgLlts Joj:Yff ljsl;t ug{ of]ubfg u/] .

lxGb' /fHoJoj:yfn] /fhfx¿nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ zlQm wf/0f ug{ cg'dlt lbof] / /fhfdfly em08}

slQ klg lgoGq0fsf] pkfo Joj:yf u/]gÙ O{Zj/sf] eon] /fhfx¿nfO{ ;w}+el/ lgolGqt /fVg

;Qm}gYof] . of] Joj:Yffn] cfBf]kfGt OR5fsf] xf]Og, sfg'gsf] ;/sf/dfly hf]8 lbO/Xof], t/

wd{ sfg'gL cjwf/0ffeGbf wfld{s 3f]if0ffkqsf ¿kdf ;Lldt /x\of] . of] ;+j}wflgstfjfbsf]

;Lldt cjwf/0ff klg /fhfx¿nfO{ kfvf nufP/ /f0ffx¿n] /fHo zlQm xTofPkl5 s'lNrOof] .

o;/L, k/Dk/fut g]kfnn] /fHodfly hjfkmb]lxtf jf sfg'gsf] kfngf u/fpg la/n} k|efj sfod

ug{ ;Sof] . /fhf / /f0ffx¿sf] zf;gsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf /fHosf] cTolws s]Gb|Ls[t

k|0ffnL / ;}lgsLs/0fo'Qm :j¿k lyof] .

;+ljwfgx¿sf] cg'qmldstf

g]kfndf 5 j6f ;+ljwfg ag] M !($*, !(%!, !(%(, !(^@, !(() sf ;+ljwfg / @))& sf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg . of] cWofosf] cflv/Ldf /x]sf] tflnsfdf oL ;+ljwfgsf d'Vo ljz]iftf t'ngf

ul/Psf] 5 .

c;xdltsf pynk'ynx¿ klxnfb]lv g} /x] klg g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts b[Zo ef/tLo :jtGqtf

/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|efjaf6 !($) sf] b;sb]lv dfq jf:tjd} kl/jt{g x'g yfNof] .

dflg;x¿n] cfkm" /fhgLlts k|0ffnLdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg'kg]{ dfu ug{ yfn] / gful/s clwsf/

tyf :jtGqtf nflu klg cfjfh p7fpg yfn] . hgcfjfhnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ /f0ff k|wfgdGqL

kb\d zdz]/n] !($* df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g hf/L u/] . of] g]kfnsf] klxnf]

;+j}wflgs sfg'g dflgG5 . cfw'lgs ;+j}wflgs efiffdf n]lvPsf] of] b:tfj]hsf] d:of}bf leGg

ljrf/ /fVg] ;b:o ePsf] Pp6f ;ldltåf/f tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;ldltdf ef/taf6 af]nfOPsf

ljz]if1 ;d]t lyP . h] eP klg, k|wfgdGqLsf] dg;fo t of] b:tfj]hsf] cfwf/e"t p2]Zo

k/Dk/fut /fHo;QfnfO{ cfw'lgs ;+j}wflgs /fHodf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ lyPg . a? ;+j}wflgs

;/sf/sf] dfu ul//x]sf hgtfsf] cfjfhnfO{ dTy/ kfg]{ / /f0ff zf;gnfO{ j}wflgstfsf] hfdf

klx/fpg] lyof] .

19

t/ kb\d zdz]/ pgLeGbf Go"g pbf/jfbL pQ/flwsf/Låf/f kbRo't eP / Tof] ;+ljwfg

sfof{Gjog x'g'eGbf cufl8 g} ldNsfOof] . To;kl5sf] clgolGqt zf;gn] !(%! sf] qmflGt

e8\sfof], h;n] /fhtGqnfO{ k'gM:yflkt u¥of] . /fhfn] !* km]a'|c/L !(%! -& kmfu'g @))&_

df 3f]if0ff u/] M

cfhko{Gt xfd|f hgtf hgtfåf/f lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efn] agfpg] k|hftflGqs

;+ljwfgcg';f/ k|zfl;t x'g]5g\ . ;f] ;+ljwfgsf] k|f¿k tof/ geP;Dd xfd|f] k|zf;gnfO{

;xof]u / ;Nnfx lbg hgljZjf;o'Qm nf]slk|o k|ltlglwx¿sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g

ul/g]5 .

Toltv]/ Pp6f cGtl/d u7aGwg ;/sf/ u7g ul/of], h;df /f0ffx¿ / qmflGtnfO{ g]t[Tj ug]{

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] a/fa/ k|ltlglwTj lyof] . Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / b]zsf]

zf;g Joj:yfdf g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;xeflutf x'g] cfzf knfof] . km]l/, ef/tLo ljz]if1x¿sf]

;xof]udf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf tof/ kfl/of] .

Tof] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cf7 jif{;Dd sfod /Xof] . ;+ljwfgsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljz]iftf af/Daf/ kl/jt{g

x'g] ;/sf/sf sf/0f pTkGg cl:y/tf ;fDo kfg]{ k|oTg / lg/Gt/ ;+zf]wgsf sf/0f kl/jlt{t

eof] -tL cf7 jif{df !) j6f ;/sf/ u7g eP_ . oxL qmddf, /fHosf] clwsf/ hgtfdf ;fg]{

cf;on] hf/L ul/Psf] ;+ljwfg clwsf/x¿ k'gM /fhfdf kmsf{P/ ;dfKt eof] . ;+ljwfg;efsf]

lgjf{rg ug]{ jrg lbPsf /fhf lqe'jgsf] pQ/flwsf/Lsf ¿kdf ;Qfdf cfPsf /fhf dx]Gb|n]

;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ug{ c:jLsf/ ub}{ lxGb' k/Dk/fcg';f/ ;lqmo g]t[Tj lng] dxTjfsf+Iff

/fVg yfn] .

h] eP klg, /fhf dx]Gb|n] a9\bf] hgbafasf sf/0f ;+ljwfg d:of}bf cfof]u u7g ug}{k¥of] .

cfof]un] a]nfotL ;+ljwfgljb\ cfOef]/ h]lgª\;sf] ;'emfjdf d:of}bf u/]sf] b:tfj]h !@ km]a'|c/L

!(%( df g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg aGof] . To;kl5 b]zdf ;+;bLo lgjf{rg ;DkGg eof]

h;df g]kfnL sf+u|];n] b'O{ ltxfOeGbf clws l;6 lhTof] . b'ef{Uojz, aLkL sf]O/fnfn] g]t[Tj

u/]sf] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/ !* dlxgfeGbf l6s]g, /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/

k|of]u u/L clwsf+z ;+j}wflgs clwsf/x¿ lgnDag ub}{ lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ lj36g u/]kl5 .

/fhfn] g]kfnL hgtfdf lzIff / /fhgLlts r]tgfsf] cefjsf sf/0f g]kfndf !(%( sf]

;+ljwfgcGtu{tsf] ;+;bLo k|0ffnL cg'ko'Qm /x]sf] 3f]if0ff u/] / ank"j{s …g]kfnL df6f] ;'xfpFbf]Ú

Joj:Yff nfu" u/] . /fhfn] cfkm\g} cWoIftfdf Pp6f dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g u/] / !(^@ ;Dd zf;g

u/] . /fhfsf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ g]kfnLx¿dfq ;lDdlnt Pp6f ;fgf] ;ldltn] Ps dlxgfleqdf

!(^@ sf] k~rfotL ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf tof/ u¥of] .

k~rfotL zf;g em08} #) jif{ hf/L /Xof] . o;aLrdf, ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{

@$ d] !(&( df hgdt ;+u|x ul/of] . hgdt ;+u|xn] hgtfnfO{ dtbfg ug{ b'O{j6f ljsNk

g]kfndf ;

+ljwfgsf] Oltxf;

20

lbPsf] lyof] M pko'Qm ;'wf/;lxtsf] k~rfotL Joj:Yff cyjf k|ltkIfLn] dfu u/]h:tf] ax'bnLo Joj:Yff . t/ hgdt ;+u|x ljleGg 9+un] kIfkftk"0f{ ePsf] x'Fbf ax'bnLo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{x¿ k/flht eP . h] eP klg, k~rfotL Joj:Yffn] k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf, Joj:yflksfk|lt dGqLx¿ hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{ cjwf/0ffh:tf s]xL kl/jt{g ckgfof] . h]–h:tf ;'wf/ ckgfP klg, k|hftflGqs ;+:yf / /fhfsf] cf;kf; /xg] b/afl/of zlQmaLr cfk;L :jfy{/Iffsf] åGåsf sf/0f Joj:yfn] /fd|/L sfo{ ug{ ;s]g . To;dfly klg, ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf ;+zf]wgx¿n] /fhfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;zQm agfof] .

!(*) sf] b;sdf k"jL{ o'/f]kdf cfPsf] k|hftflGqs kl/jt{gsf] k|efj:j¿k b'O{ 7"nf /fhgLlts bnx¿n] hgtfnfO{ klxnf] hgcfGbf]ngsf qmddf ;8sdf ptf/] . of] cfGbf]ngn] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf] ;"qkft u¥of] / sfnqmddf !(() sf] ;+ljwfg hf/L klg eof] . t/ /fhfåf/f ;+ljwfgsf] unt k|of]u, ;+ljwfgd} ePsf s]xL q'l6 / kl5Nnf ;/sf/x¿sf] cIfdtfsf ;fy} !((^ df ;'? ePsf] dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x / zfxL ;Qf sAhfsf sf/0f of] ;+ljwfg c:jLsfo{ eof] / @))& df kfl/t cGtl/d ;+ljwfgåf/f of] k|lt:yflkt eof] . of] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug]{5 / cem} csf]{ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g]5 .

gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf af/]df hf/L ax;sf] ;fydf klxnfsf ;a} ;+ljwfgsf] l;+xfjnf]sg ug'{, ltgdf Pscsf{df s]–slt leGgtfx¿ lyP egL s]nfpg' / ljifoj:t'df slt ljsf; ePsf] lyof] egL rrf{ ug'{ ;"rgfbfoL x'g]5 .

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf k|of]u ePsf k4lt

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ hgtf;Fu k/fdz{ lng] r]i6f !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf tof/ ubf{b]lv ;'? ul/Psf] xf] . t/ o:tf] k/fdz{ g cfd ¿kdf ul/Psf] lyof] g t Jojl:yt g} lyof] . o:tf] k/fdz{n] ;+ljwfgdf s] k|efj kf¥of] eGg] klg k|i6 5}g . d"ntM g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -Pdfn]_ sf] ;+o'Qm kxndf of] ;+ljwfg kfl/t ePsf] lyof] . csf{tkm{, @))& sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg eg] cf7 kf6L{ g]t[TjaLrsf] ;dembf/Lsf] kl/0ffd xf] . clxn];DDdsf ;a} g]kfnL ;++ljwfgx¿ ljz]if1x¿, ;De|fGt ju{ jf /fhgLlts bnsf ;b:osf] ;fgf] ;d"xåf/f d:of}bf ul/Psf x'g\ .

;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{x¿

!($* sf] ;+ljwfg tTsfnLg jf:tljs zf;s /f0ff k|wfgdGqLn] hf/L u/]sf lyP . !(%! sf] ;+ljwfg dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfxdf /fhf lqe'jgn] hf/L u/]sf lyP . !(%( sf] ;+ljwfg cfkm"df /x]sf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qfsf] pkef]u ub}{ /fhf dx]Gb|n] hf/L u/]sf lyP . !(^@ sf] ;+ljwfg klg pgs} s/fdt lyof] . cgf}7f] ¿kn], ;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfdf /x]sf] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] !(() sf] ;+ljwfg;d]t b/afl/of s'l6n rfn rn]/ /fhfn] g} hf/L u/]sf lyP . s'g} klg ;+ljwfg ;+;b\ cyjf hgtfsf] OR5fåf/f NofOPsf] 5}g .

21

zf;g k|0ffnL

zf;g Joj:yfsf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf ;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t /lxcfPsf] 5 h;df ;+o'Qm clw/fHo / ef/tdf h:tf] k|wfgdGqL / dGqLx¿ Joj:yflksfsf ;b:o ePsf] x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;/sf/n] Joj:yflksf -cyjf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw;ef_ sf] ;dy{g sfod /flv/xg'kg]{ Go"gtd cfjZostf eP klg !(%( / !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf dfq ;/sf/df sfod /xg o:tf] cfjZostfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . !($* sf] ;+ljwfgdf /f0ff k|wfgdGqLnfO{ x6fpg ;lsg] Joj:Yff lyPg . !(%! df lgjf{lrt Joj:yflksf lyPg, / k~rfotL zf;g Joj:yfcGtu{t /fli6«o k~rfotn] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t ug{ ;SYof] t/ /fhfn] dtbfgsf] glthf kfngf ug'{kb}{gYof] .

/fhfsf] e"ldsf

;'?df, /f0ffx¿ /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltåGåL lyP, / /fhfn] /f0ff zf;g cGTo ug{ /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf lyP . /fhtGq k'g:yf{kgf ePkl5, / /fhfn] k|yd k6s gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] k|lta4tf k"/f gu/]kl5, /fhf / /fhgLlts bnaLr lg/Gt/ åGå rln/x]sf] 5 . k~rfotL ;+ljwfg /fhtGqsf] ljho lyof] / o;n] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;sf] ult k5fl8 ws]Ng] sbdnfO{ k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] lyof] . cGo k|ltufdL sbdx¿df ;+ljwfgx¿sf] vf/]hL cyjf, !(%! sf] b:tfj]hsf] xsdf, ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] o;sf] d"ne"t nIosf] kl/Tofu ul/g' /x] .

!(%!, !(%( / !(() sf ;+ljwfgx¿n] /fhfsf] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgn] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g] k|fjwfg;lxtsf] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq ;+:yfut ug]{ sfo{df k|ult u/]sf] b]vfP . ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqdf, /fhf;Fu lglZrt clwsf/ x'g] / pgn] To;sf] cEof; cfkm\gf] thaLhn] ug{ ;Sg] eP klg tL clwsf/x¿ ;Lldt x'G5g\ / oL ljz]ifu/L gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt geP/ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ;'Jojl:yt /flv/xg] s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . !(%( sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t, /fhfsf clwsf+z clwsf/x¿ ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/;df dfq cEof; ul/g] eP klg, s'g} klg ljifodf ;+ljwfgcGtu{t /fhfn] cfkm\gf] ljj]sn] clGtd lg0f{o ;'gfpg ;Sy] . ToxfF …/fhfsf clwsf/Ú eGg] cWofo klg lyof], t/ oL clwsf/ klg ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/;df cEof; ul/g] x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ eGg] c:ki6 5 . b'ef{Uojz, !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf d:of}bfsf/x¿n] !(%( sf] ;+ljwfgsf c:ki6tfaf6 kf7 l;Sg ;s]gg\, / cg]s 9+un] JofVof ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfgx¿ 5f]l8lbP . o:tf] c:ki6tfsf] Pp6f kl/0ffd, @))@ df /fhfn] z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] ;/sf/nfO{ ;lhn} lj36g ug{ ;Ifd eP . To;kl5 /fhfn] cfkm\g} rogdf ;/sf/ u7g u/] .

Gofokflnsfsf] e"ldsf

s'g} klg ;+ljwfgsf] ;kmntfsf nflu / ;+ljwfgdf lglxt clwsf/sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu :jtGq cbfntsf] e"ldsf cTofjZos x'G5 . !($* sf] ;+ljwfgn] Pp6f pRr cbfnt /,

g]kfndf ;

+ljwfgsf] Oltxf;

22

cfZro{hgs¿kn], k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ b'O{ hgf aflx/sf JolQm;lxt

Joj:yflksfsf] Goflos ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;SYof] . Goflos x}l;otn] x]bf{ Gofokflnsfsf] of]

k|0ffnL xfp; ckm n8{\; -a]nfotL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt_ sf] df]8]ndf cfwfl/t h:tf] b]lvG5 .

/f0ff k|wfgdGqLn] GofofwLzx¿ lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sy] t/ pgn] -cfkm}n] lgo'Qm u/]sf]_ Goflos

;ldltn] avf{:t ug]{ l;kmfl/; u/]df GofofwLzx¿nfO{ dfq avf{:t ug{ ;Sy] . !(%! sf]

;+ljwfgn] pRr cbfntsf] pNn]vdfq u/]sf] lyof] . !(%@ sf] pRr cbfnt P]gn] g]kfndf

klxnf] :jtGq Gofokflnsf lgdf{0f u¥of] . t/, sfo{kflnsfsf] sfo{k|lt s]xL lj/f]wfefifk"0f{

km};nfx¿ u/]kl5 !(%$ df Pp6f sfg'gåf/f pRr cbfntsf] Goflos cjnf]sgsf] clwsf/

x6fOof] . !(%( sf] ;+ljwfgn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] u7g u¥of] t/ cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/af/]

s'g} ljj/0f pNn]v u/]g M /fhfn] lgo'Qm u/]sf] Pp6f cfof]un] GofofwLzx¿sf] avf{:tuLaf/]

l;kmfl/; ug{ ;SYof], t/ /fhfn] l;kmfl/; :jLs[t gug{ klg ;Sy] . !(^@ sf] ;+ljwfgn]

GofofwLzx¿sf] avf{:tuLsf nflu Pp6f cfof]u cyjf /fli6«o k~rfotn] l;kmfl/; ug{

;Sg] k|fjwfg /fVof] / klxnf] k6s ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] -ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgsf] df]8]ncg';f/_

dfgjclwsf/ / cGo clwsf/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/L If]qflwsf/sf] Joj:yf u¥of] . !(() sf]

;+ljwfgn] cGttM lhNnf cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] :yfkgf u/]/ /

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLznfO{ sfo{sfn;Dd ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"t u/L k"0f{ Goflos k|0ffnL u7g

u¥of] -tNNff] txsf cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿sf nflu ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf Go"g 5_ .

k|hftGq / lgjf{rg

g]kfndf !(%( / !(() sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t dfq} :jtGq¿kn] lgjf{lrt Joj:yflksf lyof] . s]xL ;+ljwfgx¿sf] d'Vo ljz]iftf ck|ToIf lgjf{rg /Xof] . !($* sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t /fli6«o ;efsf cfwf ;b:o :yfgLo k~rfotsf ;jf]{Rr clwsf/Lx¿af6 lgjf{lrt ePsf x'Gy] . !(^@ sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t, /fli6«o k~rfot hgtf -hf] :jo+ klg ck|ToIf lgjf{rgåf/f r'lgPsf JolQm x'Gy]_ åf/f ck|ToIf ¿kn] lgjf{lrt x'GYof] / lgjf{rgx¿df pDd]bjf/L lbg] clwsf/ klg lglZrt ju{ / Jofj;flos ;+u7gx¿df ;Lldt x'GYof] . @))& sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcGtu{t klg dfcf]jfbLsf &# ;b:o / cGo $* ;b:ox¿ kf6L{x¿n] lgo'Qm u/]sf x'g\ / !((( df lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw @))$ d} ;dfKt eO;s]sf] xf] . g]kfndf k|rlnt k|0ffnLsf] csf]{ ;femf ljz]iftf ;bgsf ;b:ox¿sf] lgo'lQm /fhfåf/f jf !($* df h:tf] k|wfgdGqLåf/f x'g' xf] .

!($* sf] P]gn] /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ :yfg lbPg . bnx¿n] !(%( sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t r'gfjL k|lt:kwf{ u/] t/ ltgLx¿ !(^) d} k|ltalGwt eP . Tof] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ ;~rflnt hgdt ;+u|xsf a]nf eg] kf6L{x¿nfO{ 5f]6f] cjlwsf nflu r'gfjL k|lt:kwf{df pqg cg'dlt lbOPsf] lyof] . k~rfotL ;+ljwfgcGtu{t /fli6«o k~rfotdf k|ltlglwTjsf nflu /fhgLlts bnsf] k|lt:yfkg:j¿k ljZjljBfno :gftsx¿ / ljljw juL{o ;+u7gaf6 dflg; rog ug]{ k|fjwfg lyof] . lgjf{rg k|lqmofnfO{ cem} lgolGqt ug{ !(&% df ufpF kms{ cleofg gfdsf] Pp6f cgf}7f]

23

lgsfo cufl8 NofOof] . of] cleofgåf/f d"ntM /fhfaf6} :jLs[t pDd]bjf/dfq k~rfotsf] s'g} klg txdf r'gfjL k|lt:kwf{df v8f x'g ;Sy] . of] lgsfon] /fli6«o k~rfotsf] s'g} ;b:onfO{ v/fa cfr/0f cyjf c:jLsfo{ /fhgLlts ultljlwdf ;+nUg ePsf] cfwf/df x6fpg ;SYof] . o;k|sf/ /fhgLlts ;xeflutf / k|hftGqsf] d"n cjwf/0ffnfO{ g} lgif]w ul/Psf] lyof] .

csf{tkm{, !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ax'bnLo k|hftGq lyof] / o;n] :ki6tof /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{sf ;fy} ltgnfO{ Jojl:yt klg u/]sf] lyof] .

dfgjclwsf/

dfgjclwsf/sf nflu ;a} ;+ljwfgx¿df s]xL g s]xL Joj:yf ul/Psf x'G5g\ . !($* sf] ;+ljwfgdf o;;DaGwL gfddfqsf] Joj:yf lyof] . !(%! sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf, ;a} clwsf/ lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ gfdsf] cWofocGtu{t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] h'g Joj:Yff ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgdf h:t} cbfntsf] cufl8 s'g} klg j}wflgs bfaL ug{ gldNg] vfnsf] x'gfn] o;sf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ hl6n lyof] . kl5sf ;+ljwfgx¿ ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgs} ¿k/]vfcg';f/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'Fbf dfgjclwsf/sf ;jfndf clwsf+ztM p:t} k|fjwfg /flvPsf] lyof] . !(%( sf] ;+ljwfgsf] Pp6f wf/fn] dfgjclwsf/sf] k|fjwfgn] …;fj{hlgs lxtÚ ;DaGwL s'g} klg sfg'gnfO{ k|efljt ug]{5}g eGg] k|fjwfg /fv]/ o;df lglxt ;f/f dfgjclwsf/x¿nfO{ cjd"Nog u/]sf] 5 . lsgeg] ;fj{hlgs lxt eGg] kbfjnLnfO{ ljleGg 9+un] kl/eflift ug{ ;lsGYof] . o;sf ;fy}, dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿ ;}lgssf nflu slQ klg nfu" x'Fb}gy] / k|x/Lsf nflu klg nfu" x'Fb}gy] . !(() sf] ;+ljwfg / @))& sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf dfgjclwsf/df nufPsf aGb]hsf] ;|f]t …;fj{hlgs lxtÚ /Iffsf] nflu eg]/ !(%( sf] ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf] k|fjwfg xf] .

s}of}+ g]kfnL ;+ljwfgdf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 h;nfO{ dfly pNn]v ul/Ph:t} j}wflgs bfaLsf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsFb}g . !(%( sf] ;+ljwfgdf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ gfdsf] s'g} cWofo lyPg . oBlk, !(^@ sf] ;+ljwfgdf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿sf] 5f]6f] / c:ki6 cWofo lyof] . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf of];DaGwL cWofo nfdf] / a[xt\ lyof], h;sf] clwsf+z k|fjwfg ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgaf6 lnOPsf] lyof] . @))& sf] b:tfj]hdf hgcfGbf]ng–@ sf] efjgf k|ltljlDat ug]{ nfdf] cWofo 5 . t/ oL ykyfkx¿ cS;/ c:ki6 5g\ .

lxGb'jfb

cfZro{hgs ¿kn] kl5Nnf ;+ljwfgx¿ klxnf]eGbf s'g} g s'g} ¿kn] clws …lxGb'Ú ePsf 5g\ . k|:tfjgfdf eujfg\ kz'kltgfysf] pNn]vafx]s, !($* sf] ;+ljwfg lxGb'jfbsf ;DaGwdf df}g lyof] / o;df OlR5t cf/fWosf] k"hf ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf;DaGwL k|fjwfg lyof] . !(%! sf] ;+ljwfgn] wd{sf] gfddf x'g] e]befj lgif]B /x]sf] pNn]vafx]s wd{sf] af/]df s]xL Joj:yf u/]g . !(%( sf] ;+ljwfgn] klg /fhf lxGb' x'g'kg]{ afx]s lxGb'jfbsf] pNn]v u/]g . t/ of] ;+ljwfgn]

g]kfndf ;

+ljwfgsf] Oltxf;

24

klxnf] k6s x/]sn] ltgsf] k/Dk/fb]lv rlncfPsf] k"hfcfhf ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf;DaGwL k|fjwfg ;dfj]z u¥of] . h] eP klg, o;n] wd{ kl/jt{gnfO{ cg'dlt lbPg . !(^@ sf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ lxGb' clw/fHo 3f]if0ff u¥of] / ufO{nfO{ /fli6«o hgfj/ dfGof] . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] oL k|fjwfgnfO{ oyfjt /fVof] . @))& sf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/k]If /fHo 3f]if0ff u/] klg o;n] cGo sltko k|fjwfgnfO{ oyfjt /fv]sf] 5 .

;dfj]lztf

!(%! sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;Nnfxsf/ ;efsf ;b:o ljleGg wd{, ju{ / ;/f]sf/ ;d"xx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L rog ul/g'kg]{ atfPsf] lyof] . !(%( sf] ;+ljwfgn] /fhf …cfo{ ;+:s[ltÚ sf] cg'ofoL x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg yk u¥of] . clwsf+z hgtf …cfo{–Ot/Ú ePsf] d'n'sdf of] k|fjwfgn] dflg;x¿nfO{ cfkm"x¿ alx:s[t ePsf] af]w u/fof] . of] k|fjwfg !(^@ sf] ;+ljwfgdf oyfjt /Xof] t/ !(() sf] ;+ljwfgaf6 x/fof] . of] ;+ljwfgn] ;a} dft[efiffx¿nfO{ /fli6«o efiff / g]kfnnfO{ ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs b]zsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u¥of] . @))& sf] ;+ljwfg /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ / ;fy;fy} hflt, wd{, If]q, hft / ln+u;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ k|lta4tfsf ;Gbe{df cem cufl8 a9\of] . t/ g]kfnL Pp6} dfq /fli6«o efiff sfod} /Xof] .

;/sf/sf] hjfkmb]lxtf

!(() sf] ;+ljwfg gcfpFbf;Dd ;/sf/x¿ Joj:yflksfk|lt slQ klg hjfkmb]xL ePgg\ . To;dfly, clwsf/ / st{Jo nfu" ug]{ k|efjsf/L Goflos k|0ffnL klg lyPg . ;+;f/sf cGo /fi6«x¿df, hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL cGo lgsfox¿df dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ;xeflutf x'G5 . p;n] ;/sf/L 9's'6Laf6 :jLs[t / sfg'gL ¿kdf dfq /sd vr{ ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;/sf/sf] n]vfdfly lgu/fgL /fV5 . ;a} ;+ljwfgx¿df dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . !(%! sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ 5f]8]/, ;a} ;+ljwfgx¿n] Ps xb;Dd sfo{sfnsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf 5g\ -;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL /xg afWo kfg]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf JolQmsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu of] dxTjk"0f{ k|fjwfg xf] ._ cGo ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿df clxn] lgjf{rg cfof]u -klxnf] k6s !(%! sf] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf]_, nf]s;]jf cfof]u -;a} ;+ljwfgx¿df pNn]v ul/Psf]_, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u -!(() otf_ / dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u -klxnf] k6s @))& sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf]_ ;d]t k5{g\ .

ljutsf ;+ljwfgdfly ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf

g]kfn;Fu ePsf ;+ljwfgx¿df Ps :t/sf] lg/Gt/tf 5 . clwsf+z cfwf/e"t wf/0ff / ltgnfO{ cleJoQm ug]{ efiff a]nfotL zf;g k|0ffnLaf6 k|ToIf jf To;sf] ef/tLo dfWodaf6 cg's/0f ul/Psf] 5 . lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgaf6 lnOPsf lyP -ef/tn] o;;DaGwL wf/0ff / efiff cfOl/; ;+ljwfgaf6 lnPsf] xf]_ . !(^@ sf] ;+ljwfgn] k~rfotL Joj:yfsf nflu !($*

25

sf] ef/tLo ;+ljwfgaf6 s]xL wf/0ff lnof] . o;df cfZro{hgs ¿kn] OG8f]g]l;ofdf klxNo}b]lv nfu" ;+ljwfgdf ePsf …lgb]{lzt k|hftGqÚ ;DaGwL wf/0ff;Fu ;dfg ljz]iftf lyP . !(^@ eGbf klxn]sf ;+ljwfgx¿df plNnlvt clwsf+z lgsfox¿ !(() / @))& sf] ;+ljwfgdf klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . h] eP klg, jf:tljs k|hftGq / ;dfj]zL ;+j}wflgs k|0ffnLtkm{sf] k|ult ;xh eg] /x]g . ;+j}wflgs kl/jt{gx¿n] ;Qfdf ePsf] kl/jt{g k|ltljlDat ul//x]sf 5g\ / s}of}+ ;+ljwfg cNkfjlwsf nflu dfq} nfu" eP . s'g} a]nf t kl5Nnf ;+ljwfgx¿ ltgn] k|lt:yfkg u/]sf ;+ljwfgeGbf sd k|hftflGqs klg /x] -pbfx/0fsf nflu, !(^@ sf] k~rfotL ;+ljwfg :ki6 ¿kn] k|ltufdL lyof]_ .

;+ljwfgdf d'Vo kl/jt{g ug]{ sfo{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] u7gkl5 ePsf] 5 . hgtfnfO{ ltgsf] ;+ljwfg a'em\g] / To;sf] lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;+nUg /xg] df}sfaf6 af/Daf/ jl~rt ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} klg ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf hgtfsf] k"0f{ ;+nUgtfdf tof/ ul/Psf] 5}g . !(() sf] ;+ljwfg aGbf klg of] k|lqmof ckgfOPg . s] casf] l:ylt km/s xf]nf <

g]kfnL ;+ljwfgsf ljz]iftfx¿

ljj/0f !($* !(%! !(%( !(^@ !(() @))& -cGtl/d ;+ljwfg_

zf;g

k|0ffnL

hxflgof /f0ff

k|wfgdGqL ;/sf/

k|d'v lyP -sfo{sf/L

clwsf/ k|wfgdGqLdf

lglxt lyof]_≤

dlGqkl/ifb\ Joj:yflksf

;b:ox¿af6 u7g x'GYof]

/ dGqLx¿ k|wfgdGqLn]

rog uy]{ / pg}n]

x6fpg klg ;Sy]]≤

dlGqkl/ifb\n] klg

dGqLx¿nfO{ avf{:t ug{

;SYof] .

k|wfgdGqL /fhfåf/f

lgo'Qm ul/Gy]≤ dGqLx¿

k|wfgdGqLsf] ;Nnfxdf

lgo'Qm x'Gy]≤ ;a}

dGqLx¿ ;Nnfxsf/

;efsf ;b:o x'Gy] .

;+;bLo

k|0ffnL]{]≤ k|wfgdGqL

k|ltlglw;efsf] ;b:o

x'g'kYof]{]≤ dGqLx¿

k|ltlglw;ef jf /fli6«o

;efdWo] s'g} Pssf]

;b:o x'g'kYof]{ jf

lglZrt ;doleq s'g}

Pssf] ;b:o aGg'kYof]{≤

k|ltlglw;efsf ;b:on]

cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj

kfl/t ug{ ;Sy] .

k|wfgdGqL /

dGqLx¿ /fli6«o

k~rfotsf] ;b:o

x'g'kYof]{≤ /fhf

cyjf k|wfgdGqLn]

dlGqd08nsf]

cWoIftf uy]{]{]≤

/fli6«o k~rfotn]

cljZjf;sf]

k|:tfj kfl/t

ug{ ;Sy] t/

/fhfn] To;nfO{

c:jLs[t ug{

;Sy]]{]≤ /fh;ef

-k|wfgdGqL /

cGo ljleGg pRr

clwsf/Lx¿ cyjf

/fhfn] lgo'Qm

u/]sf JolQmx¿_

n] /fhfnfO{ ;Nnfx

lbg'kYof]{≤ /fhfn]

x/]s c~rnsf

nflu Pp6f

cfo'Qm lgo'Qm

uy]{ .

k|wfgdGqL

;bgsf] ;aeGbf

7"nf] bn jf

bnx¿sf]

;+o'Qm df]rf{sf]

g]tf x'Gy]≤ ;bgn]

cljZjf;sf]

k|:tfj kfl/t ug{

;SYof]]≤ /fhfn]

k|wfgdGqL

x6fpg ;Sy]]≤

/fhkl/ifb\n]

/fhfnfO{ ;Nnfx

lbGYof] .

k|wfgdGqL

;j{;Ddltaf6

lgo'Qm x'Gy]≤

dGqLx¿ ;bgsf]

;b:o x'g' cfjZos

x'Fb}gYof]]≤ kl5

;+zf]wg u/]/

cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj

kfl/t ug{] k|fjwfg

/flvPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf ;

+ljwfgsf] Oltxf;

26

/fhfsf] e"ldsf

s'g} klg e"ldsf lyPg≤ gful/sx¿ /fhfk|lt >4fjfg\ x'g'kg]{ dfq pNn]v lyof] .

/fhf;Fu sfo{sfl/0fL / Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ lyP≤ pgn] dlGqkl/ifb\n] k]z u/]sf] ljw]os :jLs[t ug{ ;Sy]≤ -Tof] ljw]os To;kl5 ;Nnfxsf/ ;ef ePdf / To;sf] clwj]zg al;/x]sf] cj:yfdf ToxfF hfGYof]]≤ /fhfn] ;/sf/ vf/]h ug{ ;Sy] .

/fhf;Fu cf}krfl/s ¿kn] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ lyP≤ pgn] cfkm\gf] thlahdf k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sy] t/ lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqL ;bgdf ax'dtsf] ;dy{g k|fKt JolQm x'g'kYof]{]≤ /fhfn] lgo'Qm ug{sf] nflu of]Uo k|wfgdGqL km]nf gkf/]df dlGqkl/ifb\ / ;/sf/ lgnDag ug{ ;Sy]≤ /fhfsf clwsf+z sfo{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] k/fdz{df ;DkGg x'Gy]≤ t/ lbOPsf] ;NnfxnfO{ dxTj lbg] jf glbg] eGg] clGtd lgwf] pgn] cfkm\g} thlahdf ug{ ;Sy]]≤ cfOkg]{ l;kmfl/;x¿, kf]6{kmf]lnof]sf] lgo'lQmnufotsf ljifodf /fhf;Fu k/fdz{ ug{ cf}krfl/s k|fjwfgx¿ /flvPsf lyP≤ /fhfn] ;+;b\ lj36g ug]{ l;kmfl/; c:jLs[t ug{ ;Sy]]≤ /fhfn] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ avf{:t, dfgkbjL k|bfg / cg'sDkfsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sy] .

;fj{ef}d;Qf /fhfdf lglxt lyof]≤ lbOPsf] k/fdz{cg';f/ sfo{ ug{ /fhf afWo x'Fb}gy]≤ /fhf;Fu cg'sDkfsf] clwsf/ lyof]]≤ /fhfn] pkflw k|bfg ug{, lghfdtL sd{rf/L avf{:t ug{ / /fhb"t lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sy] .

;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfdf lglxt lyof]≤ /fhfn] ;fdfGotof lbOPsf] ;'emfjsf] cfwf/df sfo{ ug'{kYof]{ .

/fhfsf nflu s'g} klg sfo{ jf e"ldsf lbOPsf] lyPg -klxnf /fhfn] ul/cfPsfdWo] s]xL k|wfgdGqL jf dlGqkl/ifb\n] u5{g\≤ ljw]osx¿df ;bgsf] ;efd'vn] tf]s nufpF5g\ .

;+;b\ k|wfgdGqL / b'O{

;bgfTds ;+;b\≤ /fli6«o ;efdf ^)–&) ;b:o -^) k|ltzt ;b:o lgjf{lrt x'Gy]—^ k|ltzt sfo{d"ns lgjf{rg If]qaf6 / afFsL lglZrt :yfgLo k~rfotsf pRr clwsf/Laf6 lgjf{lrt x'Gy]≤ s'n ;b:o ;+VofdWo] $) k|ltzt k|wfgdGqLn] lgo'Qm uy]{_≤ ef/bf/L ;efdf s'ndWo] @)—#) ;b:o ljleGg /fli6«o ;/f]sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ u/L k|wfgdGqLn] lgo'Qm uy]{≤ x/]s jif{ @% k|ltzt ;b:osf] kbfjlw ;dfKt x'GYof] .

;Nnfxsf/ ;ef ljleGg wd{, ju{ / ;/f]sf/sf ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ u/L /fhfn] 5gf}6 uy]{≤ dlGqd08ndf k"j{ pRrflwsf/Lx¿ ;b:o /xGy] .

k|ltlglw;ef !)( k|ToIf ¿kn] lgjf{lrt ;b:oaf6 aGYof]≤ l;g]6sf s'ndWo] cfwf ;b:o k|ltlglw;efåf/f lgjf{lrt x'Gy]≤ / afFsL cfwf ;b:o /fhfn] dgf]gLt uy]{ .

/fli6«o k~rfot k|ToIf ¿kn] lgjf{lrt x'GYof]–cf~rlns ;efx¿af6, ljlzi6 ;+u7gx¿ / ljZjljBfno

:gftsx¿af6≤ /fli6«o k~rfotsf !% k|ltzt ;b:o /fhfn] rog uy]{ .

k|ltlglw;ef k|ToIf ¿kn] lgjf{lrt @)% ;b:osf] x'GYof]≤ /fli6«o ;Nnfxsf/ kl/ifb\sf #% ;b:o k|ltlglw;efaf6 lgjf{lrt x'Gy]≤ # hgf x/]s ljsf; If]qsf :yfgLo ;/sf/åf/f lgjf{lrt x'Gy] / !) hgf /fhfn] dgf]gLt uy]{ .

k|ltlglw;efsf !(* ;b:o cl3Nnf] k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf x'g\≤ $* yk ;b:o /fhgLlts bnx¿n] / *# ;b:o dfcf]jfbLn] lgo'Qm u/]sf x'g\ .

ljj/0f !($* !(%! !(%( !(^@ !(() @))& -cGtl/d ;+ljwfg_

27

dfgjclwsf/ cfwf/e"t clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿sf] Pp6f ;"rL agfOPsf] lyof]≤ oL clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿ hgtfdf zflGt ;'Joj:yf / g}ltstf sfod /fVg] qmddf afws ePdf x6fpg ;lsGYof] .

o:tf] s'g} k|fjwfg lyPg≤ lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf ef/tLo ;+ljwfgsf] h:t} k|fjwfg /flvPsf lyP .

dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwdf Pp6f 5f]6f] cWofo /flvPsf] lyof] oBlk Tof] tTsfnLg ;dosf nflu kof{Kt lyof] .

dfgjclwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf Pp6f 5f]6f] cWofo lyof] .

dfgjclwsf/sf ;DaGwdf nfdf] cWofo lyof] .

dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yf !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf ePh:t} g} lyof]≤ o;df cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ylkPsf lyP .

lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿

o:tf] gfddf s]xL Joj:yf lyPg≤ Pp6f efudf /fHon] lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .

lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf]] cWofo lyof]≤ o;sf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cfwfh;f] l;4fGtx¿ cGo ;+ljwfgsf h:t} lyP .

s'g} klg Joj:yf lyPg .

cToGt 5f]6f] cWofo /flvPsf] lyof] / ;fdfGo k|fjwfg dfq} lyP .

nfdf] / lj:t[t Joj:yf lyof] .

cem nfdf] / lj:t[t .

cbfnt ufpF k~rfotn] ;fdfGo d'2f x]Yof]{≤ pRr cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿ k|wfgdGqLn] lgo'Qm uy]{≤ aflx/sf b'O{ ;'of]Uo ;b:ox¿;d]t Joj:yflksfsf] Goflos ;ldltsf ;a} ;b:o k|wfgdGqLn] lgo'Qm uy]{ – of] Goflos ;ldlt g} ;jf]{Rr k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lyof]≤ GofofwLznfO{ Goflos ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfgdGqLn] x6fpg ;Sy] .

pRr cbfntsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] — sfg'g cfjZos x'GYof]≤ cGo s'g} cbfntsf] pNn]v lyPg .

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] af/]df dfq pNn]v

ul/Psf] lyof]≤ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ tf]lsPsf] lyPg≤ /fhfåf/f -;/sf/_ lgo'Qm cfof]un] x6fpg] l;kmfl/; u/]df /fhfn] GofofwLz x6fpg ;Sy] -/fhfn] l;kmfl/; :jLsf/ ug}{k5{ eGg] lyPg_ .

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿ -k/fdz{ lnP/_ /fhfn] lgo'Qm uy]{≤ GofofwLzx¿nfO{ cfof]u cyjf /fli6«o k~rfotsf] l;kmfl/;df /fhfn] x6fpg ;Sy]≤ cfwf/e"t / cGo clwsf/;DaGwL l/6 cbfntn] x]Yof]{ .

l/6 x]g]{ If]qflwsf/;lxtsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Joj:yf lyof]≤ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lhNnf cbfnt / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzsf] sfo{sfnel/ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lyof] .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] h:t} Joj:yf lyof] .

:yfgLo ;/sf/

x/]s ufpF÷;d"xsf] nflu ufpF k~rfot lyof]≤ x/]s ;x/sf] nflu gu/ k~rfot lyof]≤ lhNnf k~rfot tNnf] txsf k~rfotsf clwsf/Lx¿af6 lgjf{lrt x'GYof] .

k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] u7g lgb]{zs l;4fGt lyof] .

pNn]v ul/Psf] lyPg . ufpF ;efn] ufpF k~rfot lgjf{lrt

uYof]{]{]≤ lhNnf ;ef ufpF / gu/ k~rfotåf/f lgjf{lrt x'GYof]≤ cf~rlns ;efx¿ -lhNnf k~rfotsf ;a} ;b:ox¿ ;dflji6_ oxL k|lqmofn] aGy] .

pNn]v ul/Psf] lyPg .

lhNnf, gu/kflnsf / ufpF :t/df cGtl/d :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ;+/rgf agfOg] k|fjwfg≤ b]z ;+3Lo /fHo x'g]5 -cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wg_

wd{ k|:tfjgfdf eujfg\ kz'kltgfysf] pNn]v≤ k"hfcfhf ug]{ :jtGqtf .

s'g} pNn]v 5}g . /fhf lxGb' x'g'kYof]{]≤ cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut wd{ dfGg kfpg] clwsf/ lyof]≤ cGo wd{ c+uLsf/ ug]{ cg'dlt lyPg .

!(%( sf] ;+ljwfgdf h:t} Joj:yf lyof]≤ g]kfn lxGb' /fHo x'g] / ufO{ /fli6«o hgfj/ x'g] k|fjwfg yk ul/Psf] lyof] .

!(%( sf] ;+ljwfgdf h:t} Joj:yf lyof]≤ g]kfn lxGb' /fHo x'g] / ufO{ /fli6«o hgfj/ x'g] k|fjwfg yk ul/Psf] lyof] .

wd{ lg/k]If /fHo≤ ufO{ cBflk /fli6«o hgfj/ g} sfod 5≤ hgtfn] cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut wd{ dfGg kfpg] clwsf/ 5≤ cGo wd{ c+uLsf/ ug]{ cg'dlt 5}g .

g]kfndf ;

+ljwfgsf] Oltxf;

ljj/0f !($* !(%! !(%( !(^@ !(() @))& -cGtl/d ;+ljwfg_

28

;dfj]lztf ;dfgtf cyjf e]befj/lxt ;DaGwdf s'g} pNn]v ul/Psf] lyPg≤ hftsf ;DaGwdf klg s'g} pNn]v lyPg .

;efsf ;b:ox¿ ljleGg If]q, ju{ / ;/f]sf/ ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ x'g'kYof]{ .

/fhf ‘cfo{ ;+:s[ltsf]

cg'ofoL’ x'g'kYof]{]{]≤ wd{, hflt, hft, ln+u, hftLo ;d"xsf cfwf/df s'g} e]befj ug{ cg'dlt lyPg≤ ju{x¿aLr j}dg:o ;[hgf ug{ s;}nfO{ cg'dlt lyPg .

!(%( sf] ;+ljwfgdf h:t} Joj:yf lyof] .

;dfgtf / e]befjsf] ljifodf !(%( sf] ;+ljwfgdf h:t} Joj:yf lyof]≤ t/ ;a} dft[efiff, /fli6«o efiffx¿sf] ;DaGwdf yk Joj:yf ul/Psf]

lyof]≤ ‘wd{, hflt, hft cyjf hftLo ;d"x’ h] eP klg ;a} hgtfnfO{ ;dfg ;lDemOPsf] lyof]≤ g]kfnnfO{ ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs b]z dflgPsf] lyof] .

ju{, hft, wd{ / ln+u;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ul/g] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5≤ :yfgLosfof{nox¿df dft[efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 .

cGo a'Fbfx¿ dxfn]vf k/LIfs≤

nf]s;]jf cfof]u≤ k|wfgdGqLn] ;++ljwfg k|of]u ubf{ cfOkg]{ afwfc8\rg x6fpg lgod agfpg

;Sy]≤ k|wfgdGqLn] ^ dlxgfsf nflu ;+s6sfnLg Joj:yf nfu" ug{ ;Sy] .

dxfn]vf k/LIfs / nf]s;]jf cfof]u b'j} ;/sf/n] lgo'Qm uYof]{≤ lgjf{rg cfof]u ;/sf/sf] k/fdz{df /fhfn] lgo'Qm uy]{ .

dxfn]vf k/LIfs / nf]s;]jf cfof]u b'j} /fhfn] -;/sf/_ lgo'Qm uy]{≤ /fhf -;/sf/_ n] ;+ljwfg nfu" ubf{ cfOkg]{ sl7gfO x6fpg cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sy] -;+ljwfg nfu" ePsf] b'O{ jif{kl5 eg] o:tf] cfb]z ug{ ;Sb}gy]_ .

dxfn]vf

k/LIfs / nf]s;]jf cfof]u b'j} /fhfn] lgo'Qm uy]{≤ dxfGofoflwjQmf≤ lgjf{rg

cfof]u≤ /fhf;Fu ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ x'GYof]≤ /fhfn] ;+ljwfg nfu" ubf{ cfOkg]{ sl7gfO x6fpg cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sy] t/ /fli6«o k~rfotsf] klxnf] clwj]zkl5 pgn] o;f] ug{ ;Sb}gy] .

dxfn]vf

k/LIfs /

nf]s;]jf cfof]u≤ lgjf{rg cfof]u ;a} ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] k/fdz{df /fhfn] lgo'Qm uy]{≤ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u u7g ul/Psf]≤ dxfGofoflwjQmf≤ /fhgLlts bnx¿;DaGwL Joj:yf yk

ul/Psf] lyof]≤ afwf c8\rg x6fpg cfb]z hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ /fhfdf lyof] -o;df dlGqd08nsf] k/fdz{ x'g}kYof]{_ h'g ;+;b\df k]z ul/g'kYof]{≤ o;sf] nflu ;do;Ldf tf]lsPsf]

lyPg≤ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ -b'O{ dGqLx¿ / /fhf_ n] ;}lgs kl/rfng ug]{ l;kmfl/; ug'{kYof]{ .

dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u yk ul/Psf]

lyof]≤ dlGqd08nn] afwfc8\rg x6fpg ;SYof] — o;;DaGwL sfo{ Joj:yflksfåf/f cg'df]lbt x'g}kYof]{≤ afwfc8\rg x6fpg] s'g} ;do ;Ldf tf]lsPsf]

lyPg≤ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ -;a} dGqLx¿_ n] ;]gf kl/rfng ug]{ l;kmfl/; ug{ ;SYof] .

ljj/0f !($* !(%! !(%( !(^@ !(() @))& -cGtl/d ;+ljwfg_

29

g]kfndf ;

+ljwfgsf] Oltxf;

30

#cWofo #cWofo

31

!(() sf] ;+ljwfg / o;sf] vf/]hL

kl/ro

g]kfndf uPsf] ^) jif{df kfFrj6f ;+ljwfg nfu" eP . x/]s ;+ljwfgdf s'g} Ps lglZrt ju{sf] k|e'Tj b]Vg ;lsG5 -ju{ eGgfn] a]Un} hflt jf If]qLo ;d"x g} eGg]rflxF xf]Og_ . s'g} ;+ljwfg kl/jt{g /f]Sgsf nflu NofOPsf eP klg clwsf+z ;+ljwfg /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{ c+uLsf/ ug{ NofOPsf lyP . o; cWofosf] p2]Zo gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] jt{dfg k|lqmofsf] k[i7e"ld rrf{ ug'{ xf] . gofF ;+ljwfg !(() sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ lj:yflkt ug{ agfOg] ePsfn] oxfF klxn]sf] ;+ljwfgsf ;an / b'a{n kIfsf] d"Nof+sg ug'{ h?/L 5 . To:t} ;f] ;+ljwfgsf] ;fGble{stf / To;nfO{ :jLsfg{] jf c:jLsf/ ug{] tTjnfO{ c;/ kfg{] kl/jlt{t ;fdflhs cj:yf -/ ;+3if{_ sf af/]df klg ljrf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . !(() sf] ;+ljwfg Gofok"0f{ tyf k|hftflGqs ;dfhsf] l;h{gf ug{ hgtfåf/f ul/Psf] ;+3if{sf] kl/0ffd lyof] eg] gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0fk|lqmof ;dfj]zL, Gofok"0f{, zflGtk"0f{ ;dfh l;h{gf ug{ ul/Psf] ;+3if{sf] kl/0ffd xf] . To;}n], ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof / ;+ljwfgsf k|fjwfgdf bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf / ch]G8f k|ltljlDat x'g'kb{5 / ;a} g]kfnLn] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf ;fd]n x'g] cj;/ kfpg'kb{5 .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfg cl3sf ;+ljwfgeGbf Jofks¿kdf hgtf;Fu ljrf/ljdz{ u/L agfOPsf] lyof] . tyflk, To; qmddf ul/Psf ljrf/ljdz{n] ;+ljwfgdf 7fpF kfPgg\ egL ts{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/L lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lsf dfWodaf6 hgtf;Fu ljrf/ljdz{ ul/Psf] eP klg To:tf ljrf/ljdz{df blnt, hghflt / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo, dlxnf tyf u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj Go"g lyof] . ;+ljwfg d:of}bfsf qmddf cfof]un] tL ;d'bfosf clwsf/ / dfusf af/]df lbPsf clwsf+z ;'emfjnfO{ a]jf:tf u¥of] . dlGqkl/ifb\ / /fhfn] cfof]un] tof/ kf/]sf] d:of}bfdf cem ;+zf]wg u/]/ ;+ljwfgnfO{ hgtfsf] cfsf+IffeGbf cem km/s agfof] . clxn] ;}4flGts ¿kd} ePklg hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{] ;+ljwfg;efsf dfWodaf6 a9L

32

;xeflutfd"ns 9+un] ;+ljwfg agfpg] jftfj/0f h'6]sf] 5 . tyflk gofF ;+ljwfgsf af/]df Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf ;fj{ef}d hgtfn] lg0f{o u5{g\ jf ub}{gg\, x]g{ afFsL g} 5 .

o; cWofodf xfdL !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt, tL l;4fGtnfO{ s;/L ;dfj]z ul/of] / ltgLx¿sf] sfof{Gjog s'g xb;Dd ul/of] eGg] af/]df rrf{ ug]{5f}+ . ;+ljwfgåf/f k|:tfljt l;4fGt / p2]Zo tyf l;4fGt xfl;n x'g g;Sg'sf sf/0f plwGg] k|of; klg oxfF ul/g]5 . ;+ljwfgn] ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf] k|i6 / afWosf/L sfo{qmd lbg g;Sg'sf sf/0faf/] klg oxfF rrf{ ul/g]5 . bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngsf ch]G8f k"/f u/fpgsf nflu gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{] k|lqmofdf /x]sf a]nf !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] c;kmntfaf6 l;s]sf kf7sf af/]df klg o; v08df ;'emfj k|:t't ul/g]5 .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bfnfO{ o; ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ePh:t} rf/j6f cGt/;DalGwt l;4fGtn] lgb{]lzt u/]sf] lyof] . tL l;4fGtM o;k|sf/ lyP M jflnu dtflwsf/df cfwfl/t ax'bnLo k|hftGq, ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL, ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / /fli6«o cv08tf . oxfF oL p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg / ltgLx¿ slt;Dd ;kmn eP eGg] af/]df ;+lIfKt rrf{ ul/g]5 .

ax'bnLo k|hftGq

k|hftGq

lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTokl5 cfPsf] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|d'v p2]Zo ax'bnLo k|hftGq lyof] . ax'bnLo k|hftGqn] k|hftGq clg /fhgLlts bn tyf ;+u7gsf dfWodaf6 k|hftGqsf] pkof]u ul/g] ljlzi6 tl/sfdf hf]8 lbG5 . k|hftGq ;fj{ef}d;Qf -cyf{t zlQm / clwsf/_ hgtfdf lglxt x'g] k|0ffnL xf] . k|hftGq To:tf] d"NodfGotfdf cfwfl/t 5 h;n] x/]s JolQmsf] ul/df, :jtGqtf / clwsf/sf] sb/ u5{ . k|hftGqsf] ;~rfng lgikIf / cfd¿kdf :jLsfo{ k|lqmofaf6 ul/G5 . /fhgLlts bnx¿ hgtfsf tkm{af6 d'n'ssf] zf;g ug{] clwsf/ k|fKt ug{sf nflu :jtGq / lgikIf r'gfjdf k|lt:kwf{ ub{5g\ . zf;g ug{] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;+ljwfgsf] clwgdf /xL ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] k|of]u hgrfxgfsf] pRrtd cleJolQm xf] . o; cWofodf xfdL d"ntM k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf / dxTjnfO{ klxrfg ug{ ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf k|fjwfgx¿ clg /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] e"ldsf kl/eflift ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] k|fjwfgsf af/]df rrf{ ug]{5f}+ .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] P]ltxfl;s dxTj lsg 5 eg] o;n] g]kfndf k|ydk6s hgtfsf] ;jf]{RrtfnfO{ :jLsf/ u¥of] . o;eGbf cl3;Dd ;fj{ef}d;Qf /fhfdf lglxt /x]sf] 7flgPsf] lyof] . /fhfnfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg egL ;Daf]wg ul/GYof] . !(() eGbf cufl8 !(^@ sf]

33

;+ljwfgdf oL s'/fnfO{ cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] lyof] M …g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf >L % df lglxt /x]sf] 5 / sfo{sfl/0fL, Joj:yflksf / Gofo;DaGwL ;a} clwsf/ df};'kmaf6 lg;[t x'G5g\Ú -wf/f @)-@__ . !(() sf] rfv Pj+ pb]snfUbf] ljifo s] eg] /fhf jL/]Gb|åf/f xfdLaf6 k|of]u eOcfPsf] /fhsLo ;Qfsf] k|of]u u/L aS;L ;+ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ff Pj+ nfu" ul/aS;]sf 5f}+ elgPsf] ;+ljwfgdf o:tf] s'/f pNn]v 5, …:jtGq / ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnsf] /fHozlQmsf] ;|f]t hgtf g} xf]Ú -k|:tfjgf_ . ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg hglgjf{lrt k|ltlglwdfkm{t hgtf :jo+n] ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 -wf/f !!^_ .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf k|hftGqsf] cfwf/:tDesf ¿kdf y'k|} df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . sfg'gsf b[li6df ;a} gful/s ;dfg /xg] Joj:yf ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . wf/f !! n] ;dfgtfsf] s'/f pNn]v ug'{sf ;fy} wd{, j0f{, ln+u, hft, hflt jf j}rfl/s cf:yfsf cfwf/df gful/saLr e]befj ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . ;+ljwfgn] cleJolQm :jtGqtf, 5fkfvfgf Pj+ k|sfzg;DaGwL :jtGqtf / ;+3;+u7g vf]Ng / e]nf x'g kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . k|hftGqsf nflu Psbd} dxTjk"0f{ oL xsn] ;dfg ljrf/ ePsf dflg;nfO{ ldn]/ sfd ug{, ljrf/ JoQm ug{, cfkm\gf] kIfdf s'/f p7fpg / bafa lbg clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf lyP . ;+ljwfgn] lgikIf Gofo÷;'g'jfOsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{'sf ;fy} b'Jo{jxf/df /f]s nufPsf] lyof] -wf/f !$_ . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^ n] gful/snfO{ zlQmdf /x]sf dflg;nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpgsf nflu cfjZos, ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . JolQm jf ;d'bfosf] wd{ tyf ;+:s[ltsf] xssf] ;'/Iff ul/Psf] lyof] -wf/f !* / !(_ . oBlk of] k"0f{ lyPg .

;+ljwfgdf k|ltlglw;efsf nflu cfjlws r'gfjsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t}u/L ;/sf/ u7gsf nflu, ck|ToIf ¿kdf klg r'gfjsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf g]kfnL gful/snfO{ dtflwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] -wf/f $%-^__ / @% jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf g]kfnL gful/sn] lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ aGg kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] -wf/f $&_ . lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwn] gofF ;/sf/sf k|wfgdGqLsf] rog ug{ kfpFy] . lgjf{rgn] hgtfnfO{ Odfgbf/L;fy sfd gug]{ jf sfd ug{ g;Sg] ;/sf/ tyf ;f+;bnfO{ x6fpg] df}sf k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] .

lgoGq0f

Pp6} lgsfodf zlQmsf] s]Gb|Ls/0f x'g glbg /fHosf] zlQm /fhf, ;+;b, dlGqkl/ifb\ / GofokflnsfaLr afF8kmfF8 ul/of] . ;/sf/nfO{ Joj:yflksfk|lt hjfkmb]xL agfpg zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGt nfu" ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] lyof] . :jtGq ;jf]{Rr GofofnonfO{ ;+ljwfg nfu" u/fpg] clwsf/ Pj+ bfloTj b'j} k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] tfls /fHo ;~rfnssf] clwsf/nfO{ Pp6f ;Ldfleq /fVg ;lsof];\ -oBlk ;'?sf lbgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt sd lgikIf / /fhfk|lt cgfjZos ¿kdf em's]sf] b]lvG5_ . hjfkmb]lxtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" u/fpg / ;fj{hlgs sfd -pbfx/0fsf nflu, lgjf{rg k|lqmof_ nfO{ /fhgLlts k|efjaf6 d'Qm /fVg cGo y'k|} :jtGq lgsfo -dxfn]vf k/LIfs, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u / clVtof/

!(() sf] ;

+ljwfg / o;sf] v

f/]hL

34

b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u_ :yfkgf ul/P . ;/sf/L x:tIf]k sd ug{sf nflu oL lgsfosf lgo'lQm k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgGofofwLz, ;+;bsf b'j} ;bgsf k|d'v -/fli6«o;efsf cWoIf tyf k|ltlglw;efsf ;efd'v_ / k|ltkIfL bnsf g]tf -wf/f !!&_ /x]sf] Ps ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\åf/f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L lgo'Qm kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] x6fpg ;Sb}gYof] . GofofwLznfO{ h:t} pgLx¿nfO{ klg lglZrt ;+;bLo k|lqmof k'/f u/]/ dfq kbaf6 d'Qm ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . pgLx¿sf] tna 36fpg gkfOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

k|ltlglw;efdf ax'dt k|fKt bn jf bnx¿sf] u7aGwgn] ;/sf/ u7g ug]{ ;+;bLo zf;gk4lt ckgfOPsf] lyof] . ;/sf/ ;+;bk|lt pQ/bfoL lyof] h;n] ubf{ gofF sfg'g nfu" ug{, s/ p7fpg / vr{ ug{sf nflu ;/sf/n] ;bgsf] :jLs[lt lng'kYof{] . ;/sf/ ;+;bk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kb{Yof] . k|ltlglw;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] ax'dtåf/f cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L ;/sf/nfO{ x6fpg ;lsGYof] .

;+;b b'O{ ;bgfTds lyof] . k|ltlglw;efsf ;b:ox¿ Psn lgjf{rg If]qsf cfwf/df hgtfsf] k|ToIf dtbfgaf6 lgjf{lrt x'Gy] . /fli6«o;efsf ;b:ox¿ tLg lsl;dn] r'lgGy] M nAwk|ltli7t JolQmx¿dWo] >L % af6 dgf]gLt !) hgf, k|ltlglw;efaf6 lgjf{lrt #% hgf / :yfgLo lgsfosf cWoIf tyf pkfWoIfx¿af6 lgjf{lrt !% hgf -wf/f $^_ .

PstGqLo /fHo

If]q tyf c~rnaf6 yf]/} dfq k|ltlglw lgjf{lrt x'g' eg]sf] /fHo PsfTds / s]lGb|s[t x'g' xf] -h;sf] cy{ /fHosf] w]/} zlQm s]Gb|sf] ;/sf/df /xg' xf]_ . g]kfnh:tf] ljljwtfn] el/Psf] / ;~rf/ ;'ljwf sd ePsf] d'n'sdf PsfTds tyf s]lGb|s[t Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf hgtfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ;Defjgf sd u/fpF5 -/fHo slt k|hftflGqs 5 eGg] hfFRg] dfWod ;fj{hlgs dfdnfdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf xf]_ . log} sdhf]/LnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ;+ljwfgn] ;/sf/nfO{ …ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf dfWodaf6 hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ k|hftGqsf nfex¿sf] pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf sfod ug{Ú /fHonfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] lyof] -wf/f @%-$__ .

;+ljwfgn] k|hftGqnfO{ dha't agfpg /fHon] nfu" ug{'kg{] lgb{]zs l;4fGt / gLlt, vf; u/L ;xeflutfsf] gLlt klg /fVof] . oLdWo] s]xL gLltx¿ ;fdflhs Gofo / hgtf ljz]ifu/L pk]lIft ;d'bfosf] cfly{s, z}lIfs / :jf:Yo cj:yf ;'wfg{df s]lGb|t lyP .

/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] e"ldsf

o;eGbf cufl8 k|:t't ljj/0faf6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf k|hftGqsf cfwf/e"t tTjx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP . ;+ljwfgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo u/L ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ePsf] x'Fbf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] x}l;ot / e"ldsfnfO{ dxTj k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] -/fhgLlts bn;DaGwL cWofo x]g{'xf]nf_ . ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug{ kfpg]

35

:jtGqtfafx]s /fhgLlts ;+u7gsf] lgdf{0f / /fhgLlts ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ klg ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] lyof] -wf/f !!@-!__ . PsbnLo Joj:yfnfO{ k|ltaGw nufOPsf] lyof] -wf/f !!@-@__ . ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;/sf/sf] u7g tyf lj36gdf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] cx+ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;/sf/sf] :yfloTj Joj:yflksfdf /x]sf] :ki6 / cg'zfl;t ax'dtdf e/ kb{5 . o;}cg'¿k ;f+;bx¿sf] ax'dt k|fKt bn jf bnx¿sf] u7aGwgn] ;/sf/ u7g u5{ / ljkIfL bn jf bnx¿sf] u7aGwgn] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjåf/f ;/sf/ avf{:t ug{ ;lsG5 . bnLo cg'zf;gnfO{ dha't agfpg h'g bnsf] pDd]bjf/ eO{ ;b:o lgjf{lrt ePsf] xf]] ;f] bnn] lghnfO{ bnaf6 lgisfzg u/]sf] ;'rgf ;+;b;dIf lbPdf -wf/f $(-r__ ;+f;bx¿ kbd'Qm x'Gy] . /fhgLlts bn jf ;+u7gsf ¿kdf dfGotf kfpg Go"gtd hg;dy{g ePsf] k|dfl0ft ug{'kb{Yof] . wf/f !!#-@_-3_ df bnx¿n] cfGtl/s k|hftGq sfod ug'{kg]{ / wf/f !!#-#_ df bnsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug{] ljifodf wd{, hft, hflt, efiff jf ln+usf cfwf/df e]befj ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . xfdLn] b]v]s} xf}+, !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf bnsf ;b:onfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ bnaf6 lgisfzg u/L ;f+;baf6 x6fpg ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] eg] ljkIfL bnsf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ km\nf]/ qm; u/L ;/sf/df ;fd]n x'g /f]s nufPsf] lyof] . To:t} u/L pQm lgodn] ;Qf;Lg bnnfO{ cfkm\gf] ax'dt sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . t;y{ /fhgLlts bnsf] ;+u7g tyf bnsf] k4ltn] /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] sfo{z}nL / o;sf] kf/blz{tfdf 7"nf] dfqfdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 .

o:t}u/L, /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ sfd hgtfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf ;+nUg u/fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' xf] . bnx¿n] hgtfnfO{ ljleGg vfnsf gLltx¿dWo]af6 cfkm"nfO{ /fd|f] nfu]sf] gLlt 5gf]6 ug{] cj;/ k|bfg u5{g\ . /fhgLlts bnx¿ hgtfnfO{ b]zsf] /fhgLlts Pj+ ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf ;xefuL u/fpg] k|d'v ;fwg x'g\ . ljkIfL bnx¿n] ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf lqmofsnfkdfly lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb5g\ . t/ cfGtl/s ¿kdf k|hftGq ePsf], ;';+ul7t / cg'zfl;t bnx¿n] dfq oL ljljw e"ldsf k"/f ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

To;}n] ubf{ g]kfnL k|hftGqsf] :j¿k d"ntM /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;+u7g, ;/sf/ jf k|ltkIfdf /xFbf pgLx¿n] v]n]sf] e"ldsfdf e/ k/]sf] lyof] . t/ /fhgLlts bnx¿sf Jojxf/n] g]kfnsf] k|hftGq k|a4{g ug{ ;s]g . /fhgLlts bnx¿df ;QflnK;f cTolws a9\of] / pgLx¿n] ;QfnfO{ s;/L /rgfTds ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df slxNo} klg ;f]r]gg\ . oxL ;QflnK;fsf sf/0f /fhgLlts bnx¿leq if8\oGq / km'6 b]vfk¥of] . /fhgLlts bnx¿aLrsf] hf]836fp ldnfpgsf nflu unt tl/sfn] k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g ul/of] -o;n] ;+;bLo dfdnfdf b/af/sf] x:tIf]k lgDTofof]_ . s'g} klg ;/sf/n] k|ltlglw;efsf] tf]lsPsf] kfFrjif]{ sfo{sfn k"/f ug{ kfPg . ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf ;xeflutfd"ns Pj+ k|hftflGqs dfGotfx¿ sfof{Gjog gu/]sf] egL /fhgLlts bnx¿ cfnf]lrt eP . kf6L{x¿ hlxn] klg ;De|fGt ju{sf] clwgdf /x] . tL bnsf] g]t[Tj JolQmjfbL z}nLsf] lyof] . /fhgLlts g]tf Pj+ ;/sf/df /x]sf JolQmn] cfkm"nfO{ /fi6«sf] jf /fHosf c+usf] / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] g]tfsf ¿kdf eGbf /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{] …kf6L{jfbÚ sf] ljsf; eof] . o;n] cfkm\gf ;dy{sx¿sf] :jfy{

!(() sf] ;

+ljwfg / o;sf] v

f/]hL

36

x]g{], lglZrt JolQmnfO{ /fhgLlts 5q5fof k|bfg ug{] rng / b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; eof] . o;n] ;dfhsf c¿ kIfx¿df k|efj kf¥of] / /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] cfkm\gf] 3]/feGbf aflx/ uP/ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd yfNg] bfo/f ;fF3'l/of] . bnx¿n] cgfjZos ¿kdf b/af/k|lt akmfbf/L b]vfpg yfn] . ljlwsf] zf;g sfod ug{ pgLx¿ c;kmn eP . o;n] ubf{ Ps l6Kk0fLsf/n] eg]h:tf] …ljlwsf] k"0f{ /fhgLtLs/0fÚ eof] .

To;dfly, pk]lIft ;d'bfo -blnt, dlxnf, hghflt / dw]zL_ nfO{ /fhgLlts d"nwf/df jf /fHosf lgsfox¿df Nofpg kf6L{x¿n] s'g} k|of; u/]gg\ egL cfnf]rgf eof] . /fhgLlts bn tyf /fHosf lgsfox¿ kf/Dkl/s ¿kdf ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DkGg ;d'bfosf] jr{:jdf /x] . /fHosf lgsfox¿df ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj gx'g'sf] bf]if klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ lbg ;lsG5 .

t/ xfdLn] s] a'em\g'kb{5 eg] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf wf/fx¿ klg plQs} bf]ifL 5g\, !(() sf] kl5 ag]sf ;/sf/x¿df ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj gx'g'df . pbfx/0fsf nflu, !(() sf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf Pj+ cv08tf jf ljleGg hft, hflt jf ;Dk|bfosf aLrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kfg]{ sfd ePdf ;+u7gdfly k|ltaGw nufpg ;lsGYof] -wf/f !@-@_ / -#__ . s'g} /fhgLlts ;+u7g jf bnsf] gfd, p2]Zo lrx\g jf em08f wfld{s, ;fDk|bflos jf b]znfO{ ljvl08t ug]{ k|s[ltsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] bn btf{ x'g ;Sb}gYof] -wf/f !!#-#__ . o; dfdnfdf lgjf{rg cfof]usf] lg0f{o g} clGtd dflgGYof] -k|ltlglw;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g !((!, efu !&-@__ .

;+j}wflgs /fhtGq

/fhf / ;+;bLo ;/sf/aLrsf] zlQm ;Gt'ng !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|d'v ljz]iftf lyof] . ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf …;+j}wflgs /fhtGqÚ nfO{ gofF /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf] d"n p2]Zo ls6fg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+j}wflgs /fhf /fi6«fWoIf eP . t/ pgsf clwsf/ Hofbfh;f] cfn+sfl/s lyP . /fHosf w]/} clwsf/ lgjf{lrt Joj:yflksf / sfo{kflnsfdf lglxt lyP . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @& sf] pkwf/f # df /fhf ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug{ afWo 5g\ elgPsf] lyof] oBlk /fhfn] u/]sf sfdsf ;DaGwdf s'g} klg cbfntdf k|Zg gp7fOg] s'/f klg ;+ljwfgdf lyof] -wf/f #!_ . /fhfsf] cfo jf lghL ;DklQdf s/ gnfUg] Joj:yf ul/of] -wf/f #)_ . /fhu2L pQ/flwsf/L ;DaGwL sfg'g agfpg], ;+zf]wg ug{] / vf/]h ug{] clwsf/ /fhfdf lglxt lyof] -wf/f @*_ .

oL k|fjwfgx¿n] /fhtGqnfO{ alnof] agfof] . t/ xfd|f] k|of]hgsf nflu /fhfsf] /fhsLo clwsf/ tyf ;/sf/ / Joj:yflksf;Fusf] /fhfsf] ;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f Hofbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . /fhf jf /fhfsf] :jljj]sdf -Tof] clwsf/ s;/L pkof]u ug{] eGg] s'/f /fhf cfkm}n] lg0f{o ug{]_ jf s'g} lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf] l;kmfl/;df ug]{ egL pNn]v ePsf]afx]s sfo{kflnsf;DaGwL /fhfn] ug{] ;a} sfd dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddltaf6 x'G5 eGg] cfddfGotf xf] -wf/f #%_ .

37

of] /fhf jf /fi6«klt -ef/tsf] h:tf]_ hf] /fi6«k|d'v ePklg ;+;bLo k|0ffnLsf] ;j{dfGo rng xf] . o; k|rngcg';f/ ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt /xG5 . t/ k|wfgdGqLn] zf;g Joj:yf;DaGwL dlGqkl/ifb\sf sfdsf/afxL / lg0f{o clg zflGt;'/Iff, /fhgLlts, cfly{s / j}b]lzs dfdnfdf /fhfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 -wf/f $#_ . o;af6 /fhfnfO{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx / ;'emfj k|bfg ug]{ cj;/ ldNb5 eGg] 7flgG5 .

/fhfsf :jljj]s clwsf/ klg sd lyP M

pgn] k|wfgdGqLsf] lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sy] tyflk k|ltlglw;efdf ax'dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] bnsf] g]tfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug{'kg]{ k|fjwfg -wf/f #^-!__ n] /fhfsf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/df uDeL/ c;/ kf/]sf] lyof] .

nfndf]x/ nufpg'cl3 ljw]osnfO{ k'glj{rf/sf nflu ;+;b;dIf lkmtf{ k7fpg ;Sg] -wf/f &!-$__ .

cGo lgsfox¿sf] l;kmfl/;df /fhfn] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/sf s]xL pbfx/0f lgDgadf]lhd 5g\ M

k|ltlglw;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjcg';f/ k|wfgdGqLnfO{ /fhfn] kbd'Qm ug{ ;Sy] -wf/f #^-%_-v__ .

Gofokl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfg GofofwLzafx]s cGo GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm / ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfg GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm /fhfn] ug{ ;Sy] -wf/f *&-!__ .

;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df cGo :jtGq lgsfodf /fhfn] lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sy] .

k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] lgo'lQm /fhfn] ug{ ;Sy] -wf/f !)(_ .

/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df ;]gfsf] ;~rfng / k|of]u /fhfn] ug{ ;Sy] -wf/f !!*-@__ .

k|ltlglw;efsf] a}7s cfXjfg ug]{, k|f/De ug]{, :yug ug]{ tyf k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g ug]{ -wf/f %#_, ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ -wf/f !!%_, cWofb]z hf/L ug]{ jf vf/]h ug]{ -wf/f &@_, ;+;bnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] -wf/f %$_, /fhb'tx¿sf] lgo'lQm ug{] -wf/f !@)_, tyf ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogdf afwf c8\sfp cfPdf To:tf] afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg] h:tf ;a} sfo{ jf lg0f{ox¿ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddltaf6 ug'{kb{Yof] .

Kf|fjwfgdf ePsf sdLsdhf]/L Hf;sf sf/0f clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u eof]

b'ef{Uoj; ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #%-@_ sf] dd{nfO{ /fd|f];Fu a'em\g ;s]sf] kfOPg . To:t} dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddltdf /fhfn] k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/sf af/]df klg /fhfnfO{ cTolws clwsf/ lbPsf]

!(() sf] ;

+ljwfg / o;sf] v

f/]hL

38

efg k¥of] . /fhfnfO{ s'g} ;Nnfx jf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g / ul/Psf] eP s–s:tf] ;Nnfx jf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 eGg] af/]df s'g} klg cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg gkfOg] Joj:yf -wf/f #%-^__ n] of] ;d:ofnfO{ cem hl6n agfPsf] lyof] . of] dlGqkl/ifb\sf sfdsf] uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg tyf GofokflnsfnfO{ /fhgLlts åGåaf6 cnu /fVgsf nflu ul/g] cfd k|rng xf] . t/ o;n] ubf{ /fhfn] ;+ljwfg pNn+3gsf sfd u/]df To:tf sfdsf af/]df k|Zg p7fpg gkfOg] eof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, /fhfn] k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df dfq ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf lyof] -wf/f %#-$__ . /fhfn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;ljg} k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g u/]df /fhfsf] pQm sfo{sf lj?4 s'g} klg cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg g;lsg] eof] . o:t}u/L, /fhfsf] cfr/0fsf ;DaGwdf ;+;bdf 5nkmn ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf -wf/f %^_ b08xLgtfsf] csf{] ¿k lyof] . o;n] ubf{ !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] /fhfnfO{ k"0f{¿kdf ;+j}wflgs bfo/fleq Nofpg ;s]g .

;/sf/sf clwsf/ egL :ki6¿kdf tf]lsPsf clwsf/x¿ klg /fhfn] cfkm\g} clwsf/ eGg] ;lDemP . ;+ljwfg nfu" x'g]lalQs} /fhf jL/]Gb|n] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;a]u/ cfkm"v';L k|mfG;sf nflu /fhb't lgo'Qm u/] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] /fhfsf] pQm sfo{nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@) sf] xjfnf lbFb} plrt 7x/ u¥of] . o;n] ubf{ /fhfnfO{ /fhb't lgo'lQm ubf{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfx lyof] jf lyPg eGg] ljifodf s;}n] klg k|Zg p7fpg gkfOg] eof] . of] lg0f{on] /fhfnfO{ cfpFbf lbgdf c¿ a9L clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ pS;fof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, !((@ sf] lgjf{rgkl5 /fhfn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/; -wf/f $^-s_ adf]lhd cfjZos kg{]_ a]u/ g} /fli6«o;efdf !) hgf ;b:osf] dgf]gog u/] . k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] /fhfsf] of] u}/ ;+j}wflgs sfo{sf] lj/f]w u/]gg\ .

;jf]{Rr cbfnt / k|wfgdGqLx¿ /fhtGqsf] s7k'tnL ag]

;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f t /fhfn] ;+;b lj36g ubf{ l;4fGtxLg tl/sf ckgfP . k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] l;kmfl/;df ;+;b lj36gkl5 lj36gsf] l;nl;nf ;'? eof] . sf]O/fnfn] ;+;b lj36g ug{ l;kmfl/; ubf{ /fhfn] ;+;b lj36g u/] . ;Qf;Lg bnsf ;f+;bx¿n] g} lj36gsf] ;+j}wflgstfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbPkl5 ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] pQm lj36gnfO{ plrt 7x/ u¥of] . To;avt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lbPsf ts{dWo] Pp6f lyof] — /fhfn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/; dfGg'k5{ . csf]{ k6s dgdf]xg clwsf/Lsf] l;kmfl/;df /fhfn] ;+;b lj36g u/] . ha o; sfo{nfO{ r'gf}tL lbOof], ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cNkdtsf] ;/sf/n] ;+;b lj36gsf] l;kmfl/; ug{ g;Sg] eGb} of]] lj36gnfO{ u}/ ;+j}wflgs s/f/ u¥of] . t];|f] k6s, z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] ;+s6sfn nDofpgsf nflu /fv]sf] k|:tfj ;+;bn] c:jLsf/ u/]kl5 ;+;b lj36gsf nflu cNkdtsf] b]pjf ;/sf/n] u/]sf] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df /fhfn] ;+;bsf] lj36g u/] . /fhf / b]pjf ;/sf/ b'j}sf] OR5fadf]lhd ;+s6sfn nDofpg] sfddf ;+;b afws aGg k'Uof] . ;+;b lj36gkl5 /fhf / b]pjf b'j}n] ;+s6sfnnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbP .

k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36gsf nflu k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/;nfO{ klg /fhfn] c:jLsf/ u/] . o;sf cnfjf ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/;a]u/ g} /fhfn] cfkm"v';L] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt;Fu

39

/fo dfu] . ;jf]{Rrn] /fhfnfO{ lg0f{osf nflu :jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|bfg u¥of] . /fhfn] ;+;b lj36g ug{ c:jLsf/ u/] . ;+;b lj36g ;DaGwdf s'g} lglZrt ;+j}wflgs l;4fGt kfngf ul/Pg .

ljjfbf:kb !@& / &! Wff/fx¿

@))@ cS6f]a/df ;Qf xTofPkl5 ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^ / $@ sf] a]jf:tf ub}{ /fhfn] cfkm\gf] OR5fadf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g u/] . o;f] ubf{ pgn] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog ug{ s'g} afwf c8\sfp cfPdf To:tf] afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg /fhfn] cfb]z lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@& nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]] . z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] @))$ sf] lgjf{rg ;fg{ klg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@& sf] k|of]u u/] h;nfO{ /fhfn] tTsfn} :jLs[lt k|bfg u/] . @))@ b]lv @))^ clk|n hgcfGbf]ng;Dd ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@& sf] k|of]u u/L cWofb]zsf e/df b]z rNof] . ;+ljwfgljk/Lt /fli6«o;efnfO{ a]jf:tf ul/of] . k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36gkl5 /fli6«o;efsf] a}7s a:g ;s]g .

wf/f !@& sf] b'?kof]u ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} z+sf 5}g . klxnf] s'/f, of] wf/f ;DejtM ef/tLo ;+ljwfgaf6 lnOPsf] lyof] . o;sf] p2]Zo gofF ;+ljwfg nfu" ug{] a]nfsf] ;+qmd0fnfO{ ;/n agfpg' lyof] . eljiodf cfpg] ;+s6sfndf k|of]u ug{sf nflu of] wf/f /flvPsf] lyPg . bf];|f], ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@& sf] k|of]u ubf{ /fhfn] -wf/f #%-@_ adf]lhd_ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddltcg';f/ ug'{kb{Yof] oBlk ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] wf/f !@& nfO{ wf/f #%-@_ n] ;d]6\b}g egL JofVof u/]sf] lyof] . t];|f], wf/f !@& sf] k|of]hg ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu lyof], pNn+3gsf nflu lyPg .

/fhfn] ;+;bn] kf; u/]sf] ljw]os :jLs[lt;DaGwdf klg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &! sf] pNn+3g u/] . cy{ ljw]osafx]s cGo ljw]ossf] xsdf Ps dlxgfleq /fhfn] k'glj{rf/sf nflu ;+;bdf lkmtf{ k7fpg;Sg] Joj:yf lyof] . k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o;efsf] ;+o'Qm a}7sn] ljw]os ;+zf]wg;lxt jf ;+zf]wgljgf g} kfl/t u/]sf] eP To:tf] ljw]osdf /fhfn] Ps dlxgfleq :jLs[lt k|bfg ug'{kb{Yof] . wf/f &! /fhfsf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/leq gkg]{ x'Fbf To;f] ubf{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/; rflxGYof] eGg] dflgG5 . t/ o;f] ul/Pg .

s'g} klg ;/sf/n] wf/f &! sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]gg\ . k|foM ;a}h;f] ljw]osx¿ /fhfsxfF :jLs[ltsf nflu k7fOPsf] Ps dlxgfleq :jLs[t ul/Pgg\ . /fhfn] gful/stf ljw]os @))@ nfO{ :jLs[lt lbPgg\ . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddltljgf g} /fhfn] of] ljw]ossf] j}wflgstf ;DaGwdf /fosf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfnt k7fP . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] pQm ljw]os c;+j}wflgs ePsf] /fo /fhfnfO{ lbof] . o;/L /fhfn] ;+;bLo lgsfosf] a]jf:tf u/] .

/fhf, ;/sf/ / ;]gf

/fhf, ;/sf/ / ;]gfaLrsf] ;DaGw;DaGwL k|fjwfgdf cem w]/} ;d:of lyP . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ;]gfnfO{ /fhfk|lt k"0f{ akmfbf/ Pj+ JolQmut ¿kdf /fhfk|lt hjfkmb]xL /fhfsf] ;]gfsf ¿kdf

!(() sf] ;

+ljwfg / o;sf] v

f/]hL

40

lnOGYof] -;'/Iff;DaGwL cWofo x]g'{xf]nf_ . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] ;]gfsf] ;+u7gdf kl/jt{g u/]/ ;]gfnfO{ ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf Nofpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyof] . o;n] k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf, /IffdGqL / k|wfg;]gfklt /x]sf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf -wf/f !!*_ u/]sf] lyof] . /fhfn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm ug{] Joj:yf lyof] -wf/f !!(-@__ . /fhf cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;]gfsf] k/dflwklt lyP . of] kb /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fhfn] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;]gfsf] ;~rfng / k|of]u u/]jfktsf] kb lyof] -wf/f !!*-@__ . ;]gfsf] :yfkgf / k|of]u sfg'gåf/f lgwf{l/t ePadf]lhd -cyf{t ;/sf/ / ;+;bn] rnfpg] u/L_ x'g'kb{Yof] .

;+ljwfgsf oL k|fjwfgn] ;]gfsf] akmfbfl/tf /fhfaf6 hgtf -;+;b_ tkm{ ;fg{ g;s]sf] s'/f Jofks ¿kdf c8\sn ul/of] . s'g} klg k|wfgdGqLn] ;]gfsf] ;~rfng, lgoGq0f / k|of]u ug{ ;s]gg\ . k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] ;]gfn] cfkm"nfO{ c;xof]u u/]sf] sf/0f b]vfpFb} /fhLgfdf;d]t u/]sf lyP . k|hftGqnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] /fhfsf sbdk|lt ;]gf ;xfg'e"ltzLn b]lvof] . ;]gfn] k|ToIf ¿kdf zf;g t lnPg t/ zf;g cfkm\gf] xftdf lng] sfddf /fhfnfO{ ;xof]u u¥of] . ;+s6sfnsf] 36gfsf] k|;+u /dfOnf] 5 . ;+ljwfgtM lgo'Qm b]pjf ;/sf/n] ;+s6sfn nfu" u¥of] . t/ ;+;bn] tLg dlxgfeGbf a9L ;+s6sfn nDofpg ;/sf/nfO{ lbPg . ;]gfn] lsg Pp6f k|wfgdGqLnfO{ c;xof]u u¥of] t/ ;+;bsf] lj/f]wsf afah'b klg csf]{ k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;+s6sfn nufpg ;dy{g lbO/Xof] eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfgeGbf aflx/sf] s'/f ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ /fhfsf] x:tIf]ksf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

k|fjwfgx¿ lsg c;kmn eP

;+If]kdf, ;+ljwfgn] /fhfnfO{ ;+j}wflgs /fhf agfpg] nIo lnPsf] lyof] t/ ljljw sf/0fn] of] ;kmn x'g ;s]g . klxnf], ;+j}wflgs /fhfsf] dof{bf / e"ldsfsf af/]df kof{Kt ;dembf/L lyPg . bf];|f], ;+ljwfgsf k|fjwfg o;/L d:of}bf ul/Psf lyP ls logn] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqfTds Joj:yfdf gx's{]sfx¿df e|d k}bf u/] -ljz]if u/L cf}krfl/s / jf:tljs zlQm ljefhg s;/L ug]{ eGg] tl/sfdf . h:t}, wf/f #% sf] k|of]u_ . t];|f], /fhgLlts bn / k|wfgdGqLx¿ /fhfk|lt Hofbf akmfbf/ b]lvP / ltgn] /fhfsf] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/nfO{ a9fOr9fO k|:t't u/] . rf}yf], /fhgLlts bnx¿aLrsf] /fhgLlts k|lt:kwf{ / ljz'4 JolQmut jf /fhgLlts sf/0fn] /fhfnfO{ x:tIf]k ug]{ df}sf lbof] . cGTodf, /fhtGqsf] Oltxf; / o;sf] uf}/jufyfn] /fhfnfO{ ;+j}wflgs clwsf/df dfq ;Lldt gx'g k|f]T;fxg lbof] .

/fli6«o Pstf

/fli6«o Pstf ;+ljwfgsf] dxTjk"0f{ ljifo lyof] . dfly plNnlvt l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf …:jtGqtf / ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df g]kfnL hgtfaLr e|ft[Tj / Pstf sfod ug{ ;3fpg]Ú pNn]v ul/of] . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @ df ‘h'g;'s} wd{, j0f{, hfthfltsf ePklg ;dfg cfsf+Iff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf / cv08tfk|lt cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfa4 ;a}

41

g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6 ¿kdf Ps /fi6« xf]’ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .

;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ ax'wfld{s tyf ax'eflifs /fi6« -wf/f $-!__ sf ¿kdf pNn]v u/] klg g]kfnsf] Pstf Ps wd{, Ps efiff Ps ;+:s[lt -kf]zfsdf ;d]t_ sf] g]kfnL klxrfgdf cfwfl/t 5 . /fHo :jo+df PsfTds / cToGt} w]/} s]lGb|s[t 5 h;n] ubf{ ;+ljwfgn] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf ;a} lgsfo -sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf tyf Gofokflnsf_ sf7df8f}+df s]lGb|t 5g\ . ax';+Vosn] dfg]sf] wd{, ax';+Vosn] af]n]sf] efiff / ax';+Vosn] dfg]sf] ;+:s[lttkm{ e'ms]sf] x'gfn] /fHo c;dfj]zL rl/qsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] oxL PsfTds rl/q tyf zlQmsf] s]Gb|Ls/0fn] ubf{ zf;gdf ;Lldt ju{, hft, ln+u / If]qsf ;De|fGtx¿sf] k|e'Tj /Xof] . o;n] :yfgLo:t/df gLltlgdf{0f tyf g]kfnLafx]ssf efiffnfO{ sfdsfhL efiffsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ lbPg .

y'k|} d'n'sdf ;+;bsf] dflyNnf] ;bgnfO{ cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo jf If]qsf] k|ltlglwTjsf nflu 5'6\ofOG5 . o;n] s]xL xb;Dd tNnf] ;bgnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{] xf] eg] jf o;nfO{ ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{} k|ltlglwd"ns / ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yflksf agfpg] xf] eg] o;df a]Un} lsl;dn] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . g]kfndf /fli6«o ;efdf d'ntM /fhgLlts bnsf ;b:o -/fhfåf/f dgf]gLtdWo]df klg ;De|fGt ju{sf dflg; lyP_ lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . o:tf] Joj:yfn] g tNnf] ;bgsf] kl/lg/LIf0f ug{ lbof] g cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg g} ;Sof] .

wd{, efiff / ;+:s[lt

;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ lxGb' /fHo 3f]lift u/]sf] lyof] -wf/f !_ . /fhf cfo{ ;+:s[ltsf cg'ofoL / lxGb' wdf{jnDaL x'g'kYof]{ -wf/f @&_ . To:t}u/L, /fhfnfO{ /fli6«otf Pj+ g]kfnL hgtfsf] Pstfsf] k|tLssf ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . o;afx]s g]kfn lxGb' /fi6« x'Fbf kg{] c;/sf af/]df s]xL klg pNn]v ul/Psf] lyPg . g]kfndf lxGb' cf:yf Pj+ ;+:sf/sf] x}sd sfod} /Xof] . /fhtGqsf] k|fjwfgn] g]kfnsf] lxGb' / cfo{ dfGotfnfO{ cem a9L hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . lxGb'x¿sf y'k|} cf:yf Pj+ ;+:sf/x¿ /fh;+:yf;Fu hf]l8Psfn] Pstfsf] k|tLs /fh;+:yfnfO{ u}/lxGb'nfO{ cnu u/fpg] / pgLx¿nfO{ kfvf nufpg] ;+:yfsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !( n] ;a}nfO{ cfkm\gf] wd{sf] cjnDag / cEof; ug]{ :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]klg o:tf] :jtGqtf zt{;lxtsf] lyof] . o;n] …;gftgb]lv rlncfPsf]Ú wd{nfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] lyof] . o;n] wfld{s cEof;df ;'wf/ ug{af6 /f]s]sf] lyof] . t/ …s;}n] s;}sf] wd{ kl/jt{g ug{ kfpg] 5}gÚ egL csf]{ k|ltaGw eg] sfod} /fv]sf] lyof] . o;n] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ :j]R5fn] wd{ kl/jt{g ug{ eg] /f]s]sf] lyPg .

c¿ efiffx¿sf] a]jf:tf gu/]sf] ePklg, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ sfdsfhsf] efiff tf]s]sf] lyof] -wf/f ^_ . o;sf] dtna ;a} ;/sf/L sfdx¿ g]kfnL efiffdf ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ eGg] lyof] . …g]kfnsf ljleGg efudf dft[efiffsf ¿kdf af]lng] ;a} efiffx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf /fli6«o efiffÚ elgP klg /fli6«o efiffsf] cy{ sxLF klg pNn]v lyPg . oL efiffsf] k|of]u / ljsf;df

!(() sf] ;

+ljwfg / o;sf] v

f/]hL

42

/fHon] s'g} bfloTj lgjf{x u/]sf] b]lvFb}gYof] . ;+:s[lt / lzIff;DaGwL xssf af/]df pNn]v ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !* n] g]kfnleq a;f]af; ug]{ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf] efiff, lnlk / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fylds tx;Ddsf] lzIff dft[efiffdf lbg] u/L k|fylds tx;Ddsf] ljBfno :yfkgf ug{] :jtGqtf lbOPsf] lyof] . t/ o:tf sfd /fHosf] ;xof]uljg} lghL vr{df ug{'kg{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

o;sf cnfjf ;+ljwfgn] cGo ;+:s[lt;Fu ;DalGwt /fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{ ;+j}wflgs dfGotf lbg /f]s nufPsf] lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfgn] wd{, ;Dk|bfo, hft, hflt jf If]qLotfsf cfwf/df /fhgLlts bn vf]Ng k|ltaGw nufPsf] lyof] -wf/f !!@-#__ . o;nfO{ cem lj:t[t ¿kdf eGbf s'g} klg wd{, hft, hflt, efiff jf ln+usf cfwf/df ;b:otfdf e]befjk"0f{ aGb]h nufpg /f]s nufPsf] lyof] . /fhgLlts bnsf] gfd, p2]Zo, lrXg jf em08f s'g} lglZrt wfld{s jf ;fDk|bflos jf b]znfO{ ljvl08t kfg]{ k|s[ltsf] ePdf To:tf] bnnfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg ;lsg] Joj:yf lyof] -wf/f !!#-#__ . ;fDk|bflos ;b\efj ;DaGwdf olb s'g} hft jf ;Dk|bfox¿aLr ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{ u/L s'g} sfo{ u/]df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfjthfjt tyf a;f]af; ug]{ :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ug{ ;lsGYof] -!@-@_-$__ .

ljrf/ cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf, ;+3;+u7g vf]Ng] tyf e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf nufotsf clwsf/dflysf] k|ltaGwn] hfoh /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk ug{ /f]s]sf], dfGotf kfpg'kg{] g]kfnsf] ljljwtfnfO{ w'ldn kf/]sf], cNk;+Vos hfltx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] k|efj gu0o ePsf /fhgLlts bnx¿df ;fd]n x'g afWo agfPsf] x'g;S5 . o;n] /fHosf] zlQmsf] s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|lt5fofsf ¿kdf /fhgLlts bnx¿df zlQmsf] s]Gb|Ls/0f ug{:fSYof] .

clxn]sf] ;dodf /fli6«o Pstfsf cfwf/ lgDgadf]lhd x'g;S5g\ M lgikIftf / Gofosf] k|Tofe"lt, ;dfhsf ;a} ;d'bfodf /fHon] cfkm"k|lt ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ u5{, /fHosf lqmofsnfkdf ;fd]n x'g kfpg] cj;/ lbG5 / cfkm\gf] plrt k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 eGg] cg'e"lt . oL /fli6«o Pstfsf cfwf/nfO{ klxrfg ug{ g;s]sf]n] g} !(() sf] ;+ljwfg vf/]h ePsf] xf] .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] vf/]hL

;+ljwfgn] ax'bn / ;+;bLo k|hftGqsf af/]df k|lta4tf hgfP klg pQm ;+ljwfgsf s]xL k|fjwfgdf ;d:of lyP / tL k|fjwfgx¿ /fd|f];Fu k|of]u klg ul/Pg . s;}s;}n] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ …;+;f/s} ;jf]{Ts[i6Ú egL 3f]if0ff u/] eg] s]xL ;d'bfon] o;nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf sf/0f of] ;+ljwfg ;'?b]lv g} ljjfbdf cfof] -o;sf d:of}bfsf/aLrd} klg dte]b eof]_ . ;sf/fTds lje]b, plrt k|ltlglwTj / ljs]Gb|Ls/0f h:tf ljrf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] eP klg ltgnfO{ ;De|fGt ju{n] pkof]u u/]g .

JolQmut tyf bnut :jfy{sf sf/0f /fhgLlts bnx¿ jf:tljs ;xeflutfd"ns k|hftGq :yfkgf ug{ c;kmn eP . /fHosf lqmofsnfk s]xL hfltljz]ifsf ;De|fGt ju{df ;Lldt

43

/Xof] . dGqL / ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿dfly gftfjfb / e|i6frf/df ;+nUg ePsf] / ljlwsf] zf;g

af/Daf/ tf]8]sf] cf/f]k nfUof] . cfGtl/s u'6aGbLsf sf/0f bnx¿ ljeflht eP / ;/sf/

cl:y/ ag] . ;/sf/n] ;Lldt gLltut lg0f{o lnof] . b/afl/of x:tIf]ksf] af/Daf/ xjfnf lbP/

pgLx¿n] b/af/nfO{ /fhgLltdf k|j]z ug]{ k|z:t cj;/ k|bfg u/] . /fhfsf u}/;+j}wflgs

ultljlwnfO{ dfGotf lbFb} To;nfO{ hfoh agfP / /fhfnfO{ zlQm xTofpg] cj;/ lbP -@))@

cS6f]a/ / @))% km]a'|c/Ldf_ . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt -h;df pk]lIft ;d'bfosf Ps hgf klg

GofofwLz 5}gg\_ ;d]tn] ;+ljwfgsf] zAb tyf cf;osf] unt JofVof u¥of] . o;n] cfkm"df

cGt/lglxt k|hftflGqs tyf ;xeflutfd"ns x'g] ljz]iftfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]g . !((* df

:yfgLo lgsfodf d}lynL tyf g]jf/L efiffsf] k|of]unfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] vf/]h u¥of] . o;n]

If]qLo bnx¿nfO{ k|ltalGwt u¥of] oBlk logn] hftLo ;DaGwnfO{ vnn kfy]{ eGg] s'/fdf z+s}

5 . o;n] /fhfsf sltko u}/;+j}wflgs sfdnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]/ k|hftGq / hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{

sdhf]/ agfof] .

g]kfnL hgtfsf] ax'ntfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g;Sg' ;+ljwfgsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] c;kmntf lyof] .

/fHon] g]kfnnfO{ lxGb' /fHo 3f]if0ff u¥of] / lxGb' wd{nfO{ k|wfgtf lbof] . lxGb' wd{nfO{ lbOPsf]

k|wfgtfn] j0f{Joj:yfnfO{ a9fjf lbof], csf]{ wd{ dfGg]nfO{ c;dfg Jojxf/ u¥of] / cfly{s

tyf /fhgLlts ¿kn] uDeL/ k|efj kfg]{ u/L nfvf}+ dflg;nfO{ pk]lIft u¥of] eg]/ ljåfg\ xs{

u'?ªn] eg]sf lyP .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-#_ n] cGo s'/fsf cnfjf wfld{s cfwf/df e]befj ug{ gkfOg] pNn]v u/]sf]

ePklg wfld{s xs;DaGwL wf/f :jo+n] wfld{s lje]b u/]sf] lyof] hxfF wfld{s :jtGqtfnfO{

k/Dk/fb]lv rlncfPsf] cfkm\gf] wd{dfq dfGg kfpg] clwsf/df ;Lldt ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]

-wf/f !(-!__ df elgPsf] 5, …k|To]s JolQmnfO{ k|rlnt k/Dk/fsf] dof{bf /fvL ;gftgb]lv

rlncfPsf] cfkm\gf] wd{sf] cjnDag / cEof; ug]{ :jtGqtf x'g]5 .Ú o;}sf cfwf/df d'n'sL

P]gnfO{ !((# df ;+zf]wg ul/of] h;df wfld{s :yndf k/Dk/fcg';f/sf] wfld{s cEof; ug{'nfO{

lje]bk"0f{ dflgg] 5}g egL pNn]v ul/of] . xs{ u'?ªn] k/Dk/fut wfld{s cEof;nfO{ sfod

/fVg'sf] cy{ lglZrt ;d'bfosf hgtflj?4 ljutsf] c;dfgtfnfO{ sfod} /fVg' xf] eg]/

l6Kk0fL u/]sf lyP . wf/f !*-@_ n] g]kfnLafx]ssf dft[efiffdf k|fylds tx;Dd dfq k7gkf7g

ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . u'?ªn] ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ljsf;df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]

k|ultzLn gLltlgdf{0fdf oL k|fjwfgn] Jojwfg k'¥ofPsf] eg]sf lyP .

w]/} cfnf]rsx¿n] pk]lIft ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj !(() sf] ;+ljwfg ag]kl5 cem 36]sf] /

pgLx¿sf] cj:yf emg\ g/fd|f] ag]sf] eg]sf 5g\ . s]xL ;d"xx¿ k~rfot Joj:yfdf eGbf klg

a9L dfqfdf /fhgLlts lje]bsf] lzsf/ ag]sf lyP . ;+;b, dlGqkl/ifb\, /fHosf cGo lgsfo

/ ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿af6 blntx¿ k"0f{¿kdf kfvf nufOP . dw]zL / d'';ndfg ;d'bfosf]

pkl:ylt klg 36\b} uof] .

!(() sf] ;

+ljwfg / o;sf] v

f/]hL

44

/fhfn] @))@ / @))% df zf;g;Qf cfkm\gf] xftdf lnP/ b]zdf :j]R5frf/L 9+un] zf;g

;~rfng ug{ yfn]kl5 /fli6«o ;+s6 cem a9]/ uof] . /fhgLlts bnx¿n] la:tf/} cfkm\gf]

j}wflgstf u'dfpFb} uPsfn] /fhfnfO{ c;+j}wflgs tj/n] zf;g ug{] cj;/ k|fKt eof] . !(() sf]

dWob;sb]lv ;'? ePsf] dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xn] of] ;d:ofnfO{ cem a9L rsf{pg d2t u¥of] .

zf]if0f, e]befj tyf ;fdflhs lje]bh:tf ;d:ofnfO{ ;'Nemfpg g;s]/ /fhgLlts bnx¿n]

zf;g ug{] j}wflgstf u'dfpFb} uPkl5 ljb|f]xn] ljleGg ;d'bfosf] ;dy{g k|fKt u¥of] .

t/ ;ft /fhgLlts bn / dfcf]jfbL ldn]/ hgcfGbf]ng—@ ;kmn kf/] / /fhfsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/

vf]l;of] . /fhf ;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfdf lglxt x'G5 eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ ug{ / k|ltlglw;efsf]

a}7s cfXjfg ug{ afWo eP . k|ltlglw;efn] ;fj{ef}d;Qf cfkm"df lglxt ePsf] bfaL ub}{

;+;bdf k|:tfj kfl/t u¥of] / /fhtGq;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ k|fjwfgnfO{ vf/]h u¥of] . o;aLr ;ft

/fhgLlts bn / dfcf]jfbLn] ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfsf af/]df y'k|} ;Demf}tf u/] h;n] ubf{

a[xt\ zflGt;Demf}tf eof], xltof/ Joj:yfkg ul/g] eof] / gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg ;+ljwfg;efsf]

Joj:yf ul/Psf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tof/ eof] .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] c;kmntfsf nflu sf] lhDd]jf/ 5 < cfwf/e"t sdLsdhf]/L ePsf]

;+ljwfg :jo+nfO{ xfdL bf]ifL dfGg ;S5f}+ . cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] ;Ldfleq a:g c:jLsf/ ug]{ /

b]znfO{ k|hftGqsf] lbzftkm{ 8f]/fpg pko'Qm e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ c;kmn x'g] /fhfnfO{ klg xfdL

bf]ifL dfGGf ;S5f}+ . k|hftGq, ;xeflutf, ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;fdflhs Gofo h:tf ;+ljwfgk|bQ

cfwf/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ g;s]sf /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ xfdL bf]ifL dfGg ;S5f}+ .

/fhtGqk|lt kIfkftL ePsf]] of] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] l;4fGtnfO{ unt¿kdf a'em]sf] ;jf]{Rr

cbfntnfO{ klg xfdL]] bf]ifL dfGg ;S5f}+ . hgtf, pk]lIft / ;'ljwfxLg ju{nfO{ k|hftflGqs jf

;+j}wflgs cEof;dfkm{t kl/rfng gu/Lsg lx+;f / ljb|f]xsf] af6f] ;dfTg] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ klg

xfdL bf]ifL dfGg ;S5f}+ . To:t}u/L kf6L{sf] efiff af]Ng] / ;fdflhs Gofo / k|hftGqsf] d"No

/ dfGotfnfO{ sfod /fVg :jtGq e"ldsf v]Ng g;Sg] gful/s ;dfhnfO{ klg xfdL bf]ifL

dfGg ;S5f}+ .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgaf6 l;SGf ;lsg] kf7x¿

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] o; 38Ldf xfdLn] ljutsf cg'ejaf6 s:tf] kf7 l;Sg ;S5f}+ t <

;xeflutfd"ns ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof

klxnf] kf7 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . ;a} hgtf vf;u/L pk]lIft ;d'bfonfO{

pQm k|lqmofdf k"0f{¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5, pgLx¿sf u'gf;f JoQm ug]{ cj;/ lbg'kb{5

/ pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf dfu k"/f u/fpg bafa lbg] cj;/ lbg'kb{5 . Gofo;+ut k|lqmoflagf

;+ljwfgn] bx|f] h/f uf8\g ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfg;ef eg]sf] hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rrtfsf] cleJolQm xf],

45

/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] k|e'Tj dfq xf]Og eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{'k5{ . ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmof Pj+ ;dfj]zL ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgn] ;+ljwfgnfO{ j}wflgstf lbg] dfq xf]Og . ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnL d"No / klxrfgnfO{ !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] eGbf :ki6;Fu kl/eflift ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 eGg] s'/f klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . of] sfd ;a} ;d'bfo / ;d"xaLr ;xdlt geO{ x'g ;Sb}g . ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmofn] ;a}nfO{ k|hftflGqs cEof;df ;xefuL x'g], ;fj{hlgs dfdnf;DaGwL ;dembf/L a9fpg] / To;df ;xefuL x'g] df}sf k|bfg ub{5 . of]lagf k|hftGq km:6fpg ;Sb}g .

;fdflhs ;dfgtf

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] Pp6f k|fjwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] cf}krfl/s ;dfgtf dfq kof{Kt xF'b}g eGg] s'/f bf];|f] kf7 xf] . ;dfgtf, cj;/ / kx'Fr Jofjxfl/s ¿kd} x'g'kb{5 . To;sf nflu /fHon] cu|ufdL gLlt / ;sf/fTds lje]b ckgfpg'k5{, ;|f]t;fwgsf] k'glj{t/0f ug{'k5{ . 7luPsf ;d'bfonfO{ ;zQm agfpg'k5{ . of] ;d:of sfg'gL jf /fhgLlts geO{ ;fdflhs ;d:of ePsfn] o;f] ug{' cem a9L h?/L 5 . pk]lIft ;d'bfo ax';+Vofdf /x]sf 5g\ / pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] dtflwsf/sf] -zlQm_ k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . t/ klg pgLx¿ pk]lIft g} 5g\ . pgLx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf] dtflwsf/n] pgLx¿nfO{ d2t ug{ ;s]g lsgeg] pgLx¿ ;lbof}+b]lv pk]lIft 5g\ / ;fdflhs bdgsf] lzsf/ ag]sf 5g\ . cf}krfl/s ¿kdf k|bfg ul/Psf] x}l;ot pkof]u ug{ k|ltlglwTj, ;sf/fTds lje]b, ljz]if df}sf / cfb/ h:tf /rgfTds / Jofjxfl/s sbdsf] cfjZostf 5 h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf clwsf/ pkef]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

cfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f / Kf|of]u

t];|f], pgLx¿n] ;a} clwsf/ vf;u/L lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf; tyf dfgjLo ;'/Iff pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfgdf ls6fg ug'{kb{5 . lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf y'k|} k|fjwfgnfO{ clwsf/sf ¿kdf dfGotf lbg'kb{5 . t/ oL sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L /fHon] lghL If]qnfO{ ;'Dkg' x'Fb}g . /fHo / ;Dej eP;Dd ;+ul7t If]qn] tL s'/f sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu lglZrt ;do;Ldf tf]Sg'kb{5 . o:tf] ;do;Ldfsf] kfngf ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog cfof]uh:tf ljlzi6 vfnsf ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{'k5{ .

/fhgLlts kf6L{sf] ;'wf/

rf}yf], /fHonfO{ bfloTj ;'Dkg' dfq} kof{Kt xF'b}g . /fHosf lgsfo vf;u/L Gofokflnsf / sfo{kflnsf hgtfsf clwsf/k|lt ;+j]bgzLn geP;Dd clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ff d[ut[i0ff dfq x'g k'U5 . /fhgLlts bnx¿ jf:tljs ¿kd} k|hftGq / hjfkmb]lxtfsf ;fwg aGg'kb{5 . t;y{ o:tf lgsfonfO{ pk]lIft ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf / dfu k"/f u/fpg] tyf pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/fpg] vfnsf] agfpg'k5{ . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt kl/jt{gsf sfo{qmdx¿ k'/f x'g g;Sg'sf sf/0f oL lgsfox¿ ;De|fGt / 3/flgof ju{sf nflu dfq x'g'

!(() sf] ;

+ljwfg / o;sf] v

f/]hL

46

xf] . hgcfGbf]ngsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ /fhgLlts ;+u7g / ltgLx¿sf] sfo{z}nLdf kl/jt{g Nofpg h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfgsf] efiffdf :ki6tf

kfFrf}+, ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ug]{ z}nLsf] klg d"Nof+sg ug{ h?/L 5 . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of s] lyof] eg] To;df Pp6f lgsfonfO{ lbOPsf] clVtof/Lsf] k|of]u eg] cs}{ lgsfosf] lgb]{zgdf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf lyof] -/fhf;Fusf] ;d:ofnfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5_ . ;+ljwfgdf …lgb]{zgÚ eGg] zAbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyPg, …;Nnfx / ;DdltÚ jf …l;kmfl/;Ú eGg] zAbfjnL lyof] . ;fdfGo cy{df logn] lgb]{zg eGg] a'emfpFb}gg\ . ;Nnfx / l;kmfl/; eGgfn] clgjfo{ ¿kdf dfGg}kg]{ eGg] klg a'lemFb}g . of] k|fjwfg cndNofpg] vfnsf] lyof] vf;u/L …j]:6ldG;6/Ú z}nLsf af/]df hfgsf/L gePsfx¿nfO{ t o;n] emg\ cndNofpF5 . o;n] ubf{ /fhfnfO{ cTolws clwsf/ lbPsf] efg dfq} k/]g, /fhf / cGo lgsfo hfg]/ jf ghflgsg, oL y'k|} clwsf/ /fhfdf lglxt 5g\ eGg] e|ddf k/] . wf/f !@) nfO{ x]/f}+ M

!= >L % af6 zfxL g]kfnL /fhb't lgo'Qm ul/aS;g]5 .

@= >L % af6 ljz]if ;df/f]xdf df};'kmsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ zfxL k|ltlglw / s'g} vf; k|of]hgsf nflu ljz]if k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ug{ ;lsaS;g]5 .

klxnf] pkwf/fnfO{ wf/f #%-@_ ;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{'k5{ h;sf nflu dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Ddlt cfjZos kb{5 . t/ bf];|f] pkwf/fsf] klxnf] jfSof+zsf] cy{ s] xf] < s;}n] s] 7fGg ;S5 eg] /fhfn] cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwTj ug{sf nflu s;}nfO{ lgo'Qm ug{ ;S5g\ t/ /fHosf] k|ltlglw eg] lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . bf];|f] jfSof+zsf] cy{ s] xf] < of] /fHosf] ljz]if sfdsf nflu ;/sf/sf] ;Ddltdf lgo'Qm ug{ ;lsg] ljz]ifb"t h:tf] b]lvG5 . t/ o;sf] lglZrt cy{ s;}n] atfpg ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgdf o:t} vfnsf c:ki6tf w]/} 5g\ .

s;nfO{ slt clwsf/ 5 / To;sf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 tyf ;/n efiffdf pNn]v ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 . g]kfnLx¿n] ghfg]sf, cGo Joj:yfsf k/Dk/f / cEof;dfly e/kg'{ a'l4dfgL xf]Og . /fHosf cfwf/e"t clwsf/h:tf ;+j]bgzLn If]qdf t emg\ o;f] ug{' x'Fb}g .

47

48

$cWofo $cWofo

49

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg

ha s'g} b]z åGåsf] cj:yfaf6 u'h|G5 / /fHosf lgsfox¿ of t etfe'+u / abgfd x'G5g\ cyjf Pp6f jf w]/} ;d"xx¿sf nflu cdfGo x'G5g\, ta gofF ;+ljwfg dftxt gofF ;/sf/ :yfkgf gx'Fbf;Dd ;/sf/ rnfpgsf nflu / gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu dfu{lrq -p2]Zo, lgsfo / k|lqmofx¿_ to ug{ k|foM cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cjnDag ul/G5 . slxn]sfxLF cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+lIfKt x'G5 -cl3Nnf] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] cj:yfdf_ / slxn]sfxLF lj:t[t tyf ;f+uf]kf+u x'G5 -cl3Nnf] ;+ljwfg k"/} c:jLs[t ul/Psf] cj:yfdf_ . slxn]sfxLF cGtl/d Joj:yfkgn] d'Vo kfqaLrsf] /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] ¿k lnPsf] x'G5 .

g]kfndf @))% df dfcf]jfbL;Fu /fhgLlts ;xsfo{sf] ;Demf}tf u/]sf ;ft ;+;b\jfbL bnx¿ k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g:yf{kgfsf avt !(() sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ g} o;sf cg'ko'Qm k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ x]/km]/ jf vf/]h u/]/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{ kIfdf lyP -@))^ d]sf] 3f]if0ffdf ;ft bnn] o;} ug]{ r]i6f u/]sf lyP_ . o;/L x]/km]/ ul/Psf] k'/fgf] ;+ljwfg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;+;b\ -/ cGttM ;/sf/_ df ;fd]n u/fpg] cjlw;Ddsf nflu cGtl/d ;+ljwfg aGof] -oBlk o; k|lqmofsf] j}wflgstfsf af/] s]xLn] z+sf p7fPsf lyP_ . dfcf]jfbLx¿ !(() sf] ;+ljwfgk|lt ;Gt'i6 lyPgg\ / pgLx¿n] ljlzi6 ¿kn] d:of}bf ul/Psf] ;+ljwfgn] pQm ;+ljwfgnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{ hf]8 lbPsf lyP .

@))& sf] hgj/L !% df cl3Nnf] k|ltlglw;efåf/f cGtl/d ;+ljwfgnfO{ :jLs[t ul/of] / -gofF_ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+;b\åf/f o;nfO{ nfu" ul/of] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg Pp6f lj:t[t b:tfj]h xf] / o;n] ;fdfGotof :yfoL ;+ljwfgdf kfOg] hlt ;a} zLif{sx¿ ;d]6]sf] 5 . oxfF xfd|f] ;/f]sf/ ;+ljwfg;ef d'Vo ljz]iftf ePsf] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt k|fjwfgx¿;Fu 5 .

gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f M cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] dfu{lrq

50

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof

ljut tLg jif{df, g]kfndf ;dfj]zL / k|efjsf/L ;+j}wflgs k|0ffnL s;/L :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf Jofks ax; ePsf] 5 . /fHosf lgsfox¿dfly dfcf]jfbLåf/f eLif0f cfqmd0f ePkl5, k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ul/Pkl5 / ;+;bLo /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ lg/+s'z /fhtGqn] k|lt:yfkg u/]kl5 oL ax;x¿ clws dxTjk"0f{ x'g k'u]sf x'g\ . @))% sf] gf]e]Da/ @@ df ;+;b\jfbL kf6L{ / dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] jftf{ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ug]{ ;xdltdf k'Uof] . @))^ sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f d'Vo dfu Jofks k|ltlglwTjo'Qm ;+ljwfg;efåf/f gofF ;+ljwfg agfOg'k5{ eGg] lyof] / d'Vo /fhgLlts zlQmaLr ePsf] of] ;xdltdf hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ltgsf] ;xeflutfk|lt ;d'lrt hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ckgfOg] of] kfl/eflifs ljz]iftf kf6L{x¿aLrsf] bf];|f] ;dembf/Ldf plNnlvt lyof] . /, kf6L{ / ltgsf hgjuL{o ;+u7gx¿n] …nf]stflGqs k|lqmofsf cfwf/df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdfkm{t ;fj{ef}ldstf / b]zsf] /fHozlQmsf] ;|f]t hgtfdf /xg] u/L k"0f{ nf]stGq :yfkgf ug]{Ú k|lta4tf hgfPsf lyP .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] …hgtf cfkm}åf/f gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{sf nfluÚ -wf/f ̂ #_ ;+ljwfg;efsf] Uof/]G6L u/]/ of] ;xdltnfO{ sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] e"ldsf / ;+/rgfdf cfd hgtfsf] kof{Kt Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . Tf/ k|fjwfgx¿n] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg ;Snf cyjf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof jf:tjd} ;xeflutfd"ns xf]nf eGg] s'/fdf z+sf 5 .

;+ljwfg;ef M ;b:otf / k|ltlglwTj

;'?df, ;+ljwfg;efdf tLg k|sf/sf ;b:ox¿ EfPsf $@% ;b:o x'g'kYof]{ -wf/f ^#-#__ M Ps lgjf{rg If]qaf6 Ps hgf klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg] k|0ffnLcGtu{t @)% ;b:o, cyf{t, ;du|df ax'dt k|fKt ug{ g;s] klg h;n] ;aeGbf a9L dt k|fKt u5{ ToxL JolQm ljhoL x'g] k4lt -klxnf] k|sf/_Ù dtbftfx¿n] kf6L{nfO{ lbg] dt ;+Vofcg';f/ kf6L{ ;"rLsf] cfwf/df @)$ ;b:o -bf];|f] k|sf/_Ù s'g} kf6L{nfO{ p;sf] efudf k/]sf] dt ;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf l;6 lbOg] / pQm kf6L{n] lgwf{l/t ;"rLaf6} cfkm\gf ;b:o lemSg] k|0ffnLÙ / /fli6«o hLjgdf Voflt kfPsf JolQmdWo]af6 !^ hgf dlGqkl/ifb\n] dgf]gLt ug]{ -t];|f] k|sf/_ .

oL k|fjwfg ljleGg ;d"xx¿;Fu ePsf ;xdltsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k tLg k6s kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ . clxn] oL k|fjwfgcGtu{t klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg] k|0ffnLcGtu{t @$) hgf / ;dfg'kflts lgjfr{gaf6 ##% hgf ;+ljwfg;efdf cfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] kf6L{x¿n] lgjf{rgIf]qsf nflu pDd]bjf/ rog ubf{ ;dfj]lztfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg} kg]{ Joj:Yff u/]sf] 5 . kf6L{ ;"rL agfpFbf, kf6L{x¿n] …dlxnf, blnt, bldt hfthflt tyf cflbjf;L hghflt, k5fl8 k/]sf If]q / dw];L tyf cGo ;d"xx¿sf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjÚ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . of] k|fjwfg dlxnfx¿sf xsdf clws :ki6 /x]sf] 5 M b'O{ k|sf/sf

51

k4ltaf6 cfpg] dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof ;Dk"0f{ pDd]bjf/ :f+Vofsf] Ps ltxfO x'g}k5{ . /,

dlGqkl/ifb\n] dgf]gLt ug]{ ;b:o ;+Vof clxn] @^ k'u]sf] 5 . dlGqkl/ifb\af6 dgf]gLt x'g]x¿

ljlzi6 JolQmx¿ / lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k k||ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf hftLo tyf cflbjf;L

;d"xx¿af6 5gf]6 x'g]5g\ .

;+ljwfg;ef;DaGwL lgb]{zsdf k|of]u ePsf …;dfg'kfltsÚ cyjf …;dfg'kfltstfÚ h:tf kbfjnLn]

b'O{ cy{ ;+s]t u5{g\ M klxnf], kf6L{x¿aLr ;dfg'kfltstf / bf];|f], ljleGg k|sf/sf ;d'bfo

/ b'O{ ln+uLaLr ;dfg'kfltstf . klxnf] cy{df ;dfg'kfltstf xfl;n ul/Fbf bf];|f] k|sf/sf]

;dfg'kfltstf klg xfl;n x'g]5 eGg] cy{ nfUb}g, t/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] b'j} k|sf/sf

;dfg'kfltstf sDtLdf klg bf];|f] lsl;dsf l;6x¿df xfl;n ug]{ nIo /fV5 . ;+ljwfg;ef

lgjf{rg sfg'gn] of] ;jfndf cem} lj:t[t rrf{ u/]sf] 5 M sfg'gn] s] ck]Iff /fV5 eg],

x/]s kf6L{sf] lglZrt k|ltzt pDd]bjf/ To; kf6L{sf] ;"rLdf pNn]v ul/Psf ljlzi6 ;d"xx¿

-hghflt, dw];L, blnt, lk5l8Psf If]qsf k|ltlglwx¿, / cGo -kxf8L a|fXd0f / If]qL__ af6

x'g'k5{ . x/]s ;d"xleq cfwf pDd]bjf/ dlxnf x'g}k5{ . lgjf{rgkZrft kf6L{n] kfPsf] bf];|f]

k|sf/sf l;6x¿sf] lgwf] ul/Pkl5 kf6L{x¿n] cfkm\gf] ;"rLaf6 clGtd gfd 5gf]6 u5{g\ . o;/L

gfd 5gf]6 ubf{ klg kf6L{x¿n] ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjsf] ;Ldf/]vfnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . kf6L{x¿n]

To;avt ;Lldt ¿kdf dfq ;dfg'kfltstfsf] bfo/faf6 bfofFafofF ug{ kfpF5g\ .

oL k|fjwfgx¿df ljleGg vfnsf ;d:of 5g\ h;nfO{ xfdLn] oxfF vf]tNg ;Sb}gf}+, t/ s}of}+

;d"xx¿df ltgLx¿sf] k"0f{ k|ltlglwTj gx'g] xf] ls eGg] eo 5 . klxnf] lsl;dsf] l;6df,

pDd]bjf/ dgf]gLt ubf{ kf6L{n] ;dfj]lztfnfO{ ;Ddfg u/] eg] o;n] ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfoaf6

;b:ox¿sf] ;dfg'kfltstf ;[hgf ug]{5 . h'g If]qdf r'gfj lhTg] lgs} sd ;Defjgf 5 ToxL

If]qdf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf pDd]bjf/nfO{ kf6L{n] pDd]bjf/L lbg ;S5g\ EfGg] Jofks cfsng

ul/Psf] 5 .

dtbfg k|0ffnL klg b'O{ lsl;dsf x'g]5g\ M dtbftfx¿n] cfkm\gf] lgjf{rg If]qsf] ;b:onfO{ 5'§}

ef]6 xfNg]5g\ eg] kf6L{ ;"rLsf nflu yk csf]{ ef]6 xfNg]5g\ . dtbftfx¿nfO{ ltgsf] ef]6sf]

k|efjsf ;DaGwdf cfsng ug]{ cj;/ x'g]5 / rfx]df ef}uf]lns pDd]bjf/sf nflu JolQmsf]

u'0fbf]if x]/]/ jf kf6L{;Fusf] ;DaGwsf cfwf/df ef]6 xfNg ;Sg]5g\ . ;"rLsf nflu ef]6 xfNbf

s'g kf6L{n] s:tf] ;"rL agfPsf] 5 To;nfO{ x]/]/ dtbfg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . t/ dtbftfn] of]

k|0ffnLsf af/]df / cfkm\gf] kf/Dkl/s kf6L{ /f]hfOeGbf ;dfj]lztf dxTjk"0f{ xf] eGg] a'em] dfq

o;n] sfd ug]{5 .

To;df klg, ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf k|ltlglwTj ul/g'kg]{ eP klg,

ltgn] cfkm\gf] ;d'bfox¿sf] lxtdf naL ug{] s'/f jf:tjdf pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj kf6L{x¿dfkm{t

x'g] ePsf] sf/0fn] k|efljt x'G5 . kl/0ffdtM ltgLx¿ kf6L{ XjLkcg';f/ rNg afWo x'g]5g\

h;n] ubf{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;d'bfosf] ;/f]sf/df naL ug]{ tL ;ef;b\sf] Ifdtf cyjf cfsf+Iffdf

gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f M c

Gtl/d ;+ljwfgs

f] dfu{lrq

52

afwf k'Ug ;Sg]5 . ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfoaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{x¿ kf6L{sf] rfxgfcg'?k rNg'kg]{

;Defjgfn] ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf s}of}+ ;d"xnfO{ lrlGtt t'NofPsf] 5 . o:tf] lrGtfnfO{

lgjf{rgsf a]nf h'g kf6L{sf] ;b:o /x]sf] xf] ;f] kf6L{n] pQm ;b:on] kf6L{ 5f]8]sf] cyjf

pQm ;b:o ca pk|fGt kf6L{sf] ;b:o /xg]5}g egL ;"rgf hf/L u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;b:onfO{

x6fpg ;lsg]5 EfGg] h'g lgod 5 To;n] emg\ an k'¥ofPsf] 5 -of] k|fjwfgn] kf6L{n] To:tf

;b:onfO{ k|efjL 9+un] lgisf;g ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5_ -wf/f ^&_ .

dgf]gLt ul/g] @^ hgf cf7 /fhgLlts kf6L{n] ljz]if1tf / cg'ejsf cfwf/df geO{ ;+/IfsTj

k|bfg ug]{ lx;fan] dgf]gLt unf{g\ ls eGg] eo klg 5 . o;/L dgf]gLt x'g]x¿ kf6L{sf]

cg'zf;g dfGg afWo x'g]5g\, h;n] ubf{ To:tf ;b:osf] dxQf 36\g ;Sg]5 -oBlk, kf6L{sf]]

ljwfgdf ;b:ox¿sf nflu k|efjsf/L cg'zf;g k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ cGtl/d

;+ljwfgn] kf6L{ btf{sf] Pp6f cfwf/ dfg]sf] 5 -wf/f !$@-#_-3__ .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿ hftLo ;d'bfo cyjf Jofj;flos

;d"xx¿sf eGbf /fhgLlts kf6L{sf kIfkftL 5g\ . of] kIfkft s]xL k|fjwfgx¿df k|:6} b]lvG5,

h:tf], wf/f !$@-%_ n] eG5, cGtl/d Joj:yflksfdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ kf6L{x¿nfO{ pNn]Vo

;dy{g gb]vfO{ btf{ ug]{ ;'ljwf 5 eg] cGo kf6L{x¿n] sDtLdf !),))) ;dy{ssf] x:tfIf/

a'emfpg'kg]{ Joj:Yff 5 . bf];|f] k|sf/sf ;b:ox¿ If]qLo cyjf cf~rlnstfsf] cfwf/df xf]Og,

/fli6«o lgjf{rg If]qsf] cfwf/df lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ . of] k|fjwfgn] kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;ldltnfO{

bf];|f] k|sf/sf] pDd]bjf/Ldfly ltgsf] lgoGq0f a9fpg] 5'6 lbG5 . o;eGbf klg, ;dfg'kflts

l;6sf nflu /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿dfq of]Uo x'g]5g\ . o;df vt/f s] 5 eg], cl:tTjdf

/x]sf ;+;bLo kf6L{x¿sf] ;+oGqdfkm{t o:tf] ljlzi6 ;b:otfsf] Joj:yfn] lj1, Jofj;flos,

;fdflhs sfo{stf{ / cIfd / eflifs cNk;+Vosx¿ h:tf ljlzi6 ;d"xx¿ aflx/ kg]{5g\

h;sf] ;xeflutf ;Gt'lnt / Jofj;flos ;+ljwfgsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu cTofjZos x'G5 .

;LdfGts[t ;d"x;Fu glhssf] ;DaGw ePsf], hftLo / n}+lus cfwf/df ;b:otf ljt/0f ug]{ jf

wfld{s cyjf ;fd'bflos ;f}xfb{tf layf]Ng] cyjf b]znfO{ ljefhg ug]{Ú -wf/f !$@-$__ p2]Zo

ePsf] gofF kf6L{ vf]Ng] k|of; cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] kf6L{ u7g;DaGwL k|fjwfglj?4 hfG5 .

jf:tjdf, dw]; ;dYf{s ;fDk|bflos kf6L{x¿ btf{ eP t/ s'g} Ps :fDk|bfosf] :jfy{ k|ltlglwTj

ug{ u7g ul/Psf] kf6L{df To; ;Dk|bfosf ;b:o lglZrt k|ltzteGbf a9L gxf];\ eGg] p2]Zon]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf] lgodaf6 pgLx¿n] 5'6 kfP .

clxn] ;+ljwfg;ef ^)! ;b:oLo x'g] ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . of] lgZro g} ljzfn ;ef xf] /

Jofks 5nkmn ug{ cyjf ;j{;Ddlt h'6fpg of] ;ef pko'Qm gx'g ;S5 . of] a[xt\ ;efdf

;d'lrt ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+ljwfg;efdf ckgfOg} kg]{ k|lqmofx¿df ;fjwfgLk"0f{ ¿kn]

ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' cfjZos x'G5 . k|lqmofn] sf/jfxLnfO{ nDAofpg'x'Fb}g, tyflk jfbljjfbsf nflu

;d'lrt cj;/ pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .

53

;+ljwfg;efsf] :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{rg

dtbfgsf] k|0ffnL h] cjnDag ul/P klg, lgjf{rg :jtGq / lgikIf x'g'k5{ eGg] cfd dfGotf 5 . /fHosf] ;aeGbf klxnf] lhDd]jf/L ;+ljwfg;efsf nflu :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fpg] sfo{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf] . of] cjwf/0ff ;ftbnLo u7aGwg / dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] ;xdltdf / clxn] g]kfndf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ld;g -cgldg_ sf] DofG8]6df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . Pp6f :jtGq lgjf{rg cfof]un] ;+ljwfg;efsf] …lgjf{rg u/fpg], o;sf] ko{j]If0f, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f ug]{Ú -wf/f !@(_ k|fjwfg 5 . :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{rg k|lqmof yfngL ug{, dfcf]jfbL;Fu ePsf -/ ;]gfsf klg plt g} ;+Vofdf_ xltof/ yGSofOg'kg]{ / gful/sdflysf] ;a} k|sf/sf] 8/wDsL /f]lsg'k5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf cfd ;xdlt /x]sf] 5 . lgjf{rg x'g'k"j{ oL / cGo zt{x¿ k"/f ePsf] d"Nof+sg ug'{ lgjf{rg cfof]u / cgldgsf] pQ/bfloTj xf] .

t/ k|wfgdGqL / cGo kf6L{ g]tfx¿n] ;+ljwfg;ef / ;ljwfg;efsf] nflu x'g] r'gfjsf] h'g @))& sf] ltlyk|lt k|lta4tf JoQm ub}{ s}of}+ ;fj{hlgs lj1lKt hf/L u/] klg lgjf{rg sfg'gsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg]tkm{ k|ult dGb b]lvof] . dfly pNn]v ul/Ph:t} kf6L{x¿n] cGo ;d"xx¿;Fu k/fdz{ gu/]sf x'Fbf dw];L, hghflt / blntx¿;Fu k/fdz{ ug'{ cfjZos eof] . o;k|sf/ h'gdf lgjf{rg x'g g;s]kl5 lgjf{rg @))& sf] dWo gf]e]Da/df ug]{ eg]/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ul/of] . t/ k|ltlglwTjsf] gofF 9fFrfdf ;kmntfk"j{s ;Demf}tf eP klg dfcf]jfbLx¿n] cfkm\gf lglZrt dfux¿ k"/f gul/P lgjf{rg alxisf/ ug]{ r]tfjgL lbPkl5 gf]e]Da/df lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g ;s]g . dfux¿ ha k"/f eP Toltv]/;Dd lgjf{rg ug{ l9nf] eO;s]sf] lyof] / km]l/ klg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ul/of] . clg lgjf{rg @))* sf] dWo clk|ndf ;DkGg ug]{ to eof] .

lgjf{rg;DaGwL ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] k|lqmof

;+ljwfg;ef cbfnt gfdsf] Pp6f ljz]if cbfnt ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg;DaGwL ph'/Lx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ :yfkgf ul/g] eof] -wf/f !!*_ . lgjf{rg;DaGwL ljjfbsf ph'/Lx¿ oxL cbfntdf dfq a'emfpg ;lsg]5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;d]t xf]Og, oxL cbfntn] dfq lgjf{rg;DaGwL d'2fsf sfg'gsf] JofVof ug{ ;S5 -wf/f !)@-$__ .

;+ljwfg;efsf] DofG8]6 cGtlg{lxt cfwf/e"t afWosf/L ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtx¿

cWofo kfFrdf rrf{ ul/Ph:t}, gofF ;+ljwfgsf] ljifoj:t'sf ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ afWosf/L agfpg jf dfu{lgb{]z ug{ cfwf/e"t ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtx¿ cjnDag ug'{sf pNn]Vo kmfObfx¿ x'G5g\ . Tof] cWofon] @))^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng, a[xt\ zflGt ;Demf}tf / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgaf6 p7]sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf k|sf/x¿ cf}+NofpF5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;+ljwfg;ef ;+3Lo :j¿kdf /fHo zlQmsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fafx]s s'g} cfwf/e"t l;4fGtåf/f afFlwPsf] 5 eg]/


Gtl/d ;+ljwfgs

f] dfu{lrq

54

:ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] 5}g . t/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /fHo gLltsf s}of}+ cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ / lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . /, oL l;4fGtx¿n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] nflu dfu{bz{g ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 .

oLdWo] ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGtn] /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf;Fu ;DaGw /fV5, h'g cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ljleGg 7fpFdf k/]sf] 5 -o;af/] k'g;{+/rgf / ;+3Lotf zLif{ssf] cWofodf lj:t[t rrf{ ul/Psf] 5_ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, /fHosf] :j¿k / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gdflysf] cWofon] …s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds /fHosf] :j¿knfO{ lgd"{n u/]/ ju{, hft, efiff, ln+u, ;+:s[lt, wd{ / If]qsf cfwf/df eO/x]sf] e]befjÚ cGTo ug{ …/fHosf] ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs / k|ultzLn k'g;{+/rgfÚ sf] nflu cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 -wf/f !#*_ .

wf/f ## / #$ df cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf h:t} s}of}+ l;4fGtx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oLdWo] s}of}+ wf/fx¿ nf]stGq, ;dfj]lztf, ;xeflutf, dfgjclwsf/, :j–zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . oLdWo] s'g} klg wf/f o; cy{df afWosf/L 5}gg\ ls oL l;4fGtx¿sf] cjx]ngf ul/of] eg]/ sf]xL klg cbfnt hfg ;Sb}g . a?, oL l;4fGtx¿ /fHosf nflu dfu{bz{g x'g\ . oL p2]Zox¿ hgcfGbf]ng hufpg] k|]/0ff / cleJoQm hgcfsf+Iffx¿ klg x'g\ . /, ;+ljwfg;ef hgcfGbf]ngsf] kl/0flt ePsf] x'Fbf oL p2]Zox¿;Fu cfwf/e"t ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtx¿ 5g\ h;n] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ afFW5g\ eg]/ ts{ ug'{ cTo'lQm x'Fb}g .

t}klg, oL p2]Zox¿sf] k'g?lQm / hf]8sf afah'b, oL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ gofF ;+ljwfgdf cjnDag ug{ jf ;+ljwfgn] ltgnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s / k|efjsf/L ¿kn] ;dflxt u/]sf] 5 eGg] k'li6 jf k|dfl0ft ug{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf s'g} ljlwsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5}g .

k'g;{+/rgfsf nflu pRr:t/Lo cfof]u

/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf ;DaGwdf l;kmfl/; ug{ ;/sf/n] Pp6f pRr:t/Lo cfof]u agfpg]5 -wf/f !#*_ . …k'g;{+/rgfÚ eGg] kbfjnL g]kfndf ;/sf/sf lgsfox¿ / ;+/rgfdf ul/g cfjZos ePsf] kl/jt{g, P]ltxfl;s ¿kn] ;'ljwfljxLg kfl/Psf ;d'bfonfO{ a9fjf lbgsf nflu cfjZos sfo{qmd to ug{, zf;g k4ltdf clwst/ cfd;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ cjnDag ul/g'kg]{ ljlwx¿ ckgfpg] eGg]h:tf cy{df k|of]u ePsf] xf] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf eg] …k'g;{+/rgfÚ kbfjnL …/fHosf] s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds :j¿k cGTo ug]{Ú eGg] h:tf] ;+s'lrt cy{df / ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ dfq k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . t/ of] -;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs / k|ultzLn_ k'g;{+/rgfsf] cjwf/0ffn] jf:tjdf Jofks / dxTjfsf+IfL ch]G8ftkm{ ;+s]t u5{ M …ju{, hflt, efiff, ln+u, ;+:s[lt, wd{ / If]qÚ sf] cfwf/df rlncfPsf] e]befjnfO{ cGTo ug'{ -oL ;a} vfnsf e]befj Ps;fy cGTo ug'{ ;Dej gx'g ;S5_ . ;+3Lotfsf] cfwf/ hftLotf -;f+:s[lts_ cyjf ef}uf]lns -ljsf;sf] cfwf/df_ x'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf w]/} ljjfb 5g\ / wf/f !#* n] …hflt, efiff tyf wd{Ú / …If]qÚ b'j}tkm{ ;+s]t u/]sf] x'gfn] oL ljjfbnfO{ ;dfwfg ub}{g . ;+3Lotf / k'g;{+/rgfsf] af/]df lj:t[t rrf{ cWofo !$ df ul/Psf] 5 .

55

;+3Lotf Pp6f hl6n / ljjfbf:kb ljifo xf] / o;sf] lgSof]{n ;fjwfgLk"j{s ug'{k5{ . olb cfof]u :jtGq /x\of] / ljz]if1x¿åf/f ;~rflnt x'g] eof] eg] pRr:t/Lo cfof]u -of] cWofo n]lvFb} ubf{, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg nfu" ePsf] !# dlxgf lalt;Sbf klg of] cfof]u u7g ePsf] 5}g_ n] ;+ljwfg;efsf nflu pkof]uL cjwf/0ffx¿sf] ;|f]t, ljZn]if0f / ljsNkx¿ pknAw u/fpg ;S5 . cfof]usf l;kmfl/;x¿ l;w} ;+ljwfg;efdf nluG5g\ jf tL l;kmfl/;x¿nfO{ ;/sf/åf/f lg/LIf0f ul/G5g\ eGg] k|:6 5}g, oBlk wf/f !#*-#_ n] k'g;{+/rgfsf] clGtd lg0f{o ;+ljwfg;efåf/f ul/g]5 eG5 .

;do;Ldf

;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7sb]lv b'O{ jif{;Dd ;+ljwfg;efn] sfo{ u5{ eGg] ;fdfGo l;4fGt xf] -wf/f ^$_ . klxnf] a}7s lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] @! cf}+ lbgdf af]nfOg'k5{ -wf/f ^(_ . h] eP klg, of] ;LdfeGbf klxNo} ;+ljwfg;efn] cfkm}nfO{ Pp6f k|:tfjåf/f lj36g ug{ ;S5 -wf/f ̂ (_ . ;doeGbf klxNo} lj36g ul/g ;Sg] sf/0fsf ;DaGwdf s'g} JofVof ul/Psf] 5}g -wf/f ^$_ . Pp6} ts{;+ut sf/0f s] x'g ;S5 eg], olb ;+ljwfg b'O{jif]{ sfo{sfneGbf klxNo} :jLs[t ug{ ;lsPdf ;+ljwfg;ef lj36g x'g;S5 . t/ of] ;Defjgf wf/f *@ df klxNo} to ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f *@ eG5, gofF ;+ljwfgcGtu{t lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fpgsf nflu c:yfoL ¿kn] ;dofjlw lj:tf/ ul/g]afx]s, gofF ;+ljwfg :jLs[t ePkl5 ;+ljwfg;ef :jtM lj36g x'g]5 . ;+ljwfg;efn] ;do;Ldfleq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ g;s]df -cyjf wf/f ^$ cGtu{t lj:tf/ ul/Psf] ;do;Ldfleq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ g;s]df_ -O/fsL cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf] zt{h:tf]_ o;sf] lj36gsf] d'2f cjZo p7\g]5 . t/ s] ;+ljwfg;ef;b\åf/f ;dofjlwk"j{ g} ;efnfO{ lj36g ug]{ s'/fsf] k5fl8 s'g} Gofo;+ut ts{ 5 -gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg tL ;b:ox¿ lgjf{lrt x'g] ePsfn]_ < olb ;+j}wflgs kl/jt{gsf] k|s[lt ax'dt ;b:o ePsf] /fhgLlts bnsf] nflu cg'ko'Qm ePsf] v08df, lj36gsf] of] zlQm ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ layf]Ng -jf:tjdf :yfoL ¿kn] g} Wj:t ug{_ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] t xf]Og < k|:tfj kfl/t ug{ s:tf] k|sf/sf] ax'dt cfjZos kg]{ xf] < -;fdfGotof k|:tfjx¿ pkl:yt ;b:osf] ;fdfGo ax'dtn] dtbfgåf/f kfl/t x'G5g\ -wf/f ^*_ . of] k|lqmof gofF ;+ljwfg u|x0f ug]{ a]nfdf klg nfu" x'G5 ._

…b]zdf ;+s6sfnLg cj:yf /x]sf sf/0fÚ ;+ljwfg tof/ geO;s]sf] l:yltdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|:tfjåf/f ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;dofjlwnfO{ ^ dlxgf lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf 5 -wf/f ^$_ . wf/f !$# df kl/efiff ul/Pcg';f/, …o'4, afXo cfqmd0f, ;z:q ljb|f]x cyjf Jofks cfly{s b'/j:yfÚ sf] l:ylt ePdf ;/sf/n] ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff ug{ ;S5 . To;}n] wf/f ^$ n] ;+ljwfg;efn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ b'O{ jif{leq} ;DkGg ul/;Sg'kg]{ ck]Iff /fV5 t/ s'g} klg ckjfbsf] l:yltdf, / To:tf] kl/l:yltdf klg ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd lj:tfl/t cjlwleq k"/f ul/;Sg'kg]{5 -Ps k6s sfo{sfn lj:tf/ ul/Pkl5 csf]{ k6s ug{ ;lsFb}g . O/fsdf, …one offÚ eGg] zAb km]l/ s'g} klg lj:tf/ ;Dej 5}g eGg] cy{df k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof], / c;kmn ePsf] v08df ;+ljwfg;ef :jtM lj36g x'g]5_ . sfo{sfn lj:tf/sf nflu pkl:Yft ;b:osf] ;fdfGo ax'dt dtbfgåf/f k|:tfj kfl/t ug{ ;lsG5 .


Gtl/d ;+ljwfgs

f] dfu{lrq

56

sfo{sfn lj:tf/nfO{ Gofof]lrt 7x¥ofpg ;+ljwfg;efn] l9nfO ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ffsf sf/0f ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f :yflkt ug'{k5{ . t/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] tf]lsPsf] b'O{ jif{ k'Ug' Ps ;ftf cufj} ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff ePdf s] x'G5 < ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff t ePsf] 5}g t/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{ cem} klg g;lsPsf] kl/l:yltsf af/]df s'g} Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5}g . s] To:tf] kl/l:yltn] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ :jtM lj36gdf k'¥ofpF5 <

;+ljwfg;efsf] ;dofjlwsf] k|Zgdf cyjf k|lqmofsf] lgSof]{nsf nflu pknAw x'g] ;dosf] lj:tf/sf ;DaGwdf ;fdfGotof b'O{ lj/f]wL ljrf/x¿ 5g\ . s]xL eG5g\, ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfo{ b]zsf] eljiosf nflu cToGt dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] x'Fbf of] sfo{ xtf/df ul/g'x'Fb}gÙ dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ kof{Kt dfqfdf lbOg'k5{Ù / hgtfnfO{ k|lzlIft agfpg, ltgLx¿;Fu k/fdz{ lng] sfo{sf nflu kof{Kt ;do x'g'k5{ . csf{y/L s] ts{ u5{g\ eg] olb Hofb} w]/} ;do lbOPdf, ;+ljwfg cfof]u cyjf ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿n] ;b:osf] k|lti7f / cfly{s nfenfO{ xftaf6 hfg glbg k|lqmofnfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd nDAofpFb} nUg]5g\ . olb of] jf Tof] sf/0fn] k|lqmofnfO{ cg'lrt ¿kn] nDAofOPdf -pbfx/0fsf nflu, olb zf;g ug]{ kIfn] ;'wf/sf] lj/f]w u5{ eg]_ kl/jt{gsf] cj;/ u'Dg ;S5 . ;+ljwfg ;'wf/ dxfg / ;+s'lrt :jfy{x¿ b'j} bfpdf /x]sf] ljlzi6 /fhgLlts k|lqmof xf], / o:tf] k|lqmofnfO{ 8fdf8f]n kfg{ pBt dflg;x¿ hlxn] klg eO/fV5g\ .

Pp6f lj:tfl/t k|lqmofn] v/fa k|s[ltsf dflg;nfO{ l:ylt wldNofpg kof{Kt cj;/ lbG5 . csf{tkm{, k|lqmofåf/f plNnlvt p2]Zox¿ k"/f ul/Psf] v08df -pbfx/0fsf nflu, /fHosf] p2]Zo, ;+/rgf / cfd hglxtsf gLltx¿ ;DaGwdf hgtf / k|ltlglwx¿n] :jo+nfO{ k|lzlIft ug'{kg]{5_, k|lqmofsf] zL3|tfsf lj?4df g} cjwf/0ff aG5 . Hofb} nfdf] jf Hofb} 5f]6f] k|lqmofaLr l7Sssf] dfWod lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'/frflxF kl/l:yltdf e/ k5{, / hgtfx¿ pQm k|lqmofdf ;+nUg x'g kof{Kt ;'ema'emo'Qm 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg] s'/fdf klg lge{/ u5{ . t/ lgjf{rgdf l9nfO ePsf] x'Fbf hgtfn] k|lqmofsf] af/]df :yfgLo / cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gx¿ -cfOl8of / o'Pgl8kL;d]t_ sf] k|of;dfkm{t s]xL l;Sg] df}sf kfPsf 5g\, / lj:tfl/t cGtl/d cjlwn] dflg;x¿nfO{ ;+3Lotf / ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿sf clwsf/h:tf cfwf/e"t d'2fdf 5nkmn ug{ ;do k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . oL s]Gb|Lo ;jfnx¿nfO{ lnP/ s}of}+ k':tsx¿ / kDKn]6x¿ k|sfzg ePsf 5g\, ;fy} ;/sf/ / ;LdfGts[t ;d"x -dw];L;d]t_ sf k|ltlglwaLr s]xL ;Demf}tfx¿ klg ePsf 5g\ h;n] ;+ljwfg;efdf Joj:yf ul/g} kg]{ s]xL d'2fx¿nfO{ k|:6\ofPsf] 5 . k|lzIf0f / k/fdz{sf] k|lqmof s]xL xb;Dd k"/f ePsf] x'Fbf ;fk]lIfs ¿kn] ;+ljwfg;efn] zL3| ult lng] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfg;ef M ljlw / k|lqmof

;+ljwfg;efn] d'Votof b'O{j6f e"ldsf v]Nb5 — ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf / Joj:yflksfsf] ¿kdf . oL b'O{ sfo{ s]xL xb;Dd km/s 5g\ / logsf nflu km/s k|lqmof

57

klg cfjZos x'g;S5 . ;+;bLo k|lqmof Pp6f k|fljlws / hl6n k|lqmof xf] . of] k|lqmof;Fu

/fd|f];Fu 3'nldn x'g g;s]sf ;+ljwfg;efsf s'g} klg ;b:on] cfkm"nfO{ cy{xLg kfpg

;S5g\ . o;y{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ljlw ;/n / ;xh} a'em\g ;lsg] x'g'k5{ . olb ;+ljwfg;efn]

Joj:yflksf dfdnf;DaGwL ;ldlt agfpgsf lglDt cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf lgodnfO{ k|of]u u¥of]

eg] tL b'O{ leGg ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;xh x'g]5 -wf/f *#-!__ . ;+ljwfg;ef

Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] x}l;otdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ ;fdfGo cfly{s lgodsf] k|lqmofdf klg

afFlwg]5 -wf/f *#-$__ .

;fdfGotM cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &* n] ;+ljwfg;ef;DaGwL ljlw / k|lqmofsf] lg0f{o ug]{

clwsf/ ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ g} 5f8\b5 . oL ljlw / k|lqmofcGtu{tsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf

eg]sf] dtbfg k|0ffnL xf] h;sf af/]df oxfF 5'§} j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f

^( cg';f/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjL k|lqmof ;lsPsf] ldltn] @! lbgleq k|wfgdGqLn] klxnf]

a}7s af]nfpF5g\ eg] To;kl5sf a}7sx¿ ;efd'våf/f af]nfOG5 . s'n ;b:osf] Ps rf}yfO

;b:on] plrt sf/0f;lxt cg'/f]w u/]df klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7s a:g ;S5 . ;+ljwfg;efn]

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f;DaGwL cfkm\gf] sfo{ k|f/De ug'{cl3 cfkm\gf ;b:odWo]af6 Pshgf cWoIf /

Pshgf pkfWoIf r'Gg lgjf{rg ug]{5 t/ ltgLx¿ km/s–km/s /fhgLlts bnaf6 k|ltlglwTj

ug]{ ;b:ox¿ x'g'kg]{5 -wf/f &!_ . ;fdfGo cj:yfdf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] Ps rf}yfO ;b:o

cfjZos kg]{5 t/ gofF ;+ljwfgsf ;DaGwdf s'g} lg0f{o lng'k/]sf] cj:yfdf eg] tTsfn sfod

/x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:osf] sDtLdf b'O{ltxfO ;b:o pkl:yt ePsf] a}7saf6 ;j{;Ddt kfl/t

ug'{kg]{5 -wf/f &)-@__ . gofF ;+ljwfg;Fu ;DalGwt lg0f{oafx]s ;a} lg0f{o pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf]

;fwf/0f ax'dtaf6 ul/G5 . ;+ljwfg;Fu ;DalGwt lg0f{ox¿ tn JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

;+ljwfg;ef cfof]hgfsf] nflu ljz]if ljlw / k|lqmofsf af/]df j0f{g ug'{cl3 ;+ljwfg;efsf s]xL

lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ k|lqmofsf af/]df k|sfz kfg'{ plrt xf]nf . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &$ cg';f/,

cof]Uotfsf sf/0f ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfdsf/afxLsf] r'gfjdf efu lng gkfpg] JolStn] efu

lnPsf] s'/f kl5 yfxf kfOPdf eO;s]sf] pSt sfdsf/afxL cdfGo 3f]lift x'g]5}g . jf:tjdf

of] lgoddfly k'glj{rf/ ul/g'kb{5 lsgls slxn]sfxLF Ps ef]6 klg lg0ff{os x'g;S5 .

;+ljwfg;efsf] ljz]ifflwsf/

;+ljwfg;efsf] a}7sdf k"0f{ cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] nflu a}7sdf JoQm ePsf s'g} s'/f jf

dtsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ …kqmfp ug{, y'gfdf /fVg jf lghpk/ cbfntL

sf/afxL rnfOg] 5}gÚ -wf/f &&_ . ;+ljwfg;efn] lbPsf] clwsf/cGtu{t s'g} lnvt, k|ltj]bg,

dtbfg jf k|sflzt u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ s'g} JolQmpk/ cbfntdf sf/afxL rnfOg] 5}g .

;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;+ljwfg agfpg] cjlwe/ kqmfp ul/g] 5}g . t/ kmf}hbf/L

cleof]usf ;jfndf eg] of] lgod dfGo x'g] 5}g .


Gtl/d ;+ljwfgs

f] dfu{lrq

58

;+ljwfg;efnfO{ cfkm\gf sfdsf/afxLsf] l;nl;nfdf afXo ultljlwaf6 ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{sf nflu cfjZos clwsf/ lbOPsf]] 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef / o;cGtu{tsf ;ldltx¿nfO{ s'g} sfdsf/afxL ;'rf? tj/n] ePsf 5g\ of 5}gg\ eGg] x]g]{ ljz]ifflwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 -wf/f &&-^__ . o;;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg;ef cbfntn] ;f]w]sf k|Zgsf] ;d]t hjfkm lbg afWo x'g] 5}g .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] s'g} sfdsf/afxLsf] ;sf/fTds lgotk|lt z+sf p7fO{ l6sfl6Kk0fL ug{af6 jl~rt ug]{5 / s'g} ;b:on] af]n]sf ljifonfO{ lnP/ hfgLhfgL unt jf e|fds cy{ nufO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] k|sfzg jf k|;f/0f ul/g] 5}g -wf/f &&-#__ .

olb pSt wf/fdf pNn]v ePsf s'/f pNn+3g ePsf] kfOPdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ xgg ePsf] / cjx]ngf ePsf] dflgg]5 . s'g} ljz]ifflwsf/ xgg ePsf] 5 of 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ;f] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ dfq x'g]5 . s;}n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] cjx]ngf u/]df ;f];DaGwL a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{ JolQmn] a}7ssf] lg0f{oaf6 ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, gl;xt lbg, s}b ug{ jf hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . oL plNnlvt ljifodf cbfntdf k'glj{rf/sf nflu s'g} d'2f btf{ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5}g .

jf:tjdf ;+ljwfg;efn] k'glj{rf/ ug'{kg]{ / lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿ efjL g]kfnsf nflu cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . cleJolQm :jtGqtf / ;+ljwfg;efleq x'g] 5nkmnx¿df ;s];Dd sd k|ltaGw nufOg'k5{ . ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf sltko ljz]ifflwsf/x¿ cfjZostfeGbf Hofbf ePsf] h:tf] klg nfUb5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿n] s'g} sfg'gljk/Lt sfo{ u/]df pgLx¿nfO{ cbfntL sf/afxLaf6 5'6sf/f lbOg'x'Fb}g . ;efcWoIfn] ;+ljwfg;efsf cf/f]lkt ;b:onfO{ b08 lbg] k|yfsf] cGTo x'g'k5{ . ;+ljwfg;ef Ps hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoL lgsfo x'g'kb{5 .

gofF ;+ljwfgsf nflu dtbfg ljlw

;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfgsf] ljw]os kfl/t ubf{ ;+ljwfg;efdf k]z ePsf] ljw]ossf] k|:tfjgf tyf wf/fdf dtbfg u/L kfl/t ug]{5 -Wff/f &)_ . olb s;}n] klg k|:tfljt ljw]ossf] ljkIfdf ef]6 xfn]sf] 5}g eg] klxnf] dtbfgd} pSt ljw]os tTsfn pkl:yt ;b:osf] ;j{;Ddltaf6 kfl/t x'g]5 -dtbfgdf cg'kl:ytn] ljkIfdf dt hfx]/ u/]sf] dflgg]5}g_ . ;+ljwfgsf] ljw]ossf] k|:tfjgf jf To;sf] s'g} wf/fsf ;DaGwdf ;j{;Ddlt sfod x'g g;s]df ;f] ljifodf ;j{;Ddlt sfod ug{ ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ /fhgLlts bnsf ;+;bLo bnsf g]tfn] Pscfk;df k/fdz{ ug]{5g\ -wf/f &)-#__ . pSt k/fdz{ ug]{ sfo{ ;j{;Ddlt sfod x'g g;s]sf] ldltb]lv a9Ldf kGw| lbgleq k"/f eO;Sg'kg]{5 . pSt k/fdz{ sfo{ k"/f ePsf] ;ft lbgleq To:tf] ljw]ossf] k|:tfjgf jf wf/fpk/ k'gM dtbfg x'g]5 . olt ubf{ klg ;j{;Ddlt sfod x'g g;s]df k|:tfjgf jf wf/fdf k'gM dtbfg x'g]5 / pSt dtbfgdf ;+ljwfg;efsf tfTsflns ;b:osf] sDtLdf b'O{ltxfO ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf ;f] k|:tfjgf jf wf/f kfl/t ePsf] dflgg]5 .

59

t/ ;j{;Ddlt;DaGwL of] lgodn] slxn]sfxLF ;d:of klg ;[hgf ul/lbg ;S5 . ;j{;Ddlt of ax'dt h'6fpg] k4lt /fd|f] eP klg ax'dt k|fKt ug]{ k4lt hl6n 5 . csf]{ lgodcg';f/ olb b'O{ltxfO dt v:of] eg] klg ;+ljwfg;efsf ax'dt ;b:ox¿ k|fKt u/]sf] ax'dttkm{ sd} pT;flxt x'G5g\ . dfly plNnlvt wf/fsf] lgodcg';f/ olb $$ k|ltzt ;b:on] cg'df]bg u/] eg] s'g} klg k|:tfj t];|f] r/0fdf :jLsfo{ x'g ;S5 . o; lgodn] ;+ljwfg cg'df]bg k|lqmofnfO{ l9nf u/fpg vf]Hg]nfO{ Pp6f ;'gf}nf] cj;/ k|bfg ul/lbG5 .

/fhgLlts bnsf g]tfdfq ax'dt h'6fpg] sfo{df v6\g' Pp6f g;'xfpg] sfo{ xf] . ;DejtM ;+ljwfgsf] vfsf sf]g]{ ;ldltn] of] dfg]sf] x'g'k5{ ls /fhgLlts bnx¿ dfq r'gfj n8\g ;Sg]5g\ .

;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ / ;xeflutf

k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ePh:t} cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] p2]Zo …g]kfnL hgtfn] cfkm\gf nflu cfkm}n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{Ú clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug'{ xf] . k|:tfjgfn] lgjf{rgsf nflu of]Uotf k'u]sf gful/snfO{ …:jtGq / lgikIf tj/n] eo/lxt jftfj/0fdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjdf ef]6 xfNg] clwsf/Ú k|bfg ub{5 . r'gfjL gLltlgod agfpg] k|lqmof nfu" geP;Dd -h:tf] ls ef]6 xfNg] ljlw, bn btf{ / ltgsf] r'gfjdf ;xeflutf cflb_ r'gfjdf ;xeflutfsf] af/]df km\of§} elgxfNg cK7\of/f] kb{5 .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] hgtfnfO{ ;+ljwfglgdf{0f k|lqmof;Dd ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ lbFb}g / pgLx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfnaf6 klg k/} /fVb5 . ;fdfGo gful/snfO{ r'gfjL k|lqmofsf] af/]df 1fg xf];\, pgLx¿sf ljrf/, ;'emfj ;+sng ug{ ;lsof];\ / gofF ;+ljwfgsf] vfsf sf]g{ ;3fp k'uf];\ eg]/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] ;SsnL vfsfn] r]tgf km}nfpg] ;ldlt lgdf{0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;'Dk]sf] lyof] . t/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] jt{dfg ¿kn] To:tf s'g} gLlt lgodx¿ ;dfj]z ub}{g tyflk o;n] /fHosf] k'glg{df{0fsf nflu ;Nnfx ;'emfj ;+sng ug{ cfof]ux¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] s'/fsf] eg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 -wf/f !#*, dfly pNn]v ul/Psf]_ .

gLltlgod lgdf{0fdf ;+ljwfg;ef :jtGq ePsf] x'Fbf To; sfo{sf nflu o;n] cTolws ;xeflutf h'6fpg ;Sb5 -h:tf] ls o;n] cfkm\gf ;b:ox¿af6 ;ldlt lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb5 cyf{t hg;Dks{ jf hgtf;Fu ljrf/ / ;'emfj dfu]/ klg o;n] cTolws ;xeflutf h'6fpg ;S5_ . t/ s] ;+ljwfg;efåf/f gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ hgtfsf] ax'dtaf6 cg'df]bg klg ul/g'kb{5 < wf/f !%& n] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ -;+ljwfgdf st} cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s_ …/fli6«o dxTjsf]Ú s'g} ljifodf hgdt ;+u|xaf6 lg0f{o ug{ cfjZos 5 egL ;+ljwfg;efn] tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:osf] b'O{ltxfO ax'dtaf6 lg0f{o u/]df To:tf] ljifodf hgdt ;+u|xaf6 lg0f{o lng] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o; wf/fsf] plNnlvt p2]Zo / dxTj tTsfnsf nflu :ki6 5}g . hgdt ;+u|xsf] of] k|lqmof;DaGwL wf/f s'g} ck|Toflzt, cToGt} cfnf]lrt / hgtf cfkm}n] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ ljifosf nflu k|of]udf NofOG5 .


Gtl/d ;+ljwfgs

f] dfu{lrq

60

gofF ;+ljwfg slxn] / s;/L nfu" x'G5

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf gofF ;+ljwfg slxn]b]lv k|of]udf cfpg] eGg] :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] kfOFb}g . ;fdfGotof gofF ;+ljwfg k"/f ePsf] ldltb]lv g} of] k|of]udf cfpF5 eGg] klg ;f]lrPsf] x'g;S5 . ;+ljwfg;efn] tf]s]sf] ldltb]lv klg of] nfu" x'g ;S5 t/ gofF ;+ljwfg nfu" ug{sf nflu ;+ljwfg;efn] o;sf] ldlt ;fg{ klg ;S5 . s] ;+ljwfg;efn] hgdtn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] v08df dfq gofF ;+ljwfg nfu" x'G5 eGg] pNn]v ug{;S5 < cl3Nnf x/kmx¿df pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ o;sf] hjfkm …x'GgÚ eGg] x'G5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn a9Ldf @ jif{sf] x'g]5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ lt/ hfg' pko'St xf]nf -csf]{ ^ dlxgfsf] sfo{sfn yk x'g] ;Defjgf;lxt_ . olb ;+ljwfg;efsf] cjlwnfO{ @ jif{kl5 klg lg/Gt/tf lbg] xf] eg] kSs} klg gofF ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ckgfpg' plrt x'g]5 . t/ wf/f *@ n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ;Defjgf gofF ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] Joj:yflksf ;DkGg geP;Ddsf nflu eg]/ ls6fg u/]sf] 5 . gofF r'gfj slt nfdf] ;do;Ddsf nflu k/ ;fg{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f k|:6\ofOPsf] 5}g . gofF ;+ljwfg k"0f{ ¿kdf nfu" ug]{ ldlt ;fg{ ;lsG5 of ;lsFb}g eGg] klg :ki6 ul/Psf] 5}g . o;y{ ;+ljwfg;efn] gofF ;+ljwfgsf ljifodf oL s'/fx¿nfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf wf/fx¿ ;+zf]wg ug]{ Pp6} tl/sf 5 . s'g} ;+zf]wg k|:tfjsf] kIfdf pkl:yt ;b:osf] b'O{ltxfO ;b:on] dtbfg u/]df ;f] ;+zf]wg k|:tfj kfl/t x'g ;S5 . s'g} klg bnsf ;b:ox¿ cfkm\gf] bnsf] ljwfg;Fu cfa4 x'g] / ;a} dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿ bnsf g]tfx¿n] lng] xF'bf, tLgj6f k|d'v bnsf g]tfx¿n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cfkm\gf] OR5fd'tflas kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5g\ . oBlk cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf clxn];Dd jf:tjd} To:tf] efFhf] xfNg] sfd ePsf] kfOPsf] 5}g .

;fdfGotof cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ eg]sf] dfu{lrqsf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ :yflkt ug'{ xf] / cfdgful/snfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{ / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fk|lqmof lglZrt af6f]df hfFb}5 eg]/ cfZj:t kfg'{ xf] . nlrnf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] kmfObf 5 t/ of] nlrnf]kgf gofF ;+ljwfgsf] dfu{lrqsf nflu xf]Og cGtl/d Joj:yfkg;DawL k|fjwfgsf nflu dfq jfG5gLo x'G5 . cfkm\gf] OR5fcg';f/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg kl/jt{g ug]{ ;+:s[ltn] ljBdfg cyjf kl/jlt{t k|fjwfg;Fu c;Gt'i6 ePsf ;d"xnfO{ cfkm\g} ts{ k|:t't u/]/ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ a9fjf lbG5 .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] of] nlrnf]kgf ;du| k|lqmofsf nflu /fd|f] x'G5 elgxfNg rflxF ;lsFb}g . g t kl/jt{gsf nflu af/Daf/ eO/xg] cfk;L ;Demf}tfnfO{ /fd|f] g} eGg ;lsG5 . oL ;Demf}tf Psftkm{ ;ft bnaLr / csf{lt/ cfGbf]lnt ;d'bfoaLr x'G5g\ . o:tf k|sf/sf b'O{kIfLo ;Demf}tfx¿ ;+ljwfg;ef -;+ljwfg;ef hxfF ;a} dfusf] hfFr ug{ / leGgtfnfO{ cGTo ug{sf

61

nflu x/]s :jfy{ ;d"x Ps};fy hDdf x'G5g\_ sf] cjwf/0ff;Fu d]n vfFb}gg\ . ;+ljwfg;efdf p7\g] dfupk/ cfk;L ;Demf}tf ug{sf nflu g cf7 /fhgLlts bn g cGtl/d ;/sf/;Fu g} lgjf{lrt hgfb]z tyf j}wflgs clwsf/ 5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] ;Demf}tf ljlwn] cf7 /fhgLlts bn -h;dWo] w]/}h;f]n] k'/fgf] clehft ju{nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\_ nfO{ ;LdfGts[t ;d"xnfO{ 5'6 lbg] clwsf/ x'G5 eGg] efg kb{5 h;n] x6fpg'kg]{ :fDaGwsf :j¿knfO{ a9fjf lbG5 .

;f/;+If]k

;+ljwfg–lgdf{0f k|lqmof /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿sf] k|efjdf x'g] k|:6} 5 . /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿aLr klg ;aeGbf k|efjL ;b:ox¿ ;DejtM !(() sf] ;+ljwfg–lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf xfjL ePsf pxL j[Qaf6 lnOg]5g\ . o:tf] ;efsf] u7g ;dfj]lztfsf] cfsf+Iff;Fu d]n vfg]5}g . cflv/df, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf w]/}h;f] r'gf}tLx¿ ;dfj]lztfsf] cefj eof] eGg] cfd wf/0ffaf6} cfPsf x'g\ . ;dfj]z gePsf ;d"xx¿nfO{ klg clxn] ;+ljwfg;efdf ;dfj]z ul/g] xf] eg] klg, ltgLx¿ ;jf{lws ¿kn] :yflkt kf6L{x¿sf] ;b:osf ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/g]5g\, / o;f] x'Fbf ltgLx¿sf] k|efj ;LdfGt x'g]5 .

;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ kof{Kt tof/L ul/g' klg cTofjZos 5 . Pp6f :jtGq cfof]un] cem} klg 7"nf] leGgtf Nofpg ;S5 . olb Pp6f :jtGq cfof]u u7g ul/Pg eg], ljZjljBfno, a'l4hLjL / Pglhcf]h:tf gful/s ;dfh;Da4 ;+u7gx¿n] Tof] cefj k"/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ltgLx¿n] ;+ljwfg;efn] ;fdgf ug{'kg{] d'2fx¿dfly zf]w ug'{k5{ / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutfsf nflu hgtf kl/rflnt ug'{k5{ .

cGtdf, clxn] ;/sf/df /x]sf ;ft kf6L{x¿sf] k|lta4tfsf afah'b cfd hgtf / gful/s ;dfhsf nflu ;+ljwfg–lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;d'lrt :yfg lbOPsf] 5}g . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ef]6 xfNg] x}l;otafx]s hgtfsf] ;+nUgtfsf ;DaGwdf s'g} k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5}g . hgtfsf] ;xeflutf pgLx¿sf] cfkm\g} k|oTgdf e/ kg]{5 cyjf lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] k|oTgdf lge{/ /xg]5 . g]kfnsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu k"0f{ / ;lqmo ;xeflutf cTofjZos ePsf] x'Fbf, gful/s ;dfhn] ca of] d'2fnfO{ cfkm\gf] xftdf lng'kb{5 .


Gtl/d ;+ljwfgs

f] dfu{lrq

62

%cWofo %cWofo

63

o; cWofodf ;+ljwfgdf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx¿sf] klxrfg / ;dfof]hg;“u ;DalGwt d'2fx¿sf] ljifodf ljrf/ljdz{ / ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ Ps lsl;dsf ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtx¿åf/f af“Wg' 7Ls x'G5 ls x'“b}g, x'G5 eg] tL l;4fGtx¿ ;+ljwfgdf s;/L ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ eGg] af/]df k/LIf0f ul/g]5 .

;+j}wflgs l;4fGtx¿sf] ljsf; / cjl:ylt

lgs} ultnf] sf/0fljgf s'g} klg d'n's gof“ ;+ljwfg agfpg] lbzftkm{ xQkQ cu|;/ x'“b}g . cfkm\gf] nflu To:tf] k|lqmofsf] kl/0ffd k|lts"n xf]nf eGg] 8/n] slxn]sfxL“ Pp6f ;d"x jf If]q o; k|lqmoflj?4 hfg ;S5 . ;fy}, k|lqmofsf] nIodf ;xdlt hgfP/, ;fob kl/jt{gsf] bfo/fnfO{ v'DRofP/;d]t o:tf] k|lt/f]wdfly ljho k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . nIox¿dfly Pp6f k"j{ ;xdltsf cGo kmfObfx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . k|fyldstfx¿nfO{ klxn] g} klxrfg ug]{ sfo{n] gof“ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ lbzflgb]{z ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 . ;fy} To;n] km/s–km/s ck]Iff / :jfy{x¿nfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg d2t u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, /fli6«o Pstf / klxrfgsf nflu k|efjsf/L /fHo ;+oGq tyf leGg If]q / ;d'bfosf nflu :jzf;gsf :j¿kx¿ b'j} cfjZos kg{ ;S5g\ eGg] s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfP/ JolQm / ;d'bfosf clwsf/LaLr Pp6f ;Gt'ng lgdf{0f ug]{ ljifo klxn] g} l5gf]kmfgf] ug'{ lgZro g} ;aeGbf /fd|f] x'g ;S5 . nIox¿ :yfgLo k/Dk/f / ;+:s[lt tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfx¿ b'j}nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ kl/eflift ug]{ qmd al9/x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfx¿df nf]stGq, /fli6«o Pstf, dfgjclwsf/, ;fdflhs Gofo / n}+lus ;dfgtf kb{5g\ .

s]xL ;':ki6 l;4fGtx¿df olb ;'?d} ;xdlt ul/of] eg] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf af/]df cfd hgtfsf] a'emfOnfO{ cem ;d[4 kfg{ ;lsG5 . olb To;f] ul/Pg eg] k|lqmofsf] lj:t[t kIfdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf hgtf cndndf kg{ ;S5g\ / pgLx¿ o; k|lqmofdf /fd|/L ;xefuL gx'g

cfwf/e"t ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtx¿

64

;S5g\ . nIox¿n] k|lqmofsf] lbzf / 9f“rfx¿af/] lbzflgb]{z ug{ klg ;S5g\ . g]kfndf !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|d'v cGt/j:t' ax'bnLo k|hftGq / ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f klxnf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] hgfb]zsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf] / k|i6;“u pRrfl/t ePsf]n] To;a]nfsf] ;+ljwfg ;'emfj cfof]usf lglDt of] s'/f k|efjsf/L ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ag]sf] lyof] . ax'bnLo k|hftGq / ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] nIo ;'?d} tf]lsgfn] ;fdflhs Gofo k|flKt tyf ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts c;dfj]zL cEof;x¿nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug]{ nIosf] lj:t[t ?kdf cfsng ug{ kfOPg . To;f] eGb}df ;fdflhs Gofo;Fu ;DalGwt nIo g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/g'x'Fb}g eGg]] xf]Og . gof“ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] cjlwdf olb Pp6f k|ultzLn ch]G8f ckgfOof] eg] hgtfsf] ;xeflutf km/flsnf] kfg{ / hgtfnfO{ jf0fL lbg To;n] k|f]T;flxt ub{5 .

h] xf];\, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofn] w]/} ljrf/x¿ / hgk/fdz{åf/f k|fKt x'g ;Sg] ;'emfjx¿nfO{ :yfg lbg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . vf;u/L u|fdL0f hgtf, ;LdfGts[t dlxnf jf cNk;+Vos cflbsf k|ltlglwaf6 k|fKt ;'emfj dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ lsgeg] nIo lgwf{/0fsf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf ltgLx¿sf] yf]/}dfq k|efj kg{ uPsf] x'G5 .

slxn]sfxL“ s] ts{ ul/G5 eg] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ o; lsl;dn] af“Wg' eg]sf] o;n] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qf;“u d]n vf“b}g . ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ cGo k|fylds sfdh:t} o;sf nIo lgwf{/0f ug{ 5f]l8lbg' klg ;fob ;Dej x'g;S5 . ef/t / kfls:tfg b'j} b]zsf ;+ljwfg;efdf o:tf] ePsf] lyof] . t/ ef/tsf] ljefhgkl5 dfq cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;+ljwfg;ef;DaGwL a]nfotL k|:tfjdf klxnf /flVfPsf lgif]wsf/L k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ x6fOPsf] lyof] . t/ k|ltlglwTjsf nflu :jfy{sf] ljljwtf ePsf] Pp6f /fi6«df gof“ ;+ljwfgnfO{ lnP/ x'g] ;+ljwfgsf] nIo;DaGwL ljjfbdf ;+ljwfg;ef hflsg ;S5 / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof l9nf] x'g] dfq geP/ k"0f{tof cj?4;d]t x'g ;S5 .

cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿nfO{ ;Lldt ug{ nueu ljZjJofkL ;xdlt eO;s]sf s'/fx¿dfly ;Demf}tf ug{ klg ;lsG5 . hgtfsf ;f/e"t If]qx¿df dfusf ¿kdf p7]sf dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efn] ;Daf]wg ug}{kg]{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] ch]G8fsf ¿kdf /fVg ;lsG5 . of] tl/sf s]Gofdf cjnDag ul/Psf] lyof] . olb ljZjJofkL ;xdlt eO;s]sf x'g\ eg] ltgnfO{ cf}krfl/s nIosf ¿kdf /flv/xg' cfjZos 5}g eg]/ s;}n] ;f]Rg klg ;S5 . t/ ;To s] xf] eg] tL :jLs[t l;4fGtx¿nfO{ s]xL ;d"xx¿n] cGttM cfkm\gf nflu ;'xfp“bf] gkfpg ;S5g\ jf cGo s]xL ;d"xx¿ cfkm\gf nflu :jfy{sf cGo ljifox¿df a9L ;/f]sf/ /fVg ;S5g\ / gof“ ;+ljwfgdf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ cjnDag ug]{ s'/fk|lt pgLx¿df ?lr x/fpg ;S5 .

nIosf] lgwf{/0f s;n] u5{ <

nIosf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ tl/sfdf Ps?ktf 5}g . slxn]sfxL“ k|efjzfnL g]tfsf] eljiob[li6 g} kof{Kt hgfb]z x'ghfG5 . ha ls cGo s]xL cj:yfdf …;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ÚaLr lj:t[t ;dembf/Lsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . s]xL clk|msL d'n'sx¿df /fhgLlts ;d"xx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fp“df h'6fpg] /fli6«o

65

;Dd]ngsf k|ltlglwx¿, …lj/f]wLx¿Ú / wfld{s tyf gful/s ;dfhsf ;d"xx¿ g} o; k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] k|d'v gfos /x]sf lyP . tL gfosx¿n] ;'wf/sf nIox¿ cl3 ;f/]sf lyP . slxn]sfxL“ cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ /fhgLlts bnx¿åf/f cl3 ;fl/Psf 5g\ . lkmhL / blIf0f clk|msfdf To:t} ePsf] lyof] . k"jL{ o'/f]kdf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] uf]nd]r ;Dd]ngdfkm{t nIox¿ lgwf{l/t ul/Psf lyP . :jfwLgtfkl5 ef/t / kfls:tfgdf ;+ljwfg;efåf/f g} o; ljifonfO{ xn ul/Psf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] k|d'v e"ldsf v]n]sf gfldlaof / k"jL{ l6df]/h:tf b]zx¿df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ul/lbPsf] lyof] . sDaf]l8of / ckmuflg:tfgh:tf cGo b]zx¿df ;DalGwt /fHox¿sf]] Pp6f e]nfn] nIox¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lyof] .

nf]stGq, sfg'gL zf;g / cNk;+Vosx¿sf] ;+/If0fh:tf zAbfjnLsf cfwf/df o'/f]k]nL dxf;+3n] dfGotf lbg rfx]sf k"j{ o'uf]:nfleofaf6 6'lqmPsf /fHox¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ug]{ vfsfsf ¿kdf klg tL zAbfjnLx¿n] ;3fp k'¥ofP .

g]kfndf hgtfsf] dxTjk"0f{ tKsf / gful/s ;dfhn] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿n] af“Wg} k5{ eGg] ;f]Rg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltnfO{ a'emfOPsf lnlvt ;'emfjx¿df y'k|} ;d"xx¿n] tL l;4fGtx¿sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f pNn]v x'g}kg]{ rfxgf u/]sf lyP . bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ceLi6nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ ;ftbnLo u7aGwgdf /x]sf /fhgLlts bn / dfcf]jfbLn] s]xL lglZrt cfwf/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ lj:tf/ u/]sf lyP . Tof] sfd z[+vnfa4 ;dembf/LcGtu{t ul/Psf] lyof] / zflGt ;Demf}tf tyf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf k'u]/ Tof] l;nl;nf 6'+luPsf] lyof] .

hgcfGbf]ng, a[xt\ zflGt;Demf}tf / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf s]xL l;4fGt klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . tL x'g\ M

!= gof“ ;+ljwfg

s= g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfsf+Iffdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ /

v= o;n] * a'“b] / !@ a'“b] ;dembf/Ldf ;xdlt hgfOPsf p2]Zox¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5, h;df lgDg s'/f ;dfj]z 5g\ M

hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf

nf]stGq

/fli6«o :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lns cIf'0ftf / /fli6«o Pstf

ju{, hft, hftLotf, ln+u, If]q jf wd{sf] cfwf/df e]befj / kfvf kfg]{ sfd ug'{ x'“b}g

lg/+s'ztfsf] cGTo

ax'bnLo k|0ffnL

cfwf/e"t ;

+j}wflgs l;

4fGtx¿

66

sfg'gsf] zf;g

k|]; :jtGqtf;lxt gful/s :jtGqtf / dfgjclwsf/

:yfoL zflGt / zflGtk"0f{ tl/sfåf/f åGåsf] ;dfwfg

;+j}wflgs l;4fGtsf] cg'kfng

;+ljwfgdf nIox¿nfO{ kof{Kt ¿kdf ;dflxt ul/Psf] 5 eg]/ s;/L ;'lglZrt ug]{ < cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ bfloTjåf/f lgodkfngnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ultnf] pkfo 5}g . blIf0f clk|msfdf ;+ljwfgsf] dfgssf ¿kdf sfd ug]{ k|f/lDes nIox¿ blIf0f clk|msL k|lqmofdf olt hl6n lyP ls ;+ljwfg nfu" x'g'cl3 To;sf] d:of}bfdf nIox¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] k'li6 ug{ ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf lglDt Pp6f k|fjwfg /flvPsf] lyof] . jf:tjdf cbfntn] b'O{j6f d'2fx¿ ;dfj]z gePsf] eg]/ ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bfnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efdf g} kmsf{Olbof] . tL d'2fx¿ ;dfj]z u/]/ kl5 ha d:of}bfnfO{ ;RofOof] tadfq cbfntn] Tof] d:of}bfnfO{ k|dfl0ft u¥of] / To;nfO{ /fi6«klt dG8]nfn] x:tfIf/ u/] .

gfldlaofh:tf] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo ;+nUg ePsf s]xL s];x¿df ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] u/]sf] Pp6f lg0f{o Ps k"j{zt{ lyof] . tyflk Jojxf/df eg] ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] To; k|lqmofdf lj:t[t k/LIf0f u/]sf] lyPg . y'k|} b]zx¿df ;+ljwfgnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg hgdt ;+u|xsf] vf“rf] k/]sf] Oltxf; 5 . Ps lsl;dsf] k|df0fLs/0fsf ¿kdf o;nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . Tolt x'“bfx'“b} klg cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿dfly ;'?d} ;xdlt sfod ug'{sf] k|d'v sf/0frflx“ ax'dtjfbsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ x6fpg' xf] .

;+ljwfg;efn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bfnfO{ s;/L nfu" ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf g]kfnLx¿n] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ vf“rf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs cbfntåf/f k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ blIf0f clk|msL tl/sf cln c;fdfGo tl/sf xf] . Tof] tl/sf Toxf“ ;Dej x'g'sf] Psdfq sf/0f s] lyof] eg] Toxf“sf /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;+j}wflgs l;4fGtsf lj:t[t ;"rLx¿dfly ;xdlt sfod u/]sf lyP . o:tf] ljlw g]kfnsf] nflu cy{k"0f{ gx'g klg ;S5 . lsgeg] g]kfndf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿nfO{ lnP/ Jofks ;dembf/Lsf] vf“rf] b]lv“b}5 . ;fy}, cbfntnfO{ g} clGtd k|flwsf/sf ¿kdf 5fl8lbgfn] Ps lsl;dsf] ;jf]{Rr /fhgLlts lgsfosf] x}l;otaf6 ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ tn emfg]{ sfd x'g;S5 . vf;u/L cbfntsf] k|lqmofsf lgodx¿n] ax'dtsf] lyrf]ldrf]lj?4 kof{Kt ;'/Iff k|bfg u5{ eg] To:tf] x'g;S5 . cGttM s]xL l;4fGtx¿dfly dfq cbfntn] cfkm\gf] lg0f{o lbg]5 . lsgeg] ul/g'kg]{ w]/}h;f] ljj]rgfx¿ clgjfo{ ¿kn] sfg'gL km};nfeGbf /fhgLlts lg0f{osf ljifo x'g]5g\ .

lgodkfngsf] af/]df lg0f{o ug{nfO{ cf}krfl/s ljlw gePsf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:onfO{ vf;u/L o;sf ljleGg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{ pgLx¿sf] bfloTjsf af/]df ;Demfpg' pkof]uL x'G5 . cfwf/e"t l;4fGt ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;+ljwfg nfu" x'g'cl3 ;+ljwfg;efn] g} ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf hf“ra'em

67

ug]{ cfkm\gf] dftxtsf] Pp6f 5'§} ;ldlt agfpg ;S5 . o:tf] ;ldlt ljifout ;ldltsf ;efkltx¿af6 aGg ;s] cem /fd|f] x'g]5 . To:tf] ;ldltn] ljleGg ;ldltn] tof/ kf/]sf cWofox¿nfO{ ;dGjo;d]t ug]{5 . ljifout ;ldltx¿aLr dtleGgtfx¿nfO{ xn ug{ o;sf ;b:ox¿n] l;4fGtx¿sf] ;xof]u lng'kb{5 .

d"Nox¿ ;dfj]z ug]{ tl/sf

k|:tfjgf

;+ljwfgdf d"Nox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ tl/sfdWo] cem} klg k|:tfjgf n]Vg] tl/sf g} ;aeGbf k'/fgf] / ;aeGbf k|rlnt tl/sf xf] . k|:tfjgf eg]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] kl/ro lbg] v08 xf], h;n] ;fdfGotM lgDgfg';f/sf ;a} jf s]xL s'/f cl3 ;fb{5 M

;+ljwfgsf] Oltxf;, vf;u/L olb Tof] ;+ljwfg :jfwLgtf jf nf]stGqsf] lglDt ul/Psf] ;+3if{kl5 n]lvPsf] xf] eg]

d"No–dfGotf / hgtfsf ck]Iffx¿

gof“ ;+ljwfg nfu" ug'{kg]{ sf/0fx¿

/fHosf] k|s[lt, ls nf]stflGqs ls clws jr{:j /x]sf] ;d'bfosf] hftLotf jf ;d'bfox¿sf] ax'ntfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ to ul/Psf] k|0ffnL

Tof] k|flwsf/ h;cGtu{t ;+ljwfg ag]sf] 5 M cfhef]ln ;fdfGotM hgtf g} k|flwsf/ xf], ;[li6stf{sf] lgb]{zg jf cfzLjf{b kfPsf] hgtf .

k|:tfjgfsf] jf:tljs ljlzi6tf sfg'gLeGbf /fhgLlts g} x'G5 . tyflk s]xL sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿df k|:tfjgfx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ug{ ;xof]uL / afWosf/Lsf ¿kdf ;d]t lnOG5 . sfg'gj]Qfsf nflu geP/ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ o;sf] Joj:Yff ul/G5 . km"na'§f e/]/ nofTds z}nLdf ;+ljwfgsf] dlxdf a9fpg] u/]/ of] n]lvG5 . o;sf] 7"nf] nfIfl0fs ljlzi6tf x'g;S5 . To;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfgdf b]Vg ;lsG5 M

xfdL ;+o'Qm /fHosf hgtfn] cem pTs[i6 ;+3 agfpg, Gofo :yfkgf ug{, 3/]n' zflGt / l:y/tf ;'lglZrt ug{, ;femf ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{, cfd sNof0f k|a4{g ug{ / cfkm}n] :jtGqtfsf] cfzLjf{b / xfd|f ;d'Gglt xfl;n ug{ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf nflu of] ;+ljwfg lglb{i6 / :yflkt u/]sf 5f}+ .

g]kfnL k|:tfjgf

!(^@ sf] ;+ljwfgafx]s g]kfnL ;+ljwfgx¿ ;a}df k|:tfjgf /flvPsf lyP . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ sf/0f / tTsfnLg ;dosf] /fhgLlts cj:yf a'em\gsf nflu Pp6f rfvnfUbf] pkfo tL k|:tfjgfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ xf] . ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfsf] k|flwsf/sf ;|f]t / ;+ljwfgsf

cfwf/e"t ;

+j}wflgs l;

4fGtx¿

68

nIox¿leq lgofNg tL k|:tfjgfx¿n] Pp6f cGt/b[li6 k|bfg ub{5g\ . !($* sf] ;+ljwfg >L # dxf/fh kb\d zD;]/n] …lgdf{0f / 3f]if0ffÚ u/]sf lyP . pgnfO{ Tof] k|flwsf/ g]kfnsf >L % dxf/fhflw/fhn] !()# df /f0ffx¿nfO{ lbPsf] k~hfkqåf/f k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . !(%! sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf …dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;NnfxdfÚ >L % dxf/fhflw/fhaf6 lgdf{0f / 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . o;af6 Ps xb;Dd k|flwsf/sf] pNn]vgLo :yfgfGt/0fnfO{ dfGotf k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . !(%( sf] ;+ljwfgsf] ;dob]lv Ps xb;Dd k|ltudg ePem}+ b]lvG5 . To; ;+ljwfgnfO{ /fhf dx]Gb|n] …xfd|f] b]zsf] k/Dk/f / k|rngcg'';f/ xfd|f k|tfkL / k"Ho k'vf{x¿n] ljsl;t u/]sf] xfdLdf cGt/lglxt ljz]ifflwsf/ / g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]uÚ ub}{ agfPsf] / nfu" u/]sf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] Pp6f rfvnfUbf] lj/f]wfef; b]vfp“5 . …xfdLn] cEof; u/L cfPsf] xfdLdf cGt/lglxt /fHosf] k|flwsf/Ú k|of]u u/L pQm ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/]sf] /fhf jL/]Gb|n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . t/ /fhf jL/]Gb|n] …:jfwLg / ;fj{ef}d g]kfndf ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] ;|f]t g]kfnL hgtfdf cGt/lglxt 5Ú eGg] :jLsf/ klg u/]sf lyP . pgn] …hgrfxgfcg'?k d'n'ssf] ;/sf/ rnfpg] OR5fÚ klg JoQm u/]sf lyP . To;a]nfsf] gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfn] ;fj{ef}d;Qf /fhf / /f0ffx¿af6 hgtfdf k"0f{tof :yfgfGt/0f ePsf] b]vfp“5 t <

/fHosf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / p2]Zox¿

s]xL ;+ljwfgx¿df /fHosf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt, p2]Zo / bfloTjx¿sf] aofg x'G5 . k|:tfjgfsf] k|efj a9fpgsf lglDt ;+lIfKt ¿kdf tL s'/fx¿ /flvG5g\ . ;fy}, k|:tfjgfeGbf l;4fGtx¿ a9L sfo{d"ns / ljlzi6 x'g;Sg] x'gfn] klg To;f] ul/G5 . k"/s cfn]v /fVg] of] cEof; gful/s sfg'g (civil law) ePsf b]zx¿df a9L k|rlnt 5 . t/ k|:tfjgfsf] sfg'gL dxTj ;Lldt a'lemPsfn] cr]n ;fdfGo sfg'g (common law) ePsf b]zx¿df klg o:tf] cEof; ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . cr]n w]/}h;f] ;+ljwfgx¿n] /fHosf] rl/qnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ k|oTg u5{g\ / cfkm\gf] bfz{lgs tyf cGo cfwf/x¿ :ki6 kfg{ klg ;S5g\ M

k||mfG;sf] ;+ljwfgn] eG5 M k|mfG; Pp6f cljefHo, wd{lg/k]If, nf]stflGqs / ;fdflhs u0ftGq x'g]5 . pTklQ, hft / wd{sf] e]befjljgf sfg'gsf] cufl8 o;n] ;a} gful/ssf] ;dfgtf ;'lglZrt ug]{5 . o;n] ;a} cf:yfsf] ;Ddfg ug]{5 -wf/f !_ .

kf]r'{unsf] ;+ljwfgn] kf]r'{ufnnfO{ ‘JolQmsf] dof{bf / hgrfxgfdf cfwfl/t / cfkm\gf ;femf p2]Zox¿af6 Pstfa4 ePsf] :jtGq / Gofok"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0fdf k|lta4’ -wf/f !_ /fHo egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .

kf]r'{undf ePh:t} /fHosf] rl/qsf] 3f]if0ff slxn]sfxL“ /fHosf a[xt\ l;4fGt–;d"xsf] Pp6f c+u xf] . cGo l;4fGtx¿ /fHon] ;DkGg ug}{kg]{ cfwf/e"t bfloTjsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . …hgtfsf] sNof0f / hLjg:t/df clej[l4 tyf cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfx¿df ?kfGt/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0fdfkm{t cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / kof{j/0fLo clwsf/sf]

69

pkef]udf kf]r'{ufnLx¿aLr jf:tljs ;dfgtf -wf/f ( -u__ To:tf cGo l;4fGt x'g\ . oL l;4fGtx¿ ;fdfGotof /fHo, ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿ / gful/sx¿nfO{ lgb]{lzt ug]{ x]t'n] /flvPsf x'g\ . t/ sfg'gL ¿kn] tL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ slxn]sfxL“ dfq nfu" ul/G5 .

/fHosf gLlt–lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿

/fHosf gLlt–lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ w]/} lsl;dn] /fHosf l;4fGt / bfloTj;“u ldNbfh'Nbf x'G5g\ . kk'jf Go' lugLdf h:t} slxn]sfxL“ ltgLx¿ ;+o'Qm eP/ cfPsf x'G5g\ . w]/} /fi6«x¿df lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿sf] k|of]unfO{ ef/tn] nf]slk|o t'NofPsf] lyof] . cr]n o'ufG8f, gfldlaof, 3fgf, gfOh]l/of, a+unfb]z, kk'jf Go' lugL / >Ln+sfdf klg lgb]{zs l;4fGt /flvPsf 5g\ . lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] ;aeGbf lj:t[t / ljlzi6 aofg ef/tLo ;+ljwfgdf kfOG5 . tL l;4fGtx¿df /fHosf] lgDg bfloTj klg kb{5g\ M

;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts Gofo;lxtsf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf k|efjsf/L ¿kn] ;'lglZrt / ;+/If0f u/L nf]ssNof0fsf] k|a4{g ug{ /fli6«o hLjgsf lgsfox¿nfO{ ;"lrt ug]{

cfDbfgLdf c;dfgtfnfO{ x6fpg]

JolQm–JolQmaLr dfq geP/ ljleGg If]qdf a:g] hg;d"xaLr jf ljleGg k]zfdf nfu]sfx¿aLr k|lti7f, ;'ljwf / cj;/x¿sf] c;dfgtf x6fpg]

dlxnf / k'?if b'j} gful/snfO{ hLljsf]kfh{gsf lglDt rflxg] ;fwgdf ;dfg clwsf/ lbg] .

;d'bfosf ef}lts ;|f]tx¿dfly :jfldTj / lgoGq0f ;femf lxtsf lglDt ;xof]uL x'g] ;jf]{Qd pkfoåf/f ljt/0f ug]{ .

;DklQ PsLs[t ug{ / pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿nfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg] lsl;dn] cfly{s k|0ffnLsf] ;~rfng gug]{ .

dlxnf / k'?ifsf] Hofnfdf ;dfgtf Nofpg] .

sfdbf/x¿sf] :jf:Yo / zlQm, dlxnf / k'?if tyf slnnf] pd]/sf s]6fs]6Ldfly b'Jo{jxf/ gug]{, cfly{s cfjZostfn] ubf{ cfkm\gf] pd]/ / IfdtfnfO{ g;'xfpg] k]zfdf nfUg gful/snfO{ s/sfk gug]{ .

:j:y tl/sf, :jtGqtf / dof{bfk"j{s x'ls{g s]6fs]6LnfO{ cj;/ / ;'ljwf lbOg]5 / zf]if0f tyf g}lts / ef}lts j~rgflj?4 s]6fs]6L / o'jfnfO{ ;+/lIft ug]{ .

sfd / lzIffsf] clwsf/sf lglDt tyf a]/f]huf/L, a'9\of}nL, /f]u, ckf+ukg / o:t} c¿ cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf lglDt k|efjsf/L k|fjwfg /fVg] .

cfwf/e"t ;

+j}wflgs l;

4fGtx¿

70

gLlt–lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ ePsf w]/}h;f] ;+ljwfgn] tL l;4fGtnfO{ cbfntdf pkrf/ vf]Hg ;lsGg eG5g\ . To;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] cbfntn] tL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ nfu" ub}{g . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ef/tLo ;+ljwfgn] s] eG5 eg] lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ …s'g} klg cbfntn] nfu" ug{ ;Sb}g t/ d'n'ssf] zf;g ;~rfngsf lglDt tL cfwf/e"t x'G5gÚ / …tL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ sfg'g agfpg] k|lqmofdf k|of]u ug'{Ú /fHosf] Pp6f bfloTj xf] .

3fgfsf] ;+ljwfg Ps sbd cufl8 a9\b} Gofok"0f{ / :jtGq ;dfh :yfkgfsf] nflu lgb]{zs l;4fGtn] cfd gful/s, ;+;b, /fi6«klt, Gofofno, /fHokl/ifb\, dlGqd08n, /fhgLlts bn / cGo lgsfo tyf JolQmnfO{ of] ;+ljwfg nfu" ug{ / o;sf] JofVof ug{ cyjf cGo h'g;'s} sfg'g nfu" ug{ / s'g} gLltut lg0f{o ug{ lgb]{lzt u5{ eG5 . Toxf“ lgb]{zgx¿ kfngf ug{sf lglDt rflnPsf sbdx¿sf ;DaGwdf jif{df sDtLdf Psk6s /fi6«kltn] ;+;bnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . vf;u/L cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/, pGgt cy{tGq, sfdsf] clwsf/, /fd|f] :jf:Yo ;]jf / /fd|f] lzIffsf] clwsf/h:tf ljifodf lgb]{zg kfng ug{ rflnPsf sbdaf/] /fi6«kltn] ;bgnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . o'ufG8fdf klg To:t} k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .

cGo lgsfodWo] cbfntx¿n] ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ubf{ cGttM lgb]{zs l;4fGtnfO{ Vofn ug'{k5{ . s'g} ;d'bfosf] Pp6f lx:;fdfly ePsf] P]ltxfl;s jf ;dsfnLg cGofonfO{ lgb]{zs l;4fGtadf]lhd /fHon] ;Rofpg cfjZos x'“bf rflnPsf ;sf/fTds sbdnfO{ Gofof]lrt 7x¥ofpg cbfntx¿n] ljleGg tl/sfaf6 ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/h:tf clwsf/dfly bfaL ug]{ of]Uotf k|dfl0ft ug]{ sfd a9\bf] 5 . af“Rg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] ;xof]udf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 / To;df af“Rgsf nflu cfwf/e"t cfjZostf / ;kmf jftfj/0fsf] clwsf/ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs Gofo k|a4{gsf nflu ;/sf/, Joj:yflksf / k|zf;snfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] cfwf/sf ¿kdf cbfntx¿n] lgb]{zs l;4fGtnfO{ pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ .

lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿n] ;+/If0f k|bfg u/]sf] s'g} ljifodfly df}lns clwsf/sf] cEof;n] cf3ft k'¥ofPsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] clwsf/sf] bfo/fnfO{ ;Lldt kfg{ klg cbfntx¿n] lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿sf] pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Go'gtd Hofnf Joj:yfkgåf/f yf]kl/Psf k|ltaGwx¿sf] cf}lrTonfO{ k'li6 ug{ klg s]xL cbfntx¿n] k|rlnt Hofnf / sfdsf] pGgt cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿df plNnlvt s'/fnfO{ pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf lgb]{zs l;4fGt

g]kfndf !(%! sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf klxnf]rf]l6 lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ b]vfk/] . To; ;+ljwfgdf df}lns clwsf/ jf dfgjclwsf/sf ljifodf 5'§} cWofo lyPg . To:tf clwsf/x¿ lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf ¿kdf k|bfg ul/Psf] b]vfk¥of] . lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿sf] th'{df Tolta]nf ev{/} nfu" ePsf] ef/tLo ;+ljwfgaf6 lgs} k|efljt lyof] . To;}n] tL lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ …cbfntL sf/jfxL x'g;Sg]Ú vfnsf lyPgg\ . ;fy} ljut jf cfutsf sfg'gx¿åf/f sfg'gL dfGotf kfpg] Joj:yf klg ltgdf lyPg . tyflk ;/sf/n] ltgnfO{ …d'n'ssf] zf;g rnfpg cfwf/e"t

71

l;4fGtÚsf ¿kdf Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ x'GYof] . ljBdfg g]kfnL sfg'gnfO{ ;s];Dd l56f] nfu" ug{ / agfpg'kg]{ sfg'gsf] vfsf tof/ kfg{ tL lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿nfO{ k|of]u ug'{kb{Yof] . lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿df lgDg s'/f ;dfj]z lyP M

;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts Gofo;lxtsf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf ;s];Dd k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;'lglZrt / ;+/If0f u/L nf]ssNof0fsf] k|a4{g ug{ /fli6«o hLjgsf lgsfox¿nfO{ ;"lrt ug]{ .

dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ a/fa/L u/]/ ;a} gful/snfO{ hLljsf]kfh{gsf lglDt kof{Kt ;fwgsf] clwsf/ .

;jf]{Qd lsl;dn] ;femf lxt x'g] u/L ;|f]tx¿sf] plrt ljt/0f .

s]6fs]6L / o'jfnfO{ zf]if0flj?4 ;+/If0f .

j[4j[4f, /f]uL, ckf+u / c¿ lsl;dsf cefju|:tnfO{ ;xof]u .

;a} sfdbf/nfO{ plrt Hofnf, /fd|f] hLjg:t/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ vfnsf] sfd, km';{bsf] k"0f{ cfgGb / ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts cj;/ lbnfpg' .

…ljz]if Wofg lbP/Ú hgtfsf] sdhf]/ lx:;fx¿sf] z}lIfs tyf cfly{s :jfy{nfO{ k|a4{g ug'{ tyf …;fdflhs cGofo / zf]if0fsf ;a} ¿kx¿Ú lj?4 pgLx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f lbg' .

ufp“ k~rfotx¿nfO{ k|a4{g ug'{ .

g]kfnel/ gful/s P]gdf Ps?ktf .

!(%( sf] ;+ljwfgdf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ ufoa eP . t/ To; ;+ljwfgn] Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ ;lsg] df}lns xsx¿ ;dfj]z u¥of] . !(^@ sf] k~rfotL ;+ljwfgn] km]l/ lgb]{zs l;4fGtnfO{ Nofof], t/ !(%! sf] ;+ljwfgdf eGbf bfo/fsf b[li6n] tL l;4fGtx¿ a9L ;Lldt lyP . !(^@ sf] ;+ljwfgn] k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] p2]ZonfO{ o;/L kl/eflift u¥of] M ‘Jofks /fli6«o b[li6sf]0faf6 ljleGg ju{ / k]zfsf :jfy{x¿sf] ;dGjoåf/f k|hftflGqs, Gofok"0f{ / ultzLn tyf zf]if0f/lxt ;dfhsf] :yfkgf u/L nf]ssNof0fsf] k|a4{g ug]{ .’ o; p2]ZonfO{ ;fdflhs Gofo;“u eGbf …l:y/tfÚ / …;dGjoÚ ;“u a9L ;DalGwt p2]Zosf ¿kdf klg a'em\g ;lsG5 .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿n] k|d'v :yfg cf]u6]sf 5g\ . ljutsf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿eGbf tL l;4fGtx¿ a9L km/flsnf 5g\ . ltgn] jftfj/0f / e"ld ;'wf/h:tf ljifonfO{ ;d]6\5g\ / cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ljsf;df pNn]vgLo hf]8 lbFb} nf]ssNof0f, ;fdflhs Gofo Pj+ ;dfhsf ;LdfGts[t / lgD5/f ;b:ox¿sf] ;/f]sf/nfO{ Wofg lbG5g\ .

ax'bnLo ;+;bLo k|0ffnL / ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf ;f/e"t k|fjwfg x'g\ . cfkm\gf] ;xeflutf / pTyfgsf lglDt ljz]if k|fjwfg x'g'k5{ eGg] ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfox¿sf]

cfwf/e"t ;

+j}wflgs l;

4fGtx¿

72

dfunfO{ /fHosf ;+/rgfx¿, vf;u/L Joj:yflksf / ;/sf/n] a]jf:tf u/] . t/ lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf ltgLx¿sf ;/f]sf/x¿ k|ltljlDat lyP . To;df cfufdL ;/sf/x¿n] pgLx¿sf dfux¿nfO{ k"/f ug]{5g\ elgPsf] lyof] . /fHosf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kn] lk5l8Psf ;d"xx¿sf] lxt k|a4{g;“u ;DalGwt k|d'v /fhgLlts c;Gt'li6x¿nfO{ ;'Nemfpg tL lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ /flvPsf lyP .

Tolta]nfb]lv g} g]kfnL /fHo cToGt s]Gb|Ls[t ;/sf/L k|0ffnL / k|zf;gsf ¿kdf ljsl;t eof]], h;n] k|hftflGqs lgsfo / cEof;sf] j[l4nfO{ cj/f]w k'¥ofof] . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] b]zel/ 5l/P/ /x]sf y'k|} hftLo ;d"xnfO{ pgLx¿sf] cfg} ;/sf/sf lglDt ;fgf] cj;/ lbof] . Pp6f ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf ;fy;fy} ;fdflhs Gofosf lglDt cfly{s / ;fdflhs ¿kn] ;'ljwf gkfPsf ;d"xx¿sf] pTyfgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;+ljwfgn] Tolt w]/} dxTj lbPsf] ;Gt'lnt / d]nldnfko'Qm ;dfhsf] j[l4sf nflu lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . t/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, ;xeflutf, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;'ljwflxg ;d"xsf] pTyfg cflbdf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ ckgfOPsf] kGw| jif{kl5 klg yf]/}dfq k|ult ePsf 5g\ . o; c;kmntfn] /fHolj?4 c;Gt'li6 k}bf ug{ / dfcf]jfbL ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] hu a;fpg pNn]vgLo of]ubfg u¥of] .

lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] sdhf]/ / ;+lbUw k|s[ltn] ubf{ gof“ ;+ljwfgdf ltgnfO{ /flvof] eg] ltgn] pkof]uL p2]ZonfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofp“5g\ ls k'¥ofp“b}gg\ eGg] k|Zg p7\5 / olb /flvof] eg] ltgnfO{ cem a9L afWofTds agfpg'k5{ .

k|:tfjgf / lgb]{zs l;4fGtn] /fli6«o cfsf+Iff, p2]Zo / k|fyldstfsf] klxrfg lbG5g\ . t/ ltgLx¿ :jo+n] w]/} pknlAw xfl;n ub}{gg\ . jf:tjdf ltgLx¿ clVtof/jfnfx¿sf lglDt lzIff jf dfu{bz{s s'/f dfq x'g\, h;nfO{ cS;/ uDeL/ k|lta4tfeGbf z[+ufl/s d"Nosf lglDt ;+ljwfgdf /flvG5 . /fHosf] k|flwsf/ cEof; ug]{ lgsfox¿nfO{ /fHosf l;4fGtsf] clgjfo{tfk|lt Wofg lbg] lsl;dn] tof/ gul/P;Dd yf]/}dfq k|ult x'g]5 . g]kfnL ;+ljwfgsf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ x]/f}+ . tL cfkm}df afWofTds 5}gg\ . vf;u/L ;/sf/, Joj:yflksf / cbfnth:tf /fHo ;+oGqx¿sf] ;sf/fTds kxndf tL lge{/ /xG5g\ . tL l;4fGtaf6 nfe kfpg]x¿n] /fhgLlts sbdaf6 afx]s cGo pkfoaf6 ltgnfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . t/ lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf nlIft nfeu|fxLx¿n] /fhgLlts sbdljgf ltgnfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . oL l;4fGtnfO{ k|of]u tadfq ;kmntfk"j{s ug{ ;lsG5 ha jfbL;Fu /fhgLlts tfut, /fHoc+usf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu ;DaGw / k|flwsf/ s]Gb|df kx'Fr x'G5 .

zlQm af“8kmf“8 / ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿sf] pTyfgsf] nIo lnPsf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿nfO{ pRr hftsf ;d"xx¿sf] 7"nf] jr{:j ePsf /fHosf lgsfox¿n] Jofks ¿kdf pk]Iff u/] . o;af6 l;Sg'kg]{ kf7 s] xf] eg] ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿nfO{ /fHosf zlQmzfnL lgsfox¿sf] s]Gb|df NofOPg / :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿n] ;~rfng u/]sf :yfgLo ;+u7gx¿;“u zlQmsf] af“8kmf“8 ul/Pg eg] ;'wf/sf] ;Defjgf lgs} yf]/} x'g]5 .

73

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!= gof“ ;+ljwfgn] k|ltljlDat ug}{kg]{ cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿dfly cf}krfl/s ;Demf}tf x'g'k5{ ls kb}{g < x'g'k5{ eg] tL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ sxf“ /flvg'k5{ <

@= ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ tL l;4fGtx¿ k|ltljlDat ug]{ gof“ ;+ljwfg agfpg'kg]{ bfloTj 5 eg]/ s;/L ;Demfpg ;lsG5 <

#= gof“ ;+ljwfgdf tL l;4fGtx¿ jf:tjd} k|ltljlDat ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ s'g ;+oGq k|of]u ug'{k5{ <

$= g]kfnL hgtfsf s:tf ;femf cg'ejx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf k|ltljlDat ug'{k5{ <

%= ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf s:tf l;4fGt cl3 ;fg'{k5{ <

^= ;+ljwfgdf /fHosf l;4fGtx¿sf] cleJolQm x'g'k5{ jf gLlt–lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ <

cfwf/e"t ;

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:jtGqtf, ljljwtf tyf ;fdflhs Gofosf] 9fFrfsf] ¿kdf dfgjclwsf/

dfgjclwsf/ nfdf] ;dob]lv ;+ljwfgsf] cleGg c+u /x“b}cfPsf] 5 . clwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gljgfsf] ;+ljwfg sNkgfaflx/sf] s'/f xf] . o;cltl/Qm, ;+ljwfgjfb tyf lgikIftf;DaGwL wf/0ffx¿ dfgjclwsf/åf/f k|efljt x'g] u/]sf 5g\, h'g s'/f /fHo ;+/rgfsf] 9f“rf tyf sfo{ljlwdf k|ltljlDat x'G5 . t/ c7f/f}+ ztfAbLsf] pQ/f4{ sfnsf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / k|mfG;sf ;+ljwfgb]lv dfgjclwsf/sf] k|of]hg / If]q;DaGwL ljrf/df kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . klxn] dfgjclwsf/nfO{ /fHo;Qfsf] :j]R5frf/L cEof;lj?4 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ;+oGqsf ¿kdf / gful/snfO{ vf; :jtGqtf, d"ntM cleJolQm tyf ;+u7g;DaGwL :jtGqtf lbg] ;Gbe{df lnOGYof] . clxn] dfgj hLjgsf w]/}eGbf w]/} kIf cyf{t JolQm / ;d'bfoaLrsf, pgLx¿ / /fHoaLrsf tyf /fHox¿aLrsf ;DaGwsf] lgodg dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL k|0ffnLåf/f x'g] u5{ .

g]kfndf klg dfgjclwsf/ ;+ljwfgsf] Oltxf; tyf nf]stGq Pj+ ;+ljwfgjfbsf] ljsf;;“u 3lgi6¿kn] uf“l;Psf] 5 . ljb|f]xL / ;]gf b'j}af6 dflg;dfly ePsf] pTkL8gsf] k|efjsf/L ¿kn] k|ltsf/ ug]{ sfo{df g]kfndf eO/x]sf] dfgjclwsf/ xggnfO{ dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsx¿n] k|efjsf/L¿kn] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . ha g]kfnL hgtfsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] Jofks¿kn] xgg eof], To;kl5 hgcfGbf]ng–@ sf] lj:kmf]6 eof] . hgcfsf+Iffsf] b[li6af6 dfgjclwsf/n] pRr ;Ddfg k|fKt u/]sf] 5 h'g s'/f ;ftbnLo u7aGwg / dfcf]jfbLaLr ePsf] !@ a'“b] ;xdltdf k|ltljlDat ePsf] kfOG5 . dfgjclwsf/ zflGt k|lqmofsf] dxTjk"0f{ tTjsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . /, oL clwsf/x¿nfO{ a[xb\ zflGt ;Demf}tfdf pNn]Vo :yfg lbOPsf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / k|a4{gljgf :yfoL zflGt k|fKt ug{ g;lsg] s'/fnfO{ Jofks¿kn] :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] g]kfn dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs x}l;ot k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;+ljwfgdf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL klxn]sf ;+ljwfgdf eGbf lgs} lj:t[t cWofo /x]sf] 5 .

/fHo;“u JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf] ;DaGwnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ sfo{df dfgjclwsf/sf] dxTjk"0f{

76

! o'ufG8fsf] ;+ljwfg -!((%_ df o; ljifonfO{ lgDgfg';f/ JoQm ul/Psf] 5 M JolQmsf d"ne"t clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfx¿ ltgdf :jtM cGtlg{lxt x'gfn] oL clwsf/x¿ /fHok|bQ xf]Ogg\ -wf/f @)-!__ .

e"ldsf x'G5 . To;sf/0f, ;+j}wflgs tyf /fhgLlts k|0ffnLdf dfgjclwsf/nfO{ olt w]/} dxTj lbOg'sf cg]sf}+ sf/0f 5g\ M

dfgjclwsf/ dfgjdf cGtlg{lxt x'g] x'gfn] dflg;n] /fhgLlts ;d'bfo lgdf{0f ubf{ dfgjclwsf/nfO{ ;/sf/;fd' Tjd\ z/0fd\ u/fp“b}gg\ . jf:tjdf /fhgLlts ;d'bfosf] lgdf{0f ul/g'sf] sf/0f dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0fnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg' xf] .!

dflg;n] ul/df;fy lhpg, cfk\mgf ;DefJotfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{ / cfk\mgf ef}lts, ;f+:s[lts tyf cflTds cfjZostf k"/f ug{ kfpg] xf] eg] dfgjclwsf/ cfjZos x'G5 .

dflysf a'“bfdf /fHolj?4 JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL clek|fo cJoQm 5 . /fHosf] zlQm tyf kx'“rdf j[l4 x'gfsf] ;fy;fy} hgtfsf clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfdf hf]8 lbOg] qmd klg a9]/ hfG5 .

dfgjclwsf/n] gful/s tyf afl;GbfnfO{ /fHosf c+udf gLlt–lg0f{o ug]{ s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf k|bfg u/L ltgsf] ;zQmLs/0f u5{ . oL clwsf/x¿n] gful/snfO{ ltgsf] rfxgfcg';f/sf ;+u7g agfP/ cfk\mgf cx+ dxTjsf lxtx¿sf] /fHoåf/f xgg ul/g] sfo{nfO{ /f]Sg 5'6 lbG5g\ .

dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL k|fjwfgn] gful/snfO{ …ax'dtLoÚ HofbtLlj?4 ;+/If0f k|bfg u5{g\, cNk;+Vos tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf kfl/Psf cGo ;d'bfonfO{ ljz]if Jojxf/ ul/g'kg]{ s'/fsf] cf}lrTo pknAw u/fp“5g\ / tL ;d'bfox¿sf] klxrfg tyf ;+:s[ltsf] k|a4{g ug]{ sfo{df ;3fp k'¥ofp“5g\ .

nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf tyf ;+/If0fsf] lglDt / ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ hg;fwf/0fk|lt hjfkmb]xL agfpg dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/, cleJolQm tyf ;~rf/dfWod Pj+ ;"rgfdf kx'“rsf] :jtGqtfh:tf cg]sf}+ clwsf/ cfjZos x'G5g\ .

clwsf/x¿n] /fHosf c+ux¿nfO{ /fHo;Qfsf] cEof;;DaGwL dfu{bz{g pknAw u/fp“5g\ .

dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ sfo{n] cfGtl/s tyf afXo åGånfO{ ;Lldt t'NofO{ /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdf ;3fp k'¥ofp“5 .

leGg–leGg k|sf/sf clwsf/

P]ltxfl;s b[li6n] anzfnL /fHo tyf ahf/sf] pbo;“u} clwsf/sf] pbo ePsf] xf] -/fHo tyf ahf/n] JolQmdfly zf]if0f tyf pTkL8gsf] hf]lvd k}bf u/]sf] / ahf/ cy{tGqsf nflu s]xL

77

k|Tofe"lt cTofjZos ePsf] dx;'; ug]{ qmddf oL clwsf/x¿sf] pbo ePsf] xf]_ . xfn}sf jif{df clwsf/;DaGwL wf/0ffnfO{ km/flsnf] agfP/ o;df JolQmx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f lbg / pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ rflxg] cg]sf}+ To:tf clwsf/ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .

;+/If0f ul/Psf] klxnf] clwsf/ j}olQms clwsf/ xf] . /, of] ;+/If0f /fhgLlts tyf gful/s clwsf/x¿ cyf{t hLjg / :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/, ;+ul7t x'g] / e]nf x'g] clwsf/, cleJolQm :jtGqtfh:tf gful/s clwsf/, dtbfg ug{ / r'gfjdf p7\g kfpg] tyf ;fj{hlgs dfldnfdf efu lng kfpg]h:tf /fhgLlts clwsf/df ;Lldt lyof] .

To;kl5 cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbOof] . ;fdflhs Gofo tyf ;a}sf nflu lhpg] :jR5 cj:yf pknAw u/fpg] p2]ZonfO{ lgs} dxTj lbg] ;dfhjfbL l;4fGtdf oL clwsf/nfO{ k|fylds dxTj lbOof] . oL l;4fGtdf lzIff, /f]huf/L, cfjf;, :jf:Yo tyf ef]hg;DaGwL clwsf/ ;dfj]z lyP .

To;kl5 P]Soa4tf;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbOof], h;df :jR5, :j:y tyf lbuf] jftfj/0f, zflGt Pj+ ljsf;;DaGwL clwsf/ ;dfj]z lyP . oL clwsf/ ;d'bfosf ;fy} JolQmsf nflu klg dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ .

o; vfnsf clwsf/n] clwsf/sf ljleGg cfofdsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ JolQmnfO{ cfk\mgf d"No tyf lxtsf] k|a4{gsf lglDt ;'/lIft 8anL ;'lglZrt ug{tk{m / ltgsf hLjgdfly x'g;Sg] /fHosf] x:tIf]knfO{ ;Lldt t'Nofpg] sfo{tk{m nlIot 5g\ . csf{lt/, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/n] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;xh t'Nofpgsf nflu ljlzi6 sbd rfNg /fHodfly bfloTj cf/f]k0f u5{g\ . /fHon] lgMz'Ns lzIff tyf cf}ifwf]krf/;DaGwL ;]jf pknAw u/fpg} k5{ eGg] s]xL 5}g, t/ /fHo To:tf gLltnfO{ a9fjf lbg bfloTja4 x'G5 h'g gLltn] JolQm, kl/jf/ tyf ;d"xnfO{ hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ ;dy{ agfcf];\\ . /fHodfly Odfgbf/Lk"0f{ k|zf;g sfod ug]{, ;|f]t–;fwgsf] ljt/0f ;dtfd"ns 9+un] ug]{ / pko'Qm gLltx¿sf] th'{df ug]{ bfloTj klg /xG5 . t];|f] vfnsf clwsf/sf] xsdf klg /fHosf] ;lqmo e"ldsf cfjZos x'G5 . /, of] e"ldsf c+ztM lgodssf] e"ldsf x'G5 . o;sf nflu /fHo tyf cGo clwsf/Ln] k|fs[lts ;|f]t–;fwg gl/Tofpg], gi6 gug]{ jf xftxltof/df k};f v]/ gkmfNg] vfnsf ljj]so'Qm gLltx¿ cjnDag ug'{ h?/L 5 . o;cltl/Qm, JolQm tyf ;d"xnfO{ lgikIf, ;xh tyf ;dfg cj:yfdf cfk\mgf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs lxtx¿sf] k|a4{g ug{ /fHon] zflGtk"0f{ / ;xdtLo hLjgsf nflu cfjZos cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ cj;/x¿ pknAw u/fpg' h?/L 5 .

o; vfnsf clwsf/n] s]xL dfqfdf leGgleGg cfly{s tyf bfz{lgs ljrf/sf] k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ . sltko l6Kk0fLsf/n] t o; vfnsf clwsf/ cfk;df afem\5g\ cyjf lognfO{ ;dfg txsf] dxTj lbOg' x'Gg eGg] ts{ klg u/]sf 5g\ . tyflk, cfh ul/dfk"j{s tyf zflGtk"j{s lhpgsf nflu ;a} vfnsf clwsf/ ;dfg¿kn] cfjZos 5g\ lsgeg] oL clwsf/ cGof]Gofl>t 5g\ egL :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lzIff tyf ;fIf/tf;DaGwL clwsf/ -h'g

:jtGqtf, ljljwtf tyf ;fdflh

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78

clwsf/nfO{ ;fdflhs clwsf/sf ¿kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5_, cleJolQm :jtGqtf -h;nfO{ gful/s clwsf/sf ¿kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5_ sf nflu cfjZos 5g\ lsgeg] dflg;n] cfkm\gf efjgf cleJoQm ug{sf lglDt k9\g / efj ;~rf/ ug{ ;dy{jfg\ x'g'k5{ . To;}u/L, k|To]s JolQmsf] :jf:Yosf] clwsf/ tyf lhpg] clwsf/sf nflu :jR5 jftfj/0f cfjZos x'G5 -o;/L ;a} vfnsf clwsf/ Ps;fy 3'nldn x'g k'U5g\_ .

klxn], gful/snfO{ dfq clwsf/ lbOPsf] lyof] . k|mfG; o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] . To; a]nf gful/stf;DaGwL wf/0ff klg ;+s'lrt lyof] -h;sf] pbfx/0f k|f/lDes jif{x¿sf] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf xf]_ . cfh ;a} JolQmx¿ dfgjclwsf/sf xsbf/ ePsf 5g\ oBlk clwsf+z b]zdf lgjf{rg jf /fHocGtu{tsf ;+:yfsf] /f]huf/Ll;t ;DalGwt /fhgLlts clwsf/af6 gful/s ce}m klg jl~rt 5g\ . k|f/lDes cjlwdf JolQmsf nflu dfq clwsf/ pko'Qm x'G5g\ eGg] 7flgGYof] . t/ clxn] clwsf/af6 nfeflGjt x'g] sf] x'g\ eGg] wf/0ffdf klg kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . clwsf/;DaGwL JolQmjfbL cled'vLs/0fn] :jfyL{kgfnfO{ a9fjf lbgfn] ;d'bfo jf /fHosf d"No tyf lxtsf] pk]Iff ul/g] dfgl;stf pTkGg eof] egL o;sf] cfnf]rgf ul/of] . of] b[li6sf]0fsf sf/0f s]xL b]zdf …;fj{hlgs lxtÚsf] ts{ cl3 ;f/]/ clwsf/sf] pkef]udfly Jofks aGb]h nufOPsf 5g\ -g]kfnsf ;+ljwfgx¿ o; s'/fsf pbfx/0f x'g\_ .

JolQm tyf ;d"xsf bfloTj;“u ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ af6f] kQf nufpg' csf]{ ;dfwfg xf] . st{Jo tyf clwsf/sf pbfx/0f ef/t, kk'jf Go' lugL, o'ufG8f / kf]r'{un nufotsf y'k|} ;+ljwfgdf kfpg ;lsG5 . oL bfloTjcGtu{t ljlzi6¿kn] lgDglnlvt st{Jo kb{5g\ M

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kl/jf/ tyf afnaflnsfsf] sNof0f;DaGwL bfloTj axg ug'{ .@

JolQmut clwsf/x¿, vf; u/]/ /fhgLlts clwsf/dfly Hofbf hf]8 lbg'sf] glthf …ax'dtjfbÚsf] pbo x'g;S5 . …ax'dtjfbÚ cGtu{t ;dfhdfly ax'dto'Qm ;d'bfosf ;+:s[lt tyf d"Nosf] k|e'Tj sfod x'G5 h'g k|e'TjcGtu{t ax';+Vos ;d'bfosf ;b:on] b]zsf] zf;sLo

@ j}lbs j}rfl/s dfGotfcGtu{t st{Jo;DaGwL wf/0ff Psbd} k|jn ePsf]n] g]kfndf clwsf/x¿ k|bfg ug]{ klxnf] b:tfj]hd} o;nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . !($* sf] ;+ljwfgn] cfk\mgf] Ifdtfcg';f/ …hglxtsf] k|a4{g ug'{, ;fj{hlgs sf]ifdf of]ubfg ug'{Ú, clw/fHosf] ;'/Iff tyf lxtsf lglDt zf/Ll/s tyf af}l4s¿kn] >d ug{ tTk/ /xg', >L % dxf/fhflw/fh tyf lxh xfOg]; >L # dxf/fhk|lt tyf /fHo / o;sf] ;+ljwfgk|lt ;Rrf¿kn] akmfbf/ /xg' g} k|To]s gful/ssf] st{Jo x'g]5Ú -wf/f %_ egL lj1lKt hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .

79

k|0ffnLsf pRr txdf cGo ;d'bfosf ;b:osf] eGbf a9L ;xeflutf x'G5 . ax'dtjfbnfO{ ;Gt'ngdf Nofpgsf lglDt cr]n y'k|} b]zx¿df ;dli6ut tyf ;d"xut clwsf/, vf; u/]/ hghftLo, wfld{s tyf eflifs cNk;+Vos / cflbjf;L ;d'bfonfO{ dfGotf lbg] qmd al9/x]sf] 5 . ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ tyf :jfoQtfdfk{mt nfu" ul/g] cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf :jzf;gsf :j¿kdfly Wofg lbg] qmd klg al9/x]sf] 5 . dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfh:tf ;dfhsf lgD5/f If]qsf clwsf/sf] k|a4{gsf lglDt cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw / /fli6«o sfg'gdf ljz]if k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

sDkgL jf 6«]8 o'lgogh:tf Jofkfl/s tyf ;fdflhs ;+u7gx¿ ;fdfGotof clwsf/nfO{ lj:tfl/t ug]{ ;dli6d'vL clwsf/sf cGo :j¿k x'g\ . 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf lglDt ;+u7gd'vL clwsf/sf] ljz]if dxTj /xG5 eg] Jofkfl/s ;+u7gx¿sf nflurflx“ ;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . 6«]8 o'lgogsf nflu cleJolQm :jtGqtf dxTjk"0f{ x'gfsf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] o; :jtGqtfn] oL o'lgognfO{ lj/f]w cflbsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ / cfk\mgf lxtsf nflu bafad"ns sfo{snfk ug]{ 5'6 lbG5 . sDkgLx¿sf nflu cleJolQm :jtGqtf dxTjk"0f{ x'gfsf] sf/0frflx“ s] xf] eg] :jtGqtfn] oL sDkgLnfO{ cfk\mgf pTkfbg tyf cfk"mn] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfsf] lj1fkg ug]{ 5'6 lbG5 -oBlk sltko b]zn] /fhgLlts / af}l4s jQmJonfO{ …Jofkfl/sÚ jQmJonfO{ eGbf sd dfqfdf 5'6 lbG5g\_ .

klxn]–klxn] dfgjclwsf/ If]qsf] bfloTj /fHodfly /xGYof] . JolQm jf ;dli6ut ;d"xx¿n] sfg'gL b08–;hfo ef]Ug' gkg]{ u/L c¿ dflg;sf clwsf/ pNn+3g ug{ ;Sy] -lje]bsf/L sfo{ o; k|sf/sf] pNn+3gsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf]_ . sltko b[i6fGtsf xsdf hflt, hghflt jf ln+uhGo lje]bnfO{ u}/sfg'gL agfpgsf lglDt ljz]if sfg'g kfl/t ul/GYof] -kmf}hbf/L sfg'gn] JolQmsf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f t ug]{ g} eof]_ . t/ sDkgLx¿sf] zlQm j[l4 x'“b} hf“bf / clwst/ lje]b tyf pTkL8g ;dfh / kl/jf/df x'g] u5{g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfGotf lbg] qmd a9\b} hf“bf ;+:yfut tyf ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿dfly c¿x¿sf clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{ bfloTj ylkg] qmd klg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfgdf o;;DaGwL Pp6f pbfx/0f pknAw 5 M

wf/f *-@_ sf] clwsf/;DaGwL ljw]ossf] k|fjwfgn] clwsf/sf] k|s[lt tyf pQm clwsf/åf/f cf/f]lkt s'g} klg st{Josf] k|s[ltnfO{ b[li6ut u/L, olb of] nfu" x'g] ePdf / nfu" x'g] xb;Dd, s'g} klg ;fdfGo JolQm jf sfg'gj]QfnfO{ of] st{Josf] kfngf ug{ afWo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

g t lgudx¿ :jtM dfgjclwsf/af6 nfeflGjt x'g] sf]6Ldf g} kb{5g\, h:tf] ls lgDglnlvt wf/f % sf] bkmfn] O+lut u/]sf] 5 M

-$_ s'g} klg sfg'gj]Qf oL clwsf/x¿sf] k|s[lt tyf pQm sfg'gj]Qfsf] k|s[ltn] cfjZos 7x¥ofpg] xb;Dd clwsf/;DaGwL ljw]ossf clwsf/sf] xsbf/ x'G5 .

oL ljsf;qmdx¿n] clwsf/sf] If]q tyf hl6ntf a9fPsf] 5, / clwsf/sf leGg–leGg sf]6LaLr klg tgfj a9fPsf] 5 . clwsf/n] k|lt:kwf{Tds lxtx¿aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ vfsf


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80

klg pknAw u/fp“5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;dfgtfnfO{ lje]b gul/g] clwsf/sf ¿kdf x]g{ ;lsG5, t/ c¿ sltko dflg;n] k|efjsf/L ;dfgtfnfO{ -sDtLdf klg s'g}s'g} kl/l:yltdf_ ;'ljwfljxLg jf lgD5/f dflg;sf nflu ul/g] ljz]if Joj:yfsf] cf}lrTosf ¿kdf lng] u5{g\ . clwsf/ ;j{JofkL / Joltmk|wfg x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff …ax'dtjfbLÚ xf] / of] cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf ;+:s[ltk|lt c;+j]bgzLn x'G5 eGg] qmd a9\bf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df …;d¿kLÚ clwsf/sf] eGbf klg …lje]bLs[tÚ clwsf/sf] cfu|x ug]{ ul/G5 h;df hf]8 pNn]Vo¿kn] JolQmaf6 …;d'bfoÚdf ¿kfGtl/t x'G5 . ax'hftLo ;dfhdf dfgjclwsf/ klxrfgsf k|Zg;“u hf]lN7g k'U5g\ . clwsf/n] ljljwtf tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/tk{m Wofgfs[i6 ub}{ …/fi6«–/fHoÚsf] l;4fGtnfO{ r'gf}tL lbG5g\ . of] ¿kfGt/0fn] ;+:s[ltnfO{ h'g k|fwfGo k|bfg u5{ To;af6 ;d'bfox¿aLrsf ;DaGw / ;d'bfo tyf /fHoaLrsf ;DaGw;DaGwL d'2fdfq p7\g] geO{ k|To]s ;d'bfosf cfGtl/s ;+u7gx¿;DaGwL d'2f klg p7\5g\ . ;+:s[lt lgu'{0f j:t' xf]Og -;+:s[ltaf/] Pl;of tyf clk|msfsf dlxnfnfO{ ;f]Wgf];\, / blntx¿nfO{ ;f]Wgf];\_, To;sf/0f ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfx¿n] clwsf/nfO{ k/Dk/fut b[li6af6 a'lemg] clwsf/ -h:tf] ls j}olQms clwsf/x¿_ / ;f+:s[lts d"Nox¿;DaGwL clwsf/sf] leGgtf 5'6\ofpg'kg]{ x'g;S5 . ;d:ofsf] of] uf“7f] k'msfpg] sfo{ xfd|f] hdfgfsf] Pp6f 7"nf] r'gf}tL ePsf] 5 .

;fdflhs Gofosf] vf]hL ug]{ qmd;“u} — dflg;sf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ b[li6n] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs clwsf/sf] dxTjnfO{ a9\bf] dfqfdf :jLsf/ ug]{ qmd;“u} — clwsf/;DaGwL ;f]rfOsf gof“ tl/sfsf] pbo klg ePsf] 5 . o; s'/fn] ubf{ ;dfgtf tyf lje]bxLgtf;DaGwL wf/0ffnfO{ x]g]{ nlrnf] b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o;k|sf/, ;xeflutfsf ¿kdf nf]stGqk|ltsf] rfvn] /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL xfd|f] wf/0ffnfO{ km/flsnf] t'NofPsf] 5 .

clwsf/x¿sf] cGt/f{li6«os/0f

cfh dfgjclwsf/ /fHosf] dfq ;/f]sf/ / rf;f]sf] ljifo /x]g . dfgjclwsf/sf] ;'kl/j]If0f clwsf/ / ;+:yfx¿;“u ;DalGwt ;lGw tyf 3f]if0ffkq ePsf clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo k|0ffnL klg 5g\ . oLdWo] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efåf/f !($* df kfl/t ljZj dfgjclwsf/ 3f]if0ffkq xf] h;n] pknAw u/fPsf] cfwf/nfO{ 6]s]/ w]/} ;lGw / 3f]if0ffkq ag]sf 5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL k|;+ljbf / cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts k|;+ljbf k|d'v ;lGwx¿ x'g\ h;n] ;du|df clwsf+z clwsf/nfO{ ;d]6]sf 5g\ . oL ;lGwx¿ hftLo lje]b tyf oftgflj?4 ;+/If0f / dlxnf, afnaflnsf, z/0ffyL{ tyf cflbjf;L hgtfsf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL ljz]if1tfo'Qm ;lGw x'g\ . o; cltl/Qm, cNk;+Vos ;d"x tyf cflbjf;L hgtfsf clwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq klg 5g\ . oL clwsf/x¿ sfg'gL b[li6n] afWosf/L geP klg logdf lgs} 7"nf] g}lts clVtof/L lglxt 5 .

o'/f]k, Nofl6g cd]l/sf / clk|msfdf If]qLo dfgjclwsf/ k|0ffnL ljBdfg 5g\, t/ Pl;ofdf

81

eg] 5}gg\ . Hofb} 7"nf] ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s ljljwtf, cg]sf}+ tfgfzfxL zf;g k|0ffnLx¿ ePsf x'gfn] ;fob Pl;ofdf pk–If]qLo k|0ffnLx¿ a9L sfdsfhL x'g ;Sbf x'g\, t/ cfl;ofg dfgjclwsf/ of]hgfsf] lglDt a]nfavt k|:tfjx¿ k|:t't ul/P klg 7f]; k|ult eg] Hofb} Go"g 5 . jf:tjdf ;+:yfut :j¿kcGtu{t afWosf/L lg0f{ox¿ ug]{ cf–cfk\mg} cbfnt x'g] If]qLo of]hgf cGt/f{li6«o of]hgfeGbf a9L ;an x'G5g\ .

k|To]s cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwsf] pQm ;lGwcGtu{t u7g ul/g] cGt/f{li6«o lj1 ;ldltx¿åf/f ;'kl/j]If0f ul/G5 . ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] pQm ;ldlt;dIf cfjlws k|ltj]bg k]z ug{' h?/L x'G5 . sltko b]zx¿ -g]kfnnufot_ n] cltl/Qm ;lGwkqnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . pQm ;lGwkqcg';f/ JolQmn] pQm ;ldlt;dIf ph'/L k]z ug{ ;S5g\ oBlk clwsf+z dfldnfsf] xsdf oL ;ldltx¿ /fHosf bfloTjsf] JofVof ug{ ;dy{ eP klg cfk\mgf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ nfu" ug{ eg] c;dy{ 5g\ . tyflk s]xL /fHo eg] pQm ;ldltn] u/]sf lg0f{osf] kfngf ug{ tTk/ b]lvG5g\ .

cGt/f{li6«o k|0ffnLsf cGo kIf klg 5g\ . clxn] Jofks¿kn] :jLsf/ ul/Psf] s'/f s] xf] eg] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon], ljz]if u/]/ /fi6«;+3Lo ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] clVtof/cGtu{t, s'g} b]zdf dfgjclwsf/sf] Jofks¿kn] pNn+3g ePdf k'gM ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{ jf kLl8tsf] ;+/If0f ug{ pQm b]zsf cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k ug{;S5 -;la{of, k"jL{ l6df]/, sf];f]ef] / ;'8fg o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\_ . /fi6«;+3Lo dfgjclwsf/ kl/ifb\sf sf“wdf k|To]s b]zsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] kfngf;DaGwL /]s8{sf] hf“r ug]{ bfloTj /x]sf] 5 . pQm kl/ifb\n] c+ztM ljz]if k|ltlglwx¿ tyf k|ltj]bsx¿åf/f of] bfloTj k"/f u5{ . clxn] pQm kl/ifb\ b]zx¿sf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL /]s8{sf] bf]xf]/f] hf“r ug{ nfu]sf] 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] dfgjtflj/f]wL ck/fwsf] k'k{If ug{sf lglDt ljz]if Goflos Ohnf; u7g u/]sf] 5 -h:tf] ls ?jfG8f, SofDaf]l8of / k"j{ o'uf]:nfleofdf_ . xfn cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo;“u x]ul:yt Jofks If]qflwsf/o'Qm :yfoL cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfnt 5 . h'g b]zdf ck/fw ul/G5 Toxf“sf /fli6«o cbfntn] klg dfgjtflj?4sf ck/fwsf] cleof]u nfu]sf] s'g} klg JolQmdfly If]qflwsf/sf] cEof; ug{;S5 -of] clwsf/ …ljZjJofkL If]qflwsf/Úsf gfdn] kl/lrt 5 / lrnLsf k"j{ /fi6«klt lkgf];]dfly oxL clwsf/ k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof]_ .

clwsf/x¿sf] cGt/f{li6«os/0f ug]{ cGo pkfo klg 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, /fli6«o cbfntdf cS;/ ;lGw;DaGwL lgsfosf lg0f{o tyf cfd l6Kk0fL pb\w[t ul/G5g\, / cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo dfgjclwsf/ cbfntåf/f ul/Psf k}m;nf klg /fli6«o cbfntsf] nflu JofVofsf ;|f]t aGb5g\ . csf]{ s'/f, /fli6«o cbfntn] cGo /fli6«o cbfntaf6 dfu{bz{g k|fKt u5{g\ -g]kfnL / ef/tLo cbfntn] cd]l/sL tyf la|l6; d'2fx¿sf] Jofks z[+vnfsf] ;j]{If0f u5{g\_ / o;/L ;d[4 tyf /rgfTds glh/ pknAw x'G5g\ .

cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL lnvtx¿af6 s] s'/f k|:6 x'G5 eg] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf sf“wdf /fHonfO{ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ltgsf lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ cfk;L bfloTj;DaGwL


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st{Jo /x]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] ;xof]u k|fljlws, cfly{s tyf cGo :j¿kdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . dfgjclwsf/nfO{ e"d08nLo lhDd]jf/L tyf P]Soa4tfsf] k|s6Ls/0fsf ¿kdf x]l/G5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] :jfwLgtf, bIftf tyf k|lta4tf -…k]l/; l;4fGtÚ_nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fli6«o txdf dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf] :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|a4{g u/]sf] 5 . @))% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf ;/sf/ k|d'vsf] lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] Jofks :t/df x'g] dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3glj?4 ;d"x tyf ;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f ug{ /fi6«;+3sf] tk{maf6 Pp6f k|lta4tf k|s6 u¥of] . g]kfndf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtf Psbd} :ki6 -/ k|z+l;t_ 5 . åGå tyf ljb|f]xsf] cj:yfdf cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfdf cfwfl/t of] klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o ;+nUgtf dfgjLo ;/f]sf/af6 k|]l/t lyof] . Ps k|d'v /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfosf ¿kdf /x]sf] dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] Pp6f ;a}eGbf 7"nf] :ynut sfof{no g]kfndf 5, h;n] dfgjclwsf/sf] k|a4{g tyf ko{j]If0f sfo{df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 .

To;}n] dfgjclwsf/ ca /fHosf dfq ;jfn geO{ /fHosf cGt/f{li6«o bfloTj;“u ulx/f] u/L uf“l;g k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf lgdf{tfn] o; s'/fnfO{ dgdf /fVg' h?/L 5 .

g]kfndf clwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gsf] ljsf;

d'n'sL P]gdf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] txut k|0ffnLcGtu{tsf c;dfgtf /x]sf x'gfn] o;nfO{ alxis/0fsf] sfg'gL lnvtsf b[li6n] x]g{] ul/Psf] eP klg o;df s]xL ;'wf/fTds tTj lyP . o;n] lxGb' wd{ Tofu u/L cGo s'g} wd{ ckgfpg kfpg] cy{df JolQmnfO{ wfld{s :jtGqtf lbPsf] lyof] . lxGb'nfO{ cGo wd{sf] cg'ofoL agfpg] sfo{nfO{ eg] o;n] lgif]w u/]sf] lyof] . ;fj{hlgs k|of]hgx¿sf nfluafx]s s/sfksf] >dnfO{ lgif]w u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] …;tL k|yfÚdfly /f]s nufPsf] lyof] oBlk o;af6 pQm k|yf k"0f{¿kn] pGd"ng eg] ePg . clg To;cl3 5"6 lbg] ul/Psf s7f]/ zf/Ll/s ;hfodfly o;n] /f]s nufof] / ;fy} oftgf lbP/ ;fljtL aofg u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ o;n] lgif]w u¥of] .

!($) sf] bzsdf g]kfnL clehft tyf dWod ju{sf dflg;sf] ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;]gfgLx¿;“u ;Dks{ ePkl5 / clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfnfO{ 7"nf] dxTj lbg] nf]stflGqs /fHo b]v]/ ljb]zaf6 uf]vf{nL l;kfxL 3/ kmls{Pkl5 dfgjclwsf/sf] cfw'lgs cfGbf]ng ;'? eof] . /f0fftGqsf k|wfgdGqL kb\d zdz]/n] 3/]n' / ljb]zL bafadf k/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] P]g !($* gfds ;+ljwfg cl3 ;f/] -Tof] g]kfnsf] nflu o; k|sf/sf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg lyof], bf];|f] cWofo x]gf]{;\_ . pQm ;+ljwfgsf] cfzo -wf/f !_ d"ne"t nf]stflGqs :jtGqtfx¿ cyf{t\ …j}olQms :jtGqtf, jfs\ :jtGqtf, k|]; :jtGqtf, e]nf x'g] / 5nkmn ug]{ :jtGqtf, k"hfcfhf ug]{ :jtGqtf, sfg'gsf cfufl8 k"0f{ ;dfgtf, ;'ne / zL3| Gofo, ;fj{lqs tyf lgMz'Ns k|fylds lzIff, ;a} jflnunfO{ dtbfgsf] ;fj{lqs tyf ;dfg clwsf/, /fHosf xfn ljBdfg sfg'g tyf kl5 agfOg] sfg'g tyf lgodd'tflas lghL ;DklQsf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/Ú -wf/f $_ k|bfg ug'{ lyof] . kl5 oL clwsf/ nfu" ug{ s]xL ljlzi6 P]gx¿ kfl/t ul/P . tyflk, pQm P]gdf cg]sf}+ uDeL/ vf]6 lyP

83

cyf{t tL clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] c+u gagfOPsf] x'gfn] ltgnfO{ ljut / eljiosf sfg'gsf] dftxt /xg] Joj:yf ul/of] -h;n] ubf{ tL clwsf/ Joy{ x'guP_, tL clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfsf] cEof;dfly cg]s sfg'gL aGb]h yf]kl/P, tL clwsf/sf] pNn+3g;DaGwL ljifo lgwf{/0f ug{] clGtd Goflos k|flwsf/ cbfnt geP/ ;/sf/åf/f u7g ul/Psf] Pp6f lgsfo x'guof] -wf/f %@_, / tL clwsf/nfO{ lbuf] agfpgsf lglDt kof{Kt nf]stflGqs ;'wf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Pg .

tyflk ;+s'lrt ljrf/ ePsf zlQmx¿ log} ;Lldt clwsf/lj?4 v8f eP, ltgn] ;'wf/sf] k|ltsf/ u/], kb\d zdz]/nfO{ ;QfRo"t u/] / ;+ljwfgnfO{ vf/]h u/] . t/, 36gfsf] o; df]8n] k|hftGq tyf clwsf/sf kIfw/ zlQmnfO{ cfGbf]lnt t'Nofof], h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k /f0ff zf;gsf] tVtf plN6of] / zfxj+zLo /fhtGqsf] x}l;ot k'gM:yflkt eof] . To;kl5 /fhf lqe'jgn] !(%! sf] ;+ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ff u/], h;df clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtf;DaGwL Pp6f lj:t[t v08 /x]sf] lyof] -efu @_ . pQm clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfdf sfg'gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtfsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . wd{, hflt, hft, ln+u / hGdynf]sf cfwf/df /fHoåf/f ul/g] lje]bnfO{ lgif]w ul/of] / /fHocGtu{tsf ;]jfdf ;dfg cj;/ lbg] afrf ul/of] . pQm ;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo ljleGg k|sf/sf clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtf -j}olQms :jtGqtf, jfs\ tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtf, zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf, ;+3–;+u7g vf]Ng kfpg] :jtGqtf, g]kfnleq v'nf¿kn] 3'dlkm/ ug]{ tyf a;f]af; ug]{ :jtGqtf, ;DklQ k|fKt ug{] jf TofUg] :jtGqtf / s'g} klg k]zf–Joj;fo ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf_ sf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{ lyof] . pQm ;+ljwfgn] !$ jif{d'lgsf s]6fs]6LnfO{ …s'g} klg sf/vfgf jf vfgL jf cGo vt/fo'Qm sfddfÚ nufpg lgif]w u¥of] -wf/f @!_ . cg]sf}+ k|fjwfgåf/f kmf}hbf/L k'k{Ifsf ;Gbe{df pko'Qm k|lqmofnfO{ ;'lglZrt ul/of] . pQm ;+ljwfgn] ;dtfnfO{ k|a4{g ug{, sfo{ynf]df dfgjLo cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{, ;'Ts]/L labf pknAw u/fpg, j[4j[4f, ckf+u tyf ;dfhsf cGo lgD5/f c+unfO{ /fxtsf] Joj:yf ug{ tyf ;fdflhs Gofo pknAw u/fpg ;fdflhs gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/fnfO{ k|Tofe"t u¥of] . oL clwsf/ tyf gLltsf] th'{df ug]{ sfo{df gjlgld{t ef/tLo ;+ljwfgsf] 7"nf] k|efj k/]sf] lyof] .

!($* sf] ;+ljwfgdf e}m“ !(%! sf] ;+ljwfgdf klg clwsf/k|lt 7"nf] c?lr /x]sf] lyof] . pQm ;+ljwfgdf ef/tdf e}m“ clwsf/ / ;fdflhs gLltaLr lje]b gu/L ltgnfO{ /fHosf gLlt–lgb]{zs l;4fGtcGtu{t /flvPsf] lyof] . o;/L tLdWo] s'g} klg sfg'gL b[li6n] nfu" ul/gof]Uo lyPgg\ . csf]{ s'/f, tL clwsf/l;t aflemg] sfg'gnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;ls“b}gYof] . oBlk ;/sf/ ltgnfO{ …b]zsf] zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/e"t c+uÚsf ¿kdf Jojxf/ ug{ k|lta4 lyof] -wf/f #-@__ . o; k|sf/sf] 5"6ljgf g} tL clwsf/nfO{ …ljBdfg sfg'gÚsf] dftxt /flvPsf] lyof] -To;sf/0f tL clwsf/df s'g} klg pRr zlQm lglxt lyPg_ . cem To;dfly, sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df /fhfsf] s7f]/ lgoGq0f /x]sf] lyof] . tyflk, k|wfg Gofofnosf] :j¿kdf cln ;an Goflos ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof], h;n] ubf{ kl5 uP/ sfo{sf/L txn] To;nfO{ sfo{sf/Laf6 :jtGq agfO{ If]qflwsf/ a9fpg k|of; u¥of] . t/ k|wfg Gofofnon] s]xL ;fx;k"0f{ k}m;nf u/]sf] x'gfn] /fhfn] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL dfWodåf/f Goflos k'g/fjnf]sglj?4 cg]sf}+ sfg'g agfP/ To;sf] If]qflwsf/ s6f}tL u/] . jf:tjdf /fhfn] Psbd} hjfkmb]xL x'g' gkg]{


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u/L sfo{sf/L, ljwflosL tyf Goflos clwsf/ k"0f{¿kn] cfk\mgf] xftdf ln“b} ;jf]{Rr zlQm ag]/ …zfxL lg/+s'ztfsf] huÚ a;fP .#

t/ k]ml/ klg zfxL …:jljj]sLo clwsf/Ú cGtu{t rflnPsf] of] sbdn] hufPsf] cToGt} s8f hglj/f]wsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k k'/fgf] sfg'gåf/f k|wfg GofofnonfO{ ;+j}wflgs If]qflwsf/ tyf To;sf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ g} clGtd lg0f{ox¿ dflgg] clwsf/ k'gM:yflkt eof] . lqkf7Lsf] egfOcg';f/ k'/fgf] sfg'gsf] k'gM:yfkgfkl5 k|wfg GofofwLz xl/k|;fb k|wfgsf] cWoIftfdf /x]sf] k|wfg Gofofnon] sf];]9'+uf¿kL lg0f{ox¿åf/f dfgjclwsf/sf] /Ifs, sfg'gL zf;gsf] /Ifs tyf ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifssf] e"ldsf b[9tf;fy :yflkt u¥of] -k[i7 ##_ . t/ k|wfg Gofofnosf] of] ;kmntfn] hufPsf] zfxL ck|;Ggtfsf] glthf:j¿k sfo{sf/L cfb]zåf/f k|wfg Gofofnosf] sfg'gL cfwf/nfO{ x6fO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] :yfkgf ug]{ sfg'g lgdf{0f ul/of] h;df k|wfg Gofofnosf k|wfg GofofwLzafx]s ;a} GofofwLznfO{ lgo'Qm ul/of] . of] Gofokflnsfsf] kv]6f sf6\g] k|of; lyof] .

t/ ;'wf/sf nflu hf/L /x]sf] bafan] /fhf dx]Gb|nfO{ !(%( sf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ afWo t'Nofof] . !(%( sf] ;+ljwfgdf k|ToIf l;4fGt lyPgg\ t/ o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ clwsf/ cbfntdf nfu" x'g of]Uo lyP . o;n] hLjg / :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/, sfg'gsf cufl8 ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/, ;DklQsf] clwsf/, jfs\ tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf ;fy} ljgf xftxltof/ e]nf x'g] clwsf/, ;+3–;+:yf vf]Ng] clwsf/ / g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf 3'dlkm/ / a;f]af; ug]{ clwsf/ pknAw u/fof] . o;n] wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] 5"6 lbof] t/ Tof] 5"6 ;Lldt tl/sfn] lbOPsf] lyof] -sf/0f Tof] 5"6 k/Dk/fut k|rngdf ;Lldt lyof] / To;n] JolQmnfO{ wd{ kl/jt{g ug{ lgif]w u/]sf] lyof]_ / pQm ;+ljwfgn] /fhtGqnfO{ lxGb' tyf …cfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] cg'ofoLÚdf ;Lldt u/fof] -wf/f !-#__ . pQm ;+ljwfgn] g]kfndf klxnf] k6s clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] Ifltk"lt{sf] lglDt ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k]z ul/g] oflrsfdfk{mt ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] clwsf/ klg lbof] -wf/f (_ . o;cltl/Qm, pQm ;+ljwfg ;jf]{Rr sfg'gsf ¿kdf 3f]lift ePsf] x'“bf -wf/f !_ s'g} klg JolQmn] sfg'gljz]ifsf] j}wtfsf] ;+ljwfgl;t ;+ult xf];\ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] ofrgf ug{;S5 -wf/f %$_ . GofofwLznfO{ lgisfzg ug]{ /fhfsf] clwsf/df c+s'z nufP/ / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿sf] kbfjlw tyf lgo'lQm;DaGwL ;t{nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ cGo k|fjwfgsf] ;+/If0f u/]/ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt tyf To;sf GofofwLzx¿sf] :jtGqtf :yflkt u¥of] .

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lxtÚsf] lglDt agfOPsf] xf] egL sfg'gåf/f pNn]v ePsf] v08df cbfntx¿n] To;sf ;Ldfsf] j}wtfsf] hf“r ug{ klg ;Sb}gy] . o;sf] k|efjsf/L cy{ s] x'GYof] eg] s'g} clwsf/ s]–slt dfqfdf pknAw x'g] xf] ;f] s'/f k"0f{tM /fhfsf] OR5fdf lge{/ uYof]{ . /fhfn] of] lgif]wsf] Jofks¿kn] k|of]u u/L emg} bdgsf/L sfg'g agfP .

!(^@ sf] k~rfotL ;+ljwfg klxn]sf ;+ljwfgx¿df ul/Psf] /fhgLlts k|ultsf] lbzfeGbf cs}{ lbzftkm{ pGd'v eof] .% tyflk, To;df ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf / cbfntx¿åf/f Ifltk"lt{sf] vf]hL ug]{ clwsf/ eg] sfod} /x\of] . pQm ;+ljwfgdf d"ne"t st{Jo;DaGwL wf/0ff k|:t't ul/of] h;dWo] æ/fi6«k|lt ;dk{0f / /fHok|lt akmfbf/LÆnfO{ hf]8 lbOof] -wf/f (_ . o;n] lbPsf clwsf/dWo] hLjg / :jtGqtf tyf pko'Qm sfg'gL k|lqmofsf] clwsf/, sfg'gåf/f ;dfg¿kn] ;+/If0f kfpg] clwsf/, ;fljssf clwsf/ / ;fljssf :jtGqtf -jfs\ :jtGqtf cflb / ;DklQsf] :jtGqtf, h'g :jtGqtf k/Dk/fut y]uf];dfg lyP_, tyf wfld{s :jtGqtf;DaGwL aGb]hsf/L ;+:s/0f cflb k/]sf lyP . cl3Nnf] ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf clwsf/sf ;Ldf;DaGwL Jofks cfwf/nfO{ sfod /flvof] -h;df ægfafns jf dlxnfsf lxtÆ eGg] jfSof+z ylkof]_ . k~rfotL x}sdsfndf -;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf_ clwsf/af6 5"6 eGg] ;"qnfO{ 3';fpg] cfd rng aGof] / o;k|sf/ ;a} sfg'gdf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgnfO{ alxisf/ u/L clwsf+z clwsf/nfO{ lgif]w ul/of] .

…Jofks /fli6«o b[li6sf]0f c“ufn]/ ljleGg ju{sf lxtdf ;fd~h:o sfod ub}{ …k|hftflGqs, Gofok"0f{, ultzLn tyf zf]if0fd'Qm ;dfhÚsf] lgdf{0f u/L …hgsNof0fÚdf ;dlk{t x'g] jr{ZjzfnL nIosf] clwg:y /xg] u/L k~rfot Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{df lgb]{zs l;4fGt -nfu" gu/] klg x'g]_ sf] th'{df ul/of] -wf/f !(_ .

klxnf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 lgdf{0f ePsf] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm …g]kfnsf] k|To]s gful/ssf d"ne"t dfgjclwsf/Úsf] k|Tofe"lt u/L …sfg'gsf] zf;g;DaGwL wf/0ffnfO{ hLljt oyfy{df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{Ú -k|:tfjgf_ /x]sf] lyof] . ck]Iff ul/Pe}m“ !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf tyf ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs sfod /flvof] . o;df lgb]{zs l;4fGt / df}lns clwsf/sf] e]b 5'6\ofOof] . df}lns clwsf/df ;dfgtf, jfs\ :jtGqtfh:tf clwsf/ ;d]l6P -oBlk k|To]s clwsf/nfO{ s'l07t t'Nofpg] ljz]if cfwf/x¿ k|:t't u/]/ o;cl3sf ;+ljwfgdf h:t} 5"6x¿ ;dfj]z ul/P_ . o; ;+ljwfgdf 5fkfvfgf tyf k|sfzg;DaGwL Pp6f 5'§} wf/f -wf/f !#_ sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL lj:t[t k|fjwfg k/]sf lyP -h'g To;cl3sf ;+ljwfgdf eGbf ljlzi6¿kn] km/s lyPg_ . o;df ;"rgfsf] clwsf/, efiff, lnlk tyf lzIffsf ;Gbe{df ;fd'bflos ;+:s[ltsf] clwsf/, uf]Kotfsf] clwsf/ / d[To'b08sf] pGd"ng;DaGwL clwsf/ u/L rf/j6f gof“ clwsf/ th'{df ul/Psf] lyof] .

% cfk\mgf] k':ts kf]lnl6S; ckm g]kfn -!((#_, k[i7 @^!, df clg?b u'Ktf n]V5g\, ‘!(^@ sf] ;+ljwfgn] lg/+s'z Joj:yfdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] k|To]s /fhgLlts clwsf/ /fhfdf lglxt u/fpg vf]Hof] .’


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/fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿ -oL b'O{sf] leGgtf plt :ki6 lyPg_ cGtu{t cg]sf}+ p2]Zo ;d]l6Psf lyP . o;cl3sf ;+ljwfgdf lglb{i6 ul/Psf nIosf cltl/Qm o; ;+ljwfgdf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s clwsf/ / cfly{s k|lqmof Pj+ ;+:yfdfly :ki6¿kn] hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . o;df …;a}nfO{ Gofo ;'ne u/fpgÚ -wf/f @^-!$__ cflbjf;L ;d'bfosf nflu sfg'gL ;xfotf;DaGwL ljlzi6 k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm k|fjwfg sfg'gsf] zf;g, Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf tyf sfg'gL k|lqmofdfly hf]8 lbg] l;4fGtcg'¿k lyof] .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfg To;cl3sf b'O{ ;+ljwfgeGbf plt w]/} km/s geP klg o;sf] ;Ldf;DaGwL cfwf/sf] eg] cln a9L ;fjwfgL;fy JofVof ul/Psf] lyof] . ;an k|hftflGqs ;+:yfx¿ / :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'gfn] sfg'gsf] zf;g nfu" ug]{ ;+oGq / cfd jftfj/0f cln ;an ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;+ljwfgn] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug]{ JolQmsf cg'lrt jf e|i6 Jojxf/af6 x'g] clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u;DaGwL lqmofsnfkaf/] ph'/L lnO{ ltgsf] 5fglag ug]{ :jtGq cfof]usf ¿kdf Pp6f gof“ lgsfosf] :yfkgf u¥of] . clVtof/sf] lgikIf cEof; tyf hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ cGo :jtGq lgsfosf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ;+ljwfgdf k|hftGq tyf clwsf/sf] k|a4{g ug]{ ;Defjgf To;cl3sf ;+ljwfgdf eGbf a9L cfzfhgs lyP . y'k|} of]Uo GofofwLzx¿ h'6fP/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] x}l;ot tyf clwsf/ :yflkt ul/of] . t/ ;+ljwfgcGtu{t sfo{ ug]{ k|hftGqn] vf; u/]/ ;fdflhs Gofo jf clwsf/ lgIf]k0fh:tf cGo p2]Zosf] kl/k"lt{ u/]g .

;+qmd0fsfnLg ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ / bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngsf nIox¿nfO{ k|ltljlDat ug{] Wo]on] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ul/Psf] xf] . o; cy{df cGtl/d ;+ljwfg !(() sf] ;+ljwfg -h;df d'Votof k|hftGqdfly hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof]_ eGbf km/s 5 lsgeg] of] ;+ljwfg /fHo / ;dfhsf] k'gM;+/rgfdfkm{t ;fdflhs tyf hghftLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ug]{, /rgfTds¿kn] ljljwtfsf] klxrfg ug]{ / ;fdflhs Gofosf] :yfkgf ug]{ d"ne"t nIotk{m pGd'v 5 . cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm of] pGd'vLs/0fdf df}lns clwsf/ tyf lgb]{zs l;4fGt;DaGwL dfGotf k|ltljlDat ePsf] 5 . o;df cGtlg{lxt clwsf/;DaGwL cGj]if0fsf/L ljz]iftf o;k|sf/ 5g\ M -s_ 5'jf5't / hftLo e]befjnfO{ Jofks¿kn] lgif]w ug]{ ;an Joj:yf, -v_ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfox¿sf] ;'/Iff tyf ;fdflhs Gofo;DaGwL clwsf/sf] Joj:yf, -u_ lgD5/f ;d"x -dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf_ sf clwsf/sf] Joj:yf, -3_ >d;DaGwL clwsf/sf] Joj:yf / -ª_ oftgfnfO{ lgif]w ug]{ Joj:yf .

tyflk, hgcfGbf]ngsf] sfo{;"rL log} lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLltdf a9L :ki6¿kn] cleJoQm ePsf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcg';f/ …/fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs tyf k|ultzLnÚ 9+un] ul/g h?/L 5 -wf/f #-3__ . of] sfo{ ;+3Lotf tyf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGtnfO{ nfu" u/L ;f/e"t ¿kn] ul/g]5 . a9L kl/lrt ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfox¿dfq geO{ >lds, ls;fg, ckf+u tyf sd}of;d]tsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs x}l;otsf] pTyfg ug'{ o; ;+ljwfgsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ p2]Zo xf] . of] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ cf/If0f / ljz]if ;xof]usf cGo :j¿ksf] cjnDag ug{ ;lsg]5 . ;/sf/df vf; u/]/ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L / ef]hg;DaGwL gful/s

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clwsf/sf] kl/k"lt{ ug{] cfd bfloTj lglxt 5 . oL s'/f clwsf/eGbf klg gLlth:tf b]lvg] x'gfn] logsf pkef]Qmfn] logsf] kl/k"lt{ gePsf] v08df sfg'gL Ifltk"lt{sf] ;xf/f lng kfpg] Joj:yf 5}g -oBlk wf/f @! n] ;LdfGts[t ;dbfonfO{ ;dfg'kfltstfsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . wf/f !& n] dft[efiffdf k|fylds lzIff ;fy} dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, / wf/f !# n] ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf nflu ljz]if sbdsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/sf] 5 ._

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL g]kfnsf] k|lta4tf

g]kfnn] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cg]sf}+ ;lGwx¿df x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo lje]bsf] pGd"ng;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwafx]s -h;df g]kfnn] !(&! df x:tfIf/ u/]sf] lyof]_ c¿ ;a} ;lGwx¿df !(() sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgfkl5 dfq x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] xf] . b'O{j6f k|d'v k|;+ljbf tyf ;lGwkqx¿sf] cltl/Qm g]kfn oftgflj/f]wL dxf;lGw, dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lje]bsf] lgd'{ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw, afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw -/ j]Zofj[lQ / /ltlqmofTds lkmNdsf nflu afnaflnsfsf] Jofkf/lj/f]wL ;lGwkq_ tyf xfn} x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] cflbjf;L tyf sljnf k|hfltsf dflg;l;t ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGwdf cg'alGwt 5 . t/ olt x'“bfx'“b} klg lgs} dxTjk"0f{ ;lGwx¿ 5'6]sf 5g\ . ;lGw;DaGwL lgsfo;dIf l/kf]6{ k]z ug]{ sfo{df g]kfnsf] /]s8{ 6fn6'n] vfnsf] 5 . of] /]s8{ y'k|} b]zsf] eGbf lgZro g} /fd|f] eP klg dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ tyf Jofks pNn+3gnfO{ lnP/ dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{noåf/f g]kfnsf] lgs} rsf]{ cfnf]rgf x'“b} cfPsf] 5 .

lgisif{

/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o bafadf k/]kl5 dfq g]kfn /fHon] clwsf/nfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ u/]sf] x'gfn] dfgjclwsf/ tyf :jtGqtf k|fKt ug{ g]kfnLn] s8f ;+3if{ ug'{k/]sf] 5 . t/ !($* / @))& sf ;+ljwfgx¿sf] bf“hf]df clwsf/x¿ qmdzM Jofks / uxg x'“b} uPsf] s'/f :ki6 5 . clwsf/ lg/Gt/¿kn] a9L dfqfdf nfu" ul/gof]Uo x'“b}5g\, xfn clwsf/sf] ;+/Ifssf ¿kdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] x}l;ot :yflkt ePsf] 5, / /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] clwsf/sf] k|a4{gsf nflu yk pkfo pknAw u/fpg yfn]sf] 5 .

gsf/fTds kIfsf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s clwsf/nfO{ d'Votof pRr k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5}g / oL clwsf/x¿ nfu" ul/gof]Uo 5}gg\ . Pskl5 csf]{ ;+ljwfgn] gful/ssf clwsf/nfO{ lgif]w u/]sf 5g\ oBlk clxn] cfP/ …;a} gful/sÚnfO{ cg]sf}+ clwsf/ lbOPsf 5g\ . clwsf+z cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ce}m klg lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] bfo/fdf k/]sf x'gfn] tL nfu" ul/gof]Uo 5}gg\ . dfly cf}+NofOPsf tl/sfsf cfwf/df clwsf/dfly sfg'gL ;Ldf yf]kg{ ce}m klg lgs} ;lhnf] 5 . ce}m klg JolQmut clwsf/dfly -nfdf] ;do g]kfndf a;f]af; ul/;s]sf dflg;nfO{ gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ufx|f] eO/x]sf] x'gfn] vf; u/]/ gful/s clwsf/dfly hf]8 lbg] ul/G5_ . ;+ljwfgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg


s Gofos

f] 9fFrfsf] ¿

kdf dfgjclws

f/

88

ubf{ g]kfnsf] ljljwtfnfO{ 7f]; zAbdf ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfo{df lgs} g} cfgfsfgL ul/Psf] b]lvG5 -oBlk cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] o; lbzfdf s]xL km8\sf] df/]sf] 5_ .

;+ljwfg;efn] g]kfnsf cg]s ;d'bfosf] ul/dfsf] efjgf tyf cfsf+IffnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ clwsf/;DaGwL ljw]ossf] th'{df ug'{kg]{ 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{5 . cGo rf/ cWofodf o; d'2fsf] k/LIf0f ul/g]5 .

89

90

&cWofo &cWofo

91

& /fi6«–/fHo / o;sf cfnf]rs

bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 dfgjclwsf/df ePsf] ljsf; /fi6«–/fHosf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t lyof] . …/fi6«–/fHoÚ eGg] kbfjnLn] s'g} /fi6«;Fu s'g} /fHosf] If]qLo lx;fan] ;+;/0f ePsf] l:yltnfO{ hgfpF5 h'g /fHosf ;b:ox¿ ;femf eljiok|ltsf] k|lta4tf / P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts ;DaGwåf/f PsLs[t ePsf x'G5g\ . /fi6«–/fHodf clwsf/ / st{Josf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ gful/stf x'G5 . ;Dk"0f{ gful/sx¿ sfg'gsf] gh/df ;dfg x'G5g\ / ;a}n] ;dfg clwsf/ pkef]u u5{g\ . hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf /fHodfkm{t cleJoQm ul/Psf] x'G5 . /fHon] sfg'gx¿sf] ;femf k|0ffnL Joj:yf u5{, Gofosf] nflu ;+oGq agfpF5, dtbfg / lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/L lbg] nf]stflGqs clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub{5 / JolQmsf cGo clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ub{5 . /fHon] an k|of]udflysf] Psflwsf/åf/f sfg'gsf] kfngf tyf zflGt–;'Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ub{5 . gful/ssf eflifs, wfld{s, / ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw / ;d'bfosf] ;b:otf p;sf] /fHo;Fusf] ;DaGweGbf cnu ljifo x'g\ . ;f+:s[lts k[ystf -h;nfO{ /fi6«–/fHodf uDeL/ ljifo dflgFb}g_ eg] JolQmut If]q jf gful/s ;dfhdf cleJoQm x'G5 .

xfn}sf b;sdf cGoqh:t} g]kfndf klg /fi6«–/fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ g} r'gf}tL lbg] u/L lgs} k|xf/ ePsf] kfOG5 . cfh s'g} klg /fi6«sf] ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, eflifs cyjf P]ltxfl;s Ps¿ktf kfOFb}g . /fi6«–/fHodf cfwfl/t Joj:yfdfly Jojxf/df ax'dtsf] ;f+:s[lts cyjf eflifs ljz]ifflwsf/ xfjL x'g yfN5 eg] /fHon] t6:ytf ckgfpg] gLlt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cGo ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;LdfGts[t ub{5 . slxn]sfxLF klxrfgsf ;jfndf k|xf/ ul/G5 h'g cfhef]ln k|rlnt kbfjnL g} ePsf] 5 . tyfslyt /fi6«–/fHodf cNk;+Vosn] ;f+:s[lts / P]ltxfl;s cyjf klxrfgsf cfwf/df plrt :jLs[lt kfpFb}gg\ / of] :jLs[ltsf] cefj ltgLx¿nfO{ ckx]lnt ug]{ s'/f x'G5 . ha of] k|xf/n] dgf]j}1flgs cfwf/df xflg k'¥ofpF5, ta pQm ;d'bfo

ljljwtf, clwsf/ / Pstf

92

kLl8t x'G5 . cNk;+Vossf] ;LdfGtLs/0fn] cGo :j¿k klg lnG5 M /fHosf lgsfox¿af6 alxis/0f cyjf Go"g k|ltlglwTj, cfly{s ;jfnx¿df ;Lldt cj;/x¿, ;fdflhs e]befj, j}wflgs k|0ffnLdfly kx'Frsf] cefj / hLjgsf cGo kIfx¿df Gofosf] c:jLs[lt . o;k|sf/sf k|xf/x¿sf] pNn]Vo c+z dfgjclwsf/sf ;jfndf cleJoQm ePsf 5g\ . cNk;+Vos / cGo ;'ljwfljxLg ;d'bfox¿n] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/dfly hf]8 lbG5g\ -h:tf], gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/dfly cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkqsf] wf/f @%_, h'g /fHosf lgsfox¿df tL ;d'bfosf] cnu k|ltlglwTj geP;Dd ;Dej x'Fb}g . -cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/dfly cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkqdf Uof/]G6L ul/Ph:tf]_ hLjgsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿df kx'Fr geP;Dd cyjf ljz]if pkfo gckgfOP;Dd tL ;d'bfosf] P]ltxfl;s cyjf ;f+:s[lts e]befj / cGofo cGTo ug{ ;lsFb}g . tL ;d'bfox¿n] ltgsf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] ljb]zL efiff l;Sg'kg]{ x'Fbf z}lIfs k|0ffnLåf/f ltgLx¿sf] ;+:s[lt hf]lvddf k/]sf] bfaL u5{g\ . /, /fHosf] sfdsf/afxL cs}{ efiffdf ul/gfn] ltgLx¿sf] efiff yk ;LdfGts[t ePsf] 5 eg] ltgLx¿sf] cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs ck]Iffx¿ -cflwsfl/s efiffdf ltgLx¿sf] kof{Kt bvn gx'gfn]_ hf]lvddf k/]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿n] oL ;a} s'/f ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] pNn+3g xf] eGg] bfaL u5{g\ .

slxn]sfxLF ;'ljwfljxLg ;d'bfox¿n] cfkm\gf bfaLx¿nfO{ d'vl/t ug{ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] cfjfh 3GsfpF5g\ . cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ Pp6f hl6n cjwf/0ff xf], / kl5Nnf] cw{–ztfAbLdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf o;sf] cy{ s]xL kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 -of] zLif{sdf lj:t[t rrf{ gjf}+ cWofodf ul/Psf] 5_ .

JolQm / gful/s;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf/dflysf] r'gf}tL ;d"x cyjf ;fd"lxs clwsf/sf] txdf /x]/ x]l/GYof] M :jfoQtf / efiffsf] clwsf/, ljz]if sbd -…;sf/fTds sfo{Ú cyjf …;+/If0fÚ_, leGg lgjf{rg sfg'gx¿, ;/sf/df k|ltlglwTj / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿df ;dfg'kfltstf . oL ;jfnx¿df, lglZrt ;d'bfosf] bfaLnfO{ k|wfgtf lbFb} gful/stfsf] ;dfg clwsf/nfO{ alnbfg lbg'kg]{ x'GYof] . ;fd"lxs clwsf/sf] dfGotf a9\b} uO/x]sf]df, ;f] s'/f bfz{lgs txdf dfq geP/ ef}lts txdf klg uDeL/ ¿kn] ljjflbt / lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ /x]sf] 5, lsgeg] of] ;jfn;Fu ;|f]tx¿sf] ljt/0f / nfe ufFl;Psf] 5 . s;}n] s] eG5g\ eg], olb k|r"/ ;fd"lxs clwsf/sf] k|fjwfg ePdf /fli6«o lxt s'l07t x'G5 / /fli6«o Pstf hf]lvddf k5{ . cGon] cNk;+VosnfO{ nfe k'Ug] u/L ;d"x clwsf/sf] k|fjwfg gul/Fbf;Dd ltgLx¿n] lj/f]w ul//xg]5g\ / /fHoaf6 cnlUug] k|oTg ul//xg]5g\ eG5g\ . cem} cGo dflg;x¿n] /fli6«o / ;d"x klxrfgsf] :jLs[lt x'g]u/L JolQmut / ;fd"lxs clwsf/x¿ lgikIf ¿kn] ;Gt'lnt u/fOg'k5{ eG5g\ . lsgeg] o;/L dfq /fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;+/lIft / dha't agfpg ;lsG5 .

;LdfGts[t ;d'bfox¿n] /fHosf lgsfox¿df Jofks k|ltlglwTj vf]lh/x]sf x'Fbf / ltgLx¿sf] efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] klxrfg xf];\ eGg] dfu ul//x]sf x'Fbf g]kfnn] of] ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf] 5 . of] cWofon] g]kfnL hgtfx¿sf] ljljwtf, s]xL ;d'bfox¿ ;LdfGts[t x'Fb} uPsf r/0f /

ltgLx¿sf] pGgltsf nflu s] ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df rrf{ ug]{5 .

93

g]kfnsf] ljljwtf

hftLo, ;f+:s[lts / eflifs ljljwtf Pp6f /fi6«sf ¿kdf g]kfnsf] ;jf{lws rfl/lqs ljz]iftf xf] . g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ ;d'bfox¿sf] ;fdflhs / hftLo pb\ej leGg–leGg /x]sf] 5 . km/flsnf] wf/0ffcg';f/ eGg] xf] eg], g]kfnsf hgtfnfO{ hftLo pb\ejsf lx;fan] cfo{ g]kfnL, ltAatL–d+uf]n g]kfnL / cflbjf;L g]kfnL u/L tLgj6f d'Vo ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] ;d"x — h;df kxf8L / t/fO{ If]qsf a|fXd0f, If]qL, 7s'/L / blntx¿ k5{g\ — n] tNnf] kxf8L If]qsf] clws pa{/ e"ld, gbL lsgf/sf pkTosf / t/fO{sf] ;dy/ d}bfg cf]u6]sf 5g\ . bf];|f] d'Vo ;d"x — h;df ltAatL–d+uf]n pb\ejsf ;d'bfox¿ kb{5g\ — n] klZrdb]lv k"j{sf pRr kxf8L Onfsfx¿ cf]u6]sf 5g\ . cflbjf;L ;d'bfocGtu{t yf?, lwdfn, r]kfª, af]6], ;Gyfn / /fp6] kb{5g\ . kxf8L hfltx¿ s'n hg;+Vofsf] em08} $) k|ltzt 5g\, hftLoafx]ssf t/fO{af;L em08} #) k|ltzt 5g\ / hftLo ;d"x @% k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . k|fl1s zf]wstf{x¿n] g]kfnL hg;+VofnfO{ kfFr a[xt\ ;f+:s[lts ;d"xdf ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ M s_ hftLo pb\ejcg';f/sf lxGb' ;d"xÙ v_ g]jf/Ù u_ hghfltÙ 3_ d'l:nd / ª_ cGo . lglZrt hftLo ;d"xx¿sf] zlQmdflysf] Psflwsf/ ljut b'O{ ;o jif{sf] HjnGt ljz]iftf ePsf] 5 . lg/+s'z / ;jf{lwsf/;DkGg zfx /fhtGq / ;Fu;Fu} ;Qf x8k]sf d'7\7Le/ /f0ffx¿sf] zf;gn] /fHosf] :j¿knfO{ ;fdGtLs/0f ug{ d'Vo e"ldsf v]Nof] . oL b'j}sf] zf;g;Qfn] …hfltdf cfwfl/tÚ ;+/rgfnfO{ ;fdflhs lgodg / Joj:yfkgsf] dfWod agfP . hftLo k|yf l;4fGttM !(^$ df pGd"ng ul/P klg of] k|yfn] cBflk ;fdflhs ;DaGw, /fhgLlt / /fHo;+oGqsf] cfwf/ agfPsf] 5 . !(%! sf] cfGbf]ngkl5 hf/L ul/Psf s'g} klg ;+ljwfgn] hftLo cfwf/df sfod /x]sf] alxis/0fsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]gg\ .

;fdflhs ;+/rgf

cfo{ g]kfnL ;d"xcGtu{t kg]{ a|fXd0f / pRr >]0fLsf dflgg] 7s'/L, /fhk't / If]qLx¿n] /fi6«nfO{ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / cfly{s ¿kn] lgoGq0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . blnt ;d'bfo cfo{ eP klg ;fdflhs ¿kn] lt/:s[t, /fhgLlts ¿kn] alxis[t / cfly{s ¿kn] jl~rt kfl/Psf 5g\ . ^! j6f hghflt ;d'bfox¿ /fhgLlts ¿kn] alxis[t 5g\ . cflbjf;L hghflt / cNk;+Vos eg]/ lrlgg] bf];|f] / t];|f] ;d"xx¿ /fhgLlts ¿kn] alxis[t 5g\ . g]kfndf em08} Ps ;o hft–hftLo ;d"x 5g\ .

@))! sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfndf (@ efiff dft[efiffsf] ¿kdf af]lnG5g\ . efiff / ;+:s[lt cleGg ¿kn] hf]l8Psf ljifo ePsf x'Fbf / Psn] csf]{nfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ x'Fbf zf;g k|0ffnL / ljsf;df ;Dk"0f{ ;+:s[lt / efiffx¿ k|ltljlDat ePsf] x'g'k5{ . oBlk, g]kfnL efiffnfO{ Ps dfq ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] cflwsfl/s efiff dflgPsf] x'gfn] cGo efiffx¿ alxis[t x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . o;k|sf/, hg;+Vofsf] ljzfn lx:;fn] /fHok|bQ cj;/ / ;]jfsf] nfe lng ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .

ljljwtf, clws

f/ / Pstf

94

clwsf+z hgtf lxGb' cyjf af}4 ePsf x'Fbf cyjf b'j} wd{sf] ;femf dfGotfdf cf:yfjfg\ /xg] x'Fbf g]kfnL hg;+Vofdf cGo wfld{s ;d"x klg ;dflji6 5g\ . @))! sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/, lxGb'x¿ s'n hg;+Vofsf] *^=% k|ltzt, af}4x¿ &=&* k|ltzt / d'l:ndx¿ #=#% k|ltzt 5g\ . hg;+Vofsf] Pp6f ;fgf] lx:;f cflbd hflt / k|s[ltjfbL 5g\ . af}4, d'l:nd cyjf lqml:rogcGtu{t gkg]{ ;a}nfO{ ;f]nf]8f]nf] ¿kdf lxGb' eg]/ unt juL{s/0f ul/Psf] x'Fbf oL hghfltsf] klxrfg hf]lvddf k/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cfkm\g} wfld{s /Lltlyltx¿ ePsf hghflt -cflbjf;L ;d'bfox¿_ h:t} du/ -s'n hg;+Vofsf] &=!$ k|ltzt_, yf?x¿ -^=&% k|ltzt_, lnDa"x¿ -!=%* k|ltzt_ / /fO{x¿ -#=($ k|ltzt_ nfO{ lxGb' eg]/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . af}4 / hftLo ;d"x;d]t oL ;d'bfox¿n] lxGb' cf:yfeGbf leGg hg;+Vofsf] pNn]Vo lx:;f lgdf{0f u5{g\ . kxf8L a|fXd0f, If]qL / 7s'/Lx¿ d'Vo lxGb' ;d"x x'g\ . logn] s'n hg;+Vofsf] em08} #) k|ltzt cf]u6\5g\ . t/fO{sf] hg;+Vofdf klg clwsf+z lxGb' 5g\ oBlk t/fO{df d'l:nd ;d"xx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ .

alxis/0fsf] k|s[lt / ;Ldf

cflbjf;L, blnt / hftLo ;d"xx¿sf] alxis/0f g]kfnsf] uDeL/ ;d:of xf] . ;+ljwfg / sfg'gx¿n] g} ltgLx¿sf] alxis/0fnfO{ ;+:yfut agfPsf] 5 . tnsf ;d"xx¿ alxis/0faf6 k|efljt 5g\ M

s0ff{nL c~rnsf hgtf M s0ff{nL c~rn g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf b'u{d / k'Ug sl7g efu xf] . b'?x / cUnf lxdfnx¿n] el/Psf] of] c~rndf v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] dfqf cToGt ;Lldt 5 . o;sf dflyNnf kxf8x¿ jif{sf] clwsf+z ;do lxpFn] k'l/Psf x'G5g\, / oL kxf8x¿df pTkfbsTj Hofb} ;Lldt x'G5 . ;Dk"0f{ c~rn lg/If/tf, c1fgtf, ul/aL, / uDeL/ :jf:Yo ;d:ofn] kLl8t 5 . cfhko{Gt ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/x¿n] b]zsf] of] e"–efusf] pk]Iff u/]sf 5g\ . To;sf/0f, of] c~rnsf] ;d:of ef}uf]lns alxis/0fsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

blnt M k':tf}+b]lv ;fdflhs ¿kn] b'Jo{jxf/ ul/Psf blnt ;d'bfo !# b]lv @) k|ltzt hg;+Vofsf] xf/fxf/L 5 . blnt ;d'bfosf] alxis/0f ;fdflhs–cfly{s, /fhgLlts / dgf]j}1flgs ;d:of xf] .

cflbjf;L ;d'bfox¿ M cflbjf;L ;d'bfox¿ s'n hg;+Vofsf] $) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/L 5g\ . s}of}+ cflbjf;Lx¿ cfhef]ln cfkm\gf] yftynf]af6 lj:yflkt kfl/Psf 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] ;f+:s[lts / eflifs klxrfg hf]lvddf k/]sf] 5 .

hftLo ;d"xx¿ M em08} tL;j6f ;;fgf hftLo ;d"xx¿ ;fdflhs / cfly{s ¿kn] Hofb} lk5l8Psf 5g\ . ltgLx¿ ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;sf lx;fan] ;jf{lws ;'ljwfjl~rt hg;+Vof x'g\ . ltgLx¿sf] hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f e"ldxLg, a]/f]huf/ / dtflwsflaxLg /x]sf] 5 . /fhgLltdf ltgLx¿sf] pkl:ylt z"Goa/fa/ 5 .

95

s[i0f xf5]y'sf] ck|sflzt sfo{kqaf6 ;fef/ ul/Psf tnsf b'O{j6f tflnsfn] ef}uf]lns ¿kn] hgsNof0f / ;xeflutfsf lx;fan] k|e'Tjdf /x]sf] ;d"x / ;LdfGts[t ;d"xaLrsf] c;dfgtf b]vfpF5 . t/ oL cfFs8fx¿n] dfq} ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿n] ef]Ub} cfPsf] ckdfg, c;xfokgf, la/fgf]kg / kL8fx¿ ;d]6\g ;Sb}gg\ .

tflnsf != -s_ hft / hftLotfsf] cfwf/df dfgj ljsf;, !((^

k|e'Tjdf /x]sf] ;d"x ;LdfGts[t ;d"x

a|f≈d0f If]qL g]jf/ dw];L hghflt blnt g]kfn

! ;/b/ cfo' ^)=* %^=)# ^@=@ %*=$ %#=) %)=# %%=)

@ k|f}9 ;fIf/tf b/ % -k|ltzt_ %*=)) $@=)) %$=*) @&=%) #%=@) @#=*) #^=@&

# lzIffsf] ;'ljwf kfpg] jif{ $=$^$& @=&*^ $=#&) !=&)) @=)@! !=@@* @=@%$

$ k|ltJolQm cfDbfgL -g]?_ ((@! &&$$ !!(%# ^(!! ^^)& $($) &^&#

% k|ltJolQm qmozlQm ;db/ -cd]l/sL 8n/_

!%## !!(& !*$* !)^* !)@! &^$ !!*^

^ ;/b/ cfo' ;"rsf+s )=(%& )=%@@ )=^@) )=%%& )=$^& )=$@@ )=%))

& z}lIfs pknlAw ;"rsf+s )=$() )=#$@ )=$^@ )=@@! )=@*) )=!^* )=@(%

* cfDbfgL ;"rsf+s )=@#& )=!*! )=@*( )=!^) )=!%@ )=!!) )=!&(

( dfgjljsf; ;"rsf+s )=$$! )=#$* )=$%& )=#!# )=@(( )=@#( )=#@%

!) dfgjljsf; ;"rsf+s;Fusf] cg'kft Ö !)) !#%=*& !)&=#! !$)=&# (^=@* (@=@! &#=^@ !))=))

;|f]t M g]kfn blIf0f Pl;of s]Gb| . !((* . g]kfn M dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg !((* . sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn blIf0f Pl;of s]Gb| .

tflnsf @= -v_ zf;gk|0ffnLsf] PsLs[t /fli6«o ;"rsf+s, !(((


a|f≈d0f / If]qL

g]jf/ dw];L hghflt blnt cGo s'n

! cbfnt && !#=^ &=^ !=& ) ) @#%

@ ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ %^ @$ !@ @=* ) ) @%

# dlGqkl/ifb\ ^@=% (=$ !%=^ !@=% ) ) #@

$ ;+;b\ ^) &=^ !&=$ !#=^ !=% ) @^%

% ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g &&=^ !&=^ #=& !=@ ) ) @$%

^ kf6L{ g]t[Tj %*=* !)=( !%=* !%=@ ) ) !^%

& g]t[Tj M :yfgLo lgjf{lrt lgsfo %%=% !%=& !^=@ !@ ) ) !(!

* g]t[Tj M jfl0fHo / cf}Bf]lus !^=& $&=^ #%=& ) ) ) $@

( g]t[Tj M z}lIfs If]q &&=# !!=# &=@ @=! ! ! (&

!) g]t[Tj M ;f+:s[lts If]q ^(=! !&=( ) $=( ) ) !@#

!! lj1fg ÷k|ljlw %*=! @( (=& #=@ ) ) ^@

ljljwtf, clws

f/ / Pstf

96

!@ gful/s ;dfh g]t[Tj &%=( !$=* &=$ !=( ) ) %$

s'n ^^=% !%=@ !!=@ &=! )=# !

hg;+Vof μ #!=^ %=^ #)=( @@=@ *=& !

hg;+Vofdf cGt/ μ ±#$=( ±(=^ –!(=& –!%=! –*=$ –!

;|f]t M Gof}kfg], uf]ljGb . @))) . g]kfnsf] hftLo k|Zg . sf7df8f}+ M ;]G6/ km/ 8]enkd]G6 :6l8h .

alxis/0fsf oL ¿kx¿n] lgDg l:ylt cf}++NofpF5g\ M

k|e'Tjdf /x]sf] /fhgLlts clehfTo ju{sf dflg;x¿n] /fHodfly Psflwsf/ sfod

u/]sf 5g\ . cGo ;f+:s[lts / eflifs ;d"xx¿ /fhgLlts k|lqmof / zf;g k|0ffnLdf

;xefuL x'gaf6 jl~rt kfl/Psf 5g\ .

cfd ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g . dlxnf,

cflbjf;L ;d"x, blnt / hftLo ;d"xx¿n] gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{

kfPsf 5}gg\, /fhgLlt, k|zf;lgs If]q / ;]gfdf pRr–hftsf /fhgLlts clehfTo

ju{sf] d'Vo pkl:yltsf sf/0f .

cfly{s / /fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{ …cfwf/e"t jf cTofjZosLo clwsf/Ú sf] ¿kdf

lnOPsf] 5}g . o;/L /fHo …hgtfsf nflu ;Ddfghgs ¿kn] afFRg] cj;/ pknAw

u/fpg] bfloTj ;DxfNgÚ c;kmn ePsf] 5 .

ljleGg ;d'bfox¿sf dfu

;Dk"0f{ ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿n] ;+ljwfg;efdf plrt k|ltlglwTj vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ tfls ltgLx¿n]

ltgsf j}w rf;f]x¿nfO{ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg lbgsf nflu ;Demf}tf ug{ ;s"g\ . -pbfx/0fsf] nflu,

hghfltx¿n] sDtLdf x/]s hghflt ;d'bfosf] Ps hgf k|ltlglw rfx]sf 5g\ eg] dw];Lx¿n]

;dfg'kfltstfdf hf]8 lbO/x]sf 5g\_ . rf}yf] cWofodf elgPh:t}, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ePsf

d'Vo k|fjwfgx¿ ckof{Kt 5g\, / ;fob ;+zf]wgx¿ k"0f{ ¿kn] ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf 5}gg\ . oL

/ cGo dfux¿ s;/L k"/f x'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/;Fu hghflt / dw];Lx¿ ;xdltdf k|j]z

u/]sf 5g\ -;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g x'g'eGbf s]xL klxnf g}_ . ;+ljwfg;efdf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿n]

s:tf k|fjwfgx¿ xfl;n ug]{ ck]Iff u/]sf 5g\ t <

blnt

blntx¿sf nflu lgDg d'2fx¿ gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;Daf]wg ul/g'kg]{ d'Vo d'2f x'g\ .


a|f≈d0f / If]qL

g]jf/ dw];L hghflt blnt cGo s'n

97

cf/If0f

cf/If0f eg]sf] Tof] ;sf/fTds sfo{ xf] h;df s'g} ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ Joj:yflksfdf Go"gtd ;+Vofdf l;6 ;'lglZrt u/fOG5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu, Tof] ;d'bfosf ;b:osf] pDd]bjf/Lsf nflu s]xL lgjf{rg If]qx¿ cf/If0f u/]/_ cyjf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df s]xL sf]6f 5'6\ofP/ klg cf/If0f pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv cGo ;d'bfo;Fu} ljsf; / k|ultdf xft]dfnf] ug{ ;s"g\ eg]/ ef/tn] blnt / cflbjf;LnfO{ cf/If0f pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . /, o:tf] cf/If0f c:yfoL elgPsf] eP klg of] :jtGqtfkl5sf ^) jif{;Dd hf/L /x]sf] 5 . blntx¿n] lghL If]qdf klg cf/If0f rfxG5g\ . lghL If]qsf] /f]huf/L gLlt lje]bo'Qm x'G5 h;n] ubf{ ahf/df ;Lk / sf}znsf] cefj x'G5 . lghL If]qn] ;/sf/af6 6]jf k|fKt ug]{ x'gfn] lghL / ;fj{hlgs If]qaLr cfhef]ln vf;} leGgtf 5}g . lgikIftfsf] cjwf/0ffdf oL sf/sx¿n] skf]{/]6 If]qn] ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿k|lt ;fdflhs bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]{ / ljljwtfnfO{ k|>o lbg'kg]{ tYo phfu/ ub{5g\ .

cf/If0f lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ x'g;S5 lsgeg] Pp6f ;d'bfon] ljutdf ;'ljwfljxLg kfl/Psf] jf ljutdf ul/Psf] cGofosf] Ifltk"lt{sf nflu cf/If0f lbOg'kg]{ 7fGb5 eg] cGon] ;f] ;d'bfonfO{ of]Uotfsf] jf:t} gu/L kIfkftk"0f{ ¿kn] ;'ljwf lbOPsf] / o:tf] sfo{n] k|zf;lgs / cfly{s If]qdf c;/ kg]{ ts{ u5{g\ . s]xLn] cf/If0fn] ;'ljwfljxLgtfnfO{ x6fpFb}g a? e]befjnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbG5 eg]sf 5g\ . s]xLn] cf/If0f lbOg] rng :jo+df cGosf] ;dfg cj;/sf] clwsf/sf] pNn+3g xf] eG5g\ . t/ tYo s] xf] eg], cf/If0f P]ltxfl;s ¿kn] ;dfg cj;/af6 jl~rt kfl/Psfx¿sf] Gofosf lglDt plrt k|lqmof xf] . cf/If0f k|bfg ul/g'sf] p2]Zo jf:tljs ;dfgtf lgdf{0f ug'{ xf], e]befj ;[hgf ug'{ xf]Og, ;'ljwfljxLgnfO{ cj;/ lbP/ ltgLx¿sf] jf:tljs ;DefjgfnfO{ phfu/ ug'{ xf] . cf/If0fn] ljljwtfo'Qm ;d"xx¿aLr dgf]j}1flgs / cflTds PsTjefj sfod ug{, cfk;L ;DaGwsf] efjgf ljsf; ug{ / kIfkft cGTo ug{ d2t u5{ . ef/tLo cg'ejn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg], ;'ljwfljxLgx¿nfO{ d"nwf/df Nofpg / ltgLx¿sf ljrf/x¿ ;'lgg] cj;/ lbgsf nflu cf/If0f Pp6f k|efjsf/L pkfo x'g ;S5 .

5'jf5't / hftLo cfwf/df x'g] e]befjsf] pGd"ng

blntx¿ /fHo cyjf u}/–/fHo If]qdf x'g] u/]sf ;a}vfn] 5'jf5't k|yfsf] pGd"ng rfxG5g\ / of] k|yf b08gLo x'g'k5{ eGg] rfxgf /fV5g\ . 5'jf5't k|yf dfGg nufpg] / o;af6 kLl8t b'j} kIfsf nflu rfl/lqs lx;fan] czf]egLo ljifo xf] . o:tf] k|yfsf] lg/Gt/tf clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff / ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt, nf]stGq, sfg'gsf] zf;g, ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt / dfgjclwsf/sf] lj?4 xf] .

cfly{s–;fdflhs clwsf/

;fdflhs / cfly{s ¿kn] ;aeGbf jl~rt ;d'bfosf ¿kdf blntx¿ ;fdflhs Gofodf ljz]if rf;f] /fVb5g\ . ltgLx¿ cfly{s / ;fdflhs clwsf/nfO{ nfu" ug{ ;lsg] / To;sf]

ljljwtf, clws

f/ / Pstf

98

sfof{Gjogsf nflu Gofofnodf n}hfg ;Sg] clwsf/sf ¿kdf u|x0f ug{ rfxG5g\ -cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf af/]df b;f}+ cWofodf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5_ . gofF ;+ljwfgn] blntx¿sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s clwsf/sf] ;Gbe{ / jf:tljstfnfO{ ckgfpg'k5{ .

hghflt

hghfltsf d'Vo dfux¿ lgDg x'g\ M

;+3Lotf / :jfoQtf

hghfltx¿n] …hftLotf, efiff, ef}uf]lns If]q, cfly{s ;"rsf+s / ;f+:s[lts ljlzi6tfÚ / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf cfwf/df ;+3Lo /fHo rfxG5g\ . slxn]sfxLF ltgLx¿n] Joj:yflksfsf] bf];|f] ;efnfO{ xfp; ckm Gof;glnl6hsf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ul/g'k5{ eGg] u/]sf 5g\ -;+3Lotfsf] ;jfnnfO{ ;f]x|f}+ cWofodf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5_ .

klxrfg

hghfltx¿n] :yfgLo efiffnfO{ g]kfnL efiff;Fu} ;+j}wflgs dfGotf lbOof];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . x/]s JolQmn] cf–cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] ljifodf hfgsf/L vf]Hg / k|fKt ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . ltgLx¿n] cflbjf;L hgtfsf] kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug{ kfpg'kg]{ dfu klg /fv]sf 5g\ . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf of] k|fjwfgdfly k|ltaGw nufOPsf] lyof] . /fHon] hghfltsf k/Dk/fut 1fg, sf}zn, cEof;x¿ / k|ljlwx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug'{k5{ . /fHon] ltgLx¿sf] ;+:s[lt / cEof;x¿nfO{ ;Ddfg u/f];\ eGg] klg ltgLx¿ rfxG5g\ .

k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutf

hghfltx¿n] ;a} ln+u, ju{, If]q / ;d'bfox¿ ltgLx¿sf] hg;+Vofcg';f/ /fHosf lgsfox¿ / /fhgLlts lgsfox¿sf ;a} txdf k|ltlglwTj ul/pmg\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf rf;f]sf ljifodf lg0f{o lnOFbf cfkm";Fu k/fdz{ ul/g] ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/g'kg]{ rfxgf klg /fv]sf 5g\ .

cGt/f{li6«o d"NodfGotfx¿

/fHon] ljz]if u/L cfOPncf] sGe]G;g !^( / cflbjf;L hgtfsf] clwsf/dfly dxf;efsf] 3f]if0ffkq @))& nufot cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw / 3f]if0ffkqx¿df x:tfIf/ u/L ltgnfO{ nfu" ug'{k5{ -cfOPncf] sGe]G;g !^( df g]kfnåf/f @))& d} x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] 5_ .

wd{lg/k]If /fHo

hghfltx¿ /fHo wd{lg/k]If xf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . g]kfn ax'wfld{s d'n's ePsf] x'Fbf /fHon]

99

s'g} Ps wd{nfO{ k|>o lbg' cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs cjwf/0ff / d"Nosf] lvnfkm dfq x'Fb}g, a? To:tf] /fHon] ;fd'bflos / wfld{s ;f}xfb{tfdf klg cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] ltgLx¿ atfpF5g\ .

sd}ofx¿sf] sNof0f

/fHon] d'Qm sd}ofx¿n] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] ;d:ofsf] :yfoL ;dfwfg vf]Hg'k5{ .

e"ld

sd}ofx? cfkm\gf] clwsf+z hldg slyt pRr–hftnfO{ cg'lrt 9+un] lbOPsf] / cfkm"nfO{ e"ldxLg kfl/Psf] jf ;LdfGt e"ld lbOPsf] jf cfkm\gf] k|frLg yftynf]af6 lj:yflkt u/fOPsf] eGg] 7fGb5g\ . ltgLx¿ cfkm\gf] e"lddflysf] clwsf/ :jLs[t x'g'k5{ eGg] rfxG5g\ .

dw];L

dw];Lx¿sf d'Vo dfu lgDg 5g\ M

;+3Lotf / :jfoQtf

dw];Lx¿sf] d'Vo dfu pNn]Vo clwsf/;lxtsf] -…:jfoQtfÚ_ ;+3Lotf xf], h;df ;du| dw]; -cyjf t/fO{_ ;+3Lo /fHosf] Pp6f /fHo xf];\ . oBlk, xfn} of] a'Fbfdf s]xL nrstf b]lvPsf] 5 . ltgLx¿ t/fO{df / cGo cljsl;t If]qdf /fHosf] cfDbfgLsf] ;xL ljt/0f rfxG5g\, h;sf] pNn]Vo lx:;f t/fO{af6 p7\5 . oBlk, dw];L g]t[Tjn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf / cv08tfk|lt k|lta4 /x]sf] k|i6 kf/]sf] 5, / o;af/] lj:t[t lg0f{o ;+ljwfg;efåf/f ug'{kg]{ atfPsf] 5 .

gful/stf

t/fO{sf afl;Gbfn] ;lbof}+b]lv To; If]qdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf] eP klg g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt ug{ -j+zdf cfwfl/t sl7g dfkb08, hGd btf{ k|df0fkqsf] cefj / e"lddfly clwsf/ ePsf] hgfpg] nfnk'hf{sf] cefj, h'g nfnk'hf{ gful/stfa]u/ kfpg ;lsFb}g Û_ sl7gfO em]Ng'k/]sf] 5 . kl/0ffdtM ltgLx¿ s}of}+ clwsf/af6 jl~rt 5g\ . @))^ sf] gf]e]Da/df, t/fO{af;LnfO{ gful/stf kfpg ;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/ pko'{Qm sfg'g kl/jt{g ul/Psf] lyof] / s}of}+ hgtfn] o;sf] kmfObf lnP . t/ s]xL afl;Gbfn] ;dod} ;f] hfgsf/L kfPgg\, ctM To;}u/L bf];|f] r/0fdf gful/stf ljt/0f ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

;dfg'kfltstf

cGo ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿sf] h:t} dw];Lx¿sf] klg /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf, ljz]ifu/L ;}Go If]qdf k|ltlglwTj Go"g 5 . dw];Lx¿n] Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿df ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] dfu u/]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿n] t/fO{df k|zf;lgs If]qsf pRr kbx¿ …:yfgLos/0fÚ ul/g'kg]{ cyf{t\ dw];Lx¿nfO{ lbOg'kg]{ dfu klg /fv]sf 5g\ .

ljljwtf, clws

f/ / Pstf

100

efiff

dw];Lx¿n] /fHosf ;a} sfdsf/afxL g]kfnL efiffdf ul/Psf]k|lt cfklQ hgfPsf 5g\, h;n] ubf{ /fHosf lgo'lQmx¿df dw];Lx¿sf] kx'Fr k'Ug g;s]sf] / ltgLx¿sf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;LdfGts[t u/fOPsf] ltgLx¿sf] egfO 5 . dw];Lx¿ ;/sf/L, Jofkfl/s, z}lIfs / cGt/f{li6«o ;+jfbsf nflu lq–efifLo gLltsf] jsfnt u5{g\ h;df s_ dft[efiff, v_ g]kfnL efiff, / u_ c+u|]hL efiff kb{5g\ . s]xLn] t/fO{sf] Pp6f k|d'v efiff lxGbLnfO{ klg dfGotf lbOg'kg]{ jsfnt u5{g\ .

cNk;+Vos / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/

dw];Lx¿ / ToxfFsf d'l:nd;d]tn] ltgsf] k/Dk/f, efiff / ;+:s[ltn] /fli6«o dfGotf kfpg'k5{ eGg] rfxG5g\ . ltgLx¿n] hft, efiff, ln+u, wd{, ;+:s[lt, /fli6«o / ;fdflhs pb\ej / /fhgLlts tyf cGo cfbz{sf cfwf/df x'g] e]befjsf] cGTo u/L dfgjclwsf/sf] k"0f{ ;'lglZrttf rfxG5g\ . ltgLx¿ ;aeGbf jl~rt kfl/Psf t/fO{–blntsf kIfdf /fHon] ;sf/fTds gLlt ckgfpg'k5{ eGg] rfxG5g\ .

ljljwtf ;dfof]hg

;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿sf] dfu ;f+:s[lts / eflifs ljljwtfsf] :jLs[ltsf nflu dfq /flvPsf xf]Ogg\ . ltgLx¿df /fhgLlts ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] bfaL klg k/]sf] 5, / cfwf/e"t tj/df, oL dfux¿ ;fdflhs Gofosf dfu x'g\ . logdf ;d"xsf clwsf/x¿sf] a[xQ/ :jLs[ltsf ;fy;fy} /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / /fhgLlts clwsf/ / cfly{s ;|f]tx¿sf] k'glj{t/0f klg d'vl/t ePsf 5g\ . ljåfg\ dx]Gb| nfjtLn] log} dfux¿ !(() sf] ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ug]{ cfof]u;dIf klg a'emfOPsf] lyof] t/ Tof] c:jLs[t ePsf] lyof] eGg] sG6]g;; kf]lnl6S; PG8 8]df]qm]6fOh];g Og\ g]kfndf n]v]sf 5g\ . nfjtLsf cGo cfn]vx¿df oL bfaLx¿nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsg] cGo ;+j}wflgs pkfox¿ cf}+NofOPsf] 5 . of] k':tssf ljleGg cWofox¿n] ;+3Lotf, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, kf6L{x¿sf] nf]stfGqLs/0f, cfly{s / ;fdflhs clwsf/, sfo{sf/L k|0ffnL, n}+lus clwsf/, gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/åf/f ;d'bfox¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f / lgikIf gful/stf lgodx¿åf/f oL dfu / bfaL s;/L k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] b]vfpF5g\ .

;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf bfaLx¿nfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;a} :yfgdf d"t{ ¿kdf ;dfof]hg gul/Psf] eP klg Pp6f ljrf/0fLo ;Ldf;Dd :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . clxn] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / n}+lus k|ltlglwTjsf] lbzfdf gLlt cfO;s]sf 5g\Ù /fHonfO{ wd{ lg/k]If 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5Ù ;sf/fTds sfo{ / cf/If0fsf l;4fGtx¿nfO{ :jLs[t ul/Psf] 5 -/ kl5Nnf] ;+zf]wgdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf cf+lzs ¿kn] sfof{Gjog klg ul/Psf] 5_Ù eflifs gLltsf xsdf a[xQ/ nrstf ckgfOPsf] 5Ù gful/stfsf nflu cfjZos of]UotfnfO{ ;xh agfOPsf] 5Ù s]xL cfly{s / /fhgLlts ;fdflhs clwsf/x¿ clxn] sfof{Gjogdf 5g\Ù g]kfnL kl/j]zdf oltv]/ e]befjlj?4 / 5'jf5'tlj?4 ;zQm dfxf]n ag]sf] 5Ù / ;aeGbf d'Vo s'/f t, -oBlk ljifoj:t' lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ eP klg_ ;+3Lotfåf/f /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug'{kg]{ bfloTj /x]sf] 5 .

101

g]kfnsf] efjL lbzf

s] oL kl/jt{gx¿n] -vf;u/L ;+3Lo ;+/rgf ckgfOg'n]_ s]xLn] eGg] u/]h:tf] g]kfnnfO{ ljv08gdf k'¥ofpnfg\ t < s] oL kl/jt{gx¿n] ljleGg ;d'bfoaLrsf] …;f}xfb{ ;DaGwÚnfO{ layf]Nnf t < hftLotfsf] ultzLntf cfsng ug{ sl7g x'G5, t/ s]xL t'ngfTds cGtb[{li6x¿n] s]xL dfu{bz{g lbg ;S5g\ .

g]kfndf sfod /x]sf] c;Gt'li6sf] h/f] ;d'bfox¿ / ltgsf ;b:ox¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts alxis/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . Pp6f JolQm ul/a x'g'df / Pp6f hftLo cNk;+Vos ;d"xsf] ;b:o x'g'df glhssf] ;x;DaGw /x]sf] kfOG5 . cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] klxrfg, cfTd:fDdfg / ;dflhs cled'vLs/0fdf cfpg ;Sg] vt/fnfO{ cf+}NofP/ /fHo k|0ffnL clws ;dfj]zL aGg'k5{ eGg] dfu cufl8 ;fl/P klg s}of}+ hftLo lj/f]wx¿ / ljb|f]xx¿ ;+:s[lt, wd{ cyjf k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu geP/ /fHo / cy{tGqdf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] kx'Frsf] cefjsf sf/0f ePsf kfOG5g\ . o;k|sf/, hftLotf cfkm}df ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts zlQm aG5 / ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ / ;+ul7t ug]{ dfWod aG5 ha ;d'bfosf] g]t[Tjn] /fHosf dfldnfx¿df k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] bfaLnfO{ cufl8 NofpF5g\ .

cfh ljZjel/ g} To:tf bfaLx¿nfO{ k|lt/f]w ug'{ lgs} sl7g kg{ yfn]sf] 5 . o:tf bfaLx¿n] g}lts / j}wflgs l;4fGttM Gofo / cfTd–lg0f{osf] cfwf/df ;dy{g kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] cfGtl/s åGå ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfosf ¿kdf ;/sf/ / ljb|f]xLx¿nfO{ pNn]Vo bafadf /fv]/ /fhgLlts g]tfx¿nfO{ :jfoQ–zf;g cyjf zlQm ;fem]bf/Ldf ;xdt x'g cfu|x ub{5 . cfGtl/s åGåx¿ cS;/ lglZrt ;d'bfon] cg'e"lt u/]sf] ulx/f] cfqmf]zsf sf/0f a9\b} hfg] x'Fbf / cGt/f{li6«o / If]qLo ahf/df c:qz:qdf ;xh kx'Fr ePsf sf/0f o:tf] åGånfO{ nDAofO/xg ;lsg] x'Fbf hftLo ;+j]bgf, ltgsf dfu / kl/rfngnfO{ bdg ug{ jf /f]Sg cfhef]ln sl7g x'G5 .

g]kfnsf] h:tf] kl/l:yltdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf ;aeGbf cfwf/e"t r'gf}tL gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg' /fHosf] k'glg{df{0f ug'{eGbf 7"nf] sfo{ x'G5 . /fHosf] lgdf{0f jf k'glg{df{0f Pp6f /fhgLlts ;d'bfo lgdf{0f ug{ ;a} Ps;fy x'g ;a} kf6L{x¿n] klxNo} u/]sf] ;xdltdf cfl>t 5 . t/ ha dflg;x¿ /fHosf cfwf/e"t d"Nox¿df c;xdt x'G5g\, cyjf ha ;femf /fhgLlts ;d'bfok|lt ;xefjsf] efjgf x/fpFb} hfG5, ta ;+ljwfgsf] sfo{ b'O{j6f x'G5 . klxnf], ;d'bfox¿aLr ;fdflhs Gofo / /fli6«o d"Nox¿sf] ;Demf}tf / /fli6«o klxrfgsf cfwf/df ;x–cl:tTj / ;xsfo{sf] k|f¿k ljsf; u/]/ ;j{;Ddlt lgdf{0f ug]{ . ;+If]kdf, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f /fi6« lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo xf], h;sf] k|lqmof ;+ljwfgdf cGtlg{lxt x'g] ljifo hlQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . bf];|f], /fHo lgdf{0f -…/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf_, h'g sfo{ klxnf] sfo{ k"/f ePkl5 cf/De x'G5 .

kl/0ffdtM s]xL /fHodf ljljwtfsf u'0fj}lzi6\odfly hf]8 lbg] gofF d"Nox¿ / /fhgLlts ;d'bfosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k'glj{rf/ u/]/ / ;fj{ef}ldstfnfO{ vl08t u/]/ tyf ;fem]bf/L u/]/

ljljwtf, clws

f/ / Pstf

102

;+ljwfg lgdf{0ftkm{sf] dfu{ klxNofOPsf] lyof] . hftLo cyjf …/fli6«oÚ ;d'bfosf] /fhgLlts / j}wflgs dfGotfsf cfwf/df /fhgLlts / sfg'gL l;+uf] /fi6«–/fHosf] k|i6 ljsNk ;fd'Gg] cfO;s]sf] 5 . oL ljsf;x¿n] km/s df]8]n / k2ltx¿tkm{ Wofgfsif{0f u/fPsf 5g\ h;sf] k|of]uåf/f hftLo bfaLx¿ / åGånfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . tLdWo] s]xL df]8]nx¿ g]kfn gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ax;df k|j]z ug}{nfUbf clxn] rrf{df 5g\ . s]xL ax'hftLo /fHox¿df /fHo k'glg{df{0fsf] Pp6} dfu{ ljleGg hftLo ;d'bfox¿ /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] cfwf/ xf] eg]/ klxrfg ug]{, zlQm ;fem]bf/Lsf] hl6n k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug]{ / a[xt\ /fli6«o klxrfgsf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ TofUg] x'g;S5 .

g]kfndf, hftLo r]tgf lgikIf / tfls{s ;dfwfgnfO{ dfu{ k|z:t ug]{ txdf k'lu;s]sf] 5}g . s}of}+ ljrf/ ;e]{x¿n] b]vfPcg';f/, PsLs[t g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ffk|lt pNn]Vo k|lta4tf b]zsf] clwsf+z efudf kfOG5 . clwsf+z hgtfsf] nflu, g]kfnL klxrfg hftLo cyjf If]qLo ;Da4tfeGbf k|an /x]sf] 5 . t/ olb ltgLx¿sf j}w rf;f]x¿nfO{ lgikIf k|lqmofdfkm{t ;d'lrt txdf ;Daf]wg ul/Pg eg] of] k|lta4tf ;w}+ sfod g/xg ;S5 .

103

ljljwtf, clws

f/ / Pstf

104

*cWofo *cWofo

105

kl/ro

g]kfndf ln+u, hfthflt tyf wd{sf cfwf/df ;w}+ lje]b /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k tL lje]bLs[tx¿ PlSnPsf / cnlUuPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL dlxnfn] cGoqsf dlxnfn] h:t} w]/} ;d:of ef]u]sf eP klg oxf“sf e]befjsf s]xL ¿kx¿ ljlzi6 k|sf/sf 5g\ . -aS;df x]/f}+_ o; cWofodf g]kfnsf] gof“ ;+ljwfgn] s;/L dlxnfsf clwsf/ ;'/lIft u/L /fHo Joj:yfdf pgLx¿sf] k"0f{ ;xeflutfnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ ;S5 eGg] ljifodf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

lhDd]jf/ gful/ssf ¿kdf dlxnfx¿sf] rf;f] cjZo klg dlxnf clwsf/df dfq ;Lldt /xg ;Sb}g . afns, c;Qm jf ;'ljwfljlxgsf clwsf/k|lt klg pgLx¿sf] vf; rf;f] x'g ;S5 . Toltdfq xf]Og, g]kfn / ljZje/ g} zflGt, jftfj/0f jf ;fdflhs Gofoh:tf ljifodf klg pgLx¿sf cfkm\gf b[li6sf]0f x'g ;S5g\ . oL o:tf ;fGble{s ljifo x'g\ h;nfO{ s'g} klg ;+ljwfgn] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ o:tf ljifox¿sf af/]df cGo cWofox¿df ljj]rgf ul/Psf] x'gfn] of] cWofo k"/} dlxnf;“u ;DalGwt ljifox¿df s]lGb|t 5 .

g]kfndf dlxnf lje]b

dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s M w]/}h;f] d'n'sdf eGbf g]kfndf dlxnfsf] cf};t cfo' k'?ifsf] eGbf sd 5 . dlxnf ;fIf/tf b/ klg k'?ifsf] eGbf sd 5, dlxnf @& k|ltzt, k'?if ^# k|ltzt .

cem} klg s]xL dlxnf lje]bL sfg'gx¿ 5g\ M pbfx/0fsf nflu, g]kfnL dlxnf;“u ljjfx ug]{ ljb]zL k'?ifn] cfkm\gf] b]zsf] gful/stf Tofu]df klg g]kfnL gful/s aGg ;Sb}g . of] b'j}sf nflu cGofok"0f{ 5 . t/ cfkm\gf] nf]Ug]nfO{ oxL“ Nofpg g;Sg] dlxnfsf nflu of] 7"nf] af]em ag]sf] 5 . ;}Go lgodn] ljjflxt dlxnfnfO{ ;z:q

dlxnf / ;+ljwfg

106

andf hflu/ vfg /f]s nufPsf] 5 .

w]/} sd dlxnf ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf nfu]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, !((( df k|ltlglw;efdf lgjf{lrt ;b:odWo] % bzdnj * k|ltzt dfq dlxnf lyP . !(() sf] ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltdf Pshgf dlxnfsf] klg ;xeflutf lyPg .

dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;f M dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;f a9\bf] ¿kdf b]lvG5 . Toltdfq xf]Og lx+;fsf af/]df ;fj{hlgs cleJolQm lbg] dlxnfsf] cj:yf klg hf]lvdk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf vf;u/L dlxnf g} gful/s åGåaf6 g/fd|/L k|efljt 5g\ .

dfgj a]rljvg M g]kfndf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf a]rljvg Pp6f uDeL/ ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

lje]bsf/L ;f+:s[lts rfnrngx¿ M g]kfndf o:tf w]/} rfnrng 5g\ h;n] dlxnfnfO{ ltgdf klg vf;u/L ljwjfnfO{ lje]b ug]{, x]Kg] / a]OHht ug]{ u5{g\ .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s Gofo ;+/lIft u/L Pp6f To:tf] Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf :yfkgf ug{ rfxGYof] h;af6 sfg'gL zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbg ;lsof];\ . o;} cg';f/ wd{, ;Dk|bfo, hfthflt, ln+u tyf j}rfl/s lgi7fsf cfwf/df ul/g] lje]blj?4sf] clwsf/ To; ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 .

ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] k'g:yf{kgfn] g]kfndf gful/s ;dfhsf] cfGbf]ngsf lglDt af6f] vf]lnlbof]]] . of] gof“ nf]stflGqs jftfj/0fdf dlxnfx¿ ;+ul7t eO{ cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] klxrfg / bfaL ug{ a9L ;Ifd / lqmofzLn eP . t}klg k'?if–dlxnfaLrsf] c;dfgtf cfh klg d'n'sdf lsg olt 7"nf] d'2f /x]sf] 5 < dlxnfk|ltsf] lje]b ;dflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts tTjx¿sf] kl/0ffd dfq xf] jf o;nfO{ g]kfnLx¿df /x]sf] ;dfgtfk|ltsf] ckof{Kt a'emfOsf ¿kdf lng'kb{5 <

k'/fgf] ;+ljwfgsf ;d:ofx¿

lje]bsf/L efiffsf] k|of]u

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf dlxnfdfly lje]b ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ cnUofpg] efiffsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgdf …e|ft[TjÚ zAbsf] k|of]u ;sf/fTds cy{df ePsf] 5 t/ …elugLTjÚ zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5}g .

lxGb' /fi6«

s]xL vf; lxGb' wd{u|Gyx¿n] dlxnfsf af/]df u/]sf Joj:yfnfO{ g} cg'z/0f ub}{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $ n] g]kfnnfO{ lxGb' /fi6«sf ¿kdf j0f{g u/]sf] 5 . To;n] uDeL/ k|sf/sf ;d:of

107

l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . o;n] wd{ tyf ;+:s[ltsf cfwf/df dlxnflj?4sf] lje]bnfO{ Gofo;+ut l;4 u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ljutdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;d]t ckgfPsf] kfOG5 . t/ lglZrt wfld{s k/Dk/fsf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly lje]b gug]{ k|Tofe"lt lbPsf wd{ lg/k]If ;+ljwfg g} nfdf] ;do l6Sg ;S5g\ .

;DklQsf] clwsf/

cfh klg k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] ;DklQsf] clwsf/ k"/} ;'/lIft 5}g . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] ;DklQsf] clwsf/, wf/f !&, dfq To:tf] clwsf/ xf] h;n] tTsfnLg s'g} klg sfg'gnfO{ k|efljt u/]sf] 5}g . o;sf] cy{ ;DklQsf] sfg'gdf s'g} klg kl/jt{g ul/Pg . -cfZro{ t s] eg] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] klg ;DklQsf] clwsf/df s'g} klg kl/jt{g k|:tfljt u/]g_ . P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf g}, dlxnfn] k}t[s ;DklQ k|fKt ug{ k}+tL; jif{;Dd cljjflxt /xg'kYof]{ . d'n'sL P]gsf] P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgn] ;DklQ;DaGwL sfg'gsf s]xL lje]bnfO{ x6fP klg k}+tL; jif{;Dd cljjflxt /x]/ cfkm"n] kfPsf] c+z ljjfx ug]{lalQs} lkmtf{ ug'{kYof]{ . o; lgodnfO{ bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 …n}+lus ;dfgtf :yflkt ug{sf nflu s]xL g]kfnL P]g @))^ nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ NofOPsf] ljw]osÚ kf; ePkl5 x6fOof] . tyflk ;fdfGotM ljjflxt dlxnf / vf;u/L ljjflxt 5f]/Ldflysf] lje]b cfh klg sfod} 5 . @))^ sf] P]g tyf dlxnfsf] ;DklQsf] clwsf/ h:tf pknlAwnfO{ gof“ ;+ljwfgn] cem} :ki6;“u ;'/lIft ug'{k5{ .

dlxnf zf]if0f / dlxnflj?4 lx+;f

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fj{hlgs tyf JolQmut txdf dlxnflj?4 lx+;fsf sf/s tTjx¿nfO{ g :ki6 ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 g t k|ltalGwt g} u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, dfgj a]rljvg, bf;Tj, >d zf]if0fnfO{ !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @) pkwf/f ! n] k|ltalGwt u/]sf] 5 / sfg'gåf/f o:tf] sfdnfO{ b08gLo agfOg'k5{ eg]sf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] klg zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo k|sf/sf lx+;fnfO{ To;} ¿kdf Jojxf/ ub{5 . b'j} ;+ljwfgn] afnsnfO{ sf/vfgfdf, vfgLdf jf cGo vt/gfs sfd u/fpgaf6 k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5 . t/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] :j]lR5s of}g Joj;fonfO{ cGo Joj;fos} ¿kdf x]/L k]zfsf] clwsf/sf ¿kdf lnP klg Jojxf/df sfg'gn] of}gsdL{nfO{ ck/fwLsf ¿kdf Jojxf/ u5{ . g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs Oltxf;df klxnf]k6s cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;fdflhs ;'/IffnfO{ dlxnf tyf cGo cfjZostf kg]{x¿sf nflu clwsf/sf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . oBlk o;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ sfg'g agfpg af“sL g} 5 . lx+;fsf lzsf/ ePsf dlxnfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ o:tf k|fjwfgx¿ w]/} dxTjk"0f{ x'g ;S5g\ .

uf]kgLotf

uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@ n] k|bfg u/]sf] Pp6f df}lns clwsf/ xf] . t/ o; clwsf/nfO{ sfg'gaf6 ;Lldt ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cGgk"0ff{ /f0ffsf]

dlxnf / ;

+ljwfg

108

d'2fdf s'g} dlxnf ljjflxt xf] ls xf]Og eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg p;sf] hg]lGb|o / kf7]3/sf] hf“r ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] Pp6f lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{ ab/ ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/sf] ljifonfO{ p7fpg' k/]sf] lyof] . o; clwsf/sf gsf/fTds kl/0ffd klg x'g ;S5g\ . lx+;fsf] lzsf/ ePs} eP klg s]xL dlxnfn] sfg'gL emGem6df kl/g] 8/n] o; clwsf/sf] ;xf/f lng ;S5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfaf6 kLl8t dlxnfnfO{ arfpg sfg'gdf ljsNksf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .

gful/stf

JolQmsf] gful/stfsf ;DaGwdf kIfkftk"0f{ sfg'gnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{sf nflu nfdf] ;dob]lv alnof :jfy{ tyf ulx/f ;f+:s[lts dfGotfx¿ cj/f]wsf ¿kdf /x“b} cfPsf 5g\ . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf lkt[;QfTds dfGotf k|ltljlDat ePsf] lyof] . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ( pkwf/f ! cg';f/ s'g} JolQm hlGd“bf p;sf] cfdf xf]Og afp g]kfnsf] gful/s ePdfq p;n] g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . t/ @( gf]e]Da/ @))^ df k'gM:yflkt ;+;bn] g]kfn gful/stf P]g @))^ kf; u/L s'g} klg dlxnfn] ljjflxt eP klg geP klg cfkm\gf]] gful/stf cfkm\gf aRrfdf x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg /fVof] . of] clwsf/ lsg klg dxTjk"0f{ 5 eg] afa'sf] /fli6«otf yfxf gePsf] g]kfndf km]nf k/]sf] aRrfnfO{ g]kfnL gful/s dflgGYof] . t/ afa' ljb]zL ePdf cfdf g]kfnL eP klg pQm aRrfnfO{ g]kfnL gful/s dflgb}gYof] .

tyflk cfh;Dd klg g]kfnL gful/s;“u ljjfx ug]{ ljb]zL dlxnfn] cfkm\gf]] klxn]sf] gful/stf TofUg] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fPkl5 g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;lS5g\ . t/ g]kfnL dlxnfnfO{ ljjfx ug]{ ljb]zL k'?ifn] ljjfxsf cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . o;/L Pp6L dlxnfn] hGde"ld jf ljjfxdWo] s'g} Ps /f]Hg afWo x'g'kb{5 . kf/kfr's], Psn cleefjsTj tyf afa' jf cfdfdWo] aRrf s;n] kfpg'kg]{ eGg] af/]sf d'2f log} sfg'gsf kl/0ffd x'g\ . gful/stf P]g @))^ kf; ePkl5 klg o:tf] ljjfxaf6 hGd]sf aRrfn] gful/stf kfpg pgLx¿ g]kfnd} a;f]af; u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ / pgLx¿n] afa' hGd]sf] b]zsf] gful/stf glnPsf] x'g'kb{5 . olt x“'bfx“'b} klg pgLx¿nfO{ c+uLs[t gful/stf lbOG5 . o:tf aRrfx? /fHoljlxg aGg klg ;Sb5g\ / u}/gful/s ePdf klxrfgsf] clwsf/, cfjthfjtsf] :jtGqtf, a;f]af;, lzIff, ;DklQ, /f]huf/L / cfwf/e"t :jf:Yoh:tf cfkm\gL cfdfsf] b]zsf cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/af6 jl~rt x'g ;S5g\ . lsgeg] !(() sf] ;+ljwfg / cGtl/d ;+ljwfg b'j}n] w]/} clwsf/x¿ gful/snfO{ dfq k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ .

ljZjsf w]/} b]zx¿n] ljb]zL;“u ljjfx ug]{ dlxnfnfO{ cfkm\g} b]zsf] gful/s /lx/xg] clwsf/ k|bfg ub{5g\ . t/ g]kfndf bf]xf]/f] gful/stf lng ;ls“b}g . ef/tdf afa'cfdfsf] gful/stfsf cfwf/df dfq geO{ aRrfsf] hGd:yfgsf cfwf/df klg gful/stf k|bfg ul/G5 . w]/} ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] gful/stfsf ;DaGwdf ;dfgtfsf] cjwf/0ff ckgfPsf 5g\ . o'/f]kdf hGdsf cfwf/df jf c+uLs[t gful/s eg]/ gful/s–gful/s aLrsf] lje]b lgif]lwt 5 . g]kfnsf] gof“ ;+ljwfgsf d:of}bfsf/x¿n] klg o:t} k|sf/sf k|fjwfg c+uLsf/ ug'{kb{5 .

109

;fj{hlgs hLjgdf dlxnf ;xeflutf

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ s]xL vf; Joj:yf u/] klg ;+;b, /fhgLlts bn, ;/sf/, Gofokflnsf / c¿ ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf ;fy} of]hgf cfof]u / /fHosf cGo ;+:yfx¿df dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] lyPg . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ cg';f/ k|ltlglw;efsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu x/]s /fhgLlts bnn] sDtLdf cfkm\gf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] s'n ;+Vofsf] kf“r k|ltzt dlxnf pDd]bjf/ agfpg} kYof]{ . t/ o;n] ;dfg'kflts ¿kdf dlxnf lgjf{lrt x'g] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]g . ;+ljwfg;efdf Ps ltxfO ;b:o dlxnf x'g'kg]{ 3f]if0ff u/] klg dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf ;DaGwdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] klg klxnfs} h:tf] ;d:of ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

cfufdL ;+;bdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] k|Tofe"lt s;/L lbg ;lsG5 < s]xL b]zx¿n] s]xL ;fdfGo If]qnfO{ dlxnf If]qsf ¿kdf 5'6\ofp“5g\ . oBlk Toxf“ klg ;a} dtbftfn] dtbfg u5{g\ . s]xL b]zn] dlxnfsf nflu s]xL ljz]if cltl/Qm If]qsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf k|foM bnx¿nfO{ a9L dlxnf pDd]bjf/ agfpg pT;flxt ug]{ ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] gof“ ;+ljwfgdf klg o:t} Joj:yf ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . dlxnf ljwfosx¿sf] pNn]Vo ;+Vof ;+;bdf pkl:yt ePkl5 klg pgLx¿nfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg pgLx¿n] sfd ug{sf lglDt pko'Qm jftfj/0f agfpg]lt/ ;f]Rg' cfjZos x'G5 .

l;Ol8P8ANo' tyf cGo dfgjclwsf/ ;lGwcg'';f/ ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg' Pp6f clwsf/ g} xf] . To;/L efu lng kfpg' dfq o; clwsf/sf] dxTj xf]Og . o;sf] vf; dxTj s] xf] eg] cfwf hg;+VofnfO{ gLlt lgdf{0fh:tf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfaf6 jl~rt ug]{ b]zn] jf:tjdf cfkm}nfO{ dfgj;|f]taf6 jl~rt u/]sf] x'G5 . dlxnfn] ug{ ;Sg] of]ubfg slxn]sfxL“ k'?ifsf] eGbf km/s klg x'g;S5 . JolQmut tyf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ gof“ ;+ljwfgn] ljz]if Joj:yf ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

lgb]{zs l;4fGt / To;sf] sfof{Gjog

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^ pkwf/f & n] lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/]/ ;/sf/n] dlxnfnfO{ Jofks ¿kdf /fli6«o ljsf;sf] sfo{df ;xefuL u/fpg] gLlt nfu" ug]{ / ;fy} wf/f @^ pkwf/f ( n] /fHon] lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff tyf ;Dk"0f{ c;xfo dlxnfsf] sNof0f ;'lglZrt ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . tyflk n}+lus ;Gt'ng :yflkt ug]{ k|of; p2]ZopGd'v eGbf klg ls:tfaGbL tyf k|lqmofpGd'v /x]sf] 5 . oL lgb]{zs l;4fGtn] sfg'gL an k|fKt u/]sf 5}gg\ . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] dlxnfsf nflu w]/} clwsf/ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf ck|efjsf/L l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿sf] Pp6f nfdf] ;"rL;d]t ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . ef/t tyf g]kfnsf l;h{gzLn Gofofnox¿n] sfg'gL clwsf/sf] JofVof ubf{ tL l;4fGtx¿ k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . t/ ltgnfO{ Goflos an eg] k|fKt 5}g / Gofofnodf sfg'gL clwsf/sf] bfaLnfO{ cfwf/ k|bfg ug{ k|of]u ug{ ;ls“b}g .

dlxnf / ;

+ljwfg

110

cufl8sf] af6f]

dlxnf;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'g lgdf{0fsf ck|efjsf/L k2ltx¿ kG5fOg'k5{

k'/fgf] ;+ljwfgdf ePsf lje]bsf/L k|fjwfgnfO{ kl/jt{g ug'{sf cnfjf, dlxnf;DaGwL sfg'g d:of}bf ubf{ ckgfOg] u/]sf cfwf/e"t bfz{lgs / dgf]j}1flgs k2ltnfO{ kG5fOg' cfjZos 5 . /, dlxnfsf d'2fnfO{ sfg'gL ¿k lbg] gofF df]8]nsf] k|f¿k lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ . dlxnfnfO{ sdhf]/, k/lge{/ / ;+/If0f cfjZos kg]{ 7flgPsf] k'/fgf] …;+/If0fjfbL df]8]nÚ sf] k|f¿knfO{ xb};Dd k|of]u ul/Fbf o;n] jf:tjdf nfeeGbf xflg Hofbf k'¥ofpF5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, @))! df ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cleefjs cyjf ;/sf/sf] k"j{ :jLs[lt glnPsf dlxnfn] ljb]zdf /f]huf/L vf]Hg ;Sb}gg\ eGg] cfb]z -?lnª_ :jLs[t u/]sf] lyof] . cbfntn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ a]lrgaf6 arfPsf] 5 eGg] cfwf/df o;sf] :jLs[ltnfO{ Gofof]lrt 7x¥ofof] . csf]{tkm{, sfg'g lgdf{0fsf] csf]{ txaf6 x]bf{ — pbfx/0fsf] nflu, …n}+lus–cGw k4ltÚ sf] gd'gf xb};Dd k|of]u ubf{ — Tof] klg sfof{Gd'v x'g ;Sb}g . …n}+lus–cGw k4ltÚ n] ljutsf e]befjx¿sf] lg/Gt/ k|efjnfO{ ljrf/0fLo 7fGb}gÙ / of] k4lt k'?if cg'ej / lxtdf cfwfl/t dfkb08 nfu" ug{ k|j[Q x'G5 . …n}+lus–cGw k4ltÚ sf] csf]{ ;d:of dlxnfsf] j}jflxs cj:yf, dlxnf ue{jtL ePsf] l:ylt / dlxnfsf of}lgs cled'vLs/0f -;dln+uL dlxnfn] ;dfhaf6 / cfkm\g} kl/jf/af6 ;d]t lx+;|s Jojxf/ ef]Ug'k5{_ af6 l;lh{t x'g] plQs} uDeL/ e]befjsf cfofdx¿ x'g\ .

cfhef]ln, dlxnfx¿sf nflu jf:tljs ;dfgtf ;'lglZrt ug{ dfly plNnlvt b'O{ k2lteGbf pQd k2lt pkof]u ul/g' cfjZos kg]{ s'/f Jofks ¿kn] :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, …k|hgg :jf:Yo x]/rfxÚ nfO{ :jf:Yosf] clwsf/sf] c+zsf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] blIf0f clk|msL ;+ljwfg h:t} pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf ;+ljwfgx¿n] k|hggdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] klg o:t} Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnL sfg'g lgdf{tfx¿n] sfg'g lgdf{0fsf nflu dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ;lGw / 3f]if0ffaf6 ;"qx¿ lng' nfebfoL x'g]5 . g]kfnn] dlxnflj?4 ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjsf] pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw -;]8f_ !(&( nufot @) j6f dfgjclwsf/ b:tfj]hdf x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;]8fn] e]befj/lxt / jf:tljs ;dfgtfnfO{ 5'6\ofpF5 . dxf;lGwsf] wf/f ! n] e]befjnfO{ a[xt\ ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . of] wf/fn] ck|ToIf e]befjnfO{ ;d]t klxrfg u/]sf] 5 hxfF e]befj ug]{ s'g} p2]Zo gx'Fbf gx'Fb} klg dlxnflj?4 e]befj x'g k'u]sf] x'G5 . ;]8fdf k|of]u ul/Ph:tf] ;dfgtfsf] ;f/e"t kl/efiffn] ljljwtf, leGgtf, ;'ljwfljxLgtf / e]befjnfO{ Wofg lbG5 / oL s'/fx¿df s]lGb|t x'G5 . o:tf] kl/efiff JolQmut, ;+:yfut / k|0ffnLut txdf sfod /x]sf ;'ljwfljxLg ;d"xn] ;fdgf ub}{ cfPsf e]befjnfO{ ;'wf/fTds / ;sf/fTds pkfodfkm{t pGd"ng ug{sf nflu p4[t ug{ ;lsG5 . s]xL /fli6«o ;+ljwfgx¿n] e]befjsf ax'cfoflds ¿kx¿ ;fdgf u/]sf dflg;n] ef]u]sf ;d:of k|i6 ¿kn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, Pp6L ul/a, blnt dlxnf cyjf Pp6L ckf+utf ePsL blnt dlxnf_ eg] gofF ;+ljwfgn] o;nfO{ Pp6f d'2fsf] ¿kdf ;"rLa4 ug{ gx'g] s'g} sf/0f 5}g .

111

sfg'gsf] zf;gnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ ;+ljwfg / Gofofnosf] e"ldsf

;+ljwfgn] /fHosf] df}lns sfg'gL vfsf lglZrt ub{5 . t/ tL sfg'gsf] pNn+3g ePdf To;sf] pkrf/ ug]{ lhDdf Gofofnosf] x'G5 . o;/L /fHosf] sfg'gsf] kl/kfngfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ Gofofnosf] 7"nf] pQ/bfloTj x'G5 . df}lns clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ePdf Gofofnon] cfb]z hf/L u/]/ ltgsf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, …;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf] d'2fÚ ;fdflhs ¿kdf cnUofOPsf ;d"xsf] clwsf/ /Iffsf nflu Pp6f k|efjsf/L pkfo ag]sf] 5 . lsgeg] o;sf cufl8 cGo k|fljlws lgodx¿ lgis[o aGg k'U5g\ -x]g'{;\ wf/f **_ . n}+lus Gofo tyf dfgjclwsf/k|ltsf] Gofokflnsfsf] uDeL/tf klg …;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf] d'2fÚ nfO{ ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf] Pp6f k|efjsf/L pks/0f agfpg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu n}+lus lje]b lgd"{n ug]{, j}jflxs anfTsf/ tyf of}lgs pTkL8gnfO{ /f]Sg] sfg'g agfpg o;} l;4fGtcg';f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;/sf/nfO{{ cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] 5 . oltdfq xf]Og, ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dlxnfdfly lje]b u/]sf] / To;sf/0f ;+ljwfgsf] efjgflj?4 ePsf] egL d'n'sL P]gsf s]xL efunfO{ cj}w 3f]lift u/]sf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gnfO{ afWosf/L /fli6«o sfg'gsf ¿kdf ;d]t :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 -nLnL yfkfsf] d'2fdf h:t}_ .

o;/L ;+ljwfgnfO{ dlxnf;“u ;DalGwt sfg'gsf] ;'wf/ ug{ klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . log} Goflos lg0f{o tyf l;Ol8P8ANo'sf lg/LIf0fnfO{ cg'udg ug]{ pQ/bfloTj kfPsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ldltsf] lgisif{sf] cfwf/ / dlxnf ;d"xsf jiff}{+sf ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ;+3if{kl5 @))@ df d'n'sL P]gsf] ;+zf]wg ul/of] . ;fy} n}+lus ;dfgtf sfg'g klg @))^ df kf; ul/of] . t/ klg Gofofnosf] cfb]z kfngfsf] /]s8{ eg] g]kfndf ldl>t k|sf/sf] 5 . slxn]sfxL“ t ;/sf/n] g} ltgnfO{ a]jf:tf u/]sf] kfOG5 . oBlk ltgLx¿ afWosf/L x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v 5 . k|foM ;+ljwfgn], slxn]sfxL“ t lgotk"j{s klg, ljjfbu|:t ljifonfO{ GofofnonfO{ lg0f{o ug]{ lhDdf nufp“5 . gof“ ;+ljwfgdf hgtfsf rfxgfnfO{, vf;u/L dfgjclwsf/;“u ;DalGwt rfxgfnfO{, :ki6 tyf ;f/e"t ¿kdf Jojl:yt ug]{ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu w]/} g} k|of; ug'{kb{5 .

ljz]if Joj:yfx¿

k|foM ;sf/fTds lje]b eg]/ lrlgg] Ifltk"lt{ ug{ ;lsg] lje]bsf] p2]Zo P]ltxfl;s jf ;fdflhs lje]bnfO{ ;Rofpg' xf] . of] cg'dlt k|fKt e]befj xf]Og eg]/ ;]8f / s]xL ;+ljwfgx¿n] :ki6 u/]sf 5g\ . a? of] t jf:tljs ;dfgtf xfl;n ug{ w]/} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] dlxnf tyf ;+s6df k/]sf cGo ;d"xx¿sf nflu o:tf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] M ‘dlxnf lxtsf] ;'/Iff ug{ tyf dlxnf lxtnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg sfg'gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5Ú -wf/f !! pkwf/f #_ . t/ ;/sf/n] o:tf Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t s'g} klg sfg'g lgdf{0f gugf{n] sfg'g cefjdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoh:tf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdf dlxnf tyf cGo ;'ljwfljlxg ;d'bfosf nflu kb cf/lIft ug{ ul/Psf k|of;nfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cj}w 3f]lift u¥of] . o:tf] sfg'g lgdf{0fsf nflu Gofofnon] cfb]z hf/L u/] klg ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ nfu" ug{ s]xL klg ul/Pg .

dlxnf / ;

+ljwfg

112

ljz]if Joj:yf eGgfn] cf/If0f klg x'g ;Sb5 — dxTjk"0f{ kb tyf ;|f]tx¿ 5'6\ofpg] jf tL kb / ;|f]t;Ddsf] kx'“rnfO{ ;/n kfg]{ . tLdWo] Gofokflnsf, ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf k|fl1s ;+:yfdf kbsf] cf/If0f dxTjk"0f{ 5 . vf;u/L k|lt:kwf{ x'g] pRr k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos sn]hdf o; lsl;dsf] cf/If0f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ljz]if Joj:yfleq 5fqj[lQ, cg'bfg, C0f, e"ldsf] Joj:yf, :jf:Yof]krf/ tyf pkef]Qmf ;d"xnfO{ lbOg] sfg'gL ;xof]u cflb ;dfj]z x'g'kb{5 . ;+s6df k/]sf ju{nfO{ zf]if0faf6 arfpg ljz]if k|sf/sf ;'/IffTds Joj:yfx¿ klg x'g'kb{5 .

P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf g} jl~rt ;d"xsf nflu cf/If0f w]/} g} nf]slk|o ;fwg xf] . o;n] jl~rt ;d'bfonfO{ cj;/ k|bfg u/L ;dfgtf :yflkt ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . ;fy} o;af6 w]/} sd dfq k|ltlglwTj x'g] jf k|ltlglwTj g} gx'g] ;d'bfosf nflu k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt x'g ;S5 . Toltdfq xf]Og, o;af6 cfkm\gf]kgsf] efjgf j[l4 eO{ ;dfj]zL wf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'g ;S5 . o;n] cj;/ tyf pTk|]/0ff k|bfg u/]/ ;'ljwfljlxg tyf jl~rt ;d'bfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ub{5 . o;sf gsf/fTds kl/0ffd klg x'g ;Sb5g\ lsgeg] c¿x¿ o;nfO{ …cGofok"0f{ kIfkf]if0fÚ eg]/ lg/fz klg x'g ;S5g\ . ef/tdf eO/xg] ljjfbx¿, / slxn]sfxL“ lx+;fTds ;d]t x'g] tL ljjfbn] cf/If0fn] lgDTofpg ;Sg] kl/0ffdsf ;l6s pbfx/0f k|:t't ub{5g\ . o;n] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ klg 36fpg ;Sb5 . sdhf]/ tl/sfn] nfu" ul/Psf kIfkf]if0fsf gLltx¿n] nlIft ;d"xnfO{ s[lqd ¿kdf ;'/Iff k|bfg ugf{n] pgLx¿sf] ;Lk tyf ;fwgx¿sf] ljsf; e'Q] x'g hfG5 . Toltdfq xf]Og, kIfkf]if0fn] nlIft ;d"xnfO{ k/lge{/ agfO{ pgLx¿df cfTd;Ddfgsf] efjgf, uf}/j tyf cfTdkl/k"0f{tfsf] efjgfnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg{ ;S5 . tyflk o;sf] cy{ ;'/IffTds kIfkf]if0f ug'{ x'“b}g eGg] xf]Og . Wofg lbg'kg]{ d'Vo s'/f olQ xf] ls of] Gofok"0f{ tyf ljj]sk"0f{ x'g'kb{5 . dlxnfsf gfddf wgL dlxnfnfO{ nfe lbg] x'g'x'“b}g .

dlxnfnfO{ ;+/If0f lbg] sfg'gsf] ;+/If0f

dlxnfnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ sfg'gdf s]xL ;'wf/ eP klg sfg'gnfO{ ;fdfGo kl/jt{g u/]/ lje]bnfO{ km]l/ lgDTofpg] sfd klg x'g ;Sb5 . olb dlxnfn] k"0f{ ;dfgtf / ;xeflutf rfxG5g\ eg] sfg'gsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ Joj:yf klg gof“ sfg'gdf n]lvg'kb{5 . afnaflnsf tyf dlxnf clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf ;'wf/nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efaf6 tof/ ul/g] gof“ ;+ljwfgn] cem} alnof] kfg'{ plQs} cfjZos 5 .

o; ;DaGwdf !((% df ag]sf] o'ufG8fsf] ;+ljwfgdf dlxnf clwsf/sf nflu ul/Psf k|fjwfgnfO{ ;Gbe{sf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . aS;df x]g'{;\ .

lgb]{zs l;4fGt g+ ^M

/fHon] ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ ;+j}wflgs jf cGo lgsfox¿df n}+lus ;Gt'ng tyf Gofok"0f{ k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{5 .

113

wf/f ## M

!= dlxnfnfO{ k'?if;/x k"0f{ ¿kdf j}olQms k|lti7f k|fKt x'g]5 .

@= /fHon] dlxnfnfO{ cfkm\gf] Ifdtf tyf k|ultnfO{ a'em\g ;Sg] agfpg] x]t'n] pgLx¿sf] sNof0fsf/L ljsf;nfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg cfjZos ;'ljwf tyf cj;/ pknAw u/fpg]5 .

#= ;dfhdf dlxnfsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg tyf k|fs[lts dft[Tjsf] dxTjnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ /fHon] pgLx¿sf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{5 .

$= dlxnfnfO{ k'?if;/x /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs lqmofsnfksf cj;/ k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 .

%= o; ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@ k|lt k"jf{u|xljgf Oltxf;, k/Dk/f / /Lltl/jfhn] l;lh{Psf] c;Gt'nglj?4 ;sf/fTds sbd rfNg dlxnfx¿nfO{ clwsf/ x'g]5 .

^= o; ;+ljwfgn] dlxnfx¿sf] k|lti7f, sNof0f jf lxtdf cf“r k'¥ofpg] jf pgLx¿nfO{ xf]Rofpg] ;Dk"0f{ sfg'g, ;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh jf k/Dk/fnfO{ lgif]w ug]{5 .

tyflk o'ufG8fsf] ;+ljwfgsf n}+lus ;Gt'ngsf k|fjwfgx¿ ljlzi6Ls[t 5}gg\ . ;fy} ltgLx¿sf] sfg'gL pQ/bfloTj klg 5}g . s]Gofsf w]/} d:of}bf ;+ljwfgx¿n] ljlzi6Ls[t k|fjwfgx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . h:t} M Ps ltxfO ;/sf/L kbdf dlxnf lgo'Qm ug]{ jf cem} cufl8 a9]/ pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ . To:t}, ?jfG8fsf] ;+ljwfgn] lgDgfg';f/ k|fjwfg u/]sf] 5 M

(= /fHon] lgDgfg';f/sf df}lns l;4fGtk|lt k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub}{ ;DalGwt kIfsf] k|lti7f clej[l4sf nflu ;d]t k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5 M

s_ sfg'gåf/f zfl;t /fHosf] lgdf{0f, ax'njfbL nf]stflGqs ;/sf/, ;Dk"0f{ ?jfG8fnL hgtfsf] ;dfgtf, dlxnfx¿sf nflu gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ lgsfodf sDtLdf #) k|ltztsf] cf/If0f;lxt dlxnf–k'?ifaLr ;dfgtf .

v_ nf]stGq / lgjf{rgdf cfwfl/t /fhgLltsf ;DaGwdf gful/snfO{ lzlIft ug{ ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts ;+u7gx¿ ;xefuL eO{ k'?if tyf dlxnfsf] lgjf{rg sfof{nox¿df ;dfg kx'“r x'g] u/L sfd ug]{5g\ .

gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ubf{ ljZjsf :jLs[t l;4fGtx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'kb{5 . gof“ ;+ljwfgdf lgDgfg';f/ jf p:t} cf;osf dfGotfx¿ ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 M …k|To]s JolQmnfO{ /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ 5Ú, …;Dej eP;Ddsf 7fp“df /fHoljlxgtf x6fpg'kb{5Ú, …ln+udf cfwfl/t lje]b x'g'x'“b}gÚ .

dlxnf / ;

+ljwfg

114

ljutdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ;Gbe{ lnPsf] kfOPsf] x'gfn] gof“ ;+ljwfgn]

klg g]kfnL sfg'gdf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . vf;u/L

dfgjclwsf/ ;lGwx¿sf] pNn]v ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] sfg'g ;'wf/df cGt/f{li6«o txsf

dfgjLo ljlwzf:qsf cEof;x¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' w]/} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ;fdflhs d"No tyf

/Lltl/jfh :yL/ gx'g] x'gfn] kl/jlt{t ;do;“u} ltgLx¿nfO{ klg kl/jt{g ub}{ hf“bf s'g} xfgL

gx'g] s'/f dfGg}kb{5 .

hgflwsf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;zQm, :jtGq tyf lgikIf ;+:yfx¿sf] 7"nf]

dxTj 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s]xL JolQmx¿n] w]/} cfof]u gagfpg' g} a'l4dfgL x'G5 egL ;'emfj

lbPsf eP klg blIf0f clk|msfdf n}+lus cfof]usf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df

;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g'k5{ eGg'sf] tfTko{ s] klg xf] eg] n}+lus cfof]u, dfgjclwsf/

cfof]u tyf blnt cfof]ux¿df dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g' h?/L x'G5 .

k|Zgx¿

lgDg k|Zgx¿ 5nkmnsf nflu pkof]uL x'g]5g\ . ;fy} oL k|Zgsf ljifodf ;+ljwfg;efdf klg

k|:tfj /fVg ;lsg]5 M

!= dlxnf tyf k'?if ;dfg 5g\ eGg] Pp6f ;fdfGo sygafx]s g]kfnL dlxnfn] ef]Ug'k/]sf

s'g To:tf vf; ;d:of 5g\ h;sf af/]df Pp6f /fd|f] ;+ljwfgn] s]xL g s]xL pNn]v

u/]s} x'g'k5{ <

@= g]kfnL;“u ljjfx ug]{ ljb]zL dlxnfn] nf]Ug]sf sf/0f g]kfnL gful/s x'g] clwsf/

kfPh:t} g]kfnL;“u ljjfx ug]{ ljb]zL k'?ifn] :jf:gLsf sf/0f g]kfnL gful/stf

kfpg'k5{ ls kb}{g <

#= aRrfsf] klg /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ 5 eg]/ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ug'{k5{ t <

$= jflnu dlxnfsf] cfwfeGbf s]xL a9L hg;+Vof 5 . olb ;+ljwfgn] ;dfg'kflts

k|ltlglwTjdf hf]8 lbof] eg] pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ## k|ltzt x'g'k5{ ls %!

k|ltzt <

%= s] g]kfnsf] gof“ ;+ljwfgn] k|ltlglw;efdf dlxnfsf nflu ljz]if l;6sf] Joj:yf

ug'{k5{ <

^= olb To;f] ug'{k5{ eg] ltgLx¿nfO{ dlxnfn] dfq dtbfg ug]{ jf dlxnf / k'?if

b'j}n] <

&= ljz]if Joj:yfn] dlxnfsf] kIfkf]if0f u5{ eg]/ s]xL dflg; eG5g\ . ;dfgtf k|flKtnfO{

;'lglZrt ug{ hLjgsf cGo If]qdf klg dlxnfsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ <

115

*= olb To;f] xf] eg] s] To:tf] Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu cfjZos ePdf sfg'gL

Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:Yff ug'{k5{ <

(= To:tf] ljz]if Joj:yf slt ;do;Ddsf nflu x'g'k5{ < b; jif{, aL; jif{, c;Lldt x'g'k5{ jf ;d:ofsf] k|s[lt x]/L ;do tf]lsg'k5{ <

!)= kf6L{df dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf x'g'k5{ < olb x'g'k5{ eg] …s;/LÚ eGg]af/] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v x'g'k5{ ls kb}{g <

!!= dlxnflj?4sf] e]befjnfO{ b08gLo ck/fw, Ifltk"lt{ dfq u/fpg of]Uo Jojxf/ jf b08gLo ck/fw tyf Ifltk"lt{ u/fpg of]Uo Jojxf/ b'j}sf ¿kdf lng'k5{ <

!@= ;+ljwfgn] s] eG5 eg] s'g} klg cj}wflgs sfd x'g]lalQs} Tof] bl08t x'g'kb{5 . o;nfO{ ;+ljwfgn] s;/L ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sb5 < s] b08sf] Joj:yfsf nflu 5'§} sfg'gsf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 <

!#= dlxnf clwsf/ tyf lxtsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ cnUu} n}+lus cfof]u x'g'knf{ <

dlxnf / ;

+ljwfg

116

(cWofo (cWofo

117

kl/ro

dfgjclwsf/sf] k|f/lDes :j¿k /fHoåf/f x'g] bdg /f]Sg hgtfsf] :jfwLgtf;Fu ;DalGwt lyof] . kl5, hgtfn] :jfwLgtf ;+/If0f ug{ cfjZos kg]{/x]5 eGg] a'em\b} uPkl5 hgtfsf cleJolQm / ;+ul7t x'g] 5'6 lbg] :jtGqtf -cleJolQm, n]vg / e]nf x'g]h:tf :jtGqtf_ df hf]8 lbg yflnof] . cem} kl5, nf]stGqsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;;Fu}, ;fj{hlgs lqmofsnfkdf ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ cufl8 cfof], h;dWo] dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ / /fHosf] Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/L lbg] clwsf/ / sfo{sfl/0fL / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnufot /fHosf cGo lgsfodf ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ lyP . :jfwLgtf, :jtGqtf / ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/n] /fHo / gful/saLrsf] -/fHosf] ;+/rgf;d]tsf]_ ;DaGwnfO{ lg/Gt/ k'gMkl/eflift ul/cfPsf 5g\ . xfn}sf lbgx¿df, k"0f{ :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/, cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ k|:6 JoQm ePsf 5g\ / oL clwsf/ dfgjclwsf/sf ;aeGbf cfwf/e"t / nf]stflGqs clwsf/sf ¿kdf x]l/g yflnPsf 5g\ . JolQmdf cGtlg{lxt x'g] cGo clwsf/eGbf k[ys\ cfTdlg0f{o ;fd"lxs clwsf/ xf] / o;n] /fHo;Fu ;d'bfox¿sf] ;DaGw / ;d'bfox¿aLrsf] cfk;L ;DaGwnfO{ k|efljt kf5{ . o;/L, cfhef]ln dfgjclwsf/n] /fhgLlts / /fHosf lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf / ;+/rgfaf/] ablnFbf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|ltljlDat u5{ / ;fy} JolQm / ;d'bfox¿sf] :jfoQtf;DaGwL a9\bf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ klg k|ltljlDat u5{ .

Ps xb;Dd, gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/x¿sf] lj:tf/df o;k|sf/sf] 9fFrf g]kfnsf ljleGg ;+ljwfgx¿df JoQm ePsf] 5 -clGtd cWofodf rrf{ ul/Psf]_ . ;fdfGotof, cleJolQm :jtGqtf / k|]; :jtGqtfnfO{ g]kfndf /fd|/L klxrfg ul/g'sf ;fy} /fd|/L dgg ul/Psf] 5 . e]nf x'g] / ;+ul7t x'g] clwsf/nfO{ klg o;}u/L dgg ul/Psf] 5 . dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ klg cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 -gful/stf k|df0fkq k|bfg gul/Psf] x'Fbf of] clwsf/af6 s}of}+ jl~rt ePsf lyP t/ o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ clxn] ;RofOPsf] 5_ . wfld{s :jtGqtfsf]

:jfwLgtf, :jtGqtf / ;xeflutf

118

k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] 5 -cl3Nnf] cWofodf b]vfOPsf] h:tf], wfld{s :jtGqtf;DaGwL k|fjwfg :jLs[t cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfx¿;Fu d]n vfFb}gg\_ . clwsf+z g]kfnL ;+ljwfgx¿df cfjthfjtsf] :jtGqtf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 -of] Kf"0f{ clwsf/sf ¿kdf eg] xf]Og_ / :yflkt l;4fGtcg';f/sf clwsf/x¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To;sf/0f, of] cWofodf g]kfndf k|bQ gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] rrf{ ul/g] 5}g . a?, of] cWofo g]kfndf kl5Nnf] hgcfGbf]ngb]lv cufl8 cfPsf cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/, cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/ / cflbjf;L hgtfx¿sf] clwsf/sf ;jfnx¿df s]lGb|t x'g]5 . oL ;d"x clwsf/x¿ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ljz]if pNn]vgLo x'g]5g\ .

cfTdlg0f{o

P]ltxfl;s ¿kn], ;fd|fHox¿sf] cj;fgkl5 zf;sx¿n] ljleGg ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld;Fu ;DalGwt dflg; a;f]af; ug]{ If]qsf] eljio lgwf{/0f ha ug'{kg]{ eof] tab]lv g} cfTdlg0f{osf] ;jfn p7\b} cfPsf] 5 . !( cf}+ ztfAbLsf] cGTotfsf o'4 / k|yd ljZjo'4sf sf/0f o'/f]ksf ;fd|fHox¿sf] ljv08g eof] / k/flht ;fd|fHo–/fHox¿ zflGt ;Demf}tfdf ;fd|fHosf lx:;fx¿nfO{ ;f+:s[lts -vf;u/L eflifs_ Ps¿ktfsf cfwf/df :jtGqtf k|bfg ug{ afWo eP . o;k|sf/sf] cfTdlg0f{onfO{ cd]l/sL /fi6«klt p8«f] ljN;gåf/f nf]slk|o agfOPsf] efiffdf k|foM /fli6«o cfTdlg0f{o eGg] ul/G5 . To; ;dodf, o;nfO{ sfg'gLeGbf klg /fhgLlts l;4fGtsf ¿kdf x]l/GYof] . /, Toltv]/} klg, o;nfO{ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] k|:6 lyof] .

Pl;of / clk|msfsf ;fd|fHox¿ ljv08gkl5 Pp6f km/svfn] cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfof] . pklgj]zx¿ :jfwLg eP, hlt;'s} ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf eP klg jf s'g} Ps pklgj]zleq a:g] ;d'bfosf] /xg;xg csf]{ pklgj]zsf] ;d'bfo;Fu ldNg uPsf] eP klg pklgj]zx¿ cf}klgj]lzs l;dfgfn] 3]l/O/x] . ef/t eg] o;sf] ckjfb lyof] . jf:tjdf ef/tsf] ljefhg;Fu} b]vfk/]sf] dfgjLo b'vfGtn] klxn]sf cf}klgj]lzs l;dfgfx¿nfO{ sfod /fVg cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] b[9tfnfO{ an k'¥ofof] . ;+o'St /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkqn] oL pklgj]zaLr km:6fO/x]sf]] :jfwLgtfsf] ;jfnnfO{ dha't agfpg cfjZos 7fGof] -t/ o;n] cfTdlg0f{onfO{ cfTdlge{/tfsf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf pNn]v eg] u/]g_ . kmn:j¿k clwsf+z pklgj]zx¿ ax'hftLo /fHosf ¿kdf cfTdlge{/ ag] eg] sltko s'g} Ps ax';+Vossf] cwLgdf cfpg k'u] . o;n] cNk;+Vosx¿nfO{ cfTdlg0f{osf] gfpFdf :jfwLgtfsf] dfu ug]{ 9f]sf vf]lnlbof] .

;+o'St /fi6«;+3sf] b:tfj]hdf cfTdlg0f{o

clwsf+z pklgj]zx¿n] :jfwLgtf kfPkl5 cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] nflu :jfwLgtf / cfTdlg0f{o b'O{ leGg ljifo x'g yfn] . …cfTdlg0f{oÚ eGg] zAb ;+o'St /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkqdf pNn]v ul/Pcg'¿k a'em\g yflnof] . /fHox¿aLrsf] d}qL ;DaGw …;dfg clwsf/k|lt ul/Psf] ;Ddfg / dflg;x¿sf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t lyof]Ú -wf/f !, pkwf/f @_ . ljleGg

119

/fi6«x¿aLrsf] ;x–;DaGwsf] cj:yfnfO{ JofVof ug'{kbf{ klg oxL cy{nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg yflnof] -wf/f %%_ . …dflg;x¿Ú eGg] zAb s'g} ;f+:s[lts ;d'bfonfO{ hgfpg geO{ …/fHoÚ eGg] cy{df k|of]u ul/of] -oL wf/fx¿ s'g} klg /fHo k|hftflGqs / ;dfj]zL /fhgLlts k|0ffnL c+uLsf/ u/f];\ eg]/ /flvPsf lyP . To:tf] k|0ffnL s'g} /fHon] c+uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 eg] ;+o'St /fi6«;+3n] Tof] /fHosf] cfGtl/s dfdnfdf bvn k'¥ofpg kfpFb}g_ . gful/s, /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s / ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf b'O{ k|d'v dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] eGg vf]h]sf] s'/f oxL xf] . oL ;Demf}tfn] cfTdlg0f{onfO{ !(^^ df dfgjclwsf/sf] lgs} dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGtsf ¿kdf pNn]v u/] . cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/;DaGwL wf/0ffnfO{ JofVof ug]{ efiff eg] lj/f]wfefifaf6 d'St lyPg . oL b'O{ ;Demf}tfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f klxnf] wf/fdf lgDgadf]lhd 5 M

!_ x/]s dflg;;Fu cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . oxL clwsf/sf] cfwf/df pgLx¿ lgeL{stfsf ;fy cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts cj:yfsf] cEof; ug{ / cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df ;l/s x'g kfpg]5g\ .

@_ ;a} dflg;n] cfk;L kmfObfsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ;DaGw / k"jf{u|xn] c;/ gkg]{ lsl;dn] cfkm\gf lghL k|of]hgsf nflu lgeL{stfsf ;fy k|fs[lts ;Dkbf / ;|f]tsf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg]5g\ . dflg;x¿nfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf hLjgu'hf/f ug]{ cfwf/af6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .

#_ jt{dfg ;Demf}tfnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] /fi6« / u}/:jzfl;t / ;+o'St /fi6«;+3åf/f ;+/lIft /fi6«n] ;+o'St /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkqsf k|fjwfgnfO{ dfGb} cfTdlg0f{osf] ;jfnnfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{5g\ .

of] wf/fdf -sDtLdf efu ! / @ df_ /fHosf] s'g} e"efunfO{ :jfoQ / k[ys x'g] clwsf/ lbPsf] ;DaGwdf s]xL s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] gful/s clwsf/ / /fhgLlts clwsf/sf ;Demf}tf cNk;+Vossf] ;jfn;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\g} ;d'bfodf /x]/ cfkm\gf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] cEof; ug{ kfpg] tyf k[ys x'g kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ klg O+lut u/]sf] 5 -wf/f @&_ .

pklgj]zsf] ;jfnafx]s cfTdlg0f{o s'g} klg /fHosf] cfGtl/s ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ hgfpg k|of]u ul/G5, h'g k|hftGqsf] l;4fGt;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . x/]s /fHosf gful/s afXo x:tIf]klagf cfkm" s;/L :jzfl;t x'g] eGg] lg0f{o ug{ :jtGq x'G5g\ / o;nfO{ klg slxn]sfxLF cfTdlg0f{os} Pp6f cfGtl/s kf6f]sf ¿kdf lng yflnPsf] 5 . ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog eP–gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ lgsfo ;+o'St /fi6«;+3sf] dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] eg]sf] 5, cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ cf}klgj]lzs cj:yfdf cg'alGwt 5}g . ;ldltn] …dflg;Ú s] xf] eGg] cYof{Psf] 5}g g t pgLx¿nfO{ k[ys x'g] ;DaGwdf s'g} ;'emfj g} lbPsf] 5 . Sofgf8fsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] So'a]s cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gadf]lhd Sofgf8faf6 k[ys x'g ;S5 of ;Sb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6


120

zAbdf ;'emfjsf] z}nLdf cfkm\gf] ljrf/ /fv]sf] 5 . cbfntsf] ;fdfGo lg0f{ocg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] ;fj{ef}d /fHosf v08x¿nfO{ dgf]dfgL 9+un] cfkm\gf] …dfpÚ /fHoaf6 k[ys x'g] sfg'gL cg'dlt lbFb}g . cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] k[ys x'g] clwsf/dfly ls6fgLsf ;fy aGb]h gnufP klg cbfntsf cg';f/ o;n] ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] dxTjdfly eg] Wofg k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 -s'g} klg /fHosf] sfg'gn] k[ys x'g] clwsf/nfO{ :ki6 efiffdf ls6fg gu/];Dd cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] k[ysLs/0fnfO{ dfGotf lbFb}g . s'g} /fHon] eg] k[ys x'gkfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ls6fgL;fy pNn]v ub{5g\_ .

olb ;+o'St /fi6«;+3 / o;sf If]qLo ;+u7gx¿sf ;lGw / ;Demf}tf ulxl/P/ x]g]{ xf] eg] k[ysLs/0fsf] clwsf/ /fHoleqsf] s'g} efuleq cEof; ug{sf nflu dfq xf] eGg] b]vfpFb5 . ;+o'St /fi6«;+3sf] krf;f}+ jif{ufF7n] cfkm\gf] ;Demf}tfdf o;nfO{ Psbd} :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5, h;cg';f/ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/n] …:jfwLg /fi6«sf] s'g} If]q tyf /fhgLlts Pstfsf] ;fj{ef}d;QfnfO{ 6'qm\ofpg] jf xflg ug]{ af6f] vf]lnlbFb}g, rfx] Tof] cf+lzs ¿kdf xf];\ of k"0f{ . a? o;n] dfly pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ s'g} /fHodf a:g] ;dfg / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ ePsf dflg;x¿sf] kl/sNkgf ub{5 / x/]s e"efuaLr ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t eP/ ToxfF a:g] dflg;x¿sf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;/sf/sf] u7g ub{5 .Ú oBlk of] egfOn] of] klg k'li6 ub{5 ls s'g} /fHo cfkm"leq ePsf e"efusf] Pstfsf] k|tLs ta x'G5 ha o;n] cfkm\gf gful/sx¿n] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ;jfnpk/ lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ub{5 . csf]{ zAbdf, cfTdlg0f{osf] d"n dd{cg'¿k s'g} klg /fHo k|hftflGqs / ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] x'g'kb{5 .

o; ljifodf Sofgf8fsf] cbfntsf] lgisif{ s] /x]sf] 5 eg] cfTdlg0f{o ;fdfGotof /fHosf] ;+/rgfleq cEof; ul/g] s'/f xf] . o;n] eg]sf] 5, cfTdlg0f{osf] k"0f{ clwsf/ k|fKt ug{sf nflu cl:tTjdf /x]sf /fHosf ef}uf]lns cv08tf sfod /fVg] / …hgtfÚsf] clwsf/aLr a]d]n x'G5 g} EfGGf] 5}g . s'g} klg /fHosf] ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] e"efuleq a:g] gful/s tyf gful/sx¿sf] cdgrog sfod ub{5, lagf e]befj pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 / cfGtl/s Joj:yfåf/f cfTdlg0f{osf] ;Ddfg ub{5 eg] pSt /fHon] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gadf]lhd cfkm\gf /fHodf ef}uf]lns cv08tf sfod u/]sf] dflgG5 .Ú

;+o'St /fi6«;+3 dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] …cfTdlg0f{oÚ cfwf/e"t clwsf/ ePsf] / o;df cGo clwsf/ klg lglxt ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . JolStut dfgjclwsf/sf] kfngf, o;sf] k|efjsf/L ;'lglZrttf / oL clwsf/sf] j[l4 tyf ljsf;sf] cj:yf g} cfTdlg0f{o cg'e"ltsf] cj:yf xf] -General Comment !@, !(*$_ . ;+o'St /fi6«;+3 dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] /fHox¿nfO{ cfkm\gf k|ltj]bgdf tL clwsf/x¿sf] k|of]u eP–gePsf] pNn]v ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . ljz]iftM o;n] ltgLx¿nfO{ Jofjxfl/s tj/df clwsf/sf] cEof; ug{ lbg] cfkm\gf ;+j}wflgs / /fhgLlts k|lqmofx¿ JofVof ug{ cfu|x ub{5 . ;ldltn] cfTdlg0f{osf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ bfloTj cfTdlg0f{onfO{ k|ToIf / k/f]If b'j} ¿kdf c+uLsf/ ug]{ /fi6«;Fu dfq xf]Og, ;a} /fi6«;Fu x'G5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

121

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw -cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf]_ sf] wf/f @%

;+o'St /fi6«;+3 dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] cfTdlg0f{onfO{ ;Demf}tfcg';f/sf cGo clwsf/, ljz]ifu/L wf/f @% / @&, ;Fu hf]8]sf] 5 . wf/f @% cfdgful/ssf] ;fdfGo clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 eg]] wf/f @& cNk;+Vosx¿sf] ;+/If0f;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . ;ldltn] wf/f !, @% / @& sf ;Gbe{df ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ / 9fFrfnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

wf/f @% ;fj{hlgs ;jfnx¿df ;xeflutf x'g] clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;df elgPsf] 5 M

x/]s gful/s;Fu wf/f @ df pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ pko'St sf/0fafx]s lagfe]befj ;dfg clwsf/ / ;dfg cj;/ x'g]5 M

-s_ k|ToIf jf :jtGq ¿kdf r'lgPsf k|ltlglwdfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;jfnx¿df efu lng kfpg]5g\ .

-v_ dtbftfsf] :jtGqtf / OR5fsf] sb/ ug]{ ljZjJofkL, ;dfg tyf uf]Ko dtbfg k|0ffnLdfkm{t x'g] s'g} klg ;j{dfGo cfjlws r'gfjdf dtbfg ug{ jf lgjf{lrt x'g kfpg]5 .

-u_ ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df b]zsf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf kx'Fr x'g]5 .

dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] wf/f @% sf] clwsf/sf] dxTj General Comment @% -!((^_ df JofVof u/]sf] 5 . o;df elgPsf] 5, …;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] ;xdlt / ;Demf}tfsf dfGotfx¿df cfwfl/t nf]stflGqs ;/sf/sf] d'6'dfÚ wf/f @% 5 . hft, /+u, ln+u, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlt tyf cGo ljrf/x¿, /fli6«otf tyf ;fdflhs e"ldsf, ;DklQ, hGd tyf cGo ljifodf cfwfl/t eP/ oL clwsf/x¿sf] pkof]u ubf{ s'g} lje]b ug{ kfOg] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs dfldnf Pp6f Jofks cjwf/0ff xf] h'g /fHosf] zlStsf] cEof;;Fu ;DalGwt 5, ljz]ifu/L Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / k|zf;lgs zlStsf] cEof;sf ljifodf . o;n] hg–k|zf;gsf ;a} kIf / cGt/f{li6«o, /fli6«o, If]qLo / :yfgLo txdf gLlt agfpg] / nfu" ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;d]6\5 . zlStsf] afF8kmfF8 / dflg;x¿n] ;fj{hlgs dfldnfx¿df ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/sf] cEof; ug]{ ;fwg ;+ljwfg / cGo gLltlgodåf/f :yflkt ul/g'kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs dfldnfx¿df efu lng] ;jfndf e]nf eP/ 5nkmn ug]{ clwsf/ tyf cleJolSt :jtGqtf / cfd;~rf/sf] ;'/Iff ul/g'kg]{ h:tf s'/fx¿ k5{g\ . cfjZos k/]df ;sf/fTds sfo{dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;a}sf] ;dfg kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 .

dflysf] l6Kk0fLn] :jtGq / lgikIf r'gfjsf] ;+:yfut / k|lqmofut kIfdfly k|sfz kfb{5 . r'gfjL If]qaf6 x'g] k|ltlglwTjn] ToxfFsf] hg;+VofnfO{ ;dfg'kflts tj/n] emNsfPsf] x'g'kb{5, h;n] r'gfjL If]qsf] cfsf/ c;dfg x'g lbFb}g . -O:tefg df6\o'; le= :nf]eflsof, ;~rf/


122

(@#÷@)))_ . o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;jfnx¿df ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/sf nflu Pp6f o:tf] lj:t[t

9fFrfsf] lrq0f ub{5 h'g y'k|} clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] cEof;df e/ kb{5 .

dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;a} ;d'bfosf] k"0f{ ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbG5 .

General Comment n] s] eG5 eg] ‘;+ljwfg agfpFbf jf kl/jt{g ubf{ gful/sn] klg ;fj{hlgs dfldnfdf k|ToIf efu lnG5g\ .Ú Sofgf8fsf] Pp6f cflbjf;L ;d'bfo -ldSDofs_ n]

lg/Gt/ eO/xg] ;+ljwfgsf e]nfx¿df cfkm"nfO{ ;xefuL agfOPg eg]/ u'gf;f] ubf{ dfgjclwsf/

;ldltn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof …;fj{hlgs ;jfnsf] Joj:yfkgÚ xf] eg]sf] lyof] . ;ldltn]

;/sf/n] …rf/j6f /fli6«o ;+u7gÚ / kl5 !) hgf;Ddsf cflbjf;L g]tfx¿sf] …;d"xÚ dfkm{t

em08} ^)) cflbjf;L ;d"xÚsf dflg;sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ u/L h'g rogljlw k|of]u u¥of] To;n]

…;xeflutfÚsf] dfkb08 k'/f u/]sf] 5 klg eg]sf] lyof] . ;ldltn] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/;DaGwL

cfkm\gf] cfwf/nfO{ Joj:yflksfsf] r'gfjdf ef]6 xfNg of]Uo eP klg k|]mGr k|e'Tjsf] ;+j}wflgs

eljiosf] lgwf{/0f ug{ ul/Psf] hgdt ;+u|xdf Go' Sofn]8f]lgofsf afl;GbfnfO{ ef]6 xfNg

glbPsf] pbfx/0faf6 k'li6 u¥of] . ;ldltn] tL afl;Gbfx¿sf] Go' Sofn]8f]lgof;Fu ulx/f] ;DaGw

gePsf] / pgLx¿ w]/} k|mfG;]nL d"nsf x'Fbf ltgLx¿ hgdt ;+u|xaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf lyP

eg]sf] lyof] -lunf]6 le= k|mfG; -;L;LkLcf/÷;L÷&%÷8L÷(#@÷@)))_ . o;/L ldSDofssf] d'2fdf

h:t} ;ldltn] /fli6«o ljwfg -g];gn /]u'n];G;_ n] to u/]sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ :jLsf/]sf] lyof]

h'g ts{;+ut g} lyof] .!

cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] wf/f @& — cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/

dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] wf/f @& df cfTdlg0f{osf] ljifonfO{ klg hf]8tf]8n] p7fPsf] 5 -oBlk

o;n] b'O{ clwsf/x¿ -Pp6f dflg;sf] ;d"x;Fu csf]{ JolSt;Fu ;DalGwt_ leGg ePsf] s'/f

pNn]v ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . wf/f @& n] lgDg s'/f u/]sf] 5 M

hftLo, wfld{s tyf eflifs cNk;+Vosx¿ ePsf /fHox¿df tL cNk;+Vos;Fu cfa4

dflg;nfO{ cfkm\gf ;d"xsf ;b:o;Fu cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt, wd{ / efiffsf] cEof; ug{af6

jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .

cNk;+Vos ju{;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] of] Pp6f ;f]emf] lgoddfq xf] . /fHon] ug'{kg]{ bfloTjx¿

o;sf l;nl;n]jf/ lg0f{osf ;jfndf lagf /f]stf]s ;Lldt x'g] cfzf /flvPklg -ljz]ifu/L

cflbjf;Lsf] ;jfndf_ ;ldltn] o;nfO{ cNk;+Vossf] kmfObfsf nflu nflbPsf] ;sf/fTds

sfo{ egL l6Kk0fL u/]sf] 5 . ;ldltn] cfTdlg0f{osf] a'emfOnfO{ General Comment @# -!(($_

! Dff;{n le= Sofgf8f -;L;LkLcf/÷;L÷$#÷8L÷@)%÷!(*^_ df dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] eg]sf] 5, …o:tf] ;xeflutfsf tl/sfx¿ /fHosf] sfg'gL / ;+j}wflgs k|0ffnLn] pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .Ú / …;Demf}tfsf] wf/f @% -s_ nfO{ k|ToIf ¿kn] k|efljt ;fgf] jf 7"nf] ;d"xnfO{ ;fj{hlgs dfldnfdf efu lng] tl/sf r'Gg] lgzt{ clwsf/ 5 eGg] cy{df aem\g ;lsGg . ;fFRr} eGbf Tof]] gful/ssf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/sf] JofVof dfq x'g]5, h'g wf/f @% -s_ sf] ;LdfeGbf w]/} aflx/ 5 .Ú

123

df lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M o;n] eG5 ls ;'/Iffsf ;sf/fTds dfkb08x¿ /fHosf sfo{lj?4dfq cfjZos geO{ /fHokIfleqsf cGo JolStsf] sfo{lj?4 klg cfjZos kb{5g\ . wf/f @& n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]un] /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / o;sf] ef}uf]lns cv08tfdfly s'g} k"jf{u|x /fVb}g . t}klg oL clwsf/sf Ps jf b'O{ kIfx¿ /fi6«sf e"efu / ;|f]tsf] k|of]u;Fu glhssf] ;DaGw /fVg] / s'g}–s'g} ;Gbe{df :jzf;g / :jfoQtfnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ hLjgsf kf6f]df lglxt x'G5g\ . oL JolStut clwsf/x¿ ;d'bfosf] ;Gbe{df dfq cEof; ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf cNk;+Vossf] klxrfg hf]ufOg'kb{5 . o;sf] nflu pgLx¿sf kIfdf s'g} p2]Zod"ns sfo{qmdx¿ Nofpg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿sf] ;+:s[lt -;+:s[lt h'g e"ld / o;sf ;|f]t;fwg;Fu hf]l8Psf] lglZrt hLjg k4ltnufotsf ljleGg ¿kdf b]vf kb{5g\_ nfO{ kmnfpg] / km'nfpg] k|of;x¿ ul/g'kb{5 . cNk;+VosnfO{ pgLx¿nfO{ c;/ kfg]{ vfnsf s'/fx¿sf] lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofdf efu lng pT;flxt ul/g'kb{5 . oL clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f pgLx¿sf] cl:tTj / ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, ;fdflhs klxrfgsf] qmlds ljsf; ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu lgb]{lzt ePsf] 5 .

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ / cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf ;jfndf ;+o'St /fi6«;+3n] s'g} ljz]if kl/l:yltdf olb cNk;+VosnfO{ ;xefuL x'g] k"0f{ clwsf/af6 jl~rt ul/of] eg] pgLx¿n] :jfoQtfsf] dfu ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] b[li6sf]0f /fv]sf] 5 . s'g} b]zsf] cfGtl/s emu8fdf ;+nUg ePsf] a]nf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] w]/}h;f] cNk;+Vossf] :joQtfnfO{ k|a4{g u/]sf] 5 . -;'8fg, >Ln+sf, sf];f]ef], af}ugefOn÷kk'jf Go'lugL, ;fOk|;, cfr]o÷OG8f]g]l;of / af]l:gof xh{ uf]legf_ . s]xL /fli6«o ;+u7gx¿n] :jzf;g k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ -rfOgf, Olyof]lkof_ . Sofgf8fsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] eg]sf] 5, ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf gePklg olb cNk;+Vos ;+3Lo Joj:yfaf6 k[ys x'g rfxG5g\ eg] ;/sf/n] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf vflt/ ltgLx¿;Fu ;Demf}tf ug'{kb{5 / ;xdltdf cfpg'kb{5, rfx] Tof] ;xdltn] lav08g g} lsg glgDTofcf];\ .

cflbjf;Lx¿sf] clwsf/ ;DaGwdf o'PghLPsf] 3f]if0ffn] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . t/ Tof] 3f]if0ffn] ;f] clwsf/n] s'g} klg ;d"xnfO{ /fHoaf6 k[ys x'g] cg'dlt lbFb}g eGg] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . o; ;jfndf tn plNnlvt wf/fx¿ ;fGble{s 5g\ M

wf/f #

cflbjf;Lx¿;Fu cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ /xg]5 . clwsf/d'tflas ltgLx¿n] :jtGqtj/n] cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts cj:yfsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ / cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df h'6\g kfpg]5g\ .

wf/f $

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ cfkm\gf :yfgLo tyf cfGtl/s dfldnf tyf cfkm\gf :jtGq sfo{x¿ ug{ k'FhL h'6fpg] ;jfndf cflbjf;Lx¿sf] :jzf;g / :jfoQtfsf] clwsf/ x'G5 .


124

wf/f $^

!= o; 3f]if0ffdf pNn]v ePsf s'g} klg s'/fx¿ /fHo, dflg;, ;d"xnfO{ ;+s]t ug]{u/L jf s'g} lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g] dflg;sf] clwsf/ jf ;+o'St /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkqeGbf km/s x'g] u/L JofVof ug{ ;lsGg . To:t} o; 3f]if0ffdf ePsf s'g} klg s'/fn] e"efusf] Pstf jf ;fj{ef}d / cfTdlge{/ /fi6«sf /fhgLlts PstfnfO{ k"0f{ of cf+lzs ¿kdf 6'qm\ofpg] sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg jf clwsf/ lbG5 eg]/ cYof{pg ;lsGg .

of] 3f]if0ffn] of] ;+sL0f{ cy{df klg cfTdlg0f{osf y'k|} pbfx/0f lbG5 . cflbjf;Ln] cfkm\gf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf / sfg'gL ljlw cfkm} to ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . cfkm\g} dft[efiffdf lzIff cfbfgk|bfg ug]{5g\ / cfkm\g} k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ kfpg]5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g'k5{ of pgLx¿nfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ lg0f{o ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ klg ;dfj]z ul/g'kb{5 . /, ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo / lzIffsf] ;jfndf pgLx¿nfO{ klg k|zf;lgs If]qdf ;xefuL u/fOg'kb{5 . pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf e"efusf] cfkm\g} tl/sfn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 / oxL clwsf/;FUf} cfGtl/s dfldnfdfly :jzf;gsf] clwsf/ ;Dej x'G5 -lsgls pQm 3f]if0ffn] cflbjf:fL ;d"xsf cfWoflTdstf / klxrfg;Fu ;DalGwt e"ldsfsf kIfx¿nfO{ :jLsf/]sf] 5_ .

cfTdlg0f{osf kIfx¿ lkmtnf] ¿kd} eP klg o'PghLPsf] /fli6«o tyf hftLo, wfld{s tyf eflifs cNk;+Vos JolStx¿sf] clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ff -!((@_ df klg cfpF5g\ . /fHox¿n] cNk;+Vossf] cl:tTj / klxrfgnfO{ ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{g ug{'k5{ . cNk;+Vosx¿;Fu k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] /fli6«o ;jfnsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf efu lng] clwsf/ 5 / cfjZos k/]sf] v08df cfkm" a:g] ef}uf]lns 7fpFsf] ;jfndf / If]qLo ;jfndf lgw{Ss;Fu efu lng] clwsf/ 5 . klxrfgsf cfwf/df pgLx¿nfO{ s'g} lje]b ul/g] 5}g / cGo gful/s;/x ;dfg clwsf/sf] Kf|Tofe"lt ul/g]5 . /fHox¿n] ;sf/fTds kfOnfx¿ rfNg'k5{ tfls cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ b]zsf] cfly{s k|ult tyf ljsf;sf] nflu sfFwdf sfFw ldnfP/ cl3 a9\g ;s"g\ .

cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/

dfly JofVof ul/Psf ljsf;x¿afx]s, cNk;+Vossf] ;+/If0f ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o clwsf/sf b'O{j6f dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h 5g\ . oLdWo] klxnf] hftLo xTof;DaGwL dxf;lGw xf] . hftLo xTofnfO{ tn pNn]v ul/PsfdWo] /fli6«o, hftLo, k|hftLo cyjf wfld{s ;d"xnfO{ k"0f{tM cyjf c+ztM ;+xf/ ug]{ cfzosf ;fy ul/Psf] sfd eg]/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M

s_ ;d"xsf ;b:osf] xTof ug'{

v_ ;d"xsf ;b:onfO{ uDeL/ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s xflg k'Ug] sfo{ ug'{

u_ k"0f{tM cyjf c+ztM ;d"xsf] ljWj+; ug]{ lgotn] hfgLhfgL ;d"xdfly zt{ yf]kg'{

3_ hGd lg/f]wsf] lgotn] ;d"xleq dfkb08x¿ nfu" ug'{

ª_ Pp6f ;d"xsf afnaRrfnfO{ anhkm\tL csf]{ ;d"xdf k7fpg'

125

cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gd'tflas hftLo xTof b08gLo ck/fw xf]Ù / /fHox¿n] o:tf] k|fjwfg ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwnfO{ 3/]n' sfg'gsf ¿kdf klg nfu" ug'{k5{, h;n] ubf{ hftLo xTof /fli6«o sfg'gd'tflas klg Pp6f ck/fw dflgof];\ . lqmldgn hl:6;;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o GofofnonfO{ hftLo xTof ug]{ sfo{nfO{ bl08t ug]{ clVtof/L 5 . s'g} klg /fHon] hftLo xTof x'g glbg cyjf To:tf 36gfnfO{ bdg ug{] pkfo ckgfpg ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3nfO{ cfXjfg ug{ ;S5 . o;/L hftLo xTofsf] eT;{gf / o;sf lj?4 sbd p7fpg} kg]{ afWotf jf:tjd} cGt/f{li6«o ;jfn x'g\ .

;d"xx¿sf] ;+/If0fk|lt nlIft hftLo xTof;DaGwL dxf;lGwnfO{ !(^% df ;a} t/xsf hftLo e]befj lgd"{n ug]{ dxf;lGwn] ;Dk"/s u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] k|:tfjgfn] eG5, …hftLo leGgtfsf cfwf/df to ul/Psf s'g} klg pRrtf÷>]i7tf j}1flgs 9+un] unt x'g\, g}lts lx;fan] lgGbgLo x'g\ / ;fdflhs ¿kdf cGofok"0f{ / vt/gfs x'g\ .Ú hftLo cj/f]wx¿ sfod /xg' …dfgj ;dfhsf] cfbz{sf lglDt 3[0ff:kb xf] .Ú …hftLo e]befjÚ nfO{ Jofks cy{df …hft, /+u, j+z cyjf /fli6«o jf hftLo pb\ejsf cfwf/df ul/g] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e]befj, alxis/0f, cj/f]w cyjf kIfw/tfsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 h;sf] p2]Zo cyjf k|efj /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts cyjf ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf] cGo s'g} klg kIfdf dfgjclwsf/ / cfwf/e"t :jtGqtfsf] :jLs[lt, pkef]u cyjf cEof;nfO{ s'l07t cyjf ;dfKt ug]{ /x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf/0f ;a} t/xsf hftLo e]befj lgd"{n ug]{ dxf;lGw hghflt, blnt / dw];Lx¿sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;fGble{s x'g;S5 .

;a} t/xsf hftLo e]befj lgd"{n ug]{ dxf;lGwn] /fHosf ;a} kIfx¿nfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo e]befjx¿ cGTo ug{ afWo t'NofpF5, rfx] To:tf] e]befj /fHos} s'g} lgsfon] u/]sf] xf];\ cyjf …s'g} JolQm, ;d"x jf ;+u7gåf/fÚ . t/ lglZrt hftLo cyjf k|hftLo ;d"x jf JolQmsf] oy]i6 ljsf; ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu jf To:tf ;d"xn] ;dfg ¿kn] dfgjclwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ug{ kfpmg\ eg]/ lnOPsf] ljz]if sbdnfO{ hftLo e]befj dflgg] 5}g . t}klg o:tf sbdx¿ leGg hftLo ;d"xx¿sf nflu cnUu} clwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g'x'Fb}g, / To:tf ljz]if Joj:yfx¿ h'g p2]Zosf nflu ul/Psf] xf] Tof] k"/f ePkl5 sfod /xg'x'Fb}g . hftLo e]befj cGTo ug{ hftLo pRrtf÷>]i7tf;DaGwL cyjf hftLo å]if km}nfpg] wf/0ffdfly k|ltaGw nufOg' cfjZos x'G5 .

;a} t/xsf hftLo e]befj lgd"{n ug]{ dxf;lGwn] ljZjJofkL / ;dfg dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df lgjf{rgdf efu lng], dtbfg ug]{ / pDd]bjf/L lbg]h:tf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] dxTjdfly hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . of] dxf;lGwn] ;/sf/df / ;fy;fy} ;a} txsf ;fj{hlgs dfldnfx¿df efu lng] / ;/sf/L ;]jfdf ;dfg kx'Fr x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

oL ljsf;x¿sf afah'b, cNk;+Vossf clwsf/x¿ kof{Kt ¿kdf ;+/lIft ePsf] dflgPsf] 5}g . cNk;+Vossf clwsf/sf nflu cem} a[xt\ ;lGwdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xdlt h'6fpg ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] nfdf] ;dob]lv k|oTg ul//x]sf] 5 . o'/f]kdf cNk;+Vossf vf;u/L eflifs clwsf/sf]


126

;+/If0f ug{ s]xL j}wflgs pkfox¿ ckgfOPsf] 5 . t/ cGoq, o; ljifodf k|ult dGb ultdf eO/x]sf] 5 -oBlk s]xL b]zx¿df s]xL ;dootf cNk;+Vossf clwsf/nfO{ clwst/ dfGotf lbg yflnPsf] 5_ . o; ;Gbe{df klxnf] sbd !((@ sf] dxf;efdf p7fOPsf] lyof] hltv]/ ;f] ;efn] /fli6«o cyjf hftLo, wfld{s cyjf eflifs cNk;+Vossf clwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ffnfO{ :jLs[lt k|bfg u¥of] . ;f] 3f]if0ffn] /fHox¿n] cNk;+Vossf] cl:tTj / klxrfgnfO{ ;+/If0f / a9fjf lbg'kg]{ ck]Iff /fV5 . cNk;+VosnfO{ /fli6«o lg0f{ox¿ / hxfF ;fGble{s x'G5 ToxfF If]qLo :t/df cNk;+Vos;Da4 cyjf h'g If]qdf pgLx¿ a;f]af; u5{g\ ;f] If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿df ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/ 5 . cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ cGo gful/s;/x ;dfg clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 / klxrfgsf cfwf/df x'g] e]befjlj?4 cf/If0f lbOPsf] 5 . /fHon] cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo;Fu ;DalGwt JolQmx¿n] b]zsf] cfly{s pGglt / ljsf;df k"0f{ ¿kn] ;xefuL x'g ;s"g\ eGg] x]Ssf /fvL o;sf nflu ;d'lrt pkfo cjnDag ug'{k5{ .

oL zfnLg k|:tfjx¿ x'g\, h'g cfO{;L;LkLcf/sf] wf/f @% / @& cGtu{t /fHosf bfloTjx¿ ;DaGwL dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltsf] JofVofeGbf aflx/ kb}{gg\ .

cflbjf;L hgtfsf clwsf/

cflbjf;L xsdf Jofks k|ult ePsf] 5 . of] kbfjnLåf/f ljleGg ;d'bfox¿ ;d]l6G5g\, oBlk rf/j6f ljz]iftfn] ltgnfO{ lrgfpF5g\ M pgLx¿ b]zsf jf:tljs afl;Gbf x'g\ / ltgLx¿ P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv g} a;f]af; ul/cfPsf 5g\Ù ;d'bfonfO{ k|zfl;t ug]{ sfg'g / k/Dk/fnufot pgLx¿sf ljlzi6 ;f+:s[lts k4lt 5g\Ù /fHodf pgLx¿sf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] 5}gÙ / tL ;d'bfox¿ :j–klxrfgdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . e"ld;Fu ltgLx¿sf] ljlzi6, em08} cfWoflTds ;DaGw /lxcfPsf] 5, h'g pgLx¿sf] ;+:s[lt ;+/If0fsf nflu cfjZos x'G5 . em08} oL ;a} ;Gbe{df, pgLx¿ /fHosf cGo ;d'bfoeGbf k[ys 5g\ / pgLx¿ oL leGgtfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ rfxG5g\ .

cflbjf;L / hftLo ;d"xsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ klxnf] sbd cfOPncf] !)& dxf;lGw -!(%(_ lyof] . cflbjf;L hgtfn] Tof] dxf;lGwdf efu lnPsf lyPgg\ To;}n] klg To;n] pgLx¿sf k|fyldstfx¿nfO{ k|ltljlDat u/]g . dxf;lGw lkt[;QfjfbL / JolQmjfbk|lt cled'v lyof]] . /, o;n] ahf/ l;4fGtdfkm{t cflbjf;L hgtfnfO{ a[xt\ ;d'bfodf ;dfof]hg u/fpg] nIo /fv]sf] lyof] .

kmn:j¿k !(*( df Pp6f gofF dxf;lGw -!^(_ u|x0f ul/of] . k[ysLs/0f x'g;Sb}g eg] klg gofF dxf;lGwn] …cfkm\g} ;+u7gx¿dfly, hLjg k4ltdfly / cfly{s ljsf;dfly clVtof/Lsf] k|oTg ug]{, / ltgLx¿ a;f]af; ug]{ b]zsf] k4ltcGtu{t cfkm\gf] klxrfg, efiff / wd{sf] cEof; / pGglt ug]{Ú cflbjf;L hgtfsf cfsf+Iff eg] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t} o;n] e"ld;Fusf] cfWoflTds ;DaGwnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5, k/Dk/fut d"No / cEof;x¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ul/g'k5{

127

eg]sf] 5 / cNk;+Vosx¿nfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ lg0f{o lnOg] k|lqmofdf pgLx¿nfO{ ;xefuL agfpg] jf pgLx¿;Fu k/fdz{ lng'k5{ eg]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] ut jif{ of] ;lGwnfO{ cf}krfl/s ;dy{g u/]sf] lyof], oBlk o;nfO{ nfu" ug]{ ;jfndf clxn];Dd pNn]Vo sfd ul/Psf] 5}g .

s]xL cflbjf;L ;d'bfox¿n] of] dxf;lGwnfO{ ckof{Kt kfP . kl/0ffdtM Pp6f gofF j}wflgs b:tfj]h tof/ ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dfgjclwsf/ cfof]ucGtu{t Pp6f Jofks ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmof -s'g} klg ;d'bfo cyjf /fHon] efu lng kfpg]_ :yflkt ul/of] . w]/} jif{sf] jftf{ / ;Demf}tfkl5 @))& df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3åf/f cflbjf;L hgtfsf] clwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ff kfl/t ul/of] -g]kfnn] o;sf] kIfdf dtbfg u¥of]_ . cfTdlg0f{osf] ;jfnafx]s -h'g dfly rrf{ ul/Psf] 5_, of] 3f]if0ffn] k/Dk/fut hldg / cGo ;|f]tx¿df cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/dfly ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 / oL s'/fdfly lgoGq0fsf] clwsf/ cflbjf;L hgtfx¿d} lglxt x'g'kg]{5 . ljutdf pgLx¿af6 nluPsf] hldgsf] Ifltk"lt{ pgLx¿nfO{ lbg'kg]{5 . pgLx¿sf] hldg cyjf k|b]z / cGo ;|f]tx¿sf] pkef]u / ljsf;sf] /0fgLlt / k|fyldstf to ug]{ clwsf/ pgLx¿nfO{ lbg'kg]{5 . pgLx¿sf] hldg cyjf k|b]z / cGo ;|f]tx¿, vf;u/L vlgh, hn / cGo ;|f]t;fwgnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ s'g} kl/of]hgf :jLs[t ug'{eGbf klxnf /fHon] pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglw ;+3;+:yfdfkm{t pgLx¿;Fu ljZjf;k"j{s ;xsfo{ / k/fdz{ u/]/ pgLx¿sf]] :jtGq / ;';"lrt ;xdlt lng'kg]{5 . s]xL lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ tj/n], cflbjf;L hgtfnfO{ cfkm\gf ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿sf lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 .

;f/f+z

of] cWofon] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ljz]if dxTj /fVg] clwsf/x¿sf] rrf{ u/]sf] 5, h;dWo] w]/} clwsf/x¿sf ;fd"lxs cfofd -collective dimension) 5g\ . JolQmsf k/Dk/fut gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/x¿ /fd|/L a'lemPsf] kfOG5 / TfL clwsf/x¿ lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ 5}gg\ . oxfF rrf{ ul/PsfdWo] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/n] g]kfndf Jofks ;+j]u hufPsf] 5 .

cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] l;4fGtcg';f/, pklgj]z cyjf x8lkPsf] k|b]zsf ;jfndf afx]s cfTdlg0f{on] ljv08g -secession_ sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub}{g, cNk;+Vossf clwsf/x¿ Jofks 9+un] ckxl/t ul/Psf] cj:yfdf klg . of] clwsf/sf] ;Gbe{df …hgtfÚ n] s] hgfpF5 eGg] s'g} :jLs[t kl/efiff 5}g . oBlk cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g / cEof;x¿n] cNk;+Vossf clwsf/ / klxrfgnfO{ :jLs[lt lbg] ;+j}wflgs lgodx¿nfO{ ;dy{g u5{, / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ ¿kn] cNk;+Vossf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] k|s6Ls/0fsf ¿kdf :jfoQtfnfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] eGbf ;+j}wflgs sfg'gsf] clws pNn]Vo kIf xf] . dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] cfTdlg0f{onfO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos k|f¿ksf ¿kdf x]/]sf] 5 . of] k|f¿kdf ;dfhsf ;a} c+usf] k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutf cfjZos x'G5 / o;df ;d'bfosf clwsf/x¿sf] ls6fg ul/Psf] x'G5 . dfgjclwsf/sf] kf7\ou|Gyn] ;+ljwfgsf s}of}+ dxTjk"0f{ k|fjwfgx¿sf nflu dfkb08 :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .


128

t/ of] ljlzi6, sfg'gd'vL cy{n] cfTdlg0f{o :jtGqtfsf] cfwf/ xf] eGg] zlQmzfnL /fhgLlts cfsif{0f, h'g ;femf ;+:s[ltdf jf uf}/j of bdgsf] ;femf Oltxf;df u8]sf] x'G5, nfO{ sd ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . oxL cy{df cGo ;d'bfosf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] /fHoåf/f ul/Psf] Jojxf/af6 c;Gt'i6 ljb|f]xL ;d"xx¿n] cfTdlg0f{osf] of] l;4fGtnfO{ pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ . oBlk, ltgLx¿n] of] l;4fGtsf] pkof]uåf/f :jtGqtf xfl;n u5{g\ of ub}{gg\ eGg] s'/f sfg'gL lgodx¿df eGbf cGt/f{li6«o /fhgLltdf clws lge{/ u5{ . lsgeg] ljv08gsf/L ;d'bfon] u/]sf] :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ffnfO{ :jLs[t ug]{ of gug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ug{ /fHo :jtGq x'G5 -sf];f]ef]sf] ;jfndf clxn] o:t} x'Fb}5_ . tyflk s'g cj:yfdf ljvl08t /fHonfO{ dfGotf lbg] eg]/ ls6fg ug]{ sfd a]nfavt ePsf 5g\ .

129

130

!)cWofo !)cWofo

131

g]kfnsf] jf:tljstf

;fdflhs Gofo ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] dfu xf] . To;sf/0f, jl~rtLs/0fdf kfl/Psf] ;d"xsf nflu o;sf] ljz]if dxTj 5 . g]kfndf cg]sf}+ To:tf ;d'bfo 5g\ h;sf nflu ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/;DaGwL d"ne"t d'2f ;/sf/sf] k|0ffnL tyf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLh:tf d'2feGbf klg cfwf/e"t hLljsf, :jf:Yo tyf /fd|f] hLjg:t/l;t ;DalGwt 5g\ oBlk oL d'2fn] klg ;fdflhs Gofo;DaGwL ;jfndf k|efj kf5{g\ . o'Pgl8kLsf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rf+s;DaGwL cf“s8fx¿n] g]kfnsf] l:ylt slt bogLo 5 eGg] s'/f b]vfp“5g\ h;cg';f/ k|f}9 ;fIf/tf b/ $*=^ k|ltzt, cf};t cfo' b/ ^!=# k|ltzt, k|lt !))) afnd[To' b/ &$ -;+o'Qm clw/fHo ^ / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf &!_, pd]/sf] bf“hf]df tf}n sd x'g] afnaflnsf $* k|ltzt, s'zn ;'l8gLåf/f hGdfOg] lzz' b/ !! k|ltzt / ;du| dfgj ljsf; ;"rf+sdf g]kfnsf] :yfg !$@ 5 .@

sltko dflg;n] ;+ljwfgdf oL d'2fsf] s'g} :yfg /xG5 / egL k|Zg ug{ ;S5g\, t/ sltko ;+ljwfgdf o; k|sf/sf clwsf/ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .

dfgjclwsf/sf ¿kdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/

dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg;DaGwL ;t{ s] xf] eg] k|To]s JolQmsf] dof{bfsf] ;Ddfg ul/g'k5{ lsgeg] pgLx¿ dfgj x'g\ . sltko dflg; cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ klg ;f“RrL g} …clwsf/Ú x'g\ / egL k|Zg u5{g\, t/ jf:tjdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] oL clwsf/nfO{

dfgjclwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs Gofo

! xfn}sf jif{x¿df g]kfnsf] of] cf“s8fdf Hofb} 7"nf] ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm clw/fHo tyf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf cf“s8fx¿ ckdfg;"rs t'ngfsf] ¿kdf geO{ cGttM s'g} klg b]zn] s] ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ O+lut ug{ k|:t't ul/Psf x'g\ .

@ o'Pgl8kLsf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rf+s k|ltj]bg @))&÷@))* .

132

dfGotf lbPsf] lgs} nfdf] ;do eO;Sof] . g]kfn ;b:o /x]sf] klxnf] e"d08nLo dfgjclwsf/

;+:yf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g -cfOPncf]_ n] !(!( b]lv g} >lds clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f u/]sf]

5 . o; ;+:yfsf] ;+ljwfgn] …;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t ePsf] v08df dfq ljZjJofkL tyf

lbuf] zflGt :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5Ú eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:osf] x}l;otn] pQm ;+:yfsf l;4fGtsf] ;Ddfg ug}{k5{ . ljZj

dfgjclwsf/ 3f]if0ffkqn] JolQmsf clwsf/, st{Jo tyf JolQmdf …cGtlg{lxt dof{bf tyf dfgj

kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:osf ;dfg tyf cg'Nn+3gLo clwsf/Ú# nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . pQm

3f]if0ffkqdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ / gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{

PsLs[t¿kn] ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

sfd ug]{ clwsf/, /f]huf/Lsf Gofok"0f{ tyf :jR5 cj:yfsf] clwsf/ tyf

a]/f]huf/Llj?4 ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/

ef]hg, j:q, cfjf;, cf}ifwf]krf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;]jfnufot :jf:Yo tyf sNof0f;DaGwL

kof{Kt ;'ljwf;lxtsf] hLjg:t/sf] clwsf/

vfO–hLljsf u'd]sf] cj:yfdf ;'/Iff — vfO–hLljsf rfx] a]/f]huf/L, ladf/, ckf+ukg,

ljw'/ cj:yf, j[4 cj:yf jf cGo s'g} klg sf/0fn] u'd]sf] lsg gxf];\

cfdf tyf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if :ofxf/ tyf ;xfotf

lzIffsf] clwsf/, h'g clwsf/cGtu{t …k|fylds tyf cfwf/e"tÚ txsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns

tyf clgjfo{ x'g'kg]{5 .

…;f+:s[lts clwsf/Ú;DaGwL wf/0ff emg} hl6n 5 . ljZj dfgjclwsf/ 3f]if0ffkqdf lgDglnlvt

tTj /x]sf 5g\ M ;f+:s[lts hLjgdf ;xefuL aGg kfpg] clwsf/, j}1flgs k|ult tyf To;sf]

k|of]u;DaGwL nfe pkef]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/, s'g} klg j}1flgs, ;flxlTos jf snfTds

pTkfbgsf] k|ltkmnsf ¿kdf lgM;[t x'g] g}lts tyf ef}lts lxtsf] ;+/If0faf6 nfeflGjt x'g

kfpg] clwsf/, j}1flgs tyf l;h{gfTds lqmofsnfksf lglDt geO{ gx'g] :jtGqtf . ;dfhdf

l;h{gfTds¿kn] ;xefuL aGg] dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] lzIffh:tf cGo clwsf/;“u

of] clwsf/ cleGg¿kn] uf“l;Psf] 5 . ;+:s[lt dfgjhfltsf] ;l~rt ef}lts ;Dkbf xf], /

k"0f{ dfgjLo dof{bf k|fKt ug{sf lglDt l;h{gzLntfsf ¿kdf ;+:s[lt cTofjZos x'G5 . t/

# /fi6«;+3Lo ljZj dfgjclwsf/ 3f]if0ffkqsf] k|:tfjgf .$ pbfx/0fsf nflu, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|;+ljbfsf] wf/f @& / afn clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o

dxf;lGwsf] wf/f #) x]gf]{;\ . cNk;+Vossf clwsf/nfO{ cem lj:tfl/t ul/Psf] 5, h;sf] nflu !* l8;]Da/ !((@ df /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efsf] k|:tfj $&÷!#% sf ¿kdf kfl/t …hflt jf hghflt, wfld{s tyf eflifs cNk;+Vosx¿Údf kg]{ JolQmx¿sf clwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq x]gf]{;\ . o;cltl/Qm, cg]sf}+ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfx¿df ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿nfO{ klg ;Gble{t ul/Psf] 5 — $ gf]e]Da/ !(^^ df cfof]lht o'g]:sf] dxf;Dd]ngåf/f 3f]lift cGt/f{li6«o ;f+:s[lts ;xof]u;DaGwL l;4fGtx¿sf] 3f]if0ffkq x]gf]{;\ .

133

…;+:s[ltÚsf] of]eGbf Jofks cy{ klg 5 . o;n] ;d'bfosf] ;du| hLjgz}nLnfO{ hgfp“5 . k|foM

cNk;+Vos ;d"xsf] klxrfgsf] ;+/If0fdf of] hLjgz}nLsf] ljz]if dxTj /xG5 .$ o; cy{df

;+:s[ltnfO{ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|;+ljbf / afnclwsf/;DaGwL

dxf;lGwh:tf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwåf/f ;+/If0f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . oL b'j}nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] x'“bf

logsf] ;Ddfg ug{ g]kfn bfloTja4 5 .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|;+ljbfcGtu{t cln ;+s'lrt

cy{df cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnn]

o;nfO{ klg cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

s] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/eGbf km/s x'G5g\ <

;+s'lrt wf/0ff

…klZrdÚ / …k"j{Ú -jf k"“hLjfb / ;fDojfb_ aLr !(^) sf] b;sdf ePsf] rsf]{ ljrf/wf/fTds

kmf6f]sf] glthf:j¿k b'O{j6f km/s–km/s k|;+ljbf kfl/t eP . !(*% ;Dd /fHox¿åf/f cfly{s,

;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|;+ljbf s] s;/L sfof{Gjog x'“b}5

;f] s'/fsf] cg'udg ug]{ s'g} klg cGt/f{li6«o lgsfo lyPg . t/ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts

clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|;+ljbfsf] xsdf eg] cg'udgsf/L lgsfo -dfgjclwsf/ ;ldlt_

;'?b]lv g} lyof] . cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|;+ljbf

;ldltnfO{ clxn];Dd klg clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ljifos j}olQms ph'/L x]g]{ clwsf/ 5}g . t/

gof“ dfgjclwsf/ kl/ifb\ -h;n] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{ ;DxfN5_ nfO{ eg] Tof]

clwsf/ 5 . oL leGgtfn] k|s6 ug]{ / ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] ljrf/ s] xf] eg] cfly{s, ;fdflhs

tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/eGbf sd afWosf/L tyf sd nfu"

ul/gof]Uo 5g\ . sltko dflg; gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{ …klxnf] k':tfÚ, cfly{s,

;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/nfO{ …bf];|f] k':tfÚ / cfTdlg0f{o tyf ljsf;;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{

…t];|f] k':tfÚ egL aofg ug]{ u5{g\, / oL kl5Nnf …b'O{ k':tfÚsf clwsf/nfO{ qmdzM sd nfu"

ul/gof]Uo tyf sd …jf:tljsÚ clwsf/sf ¿kdf x]5{g\ . oL dflg;sf b[li6df gful/s tyf

/fhgLlts clwsf/ clwsf/ x'g\, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/rflx“ …clenfiffÚ

x'g\ eg] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{ nfu" ug]{ ;+oGq tyf pkrf/ 5g\ t/ cfly{s,

;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/nfO{ nfu" ug]{ ;+oGq tyf pkrf/ 5}gg\ . gful/s tyf

/fhgLlts clwsf/sf] xsdf /fHon] …s]jnÚ oL clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ul/g] sfo{dfly /f]s nufP

k'U5, t/ ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] xsdf eg] /fHon] ;sf/fTds sbd rfNg' /

;|f]t–;fwg vr{ ug'{ h?/L 5 . cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/nfO{ k|foM …u}/–Gofo

lg¿k0fof]UoÚ egL aofg ug]{ ul/G5 . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] oL clwsf/ cbfntåf/f lg/If0f

dfgjclws

f/ tyf ;fdflh

s Gofo

134

of]Uo 5}gg\ . o; k|sf/sf] wf/0ff tyf ef/tLo ;+ljwfgnfO{ b[li6ut u/L g]kfnsf] !(() sf]

;+ljwfgn] oL …clwsf/ÚnfO{ lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] v08df /fv]sf] 5, h;sf] cy{ oL clwsf/

;/sf/sf nflu dfu{bz{gsf/L t x'g\ t/ cbfntdf lognfO{ k|of]u ug{ eg] ;ls“b}g .

g]kfnsf] gof“ ;+ljwfgdf nfu" ul/gof]Uo x'g] u/L cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;dfj]z ug]{ sfo{lj?4 o; k|sf/sf ts{ ul/Pnfg\ . oBlk cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf s]xL k|ult eg] ePsf] 5 .

/fHon], vf; u/]/ ul/a /fHon], ;a}nfO{ ef]hg tyf cfjf; s;/L pknAw u/fpg ;S5 eg]/ obfsbf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL wf/0ffsf] pkxf; ul/G5 . csf{lt/, ljZjdf k"“hLjfbsf] ljhosf] ;fy;fy} ;fdfGotof cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/dfly c¿ cfklQ yf]kg]{ ul/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, oL clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ /fHoåf/f Hofb} 7"nf] x:tIf]k ul/g' h?/L 5 ha ls k"“hLjfbn] /fHonfO{ o;f] ug{af6 …kl5 x6\gÚ cfXjfg u/]sf] 5, lsgeg] k"“hLjfbsf] b[li6df oL clwsf/n] gful/ssf] cfTdlge{/ aGg] pTk|]/0ffnfO{ lg:t]h t'Nofp“5g\, logn] cbIftfnfO{ a9fjf lbG5g\, To;sf/0f gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/e}m“ oL clwsf/ …ahf/ d}qLÚ 5}gg\ . !(^) sf] b;sdf cl3 ;fl/Psf cfnf]rgfx¿sf] ljrf/wf/fTds cfwf/nfO{ dflg;x¿n] :jLsf/ gu/]e}m“ oL cfnf]rgfsf] ljrf/wf/fTds cfwf/nfO{ klg :jLsf/ ub}{gg\ . t/ ltgsf k|ltlqmofsf] k|s[ltdf vf; ljrf/wf/fTds kl/k|]Io g} 5}g, h'g s'/f xfdL kl5 b]Vg]5f}+ .

a[xt\ wf/0ff

oL cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] vfsf h'g ckof{Kt ;demaf6 lgdf{0f / ljsf; u/L …clwsf/Úsf ¿kdf k|of]udf NofOof] oL;DaGwL cfnf]rgf ToxL ckof{Kt ;demaf6 pTkGg ePsf x'g\ . ;To s] xf] eg] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbg / nfu" ug{ r'Sgfn] ;a} k|sf/sf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;du| ;+/If0fdf cf3ft kb{5 . To;sf/0f, ljleGg k|sf/sf clwsf/aLr :ki6 ljefhg/]vf sf]g{ ;Dej 5}g . cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ dfgjdf cGtlg{lxt dof{bfaf6} pTkGg ePsf x'g\ . k|To]s JolQmn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ Pj+ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] l:yltsf] l;h{gf u/]/dfq} qf; / cefjaf6 :jtGqtf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . dflg;nfO{ :jtGq¿kn] cfk\mgf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf] k|a4{g ug{ ;dy{jfg\ gagfO{ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ tyf ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/sf] kl/k"lt{ x'g} ;Sb}g .

cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwdf oL clwsf/sf] vfsf ;fjwfgLk"0f{ zAbfjnLdf sf]l/Psf] 5 M JolQmsf] lgoGq0feGbf aflx/sf l:yltx¿df hLljsfsf] cefj k"lt{ ug{' g} ;fdflhs ;'/Iff xf] . o:tf] l:yltdf /fHon] tTsfn} k"0f{ ;'/Iff lbg'kg]{ geO{ qmdzM ;'/Iff lbg'k5{ oBlk cfk\mgf pknAw ;|f]w–;fwgsf] ;Ldfleqaf6 oyfzSo k"0f{¿kn] ;'/Iff lbg'k5{ .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;ldlt -h;n] /fHoåf/f o; k|;+ljbfcGtu{t

135

ul/Psf] sfo{;Dkfbg;DaGwL k|ltj]bgsf] cWoog u5{_, h'/Lsf a}7sx¿ tyf oL clwsf/;DaGwL /fi6«;+3Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bsn] pQm clwsf/sf] JofVof tyf lj:tf/ u/]sf 5g\ . o; ;ldltn] vf; u/]/ 3/]n' txdf ;zQm / k|efjsf/L sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf/L ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ul/g] s'/fdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/L cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ oy]i6 ¿kn] sfof{Gjog u/fpg dfu{bz{g pknAw u/fp“5 . …k|ultzLn ;fsf/Ls/0fÚnfO{ ;du| p2]Zosf ;Gbe{df a'lemg'k5{ h;sf] cy{ /fHo kIfnfO{ oL clwsf/nfO{ ;fsf/ ¿k lbg] lbzftk{m ;Sbf] l56f] cl3 a9\g] :ki6 bfloTjk|lt k|lta4 u/fpg' xf] -;|f]t–;fwgsf] cefjnfO{ s]xL klg gug]{ axfgfsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g' x'Gg_ . o; l;4fGtn] pknAw ;|f]t–;fwg k|efjsf/L 9+un] pkof]u ug{'kg]{ s'/fsf] dfu u5{ . /fHox¿ ;a}sf nflu Go"gtd lgjf{x;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ bfloTja4 5g\, ltgsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] :t/ rfx] h:tf];'s} lsg xf];\ . …pknAw ;|f]t–;fwgx¿Ú eGg] kbfjnLn] /fHoleqsf ;|f]t–;fwg tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;|f]t–;fwg b'j}nfO{ O|+lut u5{ . csf]{ s'/f, pQm ;ldltn] k|;+ljbfdf /x]sf k|fjwfgdWo] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGth:tf cg]sf}+ k|fjwfg tTsfn} nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 -/fHon] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL ;jfndf cfk\mgf gful/saLr k6Ss} lje]b ug{' x'“b}g_ .

cS;/ /fHosf bfloTjdf lgDglnlvt s'/f kb{5g\ egL ltgsf] ;f/ lvRg] ul/G5M -!_ clwsf/x¿sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ st{Jo, -@_ ltgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ st{Jo / -#_ ltgsf] kl/k"lt{ ug]{ st{Jo . clwsf/sf] …;DdfgÚ ug]{ st{Josf] cy{ s] xf] eg] /fHo oL clwsf/x¿dfly x:tIf]k ug]{ sfo{af6 k[ys /xg'k5{, pbfx/0fsf nflu, cfjf;;DaGwL clwsf/sf] pNn+3g u/]/ dflg;nfO{ :j]R5frf/L 9+un] a]bvnL ug'{ x'“b}g . …;+/If0fÚ ug]{ st{Josf] cy{ /fHon] c¿ dflg;nfO{ oL clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ug{ lgif]w ug'{k5{ eGg] xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, /fHon] c¿ dflg;nfO{ :j]R5frf/L 9+un] a]bvnL ug{ lgif]w ug'{k5{ . clwsf/sf] …kl/k"lt{Ú ug]{ st{Josf] cy{ clwsf/nfO{ ;fsf/ ¿k lbg h] s'/fsf] cfjZostf k5{ To;nfO{ /fHo :jo+n] jf c¿ kIfn] pknAw u/fpg} k5{ eGg] xf] . oLdWo] cg]sf}+ st{Jo k"/f ug{sf nflu w]/} ;|f]t–;fwg vr{ ug'{ h?/L x'“b}g . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] kl/k"lt{ ug{ hlt ;|f]t–;fwg vr{ ug'{ h?/L x'G5, oL st{Josf] xsdf lgZro g} Tof]eGbf w]/} vr{ ug'{ h?/L x'“b}g .

clwsf/–cfwfl/t tl/sf

cbfnt hfg' clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ Psdfq pkfo xf]Og . sltko cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ cbfntåf/f sfof{Gjog ul/g pko'Qm x'“b}gg\ eGg] s'/fn] clwsf/sf ¿kdf logsf] j}wtfdf c;/ k5{ eGg] klg xf]Og oBlk o;af6 ltgnfO{ nfu" ug]{ tl/sfdf eg] c;/ k5{ . clwsf/nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] ;fsf/ ¿k lbgsf lglDt /fhgLlts sfo{sf] tyf …clwsf/–cfwfl/t tl/sfÚnfO{ /fHosf gLltx¿df ;dfj]z ug'{ h?/L 5 . ;fy} o;sf nflu clwsf/x¿ ;/sf/L gLltsf d"ne"t dfu{bz{s l;4fGt aGg' h?/L 5 .

clwsf/–cfwfl/t tl/sfn] ;fdflhs–cfly{s b[li6n] lsgf/f nufOPsf ;dfhsf v08x¿sf

dfgjclws

f/ tyf ;fdflh

s Gofo

136

nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;sf/fTds sf/afxLsf] cf}lrTo pknAw u/fp“5, h'g cf}lrTo ;f“RrL g} cfjZos x'G5 .

cbfntn] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL ;ldltn] o; k|sf/sf clwsf/ cbfntx¿åf/f sfof{Gjog ul/g nfos 5}gg\ eGg] ts{nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . xfn}sf jif{x¿sf cg]sf}+ b]zsf cbfntn] sltko kl/l:yltdf o; k|sf/sf clwsf/nfO{ cbfntåf/f sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f b]vfPsf 5g\ . blIf0f clk|msfsf] ck]Iffs[t gof“ ;+ljwfgn] cf}lrTo l;4 x'g] u/L oL clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . ef/tdf sltko lgb]{zs l;4fGtnfO{ -h'g l;4fGtsf] th'{df ltgsf] cf}lrTo l;4 gx'g] 9+un] ul/Psf] 5_ sfg'gL ;dy{go'Qm clwsf/df ¿kfGtl/t ug{ cbfnt :jo+ ;dy{ ePsf 5g\ . g]kfn tyf cGo b]zsf cbfntx¿n] s]xL dfqfdf ef/tLo cbfntsf] cg';/0f u/]sf 5g\ . blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+j}wflgs cbfntn] ;'s'Dfaf;L If]qsf] Pp6f a:tL;DaGwL d'2fsf] xsdf oy]i6 cfjf; pknAw u/fOg'kg]{ clwsf/sf] kIfdf k}m;nf u¥of] -h'g clwsf/ ;+ljwfgdf lnlka4 5_ . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] ;'s'Dfaf;L If]qsf clt uDeL/¿kn] k|efljt a:tLx¿nfO{ cfjf; pknAw u/fpgsf lglDt sbd rfNg' ;/sf/sf] st{Jo eP klg pQm st{Jo k"/f ug{ pm r's]sf] lyof] . s] elgG5 eg] pQm k}m;nfsf] k|ltlqmof:j¿k clxn] clwsf+z gu/kflnsfsf ah]6df cfjZostf cToGt} rsf]{ ePsf dflg;sf lglDt …u|'6a'd lgsf;fÚsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 -h'g lgsf;fsf] gfds/0f pQm d'2fsf] gfdaf6 ul/Psf] xf]_ . csf]{ Pp6f d'2fsf] xsdf cbfntn] of]hgf th'{dfl;t ;DalGwt sfg'gsf] JofVof cfjf;;DaGwL clwsf/l;t d]n vfg] u/L ul/g'kg]{ dfGotf cl3 ;f¥of] . :jf:Yo ;]jf;DaGwL clwsf/sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] PrcfOeL–kf]h]l6e ePsf ule{0fL dlxnfaf6 ltgsf 5f]/f5f]/Ldf x'g;Sg] efO/n ;+qmd0fnfO{ /f]Sg ;/sf/n] pQm ule{0fL dlxnfnfO{ PG6L–/]6«f]efO/n pkrf/sf] k|aGw ldnfpg' clgjfo{ 5 eGg] dfGotf klg k|:t't u¥of] .

lzIff;DaGwL lgb]{zs l;4fGtnfO{ ;fsf/ ¿k lbg ;/sf/ $$ jif{;Dd c;kmn ePkl5 ;a}sf nflu lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t lzIff -!$ jif{;Dd_ pknAw u/fpg' ;/sf/sf] st{Jo xf] egL ef/tsf] ;jf]{Rr Gofofnon] eGof] . pQm Gofofnon] ;dfgtfsf] cfd clwsf/sf] cfwf/df ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg tna -Ps lgb]{zs l;4fGt_ nfO{ sfg'gL clwsf/ agfOlbof] . pQm Gofofnon] cefjn] uDeL/ ¿k lng] ;dodf clt lgD5/f ;d"xsf nflu ef]hg pknAw u/fpg ;/sf/nfO{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5, / ;fy} af“Rg kfpg] clwsf/df hLljsfsf] clwsf/, cfjf;sf] clwsf/, :jf:Yosf] clwsf/ tyf jftfj/0fsf] clwsf/ kb{5g\ eGg] dfGotf klg cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 .

ljZjsf cGo efudf klg o; k|sf/sf c¿ pbfx/0f kfOG5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, nftleofnL ;+j}wflgs cbfntn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|;+ljbfnfO{ 6]s]/ ;/sf/ lgo'lQmbftfx¿af6 ;fdflhs ljdf;DaGwL /sdnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/fpg r'Sg' cfk\mgf] st{Josf] alv{nfkm xf], To;sf/0f o;af6 k|efljt ePsf sfdbf/n] /fHo;“u Ifltk"lt{sf]

137

bfaL ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] dfGotf cl3 ;f¥of] . ptf, dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL clk|msL cbfnt÷cfof]un] hfP/]sf] ;/sf/n] :jR5 lkpg] kfgL tyf cGo cfwf/e"t ;]jf pknAw u/fpg r'Sg'sf] ;fy} ljZjljBfno / ljBfno aGb u/]/ clk|msL 3f]if0ffkqsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] s'/f atfof] .

oL ;a} 36gfn] cbfntx¿af6 s;/L cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;+s]t u/]sf 5g\ . s] s'/f ;f“rf] xf] eg] oL cbfntx¿n] cfk\mgf k}m;nfnfO{ /fHoåf/f ul/g] /fhgLlts lg0f{osf] ljsNk agfpg ;Sb}gg\ / ;/sf/n] e}m“ Jofks gLlt–lg0f{o ug{ klg ;Sb}gg\ -sf/0f pgLx¿;“u cfjZos ;"rgf jf ;Lkx¿ jf hgtfsf] hgfb]z klg x'“b}g_, t}klg pgLx¿ zlQmxLg eg] x'“b}gg\ . blIf0f clk|msfdf e}m“ sfg'g jf ;+ljwfgn] oL clwsf/ ;f“RrL g} sfg'gL clwsf/ x'g\ eGg] s'/f :ki6 kf/]sf] v08df o; k|sf/sf clwsf/nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ bfloTj :jLsf/ ug{ ;lhnf] x'g]5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs vfsfcGtu{t cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/

g]kfnsf !($* / !(^@ aLrsf ;+ljwfgx¿df cg]sf}+ k|fjwfg 5g\ . s'g} ;+ljwfgn] ;dfgtfsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf 5g\, s'g}n] lgMz'Ns k|fylds lzIffsf] jf jl~rtLs/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d"xsf lglDt ;sf/fTds sf/jfxLsf] jfrf u/]sf 5g\ . t/ oLdWo] s'g} ;+ljwfgn] klg clwsf/sf] Jofks z[+vnfsf] ;+/If0f u/]sf jf pkrf/sf k|efjsf/L pkfo cl3 ;f/]sf 5}gg\ .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] cfk\mgf] k|:tfjgfdf ;fdflhs Gofosf] jfrf u¥of], t/ of] jfrf b]zdf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf ul/a, cflbjf;L tyf ;LdfGts[t hgtfsf nflu cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] k|flKtdf ¿kfGtl/t ePg . ;a} df}lns clwsf/sf] ;femf a'“bfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] /f]huf/L;DaGwL clwsf/sf If]qsf] ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/afx]s cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs clwsf/sf] cfwf/e"t k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] 5}g . wf/f !* n] s]xL ;f+:s[lts tyf z}lIfs clwsf/nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] eP klg, / ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ …ax'hftLo tyf ax'eflifsÚ b]zsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/] klg …lxGb' clw/fHoÚ eGg] jfSof+z / …cfo{Ú ;d'bfo -cyf{t afx'g, If]qL_ sf ax';+Vos hgtfn] af]Ng] …g]kfnLÚ efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L efiff :jLsf/ ug]{ s'/f;“u of] afe]msf] lyof] .

;+ljwfgsf] efu $ df lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿leq cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts d'2fnfO{ ;dflxt ul/P klg oL d'2fnfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g] d'2fcGtu{t kfl/Pg . …oL l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿ s'g} klg cbfntåf/f nfu" ul/gof]Uo 5}gg\Ú egL ;+ljwfgdf :ki6¿kn] ls6fg ul/Psf] x'gfn] oL k|fjwfgsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ pkrf/sf s'g} klg pkfo pknAw u/fOPsf 5}gg\ . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] oL l;4fGtx¿ …d'n'sdf pknAw ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] ;Ldfleq sfg'gåf/f r/0fa4¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g'Ú h?/L 5 eGg] sygdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|;+ljbfsf] efjgf k|ltWjlgt ePsf] lyof] . t/ g]kfnsf cbfntx¿

dfgjclws

f/ tyf ;fdflh

s Gofo

138

/fHon] cfk\mgf bfloTj k"/f u/]–gu/]sf] s'/fsf] lgSof}{n ug]{ sfo{df ef/tLo cbfnt hlt klg cl3 a9\g ;s]gg\ . ;+ljwfgcGtu{t /x]sf ljz]if k|fjwfgnufot ;dfgtf;DaGwL clwsf/sf] cfwf/df !((* df bfo/ ul/Psf] ef]sd/L;DaGwL d'2fsf] xsdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] …;/sf/n] pQm lhNnfdf kof{Kt vfBfGgsf] k|aGw ldnfO;s]sf] 5 / cfk\mgf bfloTj k"/f ug]{ k|lta4tf klg JoQm u/]sf] 5Ú eg]/ d'2fnfO{ vf/]h ul/lbof] . o;k|sf/ cbfntn] ;/sf/n] tTsfn ul//x]sf] elgPsf] / kl5 ug]{ elgPsf sfo{sf] lg/LIf0f ug{ OGsf/ ul/lbof] .

t/ @))& sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg eg] a9L k|ultzLn b]lvG5 lsgeg] of] …dof{lbt hLjgÚsf] d"ne"t k|Tofe"lt ul/g] k|lta4tf;“u} ;'? x'G5 . oL …d"ne"t clwsf/Úleq s]xL cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s clwsf/sf] cyf{t jftfj/0f tyf cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo;]jf, lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt -dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIff_, efiff tyf ;+:s[lt, /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ef]hg tyf ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;+ljwfgn] g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} ;d'bfosf dft[efiffsf] ;Ddfg u5{ h;leq :yfgLo txdf ;/sf/L sfdsfhdf tL efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ kfOg] clwsf/;d]t kb{5 . o;n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf z}lIfs b[li6n] lk5l8Psf jf ;LdfGts[t dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L tyf hghflt ;d"x, dw];L, ul/a ls;fg tyf dhb'/nfO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] clwsf/;DaGwL k|fjwfgleq …;sf/fTds sf/jfxLÚ tyf ul/anfO{ lgMz'Ns sfg'gL ;xfotf, dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg :jf:Yosf] clwsf/, zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s lx+;flj?4sf] clwsf/, k'Vof}{nL ;DklQdf 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg clwsf/sf] ;fy} afnaflnsfnfO{ lgjf{x, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf zf]if0flj?4 ;'/Iffsf] ;fy} cfdfafa'ljxLg, ;':t dgl:ylt ePsf tyf åGåkLl8t tyf lj:yflkt, lgD5/f, ;8s afnaflnsfnfO{ afnclwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ vt/fo'Qm afn>ddf nufpg] tyf ;]gf jf k|x/Ldf etL{ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 .

To;}u/L, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] cfk"mleq ;fdflhs k'gM;+/rgfdfk{mt /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f sfo{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ /fhsLo bfloTj tyf lgb]{zs l;4fGt Pj+ gLltx¿ ;dflxt u/]sf] 5 . k'gM:yfkg sfo{ tyf lje]bsf/L sfg'gsf] pGd"ngnufot åGåkLl8tsf nflu Joj:yf ul/g] /fxtsf/L pkfo;DaGwL k|fjwfg ;a} g} ;sf/fTds kIf x'g\ .

cem w]/} cfjZos 5

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf sltko cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] ce}m k"0f{¿kn] k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] 5}g lsgeg] o;sf nflu To:tf …sfg'gÚsf] vf“rf] k5{ h'g sfg'g kfl/t x'g af“sL g} 5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu, :jf:Yo;]jf, lzIff tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL clwsf/_ t/ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] xsdf eg] l:ylt km/s 5 . o; k|sf/sf sfg'gljgf sfof{Gjog kIf clglZrt /xG5 . clwsf/nfO{ uDeL/¿kn] lng] xf] eg] b]zsf] d"n sfg'gsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfgn], hxf“;Dd ;Dej 5, cGo s'g} klg sfg'gsf] d'v gtfsL …cfjZos kg]{Ú dflg;sf nflu pkrf/sf] pkfo pknAw u/fp“5 .

139

lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf s]xL cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ k/]sf 5g\ -h:tf] ls …;a} gful/ssf nflu cfjf;sf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{ gLltÚ jf dlxnfnfO{ …ltgsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf /f]huf/LÚsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf_ t/ oL clwsf/nfO{ ce}m klg cbfntdf sfof{Gjog ul/gof]Uo gePsf] egL aofg ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] o; v08df …/fHosf] bfloTjÚsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] eP tfklg cbfntdf ph'/L ug{ gldNg] ljifosf] of] k|fjwfgn] ;+/If0f;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ sdhf]/ agfp“5 .

k|Zgx¿

!= g]kfndf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] s'g–s'g clwsf/ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ <

@= o; k|sf/sf s'g–s'g clwsf/ ;a}eGbf a9L vt/fdf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ <

#= s] k|To]s JolQmn] clwsf/df ;dfg kx'“r k|fKt ug}{k5{ eGg] s'/fdfly hf]8 lbg' g} kof{Kt x'G5 <

$= s] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf e}m“ gof“ ;+ljwfgdf cbfntdf k|ToIf¿kn] sfof{Gjog ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ xtf]T;flxt ug]{ vfnsf dfu{bz{s l;4fGtsf] cfj/0fleq s]xL ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ;jfn ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ <

%= s] tkfO{+nfO{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs clwsf/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ e"ldsf cbfntnfO{ ;'xfp“lbnf] xf]nf eGg] nfU5 <

^= s] o; k|sf/sf sfo{ef/ ;DxfNgsf nflu cbfntx¿ cem /fd|f];“u ;';lHht x'g] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+ljwfgn] ug{;Sg] s'/f 5g\ <

&= ;+ljwfgdf hlt w]/} clwsf/ ;dfj]z u¥of] Tof] Tolt g} nfdf] x'G5 . oL kIfnfO{ tkfO{+ s;/L ;Gt'lnt agfpg' x'GYof] < tkfO{+ 5f]6f] ;+ljwfg jf clwsf/sf] Jofks z[+vnfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ ;+ljwfgdWo] s'grflx“nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg'x'GYof] <

dfgjclws

f/ tyf ;fdflh

s Gofo

140

!!cWofo !!cWofo

141

k|hftGq eGgfn] hgtfsf] zf;g a'lemG5 . t/ cfw'lgs cjwf/0ffcg';f/ k|hftGq eGgfn]

hgtfaf6 :jtGq¿kn] r'lgPsf k|ltlglwsf] zf;g a'lemG5 . lgjf{rgn] :jtGq¿kn] k|ltlglw

r'Gg] dfWod k|bfg ub{5 .

lgjf{rgn] w]/} sfo{x¿ ub{5 . Hf:t} M

ljwflosfdf hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] .

zf;g ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf] ;/sf/ rog ug]{ .

hgtfnfO{ gLltlgod agfpg] cj;/ lbg] .

;/sf/nfO{ hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL agfpg] .

k|lt:kwf{Tds bnLo k4ltnfO{ ;xh t'Nofpg] / To;sf] k|j4{g ug]{ .

hgtfn] :jtGq¿kdf r'g]sf k|ltlglwaf6 ;/sf/ ag]sf] x'G5 . k|ltlglw 5gf]6sf] cj;/ k|bfg

ug{] ;+oGq g} r'gfj xf] . lgjf{rg k|0ffnL lgDg ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 M

dtbftf sf] x'g\ < lgjf{rgdf s:tf] of]Uotfsf] JolQm pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpF5 < dt s;/L

ulgG5 < lgjf{rg s;n] u/fpF5 < oL ;a ;jfn ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] lgSof]{n u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 .

lgjf{rg;DaGwL lj:t[t k|lqmofsf af/]df lgjf{rg P]g / lgodfjnLdf cnUUf} JofVof ul/Psf]

5 . lgjf{rgsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL xf] .

lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

lgjf{rg k|0ffnL eg]sf] o:tf] ;+oGq xf] h;n] cfd lgjf{rgdf v;]sf dtnfO{ bn jf pDd]bjf/n]

lgjf{rg / lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

142

lht]sf l;6df kl/0ft u5{ . lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] 5gf]6 ug'{ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ;+:yfut lg0f{o

xf] . hgtfn] JoQm u/]sf] dtnfO{ hlt;Sbf] b'?:t lsl;dn] l;6df abNg ;Sg] lgjf{rg

k|0ffnLsf] 5gf]6 ug'{ g} o;sf] cGt/lglxt dfGotf xf] . leGgfleGg} lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf

lgjf{rgdf v;]sf Pp6} dtaf6 ;du| ¿kdf leGg} kl/0ffd cfpg ;S5 . ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg

k|0ffnLcGtu{t @))$ df blIf0f clk|msfdf ePsf] lgjf{rgdf clk|msg g];gn s+u]|;n] s'n dtsf]

^(=^( k|ltzt NofP/ ̂ (=&% k|ltzt l;6 lhTof] . of] cToGt} ;dfg'kflts kl/0ffd lyof] . @)))

df d+uf]lnofdf ePsf] lgjf{rgdf d+uf]lnog lkkN; l/ef]No';g/L kf6L{n] &^ ;b:oLo ;+;bdf &@

l;6 Nofof] hals p;n] s'n dtsf] %@ k|ltzt dfq dt kfPsf] lyof] . d+uf]lnofsf] lgjf{rg

k|0ffnL g]kfns} h:tf] ;a}eGbf w]/} dt Nofpg] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g] lsl;dsf] lyof] . !(((

df g]kfndf ePsf] lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sfu|];n] s'n dtsf] #^=!$ k|ltzt dt NofP/ !!# -%$=!%

k|ltzt_ l;6 lht]sf] lyof] . d+uf]lnof / g]kfndf lgjf{rgsf] glthf cToGt} c;dfg'kflts

lyof] . lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] hgtf / /fi6«sf] ljz]if dfu / cfjZostfnfO{ k'/f ug'{kb{5 .

hgcfGbf]ng @ sf] ;kmntfkl5 clxn] /fHo hgtfsf cfsf+IffnfO{ hlt;Sbf] k"/f ug{] lsl;dsf]

;+ljwfg agfpgsf nflu ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf h'6]sf] 5 . To;}n], ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg /

eljiodf aGg] ;+ljwfg b'j}sf nflu lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cToGt dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] dtbftf / bnx¿sf] Jojxf/df k|efj kf5{ . o;n] dtbftf / pgLx¿n] r'g]sf

k|ltlglwsf] ;DaGwnfO{ klg lgwf{/0f u5{ . o;k|sf/ r'gfj k|0ffnL xfdLn] rfx]]sf] /fhgLlts /

bnLo k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . lgDg k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]/ xfdLn] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL hfFRg ;S5f}+ M

hgtfsf] dtnfO{ l;6df abNbf o;n] hgtfsf] rfxgfnfO{ k|ltljlDat u/]sf] 5 <

o;n] Ps JolQm, Ps ef]6 / Ps d"Nosf] l;4fGt cfb/ u/]sf] 5 <

o;n] cNk;+Vossf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 <

o;n] dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj u/fpg ;S5 <

o;n] lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/L / lgjf{rg If]qaLr :ki6 / glhssf] ;DaGw sfod

u/fpF5 <

ljz]ifu/L k|hftflGqs k4ltdf s] o;n] l:y/ ;'b[9 ;/sf/ aGg] jftfj/0f tof/

u5{ < ;+;bdf b'O{j6f d'Vo bn x'G5g\, h;dWo] Pp6fn] :ki6 ax'dt NofPsf]

x'G5 t < cyjf ;–;fgf /fhgLlts bnsf] afx'No ePsf] ;+;bsf] lgdf{0f u/L

ldlnh'nL ;/sf/ agfpg'kg{] cj:yf l;h{gf u5{ <

o;n] hftLo ;b\efj a9fpF5 ls hftLo snx <

143

g]kfndf o;cl3 ePsf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf af/]df ul/Psf s]xL k|d'v cfnf]rgfx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

o;n] pRr hfltsf kxf8] lxGb' afx'g / If]qLsf] kIfkf]if0f u/]sf] 5 .

o;df blntx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj Go"g /xG5 . d'Vo /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;d]t blnt pDd]bjf/ p7fPgg\ .

dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj Hofb} sd 5 .

hghflt / dw];Lx¿n] pgLx¿sf] hg;+Vofadf]lhd ;+;bdf 7fpF kfPgg\ .

;fgf bnx¿n] cfkm"n] kfPsf] dtsf] cg'kftdf l;6 kfPgg\ h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ /fhgLlts d'nwf/af6 aflx/ /xg afWo eP .

w]/} bnx¿aLr k|lt:kwf{ x'Fbf s'n dtsf] aL; k|ltzteGbf sd dt Nofpg] pDd]bjf/;d]t ljhoL eP .

r'gfj w]/} vlr{nf] eof] .

wfFwnL x'g] ePsfn] lgjf{rgsf] lgikIftfdf Zf+sf pTkGg eof] .

lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf k|sf/

lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ d"n ¿kdf ax'dtLo, ;dfg'kflts / ldl>t u/L tLgj6fdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;DalGwt b]zsf] cj:yfcg';f/ oL k|To]s k|0ffnLsf ljljw :j¿k k|rngdf cfPsf 5g\ .

s]xL b]zn] ;a}sf] plrt k|ltlglwTj gx'g] eP klg ;'b[9 ;/sf/ u7g ug{] rfxgf /fVg ;S5g\ eg] cGo b]zn] ;fgf bnsf] afx'No x'g] eP klg jf hftLo bnx¿sf] k|wfgtf x'g] eP klg jf sdhf]/ / cl:y/ ;/sf/ u7g x'g] eP klg ljwflosfdf dtbftfsf] rfxgf l7s lsl;dn] k|ltljDat xf];\ eGg] rfxg ;S5g\ . s]xL b]zn] ljwflosfdf ;dfhsf] hfltut ;+/rgf k|ltljlDat x'g] u/L lgjf{rg k|0ffnL 5gf]6 u5{g\ eg] s]xL b]zn] ljleGg hflt÷hghfltaLr Pstf sfod u/fpg] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL /f]H5g\ .

w]/} dtLo÷ax'dtLo k|0ffnL

;a}eGbf w]/} dtLo k|0ffnLdf ;a}eGbf a9L dt k|fKt ug{] ;d"x jf JolQm lgjf{lrt x'G5 . lgjf{lrt ;d"x jf JolQmn] cfwfeGbf a9L dtbftfsf] dt k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . w]/} dtLo k|0ffnLdf x/]s lgjf{rg If]qaf6 Pshgf dfq ;b:o lgjf{lrt x'G5 . of] k|0ffnLsf] hGd a]nfotdf ePsf] xf] . cd]l/sf, ef/t, a+unfb]z, kfls:tfgh:tf klxn] a]nfotsf] k|e'Tj /x]sf


144

w]/} b]zdf of] k|0ffnL ckgfOPsf] 5 . g]kfndf klg o; cl3;Dd oxL k|0ffnL ckgfOPsf] lyof] . ax'dtLo k|0ffnLdf s'g} klg bn lgjf{lrt x'g cfwfeGbf a9L -krf; k|ltzt / c¿ Ps_ dt Nofpg'k5{ . s;}sf] :ki6 ax'dt gcfPdf ;a}eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] b'O{ pDd]bjf/aLr bf];|f] r/0fsf] lgjf{rg u/fP/ o:tf] ax'dt k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 -k|mfG;sf] /fi6«ktLo r'gfj, clg k|m]Gr efiff af]Ng] clk|msL b]z / o'ufG8fsf] r'gfj h:t}_ .

;a}eGbf w]/} dtLo jf ax'dtLo k|0ffnLsf s]xL kl/0ffd M

ljwflosfdf k|fozM yf]/} bn x'G5g\ .

cNkdtsf] ;/sf/ u7g x'g ;S5 -g]kfndf !((( sf] lgjf{rgdf ePh:tf]_ .

;a}eGbf w]/} dtLo lgjf{rgdf lgjf{lrt pDd]bjf/n] cfkm\gf] lgjf{rg If]qsf ax';+Vos dtbftfsf] ;dy{g k|fKt gu/]sf] klg x'g;S5 .

cNk;+Vos ;d"xx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj sd x'g ;S5 . cNk;+Vossf] cfkm\gf] bn gxF'bf pgLx¿ d"nwf/df /x]sf bndf ;dfj]z ePsf x'g ;S5g\ .

r'gfjsf] glthfdf w]/} dtsf] cy{ gx'g] ePsfn] tL dt v]/ hfG5g\ . s'g} lgjf{rg If]qdf ljhoL gePsf pDd]bjf/nfO{ dt xfNg]sf] dt o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . s'g} lgjf{rg If]qaf6 ljhoL x'gsf nflu rflxg]eGbf a9L dt v;]sf 5g\ eg] tL dt klg v]/ hfG5g\ .

x/]s ;b:on] ;fgf] lgjf{rg If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{] ePsfn] lgjf{rg If]q / lgjf{lrt ;b:oaLr 3lgi6 ;DaGw sfod x'g ;S5 .

;/sf/ a9L l:y/ x'g ;S5 .

Pp6} bnsf] ;/sf/ u7g x'g;S5 .

;a}eGbf w]/} dtLo÷ax'dtLo k|0ffnLdf k|fozM lsg c;dfg'kflts kl/0ffd cfpg] u5{ < ;a}eGbf w]/} dtLo÷ax'dtLo k|0ffnLdf c;dfg'kflts glthf cfpg'sf] Pp6f sf/0f x'g;S5 M lgjf{rg If]qsf] cfsf/ c;dfg x'g' . Pp6f lgjf{rg If]qdf w]/} dtbftf Pp6f ;d"xn] cfkm"n] rfx]eGbf yf]/} dfq pDd]bjf/ lhtfpg ;S5 t/ TolQs} ;+Vofsf] ;d"x ljleGg lgjf{rg If]qdf 5 eg] p;n] a9L pDd]bjf/ lhtfpg ;S5 . c;dfg'kflts kl/0ffd cfpg'sf] csf]{ sf/0f dtbftfsf] ef}uf]lns ljefhgsf sf/0f bnljz]ifn] jf gLltljz]ifn] ;dy{g kfpg] tl/sf klg xf] .

dfgf}+ s'g} Pp6f kf6L{sf kfFr nfv dtbftf 5g\ . oL dtbftf % j6f lgjf{rg If]qdf ljeflht 5g\ / tL lgjf{rg If]qdf pgLx¿ cTolws ;+Vofdf /x]sf 5g\ eg] pgLx¿n] kfFrhgf ;b:o dfq lgjf{lrt ug{ ;S5g\ . t/ pgLx¿ b; j6f lgjf{rg If]qdf ljeflht 5g\ / k|To]sdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d"xsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ eg] pgLx¿n] b; hgf ;b:o lgjf{lrt ug{ ;S5g\ . Tolt g} dtbftf cem w]/} lgjf{rg If]qdf a:5g\ t/ s'g} klg lgjf{rg If]qdf pgLx¿ ;a}eGbf

145

7"nf] ;d"x /xg]5g\ eg] pgLx¿n] Pshgf klg ;b:o lhtfpg ;Sb}gg\ . oL b'j} kl/l:ylt g]kfndf b]lvPsf] 5 M blnt / s]xL hghflt w]/} lgjf{rg If]qdf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ eg] cGo s]xL ;d"x Ps} 7fpFdf /x]sf 5g\ . sf7df8f}+ / t/fO{sf lgjf{rg If]qsf t'ngfdf kxf8sf lgjf{rg If]qdf sd dtbftf 5g\ .

;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL

;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf k|lt:kwf{df /x]sf x/]s bnn] cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] cg'kftdf l;6 lhTg] u5{g\ . s'g} Ps bnn] $) k|ltzt dt k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eg] p;n] $) k|ltzt l;6df ljho k|fKt u5{ . dtbftf s'g ef}uf]lns If]qdf s;/L a;]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fn] l;6 ;+Vofdf k|efj kfb{}g . ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf w]/} ¿k 5g\ . ljZjsf sl/a ;Q/L b]zdf s'g} g s'g} ¿ksf ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL k|rngdf 5g\ . ;"rLk|0ffnL / Psn ;+qmd0fLo dt k|0ffnL ;a}eGbf a9L k|rngdf 5g\ . ;"rLk|0ffnLdf k|lt:kwf{df /x]sf x/]s bnn] pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL tof/ u5{g\ . s'g} bnn] $) k|ltzt dt k|fKt u¥of] eg] p;n] tof/ u/]sf] ;"rLsf] ;aeGbf dflyNnf] efudf /x]sf $) k|ltzt pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 x'G5g\ . Psn ;+qmd0fLo dt k|0ffnLdf dtbftfn] pQm lgjf{rg If]qdf hlt k|ltlglw lgjf{lrt ug'{kg{] xf] Tolt g} ;+Vofsf pDd]bjf/nfO{ klxnf], bf];|f] u/L k|fyldstf tf]S5g\ . dtbftf clzlIft /x]sf b]zdf of] k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ sl7g x'G5 . ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLsf ;an / b'a{n kIf tn pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ M

ax'dt k|0ffnLeGbf of] k|0ffnL a9L k|ltlglwd"ns 5 .

of] k|0ffnL cNk;+Vos ;d"xsf nflu l7s 5 . o; k|0ffnLdf ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:on] dt lbg] xf] eg] cNk;+Vos -!) k|ltzteGbf sd hg;+Vof ePsf]_ ;d"xn] ;d]t !) k|ltzt l;6df ljho k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . t/ cNk;+Vos ;d"xsf] cfkm\g} bn ePsf] cj:yfdf jf pgLx¿n] ljleGg bnnfO{ dt glbP/ ljz]if bnnfO{ dfq lbPsf v08df dfq o:tf] kl/l:ylt pTkGg x'g ;S5 .

bnx¿n] w]/}eGbf w]/} dtbftfnfO{ ;d]6\gsf nflu ljljw ;d"xaf6 pDd]bjf/ p7fpg'kg{] ePsfn] of] k|0ffnL dlxnf / cGo …u}/ k/Dk/futÚ pDd]bjf/sf nflu pko'Qm 5 -tnsf] aS; x]g'{xf]nf_ .

;dfj]zLs/0f / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj M blIf0f clk|msfsf] cg'ej

blIf0f clk|msfsf] hg;+Vofdf &# k|ltzt sfnf, !% k|ltzt uf]/f, ( k|ltzt ldl>t / # k|ltzt ef/tLo 5g\ . klxn]sf] /+ue]bL zf;gdf uf]/f, ldl>t / ef/tLosf cf–cfˆg} ljwflosf ;bg lyP eg] sfnfx¿sf nflu ljwflosf ;bgsf] Joj:yf lyPg . /+ue]bL Oltxf; ePsf] gofF blIf0f clk|msfn] hfltsf cfwf/df dflg;sf] bhf{ sfod ug{] k|0ffnLnfO{ c:jLsf/ u¥of] . o;n] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL ckgfof] . oxfF bnLo ;"rLsf cfwf/df l;+uf] b]znfO{ g} Pp6f lgjf{rg If]qsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .


146

!(($ df oxL k|0ffnL ckgfP/ klxnf] /+ue]bd'Qm ljwflosfsf] lgjf{rg eof] . ljwflosfdf %@ k|ltzt sfnf, #@ k|ltzt uf]/f, * k|ltzt ef/tLo / & k|ltzt ldl>t hfltsf pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt eP . !((( df %* k|ltzt sfnf, @^ k|ltzt uf]/f, !) k|ltzt ldl>t / % k|ltzt ef/tLo ljwflosfdf 5gf]6 ePsf lyP . @))$ df ljwflosfdf ljleGg hfltsf] k|ltlglwTj o;k|sf/ lyof]M ^% k|ltzt sfnf, @@ k|ltzt uf]/f . ef/tLo / cGo ldl>t hfltsf] ;xeflutf !((( sf] hlt g} lyof] . @))$ df ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;b:o lgjf{lrt eP . sfnf ;b:on] k|foM ;a} d'Vo efiff ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj uy{] .

of] cj:yf xfl;n ug{ sf]6f k|0ffnL nfu" ug{' k/]g .

o; k|0ffnLdf ;fgf bnn] ;d]t s]xL l;6df ljho k|fKt ug{] ePsfn] w]/} bn lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ .

hfltut cfwf/df bn vf]Ng lbOPsf v08df o;n] hftLo bnnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;S5 . o;n] hftLo÷wfld{s leGgtfnfO{ lr/:yfoL agfpg ;S5 .

Pp6f lgjf{rg If]qaf6 w]/} ;b:osf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] ePsfn] lgjf{rg If]q / Tof] lgjf{rg If]qaf6 ljhoL ;b:ox¿aLr 3lgi6 ;DaGw /xFb}g . s]xL ckjfbdf t l;+uf] b]znfO{ g} Pp6f lgjf{rg If]q agfOPsf] x'G5 -Oh/]n / gfldlaofdf h:t}_ .

Ps If]q Ps ;b:o -k|ToIf lgjf{rg_ sf cfwf/df lgjf{rg x'g] If]qdf eGbf ;"rLk|0ffnLdf pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6df bnsf g]tfsf] lgoGq0f a9L x'G5 lsgls ;"rLk|0ffnLdf ;"rLdf s;nfO{ /fVg] / pgLx¿sf] gfd s;/L qmda4 ug{] eGg] af/]df g]tfx¿sf] lg0f{on] sfd u5{ eg] k|ToIf lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ 5fGg] sfd k|fozM :yfgLo ;ldltn] u5{g\ .

;+;bdf ;fgf bnsf] afx'No x'g] ePsfn] ldlnh'nL ;/sf/ aGg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ ;/sf/ sdhf]/ / cl:y/ x'g ;S5 .

ldl>t k|0ffnL

s]xL lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] ax'dt k|0ffnLsf /fd|f kIf -:ki6 kl/0ffd, l:y/ ;/sf/, lgjf{lrt ;b:osf] lgjf{rg If]q;Fusf] 3lgi6 ;DaGw cflb_ / ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLsf /fd|f kIf -cNk;+Vos ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttf, k|fKt dt / l;6sf] cg'kftsf lx;fan] Gofof]lrt l;6_ nfO{ ld;fpg] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ .

hd{gLdf ;j{k|yd k|of]u ePsf] ;dfg'kflts ldl>t ;b:o k|0ffnLdf s]xL l;6x¿ Ps If]q Ps ;b:osf cfwf/df lgjf{rg ul/G5g\ / afFsL l;6 bnsf] ;"rLsf cfwf/df lgjf{lrt x'g] ub{5g\ . dtbftfn] Ps If]q Ps ;b:osf cfwf/df p7]sf pDd]bjf/sf ;fy} cfkm"nfO{ dg k/]sf] bnnfO{ klg dt lbG5g\ . o:tf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf bnn] lgjf{rg If]qsf cfwf/df Pp6f l;6 glht] klg /fli6«o / If]qLo :t/df bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] cg'kftsf cfwf/Dff bnsf]

147

;"rLaf6 l;6df ljho k|fKt u/L o;sf] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg ;S5g\ . xfnsf jif{x¿df of] k|0ffnL Go'lhNofG8, O6nL / d]lS;sf]nufot w]/} b]zdf ckgfOPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjsf nflu oxL k|0ffnL;Fu s]xL xb;Dd ldNbf]h'Nbf] ldl>t k|0ffnL nfu" ug{] ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . t/ hd{gLdf eGbf km/s oxfF ;dfgfGt/ k|0ffnLnfO{ r'lgPsf] 5 . o; k|0ffnLdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf cfwf/df bf];|f] ;d"xsf ;b:o lgjf{lrt x'g] eP klg ef}uf]lns If]qaf6 r'lgPsf ;b:osf] u0fgf xF'b}g . o;k|sf/ of] ldl>t k|0ffnL ;dfg'kflts ldl>t ;b:o k|0ffnLeGbf sd ;dfg'kflts x'g] ;Defjgf 5 . ;dfgfGt/ k|0ffnL w]/} b]zx¿df k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf r'gfj

/f0ff zf;sn] !($) sf] bzssf] cGTolt/ g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg g]kfn ;/sf/ P]g !($* 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 g]kfndf lgjf{rg k|lqmof ;'? eof] . o;df lgjf{lrt ufpF / gu/ k~rfotsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . tyflk, g]kfnL hgtfn] !(%! df /f0ff zf;gsf] ktgkl5 !(%* df ePsf] klxnf] ;+;bLo r'gfjdf dfq jflnu dtflwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ kfPsf lyP .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] b'O{ ;bgfTds ;+;bsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] — @)% ;b:oLo k|ltlglw;ef / ^) ;b:oLo /fli6«o;ef . k|ltlglw;ef ;b:o @)% lgjf{rg If]qaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdfkm{t hgtfaf6 k|ToIf ¿kdf r'lgGy] . tLg hgf dlxnf;lxt #% hgf /fli6«o;efsf ;b:o k|ltlglw;efn] Psn ;+qmd0fLo dtsf cfwf/df r'GYof] . kfFr ljsf; If]qaf6 tLg–tLg hgf ;b:o u/L !% hgf ax'dt k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df uflj;, lhlj; / gu/kflnsfh:tf :yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Ln] r'Gy] . afFsL ;b:o dgf]gLt x'Gy] . uflj; / gu/kflnsfsf] r'gfj jflnu dtflwsf/sf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] Pshgf pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g] k|0ffnLaf6 x'g] uYof]{ . lhlj;sf] r'gfj ck|ToIf ¿kaf6 x'GYof] . lhlj;sf kbflwsf/L lhNnfe/sf uflj; / gu/kflnsfsf ;b:ox¿n] r'Gby] .

c7f/ jif{ k'u]sf jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf g]kfnL gful/snfO{ dt lbg] clwsf/ 5 . :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf ¿kdf /x]sf] lgjf{rg cfof]un] r'gfj u/fpF5 . cfof]un] dtbftfsf] gfd btf{ ug{], dtbftf ;"rL k|sflzt ug{], r'gfj tflnsf k|sflzt ug{], r'gfj u/fpg], cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" ug{], dt uGg] / glthf 3f]if0ff ug{] sfd u5{ . r'gfj;DaGwL ph'/L ljz]if cbfntn] x]5{ .

c;dfg'kfltstf / pk]Iff

!((! / !((( aLr tLgj6f ;+;bLo / b'O{j6f :yfgLo lgjf{rg eP . t/ pQm lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] ljleGg hfthflt / ;fdflhs agf]6sf] plrt k|ltlglwTj u/fpg ;s]g . blnt, dlxnf / cGo cNk;+Vos ;d"x o;sf] df/df k/] . !((! sf] r'gfjdf Pshgf blnt lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . To;kl5sf k|ltlglw;efsf] r'gfjdf Pshgf klg blnt lgjf{lrt ePgg\ . dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj

^ k|ltzteGbf sd /Xof] .


148

tflnsf ! df b]vfPem}+ k|ltlglw;efsf nflu ePsf] r'gfjsf] glthfn] /fli6«o ljwflosfdf ljleGg ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTjdf 7"nf] cGt/ 5 . kxf8] d"nsf pRr hfltut ;d"xsf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s'n hg;+Vofsf] #) k|ltzt ;b:on] k"/} ^) k|ltzt l;6df sAhf hdfPsf 5g\ .

tflnsf !

hft÷hflt / ln+usf cfwf/df k|ltlglw;efdf k|ltlglwTj -s'n ;b:o ;+Vof M @)%_

hft÷hflt hg;+Vof / k|ltzt

k|fKt l;6 k|ltzt_

!((! sf] r'gfj !(($ sf] r'gfj !((( sf] r'gfjkxf8] pRr hflt &)@#@@) -#)=(_ !!$ -%%=^_ !@( -^@=(_ !@@-%(=%_

kxf8] blnt !^!%%&& -&=!_ ! -)=%_ – –

kxf8] hghflt $(**@(* -@@_ #$ -!^=^_ @$ -!!=&_ @* -!#=&_

g]jf/ !@$%@#@ -%=%_ !$ -^=*_ !@ -%=*_ !$ -^=*_

leqL dw];sf hghflt @%!!!& -!=!_ ! -)=%_ – –

dw];L hft ##*!*%@ -!$=(_ !* -*=*_ @@ -!)=&_ @( -!$=@_

dw];L blnt !)#!@(@ -$=%_ – – –

dw];L hghflt !*))$%@ -*=)_ !*-*=*_ !$ -^=*_ !) -$=(_

d';ndfg (&!)%^ -$=#_ %-@=$_ $ -!=(%_ @ -!=)_

dlxnf !!#&&%%^ -%)=)$)_ & -#=$_ & -#=$_ !@ -%=*_

k'?if !!#%(#&* -$(=(^_ !(* -(^=^_ !(* -(^=^_ !(# -($=@_

;|f]t M l;laP; @))@ / lgjf{rg cfof]u, !((!, !(($ / !(((

o;}u/L, k||ltlglw;efdf /fhgLlts bnsf] k|ltlglwTjn] dtbftfsf] rfxgfnfO{ ;xL ¿kdf k|ltljlDat u/]sf] kfOFb}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu, !((! / !((( df #* k|ltzteGbf sd dt NofP klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ax';+Vos l;6df ljhoL ePsf] lyof] . !(($ df of]eGbf klg sd dt NofP/ g]skf Pdfn] ;bgdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bnsf ¿kdf pbfPsf] lyof] . !((( sf] lgjf{rgdf g]skf -dfn]_ n] ^ k|ltzteGbf a9L dt NofP klg Pp6} l;6 xft kf/]g eg] Ps k|ltzteGbf clnslt dfq a9L dt Nofpg] csf{] bn eg] % j6f l;6df ljhoL eof] . o;nfO{ tflnsf @ df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf @

bnx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] dt / k|ltlglw;efdf k|fKt l;6

/fhgLlts bn !((! !(($ !(((

kfPsf] dtsf] μ lht]sf] l;6sf] μkfPsf] dtsf] μ

lht]sf] l;6sf] μkfPsf] dtsf] μ

lht]sf] l;6sf] μ

g]sf #&=&% !!) -%#=^%_ ##=#* *# -$)=$(_ #^=!$ !!! -%$=!%_

g]skf -Pdfn]_ @&=(* ^( -##=^%_ #)=*% ** -$@=(#_ #)=&$ ^* -#$=^#_

/fk|kf – – !&=(# @) -(=&^_ !)=!$ !! -%=#&_

149

/fk|kf -rGb_ ^=%^ # -!=$^_ – – #=## )

/fk|kf -yfkf_ %=#* ! -)=$*_ – – – –

;+hdf] $=*# ( -$=#(_ !=#@ ) )=*$ ! -)=$(_

g];kf $=!) ^ -@=(@_ #=$( # -!=%^_ #=!# % -@=$$_

g]dlskf !=@% @ -)=(&_ )=(* $ -!=(%_ )=%% ! -)=$(_

/fhd' – – – – !=#& % -@=$$_

g]skf -k|=_ @=#$ @ -)=(&_ – – – –

g]skf -dfn]_ – – – – ^=#* )

/fhd'kf )=$& ) !=)% ) !=)& )

;|f]t M lgjf{rg cfof]u -r'gfjL kl/0ffd !((!, !(($, !((( sf cfwf/df_

;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] dfu ;a}eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g] k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t lgjf{rgsf] nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] cEof;n] of] df]8]nn] ax';f+:s[lts / ax'hftLo agfj6 ePsf] g]kfn h:tf] b]zsf ;a} hfltsf] plrt k|ltlglwTj u/fpg g;s]sf] s'/f k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGt af}l4s hutdf dfq 5nkmnsf] ljifo aGof] . s]xL jif{otf /fhgLltsj[Q ljz]if u/]/ ;fgf /fhgLlts bn / hghflt ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGtk|lt ;dy{g a9\b} uPsf] 5 . d'nwf/sf /fhgLlts bnn] ;d]t ;dfg'klts k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGtk|lt ;dy{g hgfpg yfn]sf 5g\ .

;a}eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g] k|0ffnL ;/n x'G5 / o;n] l:y/ ;/sf/ k|bfg u5{ eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . tyflk, g]kfndf of] k|0ffnLn] /fhgLlts l:y/tf;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] kfOPg . !((! / !((( sf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sf+u]|;n] ;bgdf ax'dt k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] t/ b'j} k6s o;n] cfkm\gf] sfo{sfn k"/f ug{ ;s]g . !((( sf] r'gfjkl5 Ps jif{eGbf sd ;doleq tLg k6s k|wfgdGqL km]l/P . o;k|sf/ g]kfnn] of] k|0ffnLn] lbg] elgPsf] kmfObf;d]t p7fpg ;s]g . of] k|0ffnL cToGt} pk]Iffd"ns ePsf] k|dfl0ft eof] .

;+ljwfg;efsf nflu r'gfj k|0ffnL

;ft bnsf] u7aGwg / g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ n] ;+ljwfg;efsf nflu ldl>t k|0ffnLsf] lgjf{rg cjnDag ug{] ;xdlt sfod u/]sf 5g\ . o;df k|To]s dtbftfn] b'O{j6f dtkqdf dt v;fNg'kg{]5, Pp6f If]qut pDd]bjf/sf nflu / csf{] bnsf nflu .

dw];L / hghflt;Fusf] ;dembf/Lkl5 r'gfj k|0ffnLsf] ;dfg'kfltstf a9fpg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] dw];df a:g] dflg;sf] cg'kftnfO{ k|ltljlDat ug{] lsl;dn] dw];df l;6sf] Joj:yfnfO{ hf]8 lbFb} ef}uf]lns lgjf{rg If]qdf s]xL kl/jt{g u/]sf] 5 . bf];|f], hghflt, blnt, dw];L, lk5l8Psf] If]qsf afl;Gbf / dlxnfsf] hg;+Vofsf cg'kftdf k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L pDd]bjf/L lbg / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] l;6sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;+ljwfg;efsf nflu lgjf{rg P]gdf lj:t[t zt{x¿ /flvPsf] 5 . klxnf] r'gfjdf o:tf] vfnsf] ;dfg'kfltstf


150

xfl;n ug{ ufx|f] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / lgjf{rg P]g b'j}df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf c:ki6 gf/f /flvPsf 5g\ h;sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ sl7g 5 .

eljiosf nflu lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f — ;dfj]zLs/0fdf hf]8

;+ljwfg;efsf nflu clxn] to ePsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL g} eljiodf x'g] ljwflosfsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu sfod /fVg'k5{ eGg] 5}g . of] k|0ffnL ;a} tx — /fli6«o tx, tNnf txsf PsfO{x¿ / g]kfn ;+3Lo /fHodf ¿kfGt/0f ePdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf txdf nfu" ug'{k5{ eGg] klg 5}g . ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLsf s]xL :j¿k nfu" ul/g] ;Defjgf 5 . s]Gb|Lo txdf ;a}eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] ljhoL x'g], k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL cyjf ;+ljwfg;efsf nflu k|of]u x'g nfu]sf] ldl>t k|0ffnLdWo] s'g} ckgfpg ;lsg] ;Defjgf 5 . h'g k|0ffnL nfu" ul/P klg a9L ;dfj]zLs/0f ug{ ;Sg] u/L kl/dfh{gkZrft nfu" ul/g'k5{ .

;a}eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] ljhoL x'g] k|0ffnLsf] kl/dflh{t ¿k

;a}eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g] k|0ffnLdf /x]sf s]xL sdhf]/L x6fOPsf] eP of] k|0ffnL sfod /xg ;SYof] . lgjf{rg If]qx¿sf] dtbftf ;+Vofdf cfgsf tfg cGt/ gePsf] eP ljwflosfsf] agfj6 dtbftfsf] rfxgf cyf{t s'n v;]sf] dt;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'g] lyof] . o:tf] k|0ffnL slxNo} klg ;xL ;dfg'kflts x'g g;Sg] eP klg lglZrt l;6 lglZrt ;d"xsf nflu cf/If0f u/]/ of] k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L ;dfj]zL agfpg ;lsGYof] . s]xL b]zdf -a+unfb]z, ?jfG8f cflb_ dlxnfsf nflu s]xL l;6 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . g]kfndf klg o:t} df]8]n nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . s]xL lglZrt l;6 hghflt ;d'bfosf nflu 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 . s]xL b]zn] cNk;+Vossf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ pgLx¿sf nflu l;6 5'6\ofP/ ax'dt k|0ffnLdf kl/dfh{g u/]sf 5g\ . s]xL b]zdf -x+u]/L, ?dflgof / cf}klgj]lzs s]Gof cflb_ cNk;+Vossf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf l;6df pgLx¿sf] ;d'bfon] dfq ef]6 xfNg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 eg] ef/tdf ;"rLs[t hflt / cflbjf;Lx¿sf ;a}n] dt xfNg ;S5g\ . lkmhLdf ;'?df cflbjf;Lx¿ cNkdtdf /x]sf a]nf pgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{ hfltut cfwf/df s]xL l;6 5'6\ofOPsf] lyof] . clxn] pgLx¿ cNk;+Vos geP klg tL l;6nfO{ oyfjt /flvPsf] 5 . ToxfF ;a} k|d'v ;d"xsf nflu hfltut cfwf/df l;6 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . ToxfFsf &! l;6dWo] $^ l;6 hfltut cfwf/df 5'6\ofOPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L g]kfndf klg blntsf nflu l;6 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 . t/ dtbftfn] PseGbf a9L dt lbg ;Sg] ePsfn] lgjf{rg If]qdf dtbftf bf]xf]l/g] jf dtbftfn] ;fdfGo dtbftf jf hftLo lgjf{rg If]qsf] dtbftfsf ¿kdf btf{ ug'{kg{] ePsfn] o:tf] ;+oGq hl6n x'G5 . o;f] gug{] xf] eg] bnx¿nfO{ ;a} If]qaf6 pDd]bjf/ p7fpg k|f]T;flxt jf afWo agfpgsf nflu sfg'g jf ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf k|fjwfgdf e/ kg'{k5{ .

;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL

;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL 5gf]6 ug'{eGbf klxnf of] k|0ffnL lsg cfjZos 5 eGg] af/]df

151

hgtfnfO{ :ki6 ug'{k5{ . k|ltlglwTjsf] ;d:of ;fgf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj;Fu a9L hf]l8Psf] 5 ls hghflt, ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs ;d"xsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj;Fu < lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts k|ltlglwTjsf] k|ZgnfO{ xn gu/]/ ;fgf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] k|ZgnfO{ dfq xn ug{] xf] eg] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df o:tf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] ;fGble{stf 5}g . ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL -ljz]ifu/L ;"rL k|0ffnL_ a9L ;dfj]zL x'G5 eGg] s'/f xfdLn] blIf0f clk|msfsf] pbfx/0f -aS; x]g{'xf]nf_ af6 b]lv;s]sf 5f}+ . t/ of] k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tf kl/l:yltcg';f/ leGg x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, >Ln+sfdf dlxnf /fhgLltdf k|j]z ug{ OR5's gePsfn] n}+lus zlQm ;Gt'ngdf rfx]cg'¿ksf] k|efj kfg{ ;s]g .

g]kfndf hghfltsf bnsf] lgjf{rg clkn sdhf]/ /x]sfn] pgLx¿n] k|ltlglwTjsf nflu d'Vo bndf lge{/ /xg'k/]sf] 5 . lglZrt ;d'bfosf dflg;sf] bnnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] lgif]w /lx/xg ;S5 . oxfF bnsf] ;dfg'kfltstfnfO{ sfod /fVb} lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] k|ltlglwTj s;/L ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df ax; s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 . dtbftfn] c+ssf dfWodaf6 cfkm\gf] rfxgf cleJoQm ug'{kg{] ax';b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qnufot cGoq k|of]u ePsf ljljw k|0ffnLsf af/]df oxfF 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5}g . lsgeg] g]kfn h:tf] lg/If/ dtbftfsf] dfqf a9L ePsf] 7fpFdf of] pko'Qm x'Fb}g . oxL sf/0fn] ;a} k|sf/sf ;"rL k|0ffnLdf aGb;"rL k|0ffnL ckgfOG5 eGg] dfGotf /flvPsf] 5 . o:tf] k|0ffnLdf dtbftfn] bnsf] ;"rLdf /x]sf pDd]bjf/sf] gfd / tL gfd s'g qmddf /flvPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpF5g\ t/ pgLx¿n] pQm ;"rLnfO{ km]/abn ug{ eg] ;Sb}gg\ .

;"rL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL

dflYf pNn]v ul/Pem}+, ;"rLk|0ffnLn] ;a} If]qsf pDd]bjf/ ;dfj]z u5{ . bnx¿n] clVtof/ ug{] of] /0fgLlt slt k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] s'/f ;dfhsf ljljw s'/fx¿df e/ k5{ . bnx¿nfO{ ;a} If]qaf6 pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 u/fpgsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;lsG5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;fj{hlgs sf]if k|of]u ug{ lbP/_ . o;k|sf/sf] k|f]T;fxg glbg] xf] eg] ;du| /fi6«nfO{ Pp6} lgjf{rg If]q agfpg] xf] jf ax'–;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qdf ljefhg ug{] eGg] af/]df lg0f{o lng'k5{ . ax'–;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]q ljefhg ubf{ x/]s bnn] x/]s If]qsf nflu pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{k5{ . ;"rL k|0ffnL nfu" ug{] k|foMh:ff] b]zn] If]qLo÷k|fGtLo ;"rL k|0ffnL pkof]u ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . o; k|0ffnLdf :jtGq pDd]bjf/nfO{ lgjf{rgdf p7fpg ;lhnf] x'G5 h;n] ubf{ dtbftfsf] 5gf]6 km/flsnf] x'G5 .

hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf x/]s hghflt jf cGo ;d"xnfO{ lglZrt sf]6f k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;dUf| /fi6« Pp6} lgjf{rg If]q ePsf] cj:yfdf o; k|sf/sf] sf]6f lbg] xf] eg] o;n] /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ cf]em]ndf kfb{} hghflt / ;fDk|bflos cfwf/df /fhgLltsf] ljsf; u5{ . t/ o;k|sf/sf] sf]6f ax';b:oLo If]qdf cfwfl/t ;"rLk|0ffnLdf ljt/0f ug{] xf] eg] of] Tolt ;d:ofd"ns x'Fb}g . ;du| /fi6« Pp6} lgjf{rg If]q dflgPsf] cj:yfdf eGbf o:tf] k|0ffnLdf yf]/}


152

;d"xnfO{ sf]6f 5'6\ofpg'kg{] ePsfn] sf]6f ljt/0f ;lhnf] x'G5 . tyflk, lk5l8Psf ju{nfO{

sf]6f 5'6\ofpFbf s]xL hf]lvd x'G5g\ M ;a} ju{nfO{ ;Gt'i6 agfpg] lsl;dsf] k|0ffnL ljsf; ug{

;Dej gx'g ;S5, dtbftfx¿n] hftLotfsf cfwf/df cfkm\gf] klxrfg lbg'kg{] ePsfn] hftLo

leGgtfn] k|>o kfpF5, o;;Fu ;DalGwt ljj/0f tof/ ug{] sfd Hofb} hl6n x'G5 .

s'g} klg lgjf{rg If]qdf ljhoL x'gsf nflu k|lt:kwf{df /x]sf bnx¿n] lglZrt dt k|fKt

ug'{k5{ . o:tf] lglZrt dtsf] dfqf 7fpFcg';f/ km/s–km/s 5 . g]b/NofG8n] pbf/jfbL gLlt

ckgfPsf] 5 hxfF o:tf] dfqf )=^& k|ltzt tf]lsPsf] 5 . l;l;nLn] ;a}eGbf cg'bf/jfbL

gLlt clVtof/ u/]sf] 5 hxfF o:tf] dfqf !) k|ltzt tf]lsPsf] 5 . of] dfqf sd ePdf w]/}

bnx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] cg'kftdf w]/} l;6 lhTg ;S5g\ . t/ o;n] ubf{ ;+;bdf ;–;fgf

kf6L{x¿sf] afx'No x'G5 -o:tf] ;"rLsf] cu|:yfgdf k'?ifnfO{ /flvPdf n}+lus ;Gt'ng k'?ifsf]

kIfdf 9NsG5_ .

;du| /fi6« Pp6} lgjf{rg If]q ePsf] cj:yfdf :jtGq pDd]bjf/n] ;fdfGotof lgjf{rgdf

k|lt:kwf{ ug{] cj;/ kfpFb}gg\ / /fhgLlts bnx¿n] dfq lgjf{rgdf k|lt:kwf{ u5{g\ . ax'–

;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]q k|0ffnLdf eg] :jtGq pDd]bjf/sf nflu 7fpF /fVg ;lsG5 . t/ g]kfndf

kl5Nnf lgjf{rgdf :jtGq pDd]bjf/n] Tolt w]/} dt gNofPsf] s'/f pNn]Vo 5 .

ljleGg lgjf{rg k|0ffnL M ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfk|0ffnL ;sf/fTds kIf gsf/fTds kIf hftLo

;dfg'kfltstf dlxnf

!(() ;+ljwfg cGtu{tsf] k|0ffnL -;a}eGbf a9L dt k|fKt ug{] ;d"x jf JolQm lgjf{lrt x'g]_

kl/lrt k|0ffnL, dtbftfn] a'em\g ;Sg], dtbftfn] Ps JolQmnfO{ dfq dt lbg'kg{] -;DejtM bnsf] pDd]bjf/nfO{_, dtbftfn] cfkm\gf] k|ltlglw lrGg ;Sg]

;+;bdf yf]/} bn x'g;Sg], :ki6 ax'dt cfjZos x'g], ;/sf/ l:y/ x'g]

ljwflosfdf hgtfsf] rfxgf k|ltljlDat gx'g]

ax';+Vos dtbftfn] ef]6 glbPsf] kf6L{sf] ;/sf/ aGg]

:jtGq ;b:on] cNk;+Vossf] ;dy{g kfpg ;Sg]

Go"g dlxnfsf] Go"g pkl:ylt

sf]6f;lxtsf] ax'dtLo k|0ffnL

dtbftfn] ;lhn} a'em\g], n}+lus / hftLotf cflbsf cfwf/df a9L ;dfg'kflts x'g]

dtbftfn] cfkm\gf ;b:ox¿ lrGg]

;+;bdf yf]/} dfq bnsf] pkl:ylt x'g;Sg] / l:y/ ;/sf/sf nflu :ki6 ax'dt cfjZos kg]{

xfnsf] k|0ffnLs} h:tf a]kmfObf ePsf]

ljz]if l;6df dtbftf bf]xf]l/g] ePsf] / PseGbf a9L dt lbg'kg{] ePsfn] of] k|0ffnL hl6n x'g;Sg]

sf]6fn] hftLo ljefhgnfO{ cem a9L alnof] agfpg / lg/Gt/tf lbg;Sg]

w]/} x'g;Sg] w]/} x'g;Sg]

153

;Dk"0f{ b]z Ps lgjf{rg If]q ePsf] ;"rL ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL

bnsf cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts,

bnx¿nfO{ ;a} If]qaf6 pDd]bjf/ p7fpgsf nflu k|f]T;fxg, o;n] ubf{ a9L ;dfg'kflts x'g] ;Defjgf,

dtbftfx¿sf nflu ;lhnf]–dtbftfn] bnnfO{ dfq dt v;fn] x'g] .

bnsf] ;lrjfnonfO{ w]/} zlQm k|bfg ug{],

lgjf{lrt ;b:o;Fu dtbftfsf] ;DaGw g/xg]

:jtGq pDd]bjf/sf] cl:tTj gx'g]

;fgf bnx¿sf] afx'No / ;/sf/ cl:y/ x'g] ;Defjgf

ax'dtLo k|0ffnLdf eGbf a9L x'G5 t/ slt a9L x'G5 eGg] s'/f dtbftf hfltut ;"rLn] k|efljt 5g\ jf bnn] ;a} If]qaf6 pDd]bjf/ p7fPsf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/fdf e/ k5{ .

ax'dtLo k|0ffnLdf eGbf pRr x'G5 t/ slt pRr x'G5 eGg] s'/f dtbftfsf] Jojxf/nfO{ n}+lus ;"rLn] slQsf] k|efj kf5{ jf bnn] dlxnf pDd]bjf/nfO{ slQsf] dxTj lbG5g\ eGg] s'/fdf e/ k5{ .

If]qLo /ax'–;b:oLo If]qx¿;lxtsf] ;"rL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL

bnsf] ;Gbe{df ;dfg'kflts

;a} If]qaf6 pDd]bjf/ p7fpgsf nflu k|f]T;fxg

:jtGq pDd]bjf/ p7fpg ;lhnf]

;b:o / lgjf{rg If]qaLr s]xL ;DaGw x'g;Sg] -dtbftfx¿sf nflu ;lhnf]_

bnsf] ;lrjfnonfO{ a9L zlQm lbG5,

;fgf bn pTkGg x'g] / ;/sf/ cl:y/ x'g] ;Defjgf

ljz]if ;d"xsf] klxrfg af]s]sf If]qLo bnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ;lhnf] x'g;S5

/fli6«o lgjf{rg If]q k|0ffnLdf h:t} x'g]

If]qLo / ax';b:oLo lgjf{rg If]q / cNk;+Vos ;d"x / dlxnfsf nflu sf]6f;lxtsf] ;"rL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] k|0ffnLdf h:t} kmfObf ePsf] hghflt ;d"xsf] a9L ;dfg'kfltstf x'g]

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] k|0ffnLdf h:t} a]kmfObfx¿ x'g]

hl6n k|0ffnL – dtbftfx¿ ljz]if u/]/ clzlIft dtbftfx¿n] a'em\g sl7g

sf]6fn] hftLo ljefhgnfO{ cem alnof] agfpg'sf ;fy} :yfloTj k|bfg u/fpg ;Sg]

sf]6fn] a9L ;dfg'kflts glthf lgsfNg ;Sg]

sf]6fn] ;dfg'kflts glthf lgsfNg ;Sg]

ldl>t ;b:o bnsf] ;Gbe{df ;dfg'kflts x'g'kg{]

sf]6f 5'6\ofpg ;lsg]

lgjf{rg If]q / ;b:osf aLrdf ;DaGw sfod x'g]

dtbftf -ljz]if u/]/ clzlIft_ nfO{ lgjf{rg k|lqmof a'em\g sl7g x'g]

sf]6f 5'6\ofOPsf v08df of] k|0ffnL a9L hl6n x'g]

cfwf l;6x¿sf nflu Jofks If]qaf6 pDd]bjf/ p7fpgsf nflu k|f]T;fxg lbg sf]6f k|0ffnL ckgfpg ;lsg]–t/ w]/} hl6n x'g]

cfwfh;f] l;6sf nflu a9L dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{sf nflu ;a} If]qaf6 pDd]bjf/ p7fpg k|f]T;fxg k|fKt x'g]

gofF ;+ljwfgn] s] eGg''k5{ <

;+ljwfgn] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL tf]ls/xg' h?/L 5}g . o;f] ug{] cfd k|rng 5}g . lkmhLdf ;+ljwfgn] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf af/]df lj:t[t JofVof u/]sf] 5 lsgls ToxfF ;+ljwfgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf a]nf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL k|d'v ljifosf ¿kdf p7]sf] lyof] . blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfgn] ljwflosfsf] lgjf{rg o:tf] k|0ffnLcGtu{t xf];\ h;sf] …glthf ;fdfGotM ;dfg'kflts xf];\Ú eg]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfgn] o:tf] k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;S5 h'g -!_ bnx¿sf


154

cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts / -@_ hfltut / cGo cfwf/df ;dfj]zL x'G5 . o;eGbf cufl8 a9]/ ;+ljwfgn] o; ;DaGwdf cem a9L JofVof ug{ klg ;S5 . t/ Hofbf JofVof ubf{ JofVof ul/Psf k|fjwfgsf sf/0f ljwflosfsf] lgjf{rg ;DaGwdf s'g} ;d:of pTkGg ePdf ;+ljwfg g} ;+zf]wg ug'{kg{] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . ljjflbt k|fjwfgaf6 kmfObf kfPsf] bn -x¿_ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ tof/ gx'g ;S5-g\_ . a9L JofVof ePsf v08df lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L ;dfj]zL agfpg eg] ;xof]u k'U5 .

;+ljwfgn] :jtGq lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ r'gfj ug{] lhDd]jf/ lgsfo agfpg' ;fdfGo s'/f xf] . cGo cfof]u h:t} of] cfof]u s;/L agfpg] eGg] af/]df ;+ljwfgn] lj:t[t JofVof ug'{k5{ ls kb{}g eGg] af/]df lg0f{o ul/g'k5{ . ;+ljwfgn] lgikIf lgjf{rgsf nflu s]xL zt{x¿ tf]Sg klg ;S5 . zt{ tf]Sg] xf] eg] klg oL zt{x¿sf] lj:t[t JofVof eg] ug{' xF'b}g . dtbftf / pDd]bjf/ b'j}n] lglZrt of]Uotf k'/f ug'{kg{] x'g;S5 . blIf0f clk|msL ;+ljwfgdf h:t} dfgjclwsf/sf] cWofodf dt lbg] clwsf/nfO{ o;/L ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 M

!( -@_ ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/df :yflkt Joj:yflksfsf nflu x'g] :jtGq, lgikIf / lgoldt lgjf{rgdf efu lng] clwsf/ x/]s gful/sdf x'g]5 .

#_ x/]s jflnu gful/snfO{ lgDg clwsf/ x'g]5g\ M

s_ ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/df :yflkt Joj:yflksfsf nflu x'g] s'g} klg lgjf{rgdf dt v;fNg kfpg' / o:tf] dt uf]Ko ¿kn] v;fNg kfpg', /

Vf_ ;fj{hlgs kbsf nflu pDd]bjf/ aGg] / lgjf{lrt ePdf To;sf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg] .

o; k|fjwfgn] ;+j}wflgs cbfnt;fd' s]xL rfvnfUbf d'2f p7fPsf] 5 — h:t} s}bLNffO{ dt lbg] clwsf/ . cbfntn] klxn] ;/sf/n] ;a} s}bLnfO{ dt lbg] clwsf/af6 jl~rt ug{ kfpFb}g egL km};nf u¥of] oBlk o; ;DaGwdf 7f]; Joj:yf ug{] clwsf/ gofF sfg'gnfO{ 5f]l8lbof] . t/ ;/sf/n] hl/jfgf lt/]/ 5'6\g gkfpg] ;hfo ef]lu/x]sf s}bLn] dt lbg gkfpg] gofF sfg'g kfl/t u/]kl5 of] d'2f km]l/ ;+j}wflgs cbfntd} kmls{of] .

s]xL b]z -c:6]]«lnof, yfONofG8 / lkmhL_ n] dt lbg' clwsf/ / st{Jo b'j} xf] eg]sf 5g\ . -t/ pgLx¿n] o:tf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgd} /fv]sf 5g\ eGg] xf]Og_ .

k|Zgx¿

!= ljwflosfdf ef}uf]lns If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{] ;b:ox¿ x'g' cfjZos 5 ls 5}g <

@= ljwflosfsf] ;b:otf dtbftfx¿n] bnnfO{ lbPsf] dtsf] ;dfg'kflts x'g cfjZos 5 ls 5}g <

155

#= ljwflosfdf l;+uf] /fi6«df /x]sf hghflt, hflt, ln+u / c¿ hg;f+l+Vos ljz]iftf k|ltljlDat x'g' cfjZos 5 <

$= tkfO{+ ;dfg'kfltstf / ;dfj]zLs/0feGbf ;/sf/sf] :yfloTjnfO{ a9L dxTj lbg'x'G5 <

%= pDd]bjf/ / dtbftfnfO{ hghflt ;d"xsf cfwf/df lrgfpg nufpg' pko'Qm jf :jLsf/of]Uo x'G5 <

^= Ps k6s pDd]bjf/ / csf{] k6s bnsf nflu u/L b'O{k6s dt xfNg] k|0ffnLsf] pkof]u ug{ dtbftf ;Ifd 5g\ <

&= dt xfNg] clwsf/ s;n] kfpg'k5{ <

*= lgjf{rgdf p7\g] clwsf/ s;nfO{ lbg'k5{ <

(= g]kfndf lgikIf lgjf{rgsf] Tolt w]/} dxTj 5 h;nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ug{'kg{] x'G5 jf lgjf{rg lgikIf / :jtGq x''g'k5{ elglbP k'U5 <

!)= dt lbg' sfg'gL st{Jo x'g'k5{ <


156

!@cWofo !@cWofo

157

clk|n @))^ sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 /fhgLlts bnx¿ km]l/ ;Qfdf cfP . g]skf dfcf]jfbLn]

Ps b;s nfdf] ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] k[i7e"ld / PsbnLo hgtGq :yfkgf ug]{ cfkm\gf] klxn]sf]

j}rfl/s nIo ljk/Lt gof“ k|sf/sf] /fhgLlts e"ldsf :jLsf/ u¥of] . /fhtGqfTds zf;gsf]

vf/]hLdfkm{t gof“ ;dfj]zL g]kfnL nf]stGq lgdf{0f / ;z:q åGånfO{ zflGtk"0f{ k|lt:kwf{Tds

/fhgLltdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ cfkm"nfO{ ;z:q ;d"xaf6 /fhgLlts bndf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ g]skf

dfcf]jfbLnufot /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] d'Vo ;d:of

pgLx¿ cToGt s]lGb|s[t 5g\, kmntM tNnf] txsf bnsf OsfO{x¿ lgjf{rgsf a]nfdf afx]s cGo ;dodf lgliqmo /xG5g\ .

bnsf] g]t[Tj ;De|fGtjfbL / hxflgof lsl;dsf] 5, bnsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf Jofks ;xeflutf x'g] u/]sf] 5}g .

bnsf] s]Gb|Lo g]t[Tjdf k|foM k|e'TjzfnL ;d"x kxf8] afx'g–If]qLx¿ 5g\ .

bndf u'6aGbL / ljefhg k|an rl/q /lxcfPsf] 5, oL d"ntM :jfy{ / cx+sf] 6Ss/ bnsf g]tfaLr ;Qfef]usf pTkfbg x'g\ . d] !((! b]lv cS6f]a/ @))@ ;Ddsf !! dWo] ;ftj6f ;/sf/ ;Qf?9 bns} cfGtl/s emu8fsf sf/0f 9n] .

bnsf g]tf–sfo{stf{nfO{ cfkm\gf] JolQmut :jfy{ a9fpg k|]l/t ul/Psf] 5, To;n] ubf{ bnsf] k|lt1f / sfo{;DkfbgaLr l/Qmtf a9]sf] 5 .

bnsf] sf]if lgdf{0f sfo{ kf/bzL{ 5}g .

g]kfnsf /fhgLlts bnx¿

158

/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] e"ldsf

/fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;+ljwfg / /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf] ljsf; / ;~rfngdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ .

pgLx¿n] dt kl/rfng u/]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf M pklgj]zjfblj?4 jf b/af/ tyf /f0ffx¿sf] x}sdjfbL zf;glj?4 . g]kfnL bnx¿n] !(%)–%! df /f0ffx¿sf] hxflgof zf;glj?4 ;z:q qmflGt, !(() df lgb{nLo k~rfotL zf;glj?4 hgcfGbf]ng / clk|n @))^ df /fhtGqfTds lg/+s'z zf;glj?4 hgljb|f]xh:tf ;a} 7"nf nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng–qmflGtx¿df pTk|]/ssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP .

pgLx¿n] ljrf/ / ;|f]t–;fwgnfO{ ;“u;“u} NofPsf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ ;dfg b[li6sf]0f jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, wfld{s h'g;'s} :jfy{ ePsf hgtfnfO{ cfkm\gf ultljlw ;+ul7t ug{ / hgtfsf] tkm{af6 naL ug{ ;dy{ t'NofPsf 5g\ .

pgLx¿ To:tf d'Vo dfWod x'g\ h;dfkm{t ;fwf/0f hgtf /fhgLlts tyf ;+j}wflgs k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'G5g\ / cfkm\gf s}og\ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] cEof; u5{g\ .

pgLx¿ gful/s ;dfh / /fHosf lgsfox¿dfem y'k|} tl/sfn] ;DaGw–;]t'sf] sfd u5{g\ -u};;, ;~rf/ dfWodh:tf dWo:ystf{ eGbf k[ys tl/sfn] /fHo / ;dfhaLr ;DaGw–;]t'sf] sfd u5{g\_ .

pgLx¿ /fHosf lgsfox¿df hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj k|fKt u5{g\ . vf;u/L Joj:yflksfn] pgLx¿nfO{ ljz]iftM lgjf{rg k|lqmofdfkm{t /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s cjwf/0ff 5gf}6 ug]{ cj;/ lbG5 . To;/L pgLx¿nfO{ ;/sf/sf] gLltsf ;DaGwdf hgdt lng] df}sf klg lbG5 . k|ltkIfsf ;fy;fy} ;/sf/df /x“bf;d]t o; k|sf/ pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{g\ . oL ;a} s'/fx¿dWo] ;/sf/df hgk|ltlglwTjsf nflu pDd]bjf/ cl3 ;fg{ ;Sg] Psdfq ;+u7gsf ¿kdf bnx¿sf] ljz]if x}l;ot /xG5 .

k|lt:kwf{Tds bnLo Joj:yfn] gful/snfO{ ;fdflhs ;'wf/, cfly{s pGglt / /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/fdf gLltx¿ 5gf}6 ug]{ cj;/ lbG5 .

pgLx¿ ;/sf/ / k|ltkIfdf Pstf / cg'zf;g NofP/ dGqfno / ;f+;bx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t / ;dlGjt ug{ ;3fpg'sf ;fy} ;/sf/sf sfdx¿sf] ;"Id lg/LIf0f u/]/ r'gf}tL lbg] lgsfo x'g\ .

oL pkfox¿åf/f bnx¿n] b]zsf ljleGg efusf hgtfnfO{ Ps} 7fp“df NofP/ jf ljleGg eflifs jf wfld{s ;DaGwsf hgtfnfO{ ;femf p2]Zo;lxt ;femf ;+u7gdf NofP/ bnx¿n] /fli6«o cv08tfdf k|d'v e"ldsf v]Ng'sf ;fy} /fli6«o b[li6sf]0f / d"Nox¿ ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5g\ .

159

;DejtM bnx¿n] lgjf{rgåf/f /fHozlQm sAhf ug]{ cfkm\gf k|oTgsf] kl/0ffd jf lx:;fsf ¿kdf tL p2]Zox¿nfO{ ;3fp“5g\ .

/fhgLlts k|lqmofsf] :jf:Yo cfwf/e"t ¿kdf /fHo / /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] :jf:Yodf e/ k5{ . olb bnx¿ /fd|f] / nf]stflGqs 9+un] ;+ul7t 5g\, gLlt / p2]Zo 5gf}6sf lglDt hgtfnfO{ cj;/ k|bfg u5{g\, ;+j}wflgs d"Nox¿nfO{ ;Ddfg u/]/ dfly p7fp“5g\, cfkm\gf nIox¿nfO{ k"/f ug{ ;dlk{t x'G5g\ tyf hgrfxgf / hgdtnfO{ k|ltljlDat ug{ Odfgbf/Lk"j{s nflu k5{g\ eg] nf]stGqn] km:6fpg] df}sf kfp“5 .

dfly pNn]v ul/Ph:tf] 9+un] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ g;Sg] bnx¿n] ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿nfO{ g} Wj:t kfl/lbg ;S5g\ / pgLx¿ u8a8L / lgoGq0fsf] cf}hf/ aGg ;S5g\ eGg] w]/} b]zsf cg'ejx¿af6 :ki6 ePsf] 5 . olb bnx¿ cfkm} nf]stflGqs 9+un] rn]gg\ eg] a[xt\ ;+j}wflgs k|0ffnLdf nf]stGqsf] of] cefj k|ltljlDat x'g]5 . To; cj:yfdf /fhgLlts k|0ffnL e|i6 x'g]5 / dflkmof, xTof/f / lghL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0fcGtu{t /fhgLlt ck/fwLs/0fsf] lbzflt/ nfUg]5 . olb bnx¿n] hftLotf jf hfltjfbh:tf ;f“3'/f] If]qsf :jfy{x¿sf] ;di6Ls/0f / hf]8nfO{ g} cfkm\gf] k|fylds e"ldsfsf ¿kdf b]v] eg] ltgLx¿n] ;dfhnfO{ PsLs[t ug'{sf] ;f6f] vl08t ug]{5g\ . olb pgLx¿ /fli6«o :jfy{ jf g}lts d"Nox¿sf] lxkmfht ug'{eGbf ;Qfdf k'Ug' g} cfkm\gf] k|d'v p2]Zo 7fG5g\ eg] pgLx¿ qf; km}nfpg / lx+;f e8\sfpglt/ nfUg]5g\ / To;/L pgLx¿n] nf]stflGqs cEof;x¿sf] cfwf/e"t s6f}tL ug]{5g\ . o; kl/l:yltdf /fhgLltsdL{x¿ klg cfkm\g} JolQmut :jfy{ k"/f ug]{lt/ nfUg]5g\ / cfkm\gf] Odfgbfl/tf jf ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4tfsf] r]tgf u'dfpg]5g\ . To:tf /fhgLltsdL{x¿ cfkm\gf] ;'ljwf / cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ 3l/ Pp6f bn, 3l/ csf]{ bnlt/ nfUg ;S5g\ . ha o:tf 36gfx¿ x'G5g\ /fhgLlt / /fhg]tf b'j} abgfd x'G5g\ / hgtfn] bn / /fhg]tfsf] rl/qnfO{ x]/]/ nf]stGqk|lt g} ljZjf; ug{ 5f8\g]5 . clg y'k|} dflg;x¿ /fhgLltaf6 cnlUug ;S5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|ltudglt/ hfg] u/L ;Qfkn6 x'g' :jfefljs x'ghfG5 / cS;/ To;nfO{ :jfut klg ul/G5 .

g]kfnsf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;

k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] hGd ;“u;“u} g]kfndf /fhgLlts bnx¿ cl:tTjdf cfP . To;sf] ;'?jft !(#) / $) sf] bzsdf hxflgof /f0ff zf;g -!*$^–!(%!_ sf] lj/f]wdf ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;'?jftsf] of] Oltxf; klZrdL /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] Oltxf;eGbf pNn]vgLo ¿kdf km/s 5 . klZrddf dtbfgsf] clwsf/sf] lj:tf/ ePkl5 To;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k ;+;bleq bnx¿sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, t];|f] ljZjsf cGo b]zx¿sf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] Oltxf;eGbf klg g]kfnsf bnx¿sf] Oltxf; pNn]vgLo ¿kdf km/s b]vfk5{ . t];|f] ljZjsf cGo b]zx¿df pklgj]zjfbL zf;glj?4 /fli6«o :jfwLgtf cfGbf]ngdf ;j{k|yd bnx¿ b]vfk/]sf lyP .

g]kfnsf /fh

gLlts bn

x¿

160

!(#% df ul7t k|hfkl/ifb\ g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf klxnf] /fhgLlts bn lyof] . t/ /f0ffx¿sf] bdglj?4 of] l6Sg ;s]g . g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ qmdzM !($& / !($( df ef/t lgjf{;gdf :yfkgf ul/Psf lyP . :yfkgfsfndf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] Wo]o /f0ff zf;gnfO{ ldNsfpg' lyof] . kl5 uP/ To;sf] p2]Zo lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yflj?4 nlIft eof] . !(%^ df uP/dfq g]kfnL sfu|];n] cfkm\gf] k|hftflGqs ;dfhjfbL l;4fGtsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . g]kfnL sf+u|];eGbf km/s lsl;dn] g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ ju{ ;+3if{, ;z:q qmflGt / ;j{xf/f clwgfosTjdf ljZjf; ug]{ dfS;{jfbL ljrf/wf/f;“u uf“l;of] . !(%)–%! df /f0ff zf;glj?4 ;kmn ;z:q cfGbf]ng ;~rfng ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; sf/s ag]sf] lyof] .

;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ug]{ jrga4tf;lxt !(%! df k|hftGqsf] cfudg ePsf] lyof], t/ of] jrga4tf slxNo} k"/f ePg . cGttM !(%( df ePsf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] b'O{ ltxfO ax'dt xfl;n u¥of] / aLkL sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[TjcGtu{t ;/sf/ agfof] . klxn]sf /f0ff zf;s / ltgsf ;dy{sx¿n] u7g u/]sf] uf]vf{ kl/ifb\ ;+;bdf k|d'v k|ltkIfL bn x'g k'Uof] . t/ !(%( df ePsf] lgjf{rgcl3 / To;kl5 klg g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ ;+;baflx/sf] ljkIfL /fhgLltdf jr{:j /x]sf] /fhgLlts bn lyof] . d"n /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'“bfx'“b} klg !(%! b]lv !(^) ;Dd o;n] /fhgLlts tyf ljrf/wf/fTds ¿kdf ;+;bLo Joj:yflj?4 ljkIfL e"ldsf lgjf{x u¥of] .

!(^) df /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;}Goandf ;Qf xTofP/ ;a} /fhgLlts bnx¿df k|ltaGw nufPkl5 bnLo Joj:yfsf] ljsf; cj?4 eof] . !(^) b]lv !(() ;Ddsf] lg/+s'z k~rfotL zf;gsf] cjlwdf /fhgLlts bnx¿ k|f/lDes cj:yfdf h:t} lgjf{;gdf k'u]/ cfGbf]ngx¿ ;+ul7t ug{ jf e"ldut x'g afWo kfl/P . cflv/df g]kfnL sf+u|]; / ;ftj6f jfdkGyL 36sx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{n] !(() df ;+o'Qm ¿kdf hgcfGbf]ng ;'? u/] . ToxL hgcfGbf]ngn] ax'bnLo Joj:yfnfO{ k'gM:yflkt u¥of] . To;kl5, gf]e]Da/ !(() df Pp6f gof“ ;+ljwfg hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .

!((! / !((( aLr tLgj6f ;+;bLo lgjf{rg / b'O{j6f :yfgLo lgjf{rgx¿ ePsf lyP . lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ ul/Psf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;+Vof !((! df $$ lyof] eg] !(($ df Tof] a9]/ ^% eof] . !((( df /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;+Vof ^% af6 a9]/ !)) ePsf] lyof] . t/ cflwsfl/s ¿kdf btf{ ePsf bndWo] jf:tjdf cfwfeGbf sdn] dfq} r'gfjL k|lt:kwf{df efu lnP . efu lng]dWo] klg cem yf]/}n] dfq ;+;bdf l;6 kfpg ;kmn eP . kl5Nnf tLgj6f cfd lgjf{rg / b'O{j6f :yfgLo lgjf{rgx¿n] b'O{bnLo jr{:j ePsf] k|0ffnL pTkGg u/] . k/Dk/fut ¿kn] x]bf{ k|hftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ / /fhgLlts l:y/tfsf] nflu To:tf] k|0ffnL Pp6f cfbz{ l:ylth:tf] b]lvof] . g]kfnL sfu|]; / Pdfn] Pscsf{sf /fhgLlts ljsNkh:tf b]lvP . sl/a ^ j6f ;fgf /fhgLlts bndWo] s]xLn] tLgj6} cfdlgjf{rgdf / c?n] Pp6f cfdlgjf{rgdf s]xL l;6 kfpg ;kmn eP .

!(() df ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] k'gM:yfkgf;“u} /fhgLlts bnx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ cj}w ;+u7gaf6 /fhgLlts zlQmsf nflu k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ j}wflgs k|lt:kwL{df ?kfGt/0f u/] . ;fy}, zf;g

161

;~rfng;“u ;DalGwt pgLx¿sf lqmofsnfk / pQ/bfloTjx¿ klg a9] . o; gof“ kl/l:yltdf bnx¿n] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf slt /fd|/L lgjf{x u/] <

!(() kl5 bnx¿sf] l:yltnfO{ tLgj6f 7"nf cGt/;DalGwt lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ cj:yfn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] lyof] . Pp6f, !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / ;+;bLo Joj:Yffsf] l:y/tfsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] lyof] . t/ Psftkm{ /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] dxTjfsf+Iff / csf{tkm{ d'n'sel/ dfcf]jfbL ;z:q ljb|f]x km}lng'n] k|hftGq / ;+ljwfgsf] cl:tTjdfly jf:tljs vt/f k}bf eof] . k|hftGqn] ef]Ug'k/]sf] of] c;kmntf g} bf];|f] lj/f]wfef;sf] sf/0f lyof] . /fhgLlts bnx¿n] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf dtbftfx¿sf] ;dy{g t k|fKt u/] t/ pgLx¿ cfkm\gf sfddf ;dy{g xfl;n ug{ k"0f{tM c;kmn eP . kmntM bn / g]tfx¿sf] nf]slk|otf pNn]Vo ¿kdf 36\of] . of] bf];|f] lj/f]wfef; cfkm}df t];|f] lj/f]wfef;sf] pTkfbg lyof] . cfkm\g} j}rfl/s nIonfO{ k5\ofpg /fhgLlts bnx¿ u7g ePsf lyP, t/ pgLx¿ cfkm\gf ljrf/wf/fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt / zf;gdf nfu" ug{ ;Sg] l:yltdf ha k'u] ta d'n'ssf] enfOsf nflu sfd ug'{sf] ;f6f] kf6L{ g]t[Tj d"ntM cfTds]lGb|t / ;Qf:jfy{df ?dlNnPsf] b]lvof] . kf6L{sf] cfGtl/s ljjfb, u'6aGbL / ljefhgn] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfnfO{ nDAofof], /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/fdf x|f; Nofof], k|hftflGqs d"NodfGotfnfO{ lvofof] / bnx¿ / bnLo Joj:yfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ sfdnfO{ ;d:ofu|:t t'Nofof] .

lgjf{rgsf] aLrdf bnx¿n] ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts k"“hLnfO{ ;dfhsf] kmfObfsf nflu /fhgLlts zlQmsf] cEof; ug]{ dWo:ystf{ ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ cfzf /flvPsf] lyof] . tyflk !(() kl5sf] bnLo zf;gdf bnx¿n] ;dfhsf] kmfObfsf nflu cfkm"x¿n] sfd ul//x]sf] k|dfl0ft ug{ k6Ss} ;s]gg\ . To;}n] hgtf /fhgLlts bnx¿k|lt pbf;Lg / lg/fz eP . cS6f]a/ @))@ / km]a|'c/L @))% df /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] ;Qf cfkm\gf] xftdf lnFbf;Dd cGo y'k|} sf/0fn] klg k|hftflGqs k|lqmofnfO{ sdhf]/ t'NofP . /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] ;f9] tLg jif{sf] zf;gdf bnx¿ km]l/ cfGbf]ngtkm{ kmls{P . clk|n @))^ sf] ;kmn hgcfGbf]ngkZrft bnx¿n] k'gM ;Qf k|fKt u/] .

kf6L{ ljrf/wf/f

g]kfnsf k|To]s bnx¿sf] d"ntM cfkm\g} Oltxf; / bz{gåf/f cfsf/ u|x0f u/]sf] :ki6 j}rfl/s kl/ro 5 . !($& df :yfkgf ePb]lv ;+;bLo k|hftGqsf nflu nfdf] ;+3if{ u/]sf] g]kfnL sf+u|]; k|hftflGqs tyf dWokGyL bn xf] . k"j{ k~rx¿sf] bn ePsf]n] /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ ;fk]If ¿kdf cg'bf/ tyf blIf0fkGyL bn xf] . /fli6«o ;b\efjgf kf6L{ sGkmld{:6 xf] . t/ of] t/fO{ If]qsf hgtf cyf{t dw];Lsf] nIosf] nflu n8\g] If]qcfwfl/t bn xf] . g]skf Pdfn] g/d jfd bn xf], h;n] s]xL ;fDojfbL cfn+sfl/s efiff sfod /fv]klg PsbnLo Joj:yfk|ltsf] cfkm\gf] klxn]sf] ljZjf;nfO{ Tofu]sf] 5 . hgdf]rf{ / g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{ ;+;bLo k|lqmofdf ;xefuL ePsf eP klg ;fk]If ¿kdf pu| sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ x'g\ . /, g]skf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;+;bLo k|hftGqlj?4 ;z:q ljb|f]x ;~rfng u/]sfn] r/d pu|kGyL sDo'lg:6

g]kfnsf /fh

gLlts bn

x¿

162

kf6L{sf ¿kdf x]l/G5 . tyflk g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] cfkm\gf] PsbnLotfsf] l;4fGt Tofu]sf] 5 / oltv]/ k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo /fhgLltsf] s'/f ug{ yfn]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf /fhgLlts bnx¿ s;/L ;+ul7t 5g\ <

g]kfnL /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;+/rgf hl6n 5 . ltgdf rf/ k|sf/sf ;f+u7lgs OsfO{ /x]sf 5g\ . ltgsf] oxf“ ;+lIfKt aofg ul/G5 .

!= ;~rfngsf] d'Vo lgsfosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;+/rgfsf] zLif{ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . o;eGbf tn ljleGg txdf sfd ug]{ ;ldltx¿nfO{ ;b:otf k|bfg ug]{, tflnd lbg] / sfo{stf{ kl/rfng ug]{ h:tf ljleGg sfd ;'lDkOPsf] x'G5 . ;a}eGbf tn j8f ;ldltn] sfd u/]sf] x'G5 .

@= ;fj{hlgs sfof{nodf kf6L{ d~rsf] ¿kdf /xG5, h;df /fhsLo lgsfox¿df kf6L{sf k|ltlglwx¿ x'G5g\ . lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿sf nflu s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo txdf cnu cf}krfl/s ;+/rgf ljBdfg 5 . s]Gb|df ;+;bLo bn x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs sfof{nodf d~rsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] kf6L{n] b'O{ d'Vo sfd ug]{ ck]Iff ul/G5 M kf6L{sf l;4fGt / nIonfO{ /fHosf gLlt / sfo{qmddf ?kfGt/ ug'{ / ;/sf/ tyf ;+;bn] u/]sf] lg0f{odf k|efj kfg{ cGo bnx¿sf cl3lNt/ ;femf sfo{of]hgf tyf /0fgLltsf] ljsf; ug'{ .

#= !(() b]lv s]Gb|Lo / lhNnf txdf k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿åf/f ljlzi6 ljefu / ;ldltx¿ u7g ul/Psf 5g\ . ltgsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ tLg If]qdf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ kf6L{sf] cfGtl/s dfldnfsf] Joj:yfkg, -v_ kf6L{sf] lgjf{lrt c+u;DaGwL sfdsf] /]vb]v ug'{ / -u_ ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df ug'{ .

$= ;a} /fhgLlts bnn] dftxt / cfa4 ;+u7gx¿ u7g u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf s]xL ;+u7gx¿ k|hftGqk"j{sf] cjlwdf u7g ul/Psf lyP / cGo ;+u7g eg] !(() df k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgfkl5 u7g ul/Psf x'g\ . gof“–gof“ If]q / d~rx¿df kf6L{sf] k|efj lj:tf/ x'“b} hf“bf kf6L{ cfa4 ;+:yfx¿ hflt, hghflt, lzIfs, lrlsT;s, lghfdlt sd{rf/Lh:tfsf] k]zfut ;d"x nufot ;dfhsf ;a} lx:;fdf pld|P . o:tf clwsf+z dftxt / cfa4 ;+u7gsf lhNnf txdf cfkm\g} ;+/rgfTds ;Ghfnx¿ 5g\ .

bn;Fu ;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL k|fjwfg

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf klxnf]k6s bnx¿nfO{ dfGotf lbOof] M

!= ;femf /fhgLlts p2]Zo / sfo{qmd ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts ;+u7g jf bn u7g ug]{ / ;~rfng ug]{ clwsf/ lbOof] .

@= /fhgLlts bnx¿ cfkm\gf p2]Zo / sfo{qmdsf nflu cfd hgtfaf6 ;dy{g / ;xof]u xfl;n ug{ :jtGq eP .

163

#= Ps bn jf Ps ljrf/wf/feGbf cGo lgjf{rg jf /fhgLlts k|0ffnLdf ;xefuL aGg k|ltaGw nufpg] s'g} klg sfg'g jf lg0f{o c;+j}wflgs x'g] eof] .

$= lgjf{rgsf] k|of]hgsf nflu bnx¿nfO{ lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ ug{ cfjZos eof] .

%= btf{sf nflu of]Uo x'g bnsf] k|hftflGqs kf6L{ ljwfg / lgod x'g'kg]{, / k|ltlglw;efsf] cl3Nnf] lgjf{rgdf v;]sf] dtsf] sDtLdf tLg k|ltzt dt bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ eof] .

^= wd{, ;d'bfo, hft, hflt / If]qsf] cfwf/df bn u7g ug{ gkfOg] eof] .

&= wd{, hft, hflt, efiff jf ln+usf] cfwf/df ;b:otfdf aGb]h nufPdf To:tf] bnnfO{ lgjf{rg cfof]un] btf{ gug]{ eof] .

*= bnsf] gfd, p2]Zo, lrXg jf em08f wfld{s jf ;fDk|bflos jf /fi6«nfO{ 6'qm\ofpg]tkm{ k|j[Q ePdf To:tf] bn btf{ gx'g] eof] .

!((! sf] k|ltlglw;ef lgjf{rg sfg'gn] lgjf{rgdf efu lng bnx¿ btf{ x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf u¥of] . /fhgLlts bn Joj:yfkg P]g @))! n] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ g} k|ltljlDat u¥of] / cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm lgDg ultljlw ug{ bnx¿nfO{ dgfxL u¥of] M

s= d'n'ssf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfdf x:tIf]k ug{

v= hft, hflt / cGo ;d'bfosf] ;f}xfb{ ;DaGwnfO{ vNaNofpg

u= lx+;fnfO{ k|>o lbg

3= xftxltof/ jf o'4 ;fdu|L /fVg

ª= hgtfsf] g}lts annfO{ sd cfsng ug{

r= ljb]zL hgtf, Ph]G;L tyf ;/sf/af6 cg'bfg lng tyf

5= cfrf/;+lxtfsf] pNn+3g ug{ cflb .

oLdWo] s]xL c:ki6 sygn] bnx¿dfly cTolws lgoGq0f yf]kg]{ hf]lvdsf] l;h{gf u5{g\ . s;n] lg0f{o ug]{ eGg] k|Zg klg v8f x'g;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} bnn] hgtfsf] g}lts annfO{ sd cfsng u/]sf] 5 eg]/ s;n] eGg] <

lgjf{rg cfof]un] pDd]bjf/ tyf bnx¿sf nflu lj:t[t cfrf/;+lxtf klg agfPsf] 5 .

;'wf/ ul/Psf] bnLo k|0ffnL

g]kfnsf] bnLo k|0ffnLn] /fd|/L sfd ug{ / dfly plNnlvt e"ldsf k"/f ug{ s]–s] s'/fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 < /, gof“ ;+ljwfg o; ljifodf s;/L ;fGble{s x'g ;S5 <

g]kfnsf /fh

gLlts bn

x¿

164

gofF g]kfndf bnx¿n] ;dfj]zL x'g}k5{

@))& sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] …pk]lIft tyf pTkLl8t If]q nufot dlxnf / blntx¿Úaf6 bnx¿n] cfkm\gf] sfo{;ldltdf ;b:ox¿ /fVg'k5{ EfGg] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|fjwfg klg 5 eg]/ b]vfpg}kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;afx]s ;+ljwfg;efsf] pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ubf{ hghflt, blnt / bafOPsf cGo ;d"xx¿ tyf dlxnfsf] plrt ;+Vofdf ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj x'g] s'/f klg ;'lglZrt ug{'kb{5 -x]g'{;\ lgjf{rg;DaGwL cWofo_ . oL k|fjwfgsf klg sdhf]/Lx¿ 5g\ . h:t}, tL k|fjwfgx¿ Tolt k|i6 5}gg\, Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ sl7g x'g;Sg] vfnsf 5g\ . ;fy} sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf] ;DaGwdf klg To; k|sf/sf ;b:ox¿ gePdf bn btf{ ul/g] 5}g eGg] pNn]v 5}g . To:tf ;b:ox¿ ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ eGg]dfq pNn]v 5 . jf:tjdf s]xL bnx¿ klxn]b]lv g} cfkm\gf] ;+/rgfdf a9L ;dfj]zL x'g] k|oTg ul//xsf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfu|];n] !((% df ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/L dlxnf tyf blnt nufot aflx/ k/]sf ;d'bfoaf6 kf6L{ ;ldltsf] ;a} txdf b; k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf u¥of] . To;} u/L /fk|kfsf] ljwfgn] klg ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ dgf]gog ubf{ cNk;+Vos tyf ;'ljwfljlxg ;d"xnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . olt x'“bfx'“b} klg !((( df lgjf{lrt ;+;bdf oL Joj:Yffx¿sf] ;Lldt k|efj dfq k¥of] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, k|ltlglw;efdf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj g} ePg . tfklg cNk;+Vos ;d'bfox¿k|lt bnx¿sf] Wofg eg] lj:tf/} a9\b} uPsf] 5 . To;sf] k|ltljDa k|ltlglw;efsf x/]s lgjf{rgdf hft, hflt, efiff, wd{ tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljifo;“u ;DalGwt gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ cGo d~rx¿df b]Vg ;lsG5 . clk|n @))^ kl5sf kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts kl/b[Zox¿sf] c;/ eljiodf tL d~rx¿df kg]{ s'/fsf] klg cfsng ug{ ;lsG5 .

Pp6f gof“ ;+ljwfgn] c¿ s] ug{ ;S5 t < xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] s'g} klg bnn] ;b:otfsf ;DaGwdf lje]b ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h:t} M blnt, dlxnf jf d'l:ndsf nfludfq v'n]sf] bn x'g ;Sb}g . To;}u/L wd{, ;d'bfo, hft, hflt jf If]qsf cfwf/df ag]sf bnx¿nfO{ klg btf{ ul/g] 5}g . o:tf] Joj:yfn] clxn]s} zlQm ljt/0fnfO{ an k'¥ofPsf] ts{ klg ul/G5 . h:t}, bnx¿df afx'g–If]qLx¿sf] jr{:j /xL pgLx¿s} :jfy{l;l4df nfUg] k|j[lQ /xG5 . t/ blnt, d'l:nd, hghflt jf dw];Lx¿sf] dfq clwsf/sf nflu n8\g] bnx¿nfO{ btf{ ul/“b}g . t/ olb dlxnfdf dfq ;b:otf ;Lldt x'g] k|fjwfg 5}g eg] dlxnf lxtsf nflu vf]lnPsf] bn btf{ x'g ;S5 . w]/} ;+ljwfgdf o:t} k|sf/sf k|fjwfg x'g] eP klg ;a}df o:tf] x'G5 eGg] xf]Og .

bnx¿ nf]stflGqs x'g}k5{

cfkm" g} nf]stflGqs geO{ bnx¿n] nf]stflGqs Joj:yfdf s;/L hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ < !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] cfjZos 7fg]sf] tyf /fhgLlts bn ;~rfng sfg'g @))! n] clgjfo{ u/fPsf] s'/f s] xf] eg] bnleq cfjlws lgjf{rg x'g}k5{ / bnsf] sfof{nosf cfwf kbflwsf/Lx¿ lgjf{rgaf6 cfPsf x'g'k5{ . !(() eGbf cufl8 bnsf kbx¿df dgf]gog ug]{ k'/fgf] k/Dk/fnfO{ x]bf{ bnx¿ klxnfeGbf w]/} a9L nf]stflGqs x'“b} uPsf b]lvG5g\ . k|foM

165

;a} bnx¿n] jf:tjd} cfGtl/s r'gfjL cEof; u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfu|]; / /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{n] t b'O{ k6seGbf a9L cjlwsf nflu s'g} klg JolQm bnsf] ;efklt jf cWoIf x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf ;'? u/]sf 5g\ .

bnx¿n] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug'{k5{

bnn] ;+ljwfgsf] ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ t/ ;+ljwfg klg a9L lgoGq0fsf/L x'g' x'“b}g . ljrf/sf] :jtGqtf nf]stGqsf] r'/f] xf] . /fhgLlts bn jf ltgsf ;b:o jf cGo hf];'s}n] u/]sf] lsg gxf];\ cj}wflgs sfo{nfO{ bl08t ug}{ k5{ . k|]; jf JolQmsf /fhgLlts ljrf/x¿dfly h;/L lgoGq0f :jLsfo{ x'“b}g, To;}u/L bnsf ljrf/x¿dflysf] lgoGq0f klg :jLsfo{ x'g ;Sb}g . t/ /fhgLlts bnsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf k|fjwfgx¿ dfgjclwsf/sf k|fjwfg;Fu gafem\g] x'g'kg]{ s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf eg] dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

bnx¿ k|efjsf/L x'g'k5{

bnx¿ k|efjsf/L 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eg]/ lgZro ug]{ lgsfo cGttM dtbftf g} eP klg oxf“ s]xL ljlzi6 ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ ;fGble{s x'G5 . w]/} ;fgf bnx¿ k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}gg\ . s]xL o:tf r'gfjL k|lqmof x'G5g\ h;n] w]/} bnx¿nfO{ hGd lbG5g\ -x]g'{;\ lgjf{rg;DaGwL cWofo_ . lgjf{rgsf] lgodn] ;fgf bnx¿sf] ;+Vof 36fpg] k|oTg ug{ ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;"rL k|lqmofdf s'n dtsf] lglZrt k|ltzt xfl;n gug]{ bnn] s'g} klg l;6 k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . To:tf] k|ltzt Ps, tLg jf kf“r hlt klg tf]lsPsf] x'g ;S5 . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] ljutdf w]/} sd hg;dy{g kfPsf] bnnfO{ btf{ ug{ g;lsg] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 . o; k|fjwfgnfO{ gof“ bn btf{ ug{ cg'dlt lbg] cy{df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . olb o:tf] k|fjwfg g/fVg] xf] eg] gof“ ljrf/ tyf gof“ bnnfO{ ;w}+sf nflu 9f]sf aGb x'g]5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ljwflosf–;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj gu/]sf gof“ bn btf{sf nflu b; xhf/ dtbftfsf] x:tfIf/ lgjf{rg cfof]udf k|:t't ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . clg dfq pQm bn ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf efu lngsf nflu btf{ x'g ;S5 . of] k|fjwfg kIfkftk"0f{ 5, tyflk btf{ x'g'cl3 s]xL xb;Dd dtbftfsf] ;dy{g bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] ;fdfGo k|rng eg] cGoq klg ljBdfg 5 .

bnx¿nfO{ ;|f]t–;fwgsf] cfjZostf kb{5

lgjf{rgdf efu lngsf nflu bnx¿nfO{ ;|f]t–;fwgsf] cfjZostf kg]{ x'G5 . t/ lj8Dagf s] eg] o;n] w]/} b]zdf e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] 5 . clxn] w]/} b]zn] lgjf{rgdf efu lng jf c¿ p2]Zosf nflu bnnfO{ s]xL cfly{s ;|f]t pknAw u/fp“5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] @))#–)$ sf] ah]6df s'g} klg bnn] ljutsf] cfd lgjf{rgdf k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] k|ltdt aL; ?k}of“sf b/n] pQm bnnfO{ lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf nflu cfly{s cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] Joj:yfsf c¿ ;DefJotfx¿ 5g\ M k|f]T;fxg lbgsf nflu klg o:tf] ug{ ;lsG5 . dlxnf ;b:ox¿ a9L ePsf jf P]ltxfl;s ¿kn] g} ;'ljwflxg ;d"xaf6 cfPsf ;b:ox¿ ePsf

g]kfnsf /fh

gLlts bn

x¿

166

bnx¿n] a9L /sd k|fKt u5{g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;'ljwf lbg] ;DaGwdf s]xL ;+ljwfgdf w]/} ;fdfGo k|sf/sf k|fjwfg 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, a|flhnsf] ;+ljwfg eG5 M …/fhgLlts bnx¿n] bnsf] sf]ifaf6 g} vr{ lng'kg]{5 .Ú To:t}, blIf0f clk|msL ;+ljwfg eG5 M …/fli6«o ;efn] lgod agfO{ k|To]s bnnfO{ pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cfwf/df cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs ;xfotf ug'{k5{ h;af6 tL bn tyf ltgsf k|ltlglwx¿n] /fli6«o ;efdf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;s"g\ .Ú ;fdfGo ¿kdf ax'bnLo Joj:yfnfO{ alnof] kfg{ /fli6«o Joj:yflksfn] /fli6«o jf k|fGtLo ljwflosfdf efu lng] bnnfO{ Gofo;+ut ¿kdf tyf ;dfg'kflts l;4fGtsf cfwf/df cfly{s ;xfotf lbg'kb{5 . s]Gofsf] gof“ ;+ljwfgsf nflu @))$ df tof/ ul/Psf] d:of}bf ;+ljwfgn] /fli6«o ah]6sf] lglZrt k|ltzt bnx¿sf] vr{sf nflu 5'6\ofPsf] 5 . o;n] /sd vr{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;d]t s8f Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;cg';f/ ÚbnnfO{ p;n] ljutsf] lgjf{rgdf k|fKt u/]sf] hg;dy{g tyf To; bnaf6 lgjf{lrt dlxnf tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf k|ltlglwsf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/dfÚ /sd k|bfg ul/G5 .

bnx¿ cfly{s ¿kn] Jojl:yt / pQ/bfoL x'g'k5{

cfkm\gf] cfo;|f]t / vr{sf] tl/sf 5n{+u b]lvg] u/L bnx¿ kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5 . xfn} a]nfotdf bnx¿nfO{ rGbf jf C0f lbPjfkt bnåf/f ug{ nfluPsf] gful/s clegGbgaf/] Toxf“sf] k|x/Ln] cg';Gwfg u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtfsf tLg k|d'v k|fjwfg 5g\ . Ps, dt lsGg lgif]w . b'O{, k|lt pDd]bjf/ lgjf{rg vr{sf] ;Ldf . tLg, lgjf{rg vr{;DaGwL ljj/0fsf] k|:t'lt . bn;DaGwL lgodfjnL @))! n] s'g} klg bnn] cfkm\gf] jflif{s cfo–Joosf] ah]6 lgjf{rg cfof]udf k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;cg';f/, o;sf] lx;falstfa sfg'gcg';f/ x'g'kg]{, :jLs[ltk|fKt n]vf k/LIfsåf/f n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg'kg]{ tyf kRrL; xhf/ ?k}of“eGbf a9L rGbf lbg] JolQm tyf ;+3–;+:yfsf] /]s8{ /fVg'kg]{ . s'g} klg ;+ljwfgn] /sd tyf k|lqmofsf af/]df lj:t[t ¿kdf k|fjwfgdf pNn]v ug{ ;Sb}g, t/ o;n] kf/blz{tf tyf lx;falstfa cflbsf af/]df ;fdfGo l;4fGt pNn]v ug{ ;S5 . s]xL ;+ljwfgn] bnx¿sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfdfjnL ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . h:t}, kf]NofG8sf] ;+ljwfgn] bnsf] ;+/rgf tyf ;b:otf uf]Ko /fVg] bnnfO{ alxisf/ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

bnx¿ cg'zfl;t x'g'k5{

bnnfO{ cg'zf;gdf /fVg' Pp6f sl7g ljifo xf] . g]kfndf nf]stGqsf] cjd"Nog ug]{ ;d:ofx¿dWo] Pp6f 7"nf] ;d:of bnx¿sf] ljefhg xf] . cfkm" lgjf{lrt ePsf] bnsf] gLltljk/Lt ;+;bdf dtbfg ug]{ ;b:on] km]l/ pDd]bjf/ eP/ r'lgg'kg]{ k|fjwfg w]/} b]zx¿df 5 . o:tf] Joj:yf ul/g'sf]] sf/0f cf+lzs ¿kn] o:tf] 36gf bf]xf]l/g glbg' xf] . t/ Pp6f bn PseGbf a9L 6'qmfdf ljeflht ePdf ;fdfGotM o:tf] lgodn] sfd ub}{g . s]xL dflg;x¿ o:tf] lgod :j:y lgod xf] / eg]/ crDd dfG5g\ M s] o:tf] Joj:yfn] JolQmsf] ;f+u7lgs :jtGqtf;“u ;fdGh:o /fV5 < s] o:tf] Joj:Yff ;/sf/df ePsf] bndf tyf k|ltkIfL bndf bnabn ubf{ klg nfu" x'G5 t < s] of] Joj:yf ;b:onfO{ bnaf6 x6fOPdf klg nfu"

167

x'G5 < w]/} b]zx¿df ;b:ox¿nfO{ cfkm\g} ljj]ssf] k|of]u u/]/ dt lbg] tyf af]Ng] cg'dlt lbOPsf] x'G5 . of] Joj:yfn] nf]stGqsf] cfbz{;“u d]n vf“b}g . lsgeg] nf]stGqdf lj/f]wk|lt ;xgzLntf ;dfj]z x'G5 . t/ o; Joj:yfn] t bnnfO{ c;lxi0f' agfp“5 . To;sf/0f :j:y ;Gt'ng xfl;n ug{ ufx|f] 5 .

bnn] lx+;f k|of]u ug'{ x'“b}g

lx+;fsf] k|of]unfO{ em08} cfk/flws anldRofO“ eGg ;lsG5 . t/ klg w]/} b]zdf /fhgLlts p2]Zosf nflu o;sf] k|of]u x'g' Pp6f vf; ;d:of ePsf] 5 . a|flhnsf] ;+ljwfgh:tf s]xL ;+ljwfgn] of] ;d:ofnfO{ o;f] eg]/ ;Daf]wg u5{g\ M …/fhgLlts bnx¿n] cw{;}lgs ansf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] 5}gg\ .Ú o;} u/L kf]NofG8sf] ;+ljwfgh:tf s]xL ;+ljwfg eG5g\ M …zlQm xTofpg jf /fHosf] gLltdf k|efj kfg{sf nflu ansf] k|of]u k|ltalGwt ul/g]5 .Ú

cfkm\gf ;b:ox¿k|lt bnx¿ pQ/bfoL x'g'k5{

;f“rf] cy{df nf]stflGqs cfGtl/s ;+/rgfn] o; s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . clgdfq sfg'g tyf ;+ljwfgn] cem} a9L klg ug{ ;S5g\ .

bn Joj:yfkg :jR5 x'g'k5{

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k|hftflGqs / hjfkmb]xL ;/sf/sf nflu cfjZos lglZrt k|d'v /fHosf sfo{x¿ /fhgLlts kIfkftljgf Gofo;+ut¿kn] lg;[t ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ s}of}+ cfw'lgs /fHox¿df oL sfo{ ljz]if1x¿ / :jtGq lgsfox¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf x'G5g\ . cr]n, :jtGq lgjf{rg cfof]u, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfs, dxfGofoflwjQmf OToflbnfO{ klxnf cbfntn] g} ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{x¿ lhDdf lbOPsf] x'G5 -oL lgsfox¿sf af/]df cWofo !! df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5_ .

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175

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zf;g k|0ffnL / lgsfox?sf] d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/

zf;g k|0ffnL cyjf lgsfox¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf d"Nof+sg ug]{ s'g} ;lhnf] jf k|i6 l;4fGt 5}g . o; k|sf/sf] k/LIf0f ubf{ /fHon] wf/0f ug{ rfx]sf d"NodfGotf / o;n] xfl;n ug{ rfx]sf p2]Zok|lt ;'kl/lrt /xg' cfjZos x'G5 . oL d"NodfGotf / p2]ZonfO{ tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf], k|hftGq / clwsf/sf] ljifo . k|ltlglwTjsf] k4lt / ;Ldfx¿, ;a} ;d"x / If]qsf] oyf]lrt k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 jf 5}g, lg0f{ok|lqmof slt k|hftflGqs / ;xeflutfd"ns 5 / /fHosf lgsfox¿ hgtfsf cfjZostf / cfsf+Iffk|lt slt hjfkmb]xL 5g\, oL ljifo of] ;d"xdf Vofn ul/g'kg]{ d'2f x'g\ . bf];|f] ;d"xleq hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf / cfr/0f kb{5g\, h:tf], ;/sf/L ;"rgfx¿ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ ;+oGq, clwsf/Lx¿sf] cfr/0f;DaGwL lgod, clVtof/ b'?kof]ulj?4 ;fjwfgL, u'gf;f] / ;'emfj u|x0f ug]{ ;+oGq OToflb . t];|f] ;d"xdf :yfloTj, r':ttf / k|efjsfl/tf kb{5g\ . s] ;/sf/n] oyf]lrt sfo{sfn;Dd 9'Ss} sfd ug{ kfpF5 < s] ;/sf/ k|i6 / ;'b[9 gLltlgod ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Ifd x'G5 < s] o;n] sfo{x¿ Jofj;flostfs} lsQfdf cl8u /x]/ ;Dkfbg u5{ <

s]xL l6Kk0fLsf/n] oL d"NodfGotf / p2]Zox¿ d]n vfFb}gg\ / s'g} klg zf;gk|0ffnLn] oL ;a}

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cjnDag ug{ cyjf ;dtfo'Qm 9+un] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Qm}g eG5g\ . To;}n] xfdLn] zf;gk|0ffnLsf] ¿kf+sg yfngL ug'{k"j{ s]xL k|fyldstfx¿ :yflkt ug'{k5{ cyjf lglZrt ljlgdodf ;Demf}tf ug'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, zf;gk|0ffnLsf kl/sNkgfsf/n] ;+;b\k|lt clws hjfkmb]xL sfo{sfl/0fL -dlGqkl/ifb\_ / clws k|efjsf/L / l:y/ dlGqkl/ifb\ ePgePsf] osLg ug'{k5{ . ltgn] h'g sfo{sfl/0fLsf] sfo{sfn osLg 5}g Tof] sfo{sfl/0fL ;+;b\k|lt clws hjfkmb]xL x'g]5 eGg] ;Demg]5g\, / sfo{sfl/0fLsf] lglZrt sfo{sfn ePsf] /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLdf sfo{sfl/0fLn] cfkm\gf] dftxtaf6 b]znfO{ Hofbf :yfloTj k|bfg ug]{5 eGg] wf/0ff agfpg ;Sg]5g\ . cGo sltkon] o:tf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ clt g} ;fdfGo a'emfO ;Demg ;S5g\, / sfo{sfl/0fLsf] :yfloTj To;nfO{ lbOPsf] cf}krfl/s clwsf/df eGbf ljljw d'2fx¿df cfd ;xdlt h'6fpg ;Sg] To;sf] Ifdtfdf e/ kb{5 eG5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;+;bLo k|0ffnLsf] sfo{sf/0fLn] /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLsf] sfo{sf/0fLn]eGbf cfd ;xdlt kl/rfng ug{ ;S5 eGg] bfaLsf] v08g klg u5{g\ . t/ k"j{ lgwf{l/t p2]Zo / d"NodfGotfsf cfwf/df o:tf ax; ckl/xfo{¿kn] p7\5g\ . oL ax;n] k|:tfljt ¿kf+sgnfO{ leq};Dd s]nfpg zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ¿kf+sg ug{ a;]sf of]hgfsf/x¿nfO{ d2t u5{g\ . To;afx]s, o:tf ax;n] b]zsf nflu s'g zf;g k|0ffnL of]Uo x'g;S5 eGg] t'ngf ug{] Pp6f ;"rL g} zf;gk|0ffnLsf] of]hgfsf/x¿nfO{ k|bfg u5{ .

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tLg jf rf/ k|sf/sf zf;g k|0ffnL k|rngdf 5g\ -;+;bLo, ldl>t / /fhtGqfTds_ . t/ zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ljljwtf Jofks x'gfn] x/]s k|0ffnLleq klg ;}4flGts ljljwtf kfOG5g\ . oLdWo] x/]s zf;g k|0ffnLn] leGgleGg ;Gbe{df ;kmntfk"j{s sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] s'g k|0ffnLn] ;aeGbf /fd|/L sfo{ ug{ ;S5 egL osLg ug'{ sl7g 5 . ;dfhsf] k/Dk/f / Oltxf;, lr/sfnb]lv ;dfh s;/L zfl;t ePsf] 5 -/, To;sf/0f, hgtf / clwsf/Lx¿sf] To;k|ltsf] x]nd]n_, pklgj]zsf] k|efj / cg'ejn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ b]zsf] ;d:t kl/k|]Iodfly w]/} s'/f lge{/ /xG5 . b]zsf] kl/k|]Io ToxfFsf] ;fdflhs÷cfly{s kl/l:ylt, hftLo ljljwtf, hg;+Vof / e"uf]nn] ;d]t k|efljt x'G5 . s]xL b;sotf e"d08nLo kl/k|]Ion] zlQmzfnL k|efj kfg{ yfn]sf] 5 h;n] cfw'lgs /fHosf] ¿k/]vfn] k/Dk/fut 9fFrfsf] zf;gk|4ltnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ub}{nu]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs /fHosf] cfkm\g} ts{zf:q, uTofTdstf -pbfx/0fsf nflu, clwsf/ / zlQmsf] s]Gb|Le"ttf, o;sf] kl/0ffdjz ;fjwfgLsf] vfFrf], a9\b} uPsf /fHosf ;Ldf;DaGwL hl6ntf, cy{tGqsf] ahf/Ls/0f / clxn] lg0f{o k|lqmofsf k4ltx¿ / To; k|lqmofdf ef}uf]lns / ;fd'bflos cfwf/df ;xeflutf_ / sfo{k4lt x'G5 / oL ;+oGqx¿ cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;+u7gsf] ;b:o ePjfkt ljZjJofkL d"NodfGotfx¿ cg's"n sfo{ ug{ tL ;+u7gn] ;[hgf ug]{ bafan] klg k|efljt x'G5g\ .

kl5Nnf] a'Fbfn] k|0ffnL / ;+:yfaLr a9\bf] ;dfgtfnfO{ ;+s]t u/] klg /fli6«o kl/k|]IonfO{ j]jf:tf ug'{ a'l4dfgL x'Fb}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ljleGg b]zdf Ps;b[z zf;g k|0ffnLn] klg leGg kl/k|]Iosf sf/0f km/s 9+un] sfo{ u5{g\ . o;k|sf/, ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] ;+;bLo k|0ffnLn]

177

ef/tsf] cyjf ;fpy Kofl;lkmssf ;–;fgf 6fk' /fHox¿sf] k|0ffnLn] eGbf km/s 9+un] sfd u5{ . csf]{ kl/jt{gzLn s'/f lgjf{rg k|0ffnL xf] . s]xL lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] h:tf] -hxf“ Ps ;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]q x'G5g\_ låbnLo k4lt l;h{gf u5{g\ eg] cGon] s}of}+ o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿df h:tf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL;lxtsf] ax'bno'Qm k|0ffnL l;h{gf u5{g\ . b]zdf låbnLo jf ax'bno'Qm h:tf] k|0ffnL eP klg bnx¿n] g} ;+;bLo k|0ffnLn] s;/L sfd u5{ eGg] lgwf{/0f u5{g\ -o;n] ;+o'Qm clw/fHo / o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿sf] cg'ej k|i6 kf5{_ .

o;}u/L, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLn] Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf] /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLn] eGbf leGg ¿kn] sfd u5{ . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf /fi6«kltn] ljwflosfdf d'Votof b'O{ kf6L{sf] ;fdgf ug'{k5{, t/ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL -sDtLdf ljwflosfsf] nflu_ ePsf Nofl6g cd]l/sL /fHosf /fi6«kltx¿n] s}of}+ ;–;fgf / kl/jt{gzLn kf6L{x¿;Fu sfo{ ug'{k5{ . To;} sf/0f Nofl6g cd]l/sL /fi6«x¿sf] eGbf t'ngfTds¿kn] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] ;/sf/ a9L l:y/ 5 . o;sf cnfjf hg;+Vofsf] Ps¿ktf cyjf ljljwtf, b]zsf] lj:tfl/t :j¿knufot cGo ljrf/0fLo tTjx¿ klg 5g\ . To;}n] Pp6f b]zdf ljsl;t ePsf] zf;g k|0ffnL csf]{ b]zdf s;/L pko'Qm x'g ;S5 eg]/ cfsng ug{ sl7g 5 . o;n] xfdLnfO{ s] atfpF5 eg] zf;g k|0ffnLsf of]hgfsf/x¿n] cGo /fHosf] cg'ejaf6 l;Sg] cfsf+Iff sfod /fVb} :yfgLo k/Dk/f / kl/k|]Iox¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ dgg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

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o;k|sf/, clxn] /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug'{ hgcfGbf]ngsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ag]sf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] k|hftGqnfO{ alnof] agfpg, ;dfj]lztfnfO{ j[l4 ug{ / ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug{ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ s'/fnfO{ Jofks dxTj lbPsf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfn] /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfn] …ju{, hft, If]q / ln+uLo cfwf/df ;[lht ;d:ofnfO{Ú ;dfwfg ug]{5 eGg] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #$-@_ n] hftLo, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s cfwf/df :jfoQ zf;g Joj:yfsf] cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ljleGg ;d'bfox¿sf] ;xcl:tTj k|a4{g ug{ / …ltgsf] efiff, ;flxTo, zf:q, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;dfg ljsf;df d2t ug{Ú -wf/f #%-#__ klg /fHonfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] 5 . ;fob ljs]Gb|Ls/0f;DaGwL ;aeGbf k|:6 Joj:yf wf/f !#* xf], h;n] …ju{, hft, efiff, ln+u, ;+:s[lt, wd{ / If]qÚsf cfwf/df eO/x]sf] e]befj cGTo ug]{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf …/fHosf] s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds :j¿kÚ cGTo ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfPsf] 5 . If]qLo ;/sf/sf] dfu ub}{ dw]zdf ePsf] cfGbf]ngkl5 ( dfr{ @))& df cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] ;+zf]wgn] /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ;+3Lo cfwf/df x'g]5 eGg] lglb{i6

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180

u/]sf] 5 . clGtd lg0f{o ;+ljwfg;efdf x'g] u/L /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf;DaGwdf l;kmfl/; ug{ Pp6f pRr:t/Lo cfof]u aGg] qmddf 5 .

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g]kfnL ;Gbe{df ;+3fTdstfsf] ax;nfO{ klxNofpg b'O{j6f ;jfn klxrfg ug'{ pkof]uL x'G5 . klxnf] ;jfn, ;+3sf] pb\ej s;/L eof] eGg] xf] . ;+3 of t cd]l/sf, l:j6\h/NofG8 / c:6«]lnofdf h:tf] …;di6Ls/0fåf/f lgld{t ;+3Ú :jtGq, ;fj{ef}d lgsfoåf/f ag]sf x'G5g\ of gfOh]l/of, :k]g, ef/t, blIf0f clk|msfdf h:tf] …c;di6Ls/0fåf/f lgld{t ;+3Ú eGg ;lsg] l;+uf] PsfTds / s]Gb|Ls[t /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfåf/f lgld{t ePsf x'G5g\ .

:jtGq / ljlzi6 /fHox¿ …Ps–cfk;df ldn]/Ú ;+3Lo :j¿kdf cfPsf 7fpFdf cfk;df ldNg] sfo{n] ;di6Ls/0fsf zt{x¿sf] d:of}bf / ;+3n] cfufdL lbgdf s;/L sfo{ u5{ eGg] ljifonfO{ k|efljt kf5{g\ . cd]l/sfsf !# sf]nf]gLx¿ ldn]/ ;+3 agfpFbf o:t} ePsf] lyof] / cGo b]zx¿df :jfoQ PsfO{x¿ Ps–cfk;df ldNg cfpFbf klg o:t} ePsf] lyof] . oL ;+3x¿df, ;Lldt ¿kdf ljlzi6 / ;djtL{ ;+3Lo clwsf/ kl/eflift ug]{ k|j[lQ x'G5 / cjlzi6 clwsf/x¿ PsfO{x¿d} /xg] u5{g\ .

klxnf tfgfzfxL zf;g ePsf / ;+3åf/f c;di6Ls[t ePsf Joj:yfdf PsfO{sf clwsf/x¿ k|:6;Fu kl/eflift ul/Psf] x'G5 / cjlzi6 clwsf/ s]Gb|n] /fv]sf] x'G5 . dn]l;of, ef/t / Sofgf8fh:tf ;di6Ls/0f / c;di6Ls/0fsf] k|lqmof ef]lu;s]sf b]zx¿df s]Gb|n] ljlzi6 ¿kdf cEof; ug]{, /fHon] ljlzi6 ¿kn] cEof; ug]{ / /fHo tyf s]Gb|n] ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf cEof; ug]{ ;+3Lo clwsf/x¿sf] lj:t[t ;"rL g} x'G5 . cf}klgj]lzs, clt s]Gb|Ls[t / tfgfzfxL zf;g k|0ffnL k|lt:yfkg ub}{ u7g ePsf jt{dfg ljZjsf s}of}+ ;+3x¿df ;+3Lo Joj:yfsf] ;"qkft ug]{ sfo{n] s]Gb| / PsfO{x¿aLr ljleGg k|sf/sf ax;x¿ ;[hgf u5{ . oL ;+3x¿n] qmdzM km'6\b} uPsf, PsfO{x¿sf] kl/efiffdf plNemO/x]sf / a[xt\ /fHosf ¿kdf k'gM ;+ul7t x'g] k|lqmof ef]lu;s]sf 5g\ . gfOh]l/of / :k]gsf] ;+3Lo Joj:yf ckgfpFbfsf] k|lqmofn] oxL b]vfpF5 . gfOh]l/ofdf !(^& b]lv !(&) ;Ddsf] u[xo'4kl5 tLg If]qx¿af6 ;+3 #^ /fHo;Dd lj:tf/ eof] . k|\mofª\sf] lkl/o8df :k]g s]Gb|Ls[t / Psflwsf/o'Qm /fHo lyof] / k|\mofª\sf] lkl/o8kl5 of] ljlgdf{0f eof] / k'gM k|hftflGqs /fHosf ¿kdf k'g;{+/lrt eof] h;n] af:s If]qx¿, Sof6fnf]lgof / Uoflnl;ofsf P]ltxfl;s /fli6«o l;dfgfx¿nfO{ :jLsf/ u¥of] .

;+3Lo Joj:yf lgdf{0f sfo{df k|efj kfg]{ bf];|f] ;jfn Joj:yf ;+3Lo agfpg'sf] p2]Zo xf] . …If]qLo ;+3Ú gfdsf] ;+3 lgDg sf/0fx¿sf nflu lgdf{0f ul/G5 M -s_ ljzfn If]q ePsf b]zx¿df :k]; / l8:6G; Joj:yfkg ug{Ù -v_ cfTd/Iff / /fli6«o cv08tfsf nflu Jofks Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{Ù -u_ ahf/ / Jofkf/sf nflu km/flsnf] PsfO{ ;[hgf u/]/ cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ k|a4{g ug{Ù / -3_ Jofks ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTjåf/f k|hftGqnfO{ kmnfpg km'nfpg . hftLo ;+3 gfdsf] bf];|f] k|sf/sf] ;+3 /fHosf] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf -ljz]ifu/L

181

efiff / wd{sf] ljljwtf_ åf/f lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . hftLo ;+3 k|foM b]zsf ljleGg efudf k|wfg ¿kn] cjl:yt ljlzi6 ;f+:s[lts ;d'bfox¿nfO{ :jfoQ zf;g k|bfg ug{ rog ul/G5 . o; k|sf/sf] ;+3Lo Joj:yfn] cNk;+Vosx¿sf] ;+:s[lt, efiff cyjf wd{ ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf u5{ / oL ;d'bfosf ljlzi6 kl/l:ylt / cfjZostfx¿nfO{ /fd|f] ;'g'jfO u5{ .

;di6Ls/0fåf/f :yfkgf ul/Psf ;+3df kfOg] ultzLntf -8fOgfldS;_ c;di6Ls/0fåf/f :yfkgf ul/Psf ;+3df kfOg] 8fOgfldS;eGbf k[ys\ x'G5g\ . ;di6Ls/0fåf/f ;+3 lgdf{0f ug{ w]/} ;xh x'G5 . o:tf] lsg x'G5 eg] ;di6Ls/0fåf/f lgld{t ;+3df ;+3Lo PsfO{ ag]sf lgsfox¿ klxnf :jtGq /fHo lyP h;sf cfkm\g} :yflkt ;+j}wflgs / /fhgLlts k|0ffnL x'G5g\Ù o;/L clwsf/sf s]xL gofF :j¿kx¿ / s]xL ;+Vofdf gofF lgsfox¿ s]Gb|Lo :t/df lgdf{0f ul/g'dfq} k5{ . o; k|sf/sf] ;+3 ;fdfGotof Pscfk;df ldn]/ ;+3 agfpg'sf kmfObf a'lem;s]sf lgsfox¿sf] ;xdltdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . csf{tkm{, c;di6Ls/0fåf/f ;+3 :yfkgf ug'{ Tolt ;xh x'Fb}g lsgeg] s]Gb|Ls[t /fHo zlQm sfod /fVg] juL{o :jfy{n] k|]l/t ;d"xx¿n] ;+3Los/0fdf cj/f]w ug{ ;S5g\ eg] csf{tkm{ ;+3fTdstfsf ;dy{sx¿ cfkm\gf] nIo k|flKtsf nflu o'4 5]8\g tDtof/ x'g ;S5g\ . o:tf] k|sf/sf] ;+3 :yfkgf ug'{ b'O{ sf/0fn] ubf{ k|fljlws ¿kn] hl6n x'G5 M klxnf], Joj:yfsf] k|f¿k tof/ ug{ y'k|} lg0f{ox¿ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 -x/]s lg0f{ox¿ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ x'G5g\_Ù / bf];|f], k|fylds r/0fdf Pp6f lg0f{odf k'Ug] / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ Ifdtf g} gePsf gofF ;+3Lo PsfO{, If]qx¿df k|foM ;'?af6 s}of}+ ;/sf/x¿ lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

o;}u/L, …k|fb]lzsÚ / …hftLo ;+3x¿Ú sf] ultzLntf -8fOgfldS;_ leGg kl/l:yltaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf ;+3x¿df km/s–km/s x'G5 . k|fb]lzs ;+3df, k|foM ;di6Ls/0fsf] kl/0ffdjz, ;+3Lo PsfO{x¿sf l;dfgfx¿ k"j{lgwf{l/t x'G5g\ -oL l;dfgfx¿ s'g} ljz]if ts{sf] cfwf/df to ePsf x'Fb}gg\ / k|fozM Oltxf;sf] pkh x'G5g\_Ù csf{tkm{ hftLo ;+3x¿df, ;+3Lo Joj:yfdf hfg'sf] Pp6f p2]Zo ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{ klxrfg ug'{ x'g] x'Fbf l;dfgfx¿ w]/} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . Pp6f hftLo ;+3df cfjlws ;dfof]hgsf] cfjZostf x'g;S5 -o;n] ;DefJo ¿kn] dd{e]bL lj/f]wfefif lgDTofpg ;S5_ / gofF hftLo / ;f+:s[lts ljlzi6tfsf cfjfh p7\g yfn]kl5 o;n] gofF ;+3Lo PsfO{ lgdf{0ftkm{ cu|;/ u/fpg ;S5 . ;+3sf] ;~rfngdf cfOkg]{ s]xL k|d'v ;jfnx¿ af/Daf/ ;Demf}tfsf nflu cfXjfg ul//xg] hftLo ;d'bfox¿aLrsf] ;DaGw;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ -/ ;DejtM k|fb]lzs ;+3x¿df p7\g] åGå ;dfwfg ubf{ k|of]u ul/g] ljlweGbf km/s k4ltx¿ cfjZos x'g;S5g\_ .

of] ax;n] lgDg k|sf/sf ;jfntkm{ cu|;/ u/fpF5 M -s_ s] s]xL k|sf/sf p2]Zox¿ cGoeGbf ;+3fTdstfåf/f clws ;xh 9+un] k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 < -v_ s] ;+3fTdstfn] gofF ;d:ofnfO{ hGd lbg ;S5 < tL ;d:of s] x'g ;S5g\, / s] ltgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsG5 < -u_ s] s]xL ;+3x¿ cGoeGbf clws Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsg] x'G5g\ < -3_ s'g ;+3x¿df dfgjclwsf/ clws ;+/lIft x'G5 < -ª_ s] s]xL ;+3x¿ cGoeGbf /fli6«o Pstf sfod u/fpg clws pkof]uL x'G5g\ <

;+3Lotf, lgIf]k0f / :yfgLo ;

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182

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;dfj]lztf / ;fdflhs GofonfO{ k|a4{g ug{ ;+3Lo Joj:yf /f]h]sf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#* n] ju{, hflt, efiff, ln+u, ;+:s[lt, wd{ / If]qdf cfwfl/t e]befj cGTo ug{ s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds :j¿ksf] /fHo Joj:yfsf] ;d"n cGTo ug{ cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 . t/ ;+3Lo Joj:yfdf hfg'sf] k|d'v sf/0f lgwf] ugf{n] ;+3fTdstfdf clws ef/ yKg] t xf]Og < s], to u/]sf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{ cGo kl/k"/s gLlt / ;'wf/x¿ ckgfpg' kg]{5 < g]kfndf cEof; ul/g nfu]sf] ;+3fTdstfdf s;/L wf/f !#* n] dfu u/]h:tf] jf:tjd} …;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs / k|ultzLnÚ x'g] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 < /, /fli6«o :t/df cEof; ul/cfOPsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/rgf -/ h'g g]kfnsf ;d:ofx¿sf] sf/0f xf] egL dflgPsf] 5_ g} -pg} /fhgLlts bn / ;fdflhs :jfy{x¿åf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf_ ;+3Lo PsfO{x¿df gSsn ul/g] 5}g eg]/ s;/L ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 <

;+3Lo PsfO{x¿sf] /]vf+sg

g]kfnsf hgtfn] l56} g} ;+3sf k|fylds sfo{x¿sf ;DaGwdf cfwf/e"t 5gf}6x¿ ug'{ 5 . s], PsfO{x¿sf] ef}uf]lns ljz]iftf, zf;g k|0ffnLsf] Ifdtf, ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf / kx'Fr / ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿sf] cfwf/df l;dfgf to u/L k|fb]lzs cfwf/df ;+3 lgdf{0f x'g'k5{ < k|fb]lzs ;+3x¿sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf — To:tf ;+3sf pk–/fli6«o PsfO{df a;f]af; ug]{ ;a} JolQm / ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;dfg ¿kn] Jojxf/ ul/g]5 — n] o;k|sf/sf] Joj:yf /f]Hg] ts{nfO{ cf8 lbG5 . cyjf, s] g]kfnL ;+3 hftLo cfwf/df cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ hxfF ;dfg hflt, hft cyjf efiffsf JolQmx¿ ldn]/ pk–/fli6«o PsfO{ agfpF5g\ / cfkm\gf] efiffsf] k|of]u / ;|f]t;fwgsf] lgoGq0f u/L nfeflGjt x'g ;S5g\ < hftLo ;+3 /f]Hg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f s] xf] eg] o:tf] Joj:yfn] cNk;+Vos ;d"xx¿sf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs sNof0fnfO{ ;+/If0f / k|a4{g u5{ / ltgnfO{ cfkm\gf] ljlzi6 klxrfg sfod /fVg d2t u5{ . g]kfndf log} w'|jdf ax; rln/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] Jofks hft / hftLo ljljwtfn] b'O{ k4ltdWo] s'g t eGg] ljjfbnfO{ sl7g df]8df k'¥ofPsf] 5, lsgeg] k|zf;g, …k|efjsfl/tfÚ / klxrfgsf s'/fx¿df s]xL lj/f]wfefzk"0f{ kl/0ffdx¿;lxt hftLo k4ltn] ;–;fgf PsfO{x¿sf] ljzfn ;+Voftkm{ k'¥ofpg ;S5 eg] k|fb]lzs k4ltn] ljzfn PsfO{x¿sf] ;fgf] ;+Voftkm{ k'¥ofpg ;S5 . oBlk ( dfr{ @))& sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgn] -ju{, hft, efiff, ln+u, ;+:s[lt, wd{ / If]qsf cfwf/df ePsf] e]befj cGTo ub}{_ ef}uf]lns÷ljsf;d'vL k4lteGbf ;fd'bflos k4ltsf] kIfw/tf ckgfPsf] h:tf] b]lvP klg of] ;+zf]wg lgZro g} låljwfljxLg eg] 5}g .

pk–/fli6«o PsfO{ :yfkgfsf cfwf/

;+3Lo k|0ffnL /]vf+sg ubf{ g]kfnn] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ d'2fx¿dfly ljrf/ ug'{eGbf klxnf hftLo ;+3fTdstf kIf / ljkIfsf ts{dfly s]xL ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' pkof]uL x'g]5 . hftLo ;+3fTdstfsf] d'Vo ts{ s] xf] eg] hftLo r]tgf k|an ePsf] 7fpFdf PsfTds /fHo cyjf ef}uf]lns jf k|zf;lgs cfwf/df ul7t ;+3n] ;d'bfox¿sf] klxrfg, o;sf] :jfoQ–;/sf/sf] rfxgf / o;sf]

183

;+:s[ltsf] d"No cyjf dxTjsf] klxrfg ug{ c;kmn x'g]5 . Pp6f hftLo ;+3n] ;f+:s[lts ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ltgsf] efiff ljsf; ug{, wd{ /Iff ug{, jl~rt ;b:ox¿sf kIfdf ;sf/fTds sfo{ ug{, If]qLo bnx¿nfO{ k|a4{g ug{ / ;|f]tx¿sf] Goflos ljt/0fsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu s]Gb| -/ cGo ;+3Lo PsfO{_ ;Fu ;Demf}tf ug{ cfjZos /fhgLlts cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{] dfWod k|bfg u5{ . oL cfwf/x¿df hftLo ;d'bfo /fli6«o /fhgLlts k|0ffnLdf PsLs[t x'g ;S5, /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfox¿aLr, hftLo ;+3fTdstf cyjf :jfoQtf k|foM hftLo åGåsf] ;DefJotf ePsf b]zx¿sf nflu åGå ;dfwfgsf ¿kdf / PsfO{x¿nfO{ a[xt\ /fHoaf6 5'l§g] l:ylt cfpg glbgsf nflu cufl8 cfPsf] 5 .

hftLo ;+3fTdstfsf ljkIfLx¿ g]kfndf hftLo ;+3fTdstfn] /fd|/L sfo{ ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] ts{ u5{g\ . hftLo ;+3fTdstfn] dflg;x¿df Pp6} l;+uf] /fi6«sf afl;Gbf ePsf] efjgf sdhf]/ agfpF5, lsgeg], k|foM dflg;x¿sf] k|fylds -/ slxn]sfxLF ljlzi6_ >4f cfkm";Da4 hftLo ;d'bfok|ltsf] >4fdf ?kfGtl/t x'G5 . s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿df ltgLx¿sf] lge{/tf Go"gt/ x'Fb}hfG5 / o;k|sf/ hftLo PsfO{x¿sf] PlSng] Ifdtf a9\b} hfG5 . s] ts{ ug{ ;lsG5 eg], sd;] sd, /fli6«o clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;do / pmhf{ lg/Gt/ ;Demf}tfdfly ;Demf}tf ul//xg] hftLo bafan] k"/} vkt ul/lbG5 . /fli6«o Pstfdfly klg r'gf}tL ylkG5 lsgeg] Pp6f /fHo jf k|fGtleqsf Pp6f hftLo ;d'bfosf] k|e'Tjdf kfl/Psf cNk;+Vosdfly e]befj eO/xg ;S5, tLdfly lyrf]ldrf] klg x'g;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf, s]Gb|Lo clwsf/Lx¿ /fHo jf k|fGtsf] dfldnfdf x:tIf]k ug{ afWo x'g ;S5g\ h;n] ubf{ tgfj emg\ a9\g ;S5 . hftLo ;+3x¿df /fli6«o Pstf sfod /fVg] dfkb08 jf cfwf/x¿ -ljjfb ;'Nemfpg] k|efjsf/L / j}wflgs ;+oGq, k/fdz{ / ;xsfo{, / k|f;+lus ePdf clwsf/ afF8kmfF8_ ;+s6u|:t x'G5g\ . /fHox¿df ;|f]t;fwgx¿ c;dfg ¿kn] cjl:yt ePdf ;|f]tsf] Goflos ljt/0f ug]{ / ;a} If]qsf] ;dfg ljsf; ug]{ s]Gb|sf] ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ Ifdtf klg 36\g ;S5 .

g]kfndf 5nkmn

;+3 lgdf{0fsf lglDt cjnDag ul/g] cfwf/ lgwf{/0f g} ckgfOg] ;+3sf] k|s[ltdfly rrf{ ug{sf nflu pkof]uL cf/De ljGb' xf] . lsgeg] ;+3sf] /]vf+sgsf ;jfnx¿ cfwf/e"t ¿kn] s'g k4lt ckgfOG5 eGg] s'/fd} lge{/ u5{g\ . a'l4hLjL 8f= kLtfDa/ zdf{n] lhNnf / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿sf] If]qkmn / ToxfF hftLo, eflifs / hft ;d"xx¿sf] ljt/0f t'ngf u/L x]/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L pgn] ;|f]tsf] ljt/0fsf] tYof+s klg s]nfPsf 5g\ h'g ;+3fTdstf;DaGwL s'g} klg ax;sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ tj/n] hfgsf/Ld"ns ;fljt x'g ;S5 . zdf{n] cGo a'l4hLjLx¿ h:tf] 8f= uf]ljGb Gof}kfg], 8f= dx]Gb| nfjtL / 8f= xs{ u'?ªsf k|:tfjx¿sf] klg ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ / To;nfO{ ;+If]kLs/0f u/]sf 5g\ . zdf{ eG5g\, hftLo ;+3sf] kIfdf pleg]dWo] uf]ljGb Gof}kfg]n] ef}uf]lns cyjf cfly{s ;DefJotf pk]Iff u/]/ …!* cf}+ ztfAbLsf] cf/Detfsf sfod /x]sf] kl/l:ylt cf}+NofpFb} P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld, efiff / lglZrt hg;+Vof ;d"xn] P]ltxfl;s ¿kn] rr]{sf] If]qÚ sf] cfwf/df !! PsfO{x¿ to u/]sf 5g\ .


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184

zdf{ eG5g\, …kxf8L e]usf lnDa', /fO{, tfdfª, u'?ª, du/ / t/fO{ e]usf yf¿h:tf clwsf+z k|d'v hftLo ;d"xx¿n] ltgLx¿sf] …P]ltxfl;s ¿kn] bvn u/]sf If]qx¿Ú sf cfwf/df /fHox¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/g'kg]{ dfu ul/cfPsf 5g\ . dw];L ;d"xx¿n] hftLotf;Fu efiff ;d"xx¿nfO{ t'ngf ub}{ efiff ;d"xx¿sf] cfwf/df /fHo lgdf{0f ul/g'kg]{ dfu u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{;d]t s]xL dw];L ;d"xx¿n] blIf0fL l;dfgf;Dd Pp6} dw];L /fHo lgdf{0f x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf b]v]sf 5g\ . klZrd t/fO{sf yf¿ / cGo ;d"x b'O{ jf tLg cnu–cnu /fHosf] kIfdf 5g\ . tfdfªnufot s]xL hghflt ;d"xx¿n] tfdfªx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s e"–efunfO{ Pp6f tfdfª /fHosf] :j¿k lbOg'kg]{ dfu u/]sf 5g\ . clwsf+z hghflt ;d"xn] cfkm\gf dfux¿dWo] d"ntM hftLo /fHox¿sf] dfu u/]sf 5g\ / ltgLx¿ a9L d"t{ k|:tfj tof/ ug]{ k|lqmofdf nfluk/]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, g]kfn hghflt dxf;+3 h:tf] hghfltx¿sf] dxf;+3n] :jfoQ hftLo /fHox¿sf] nflu cfXjfg u/]sf] 5, t/ ltgsf] ;+Vof / ;Ldf eg] k|:6 kf/]sf] 5}g .

dfcf]jfbLx¿n] !! j6f :jfoQ /fHosf] k|:tfj u/]sf 5g\ . zdf{sf cg';f/, …of] ;d"x lgdf{0fn] hftLo afx'No ePsf / P]ltxfl;s pk]Iffdf k/]sf If]qx¿, ef}uf]lns ¿kn] ;LdfGts[t / b'u{d If]qx¿nfO{ k|ltlglwTj u5{ .Ú cfwf/ lgdf{0fsf] l;4fGt …;femf e"–efu, ;femf efiff, ;femf cfly{s hLjg / ;femf dgf]lj1fgÚ gfds :6flngsf] cfwf/cg'¿k lnOPsf] xf] . zdf{ eG5g,\ …hftLotfafx]s, dfcf]jfbLx¿n] oL :jfoQ If]qx¿sf] lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ kof{Kt ¿kn] JofVof u/]sf 5}gg\ .Ú

g]skf -Pdfn]_ n] -cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf nflu cflbjf;L hghflt / hftLo ;d"xx¿sf] clwsf/ /Iff ug]{ x'Fbf_ hftLo, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts / If]qLo cfwf/df sfod x'g] :jfoQtfnfO{ ;dy{g u5{ . zdf{ l6Kk0fL u5{g\, ‘of] cfwf/ a[xt t/ c:ki6 b]lvG5 . g]skf -Pdfn]_ n] cem} ;+3Lo k|b]z jf /fHo /]vf+sgsf] 7f]; k|:tfj lnP/ cfpg / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] cy{ / ;Gbe{ tyf :jfoQtfsf] ;Ldf / s;/L o;sf] cEof; ul/G5 eGg] k|:6 cjwf/0ff k|:t't ug{ afFsL g} 5 .Ú

dx]Gb| nfjtLn] ;Dej ePsf 7fpFdf hftLo ;Da4tf ;+3Lo Joj:yfdf hfg'sf] cfwf/ x'g'k5{ eGg] k|:tfj u/]sf 5g\ . lnDa"x¿sf] ;jfn p4/0f ub}{ pgL n]V5g\, …clwsf+z ;LdfGts[t ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;d"xx¿ leGg–leGg If]qx¿df 5l/Psf 5g\, ljleGg ;d"xx¿ tL If]qx¿df ax'dt ;/sf/x¿ u7g ug{ ;Ifd x'g ;S5g\ .Ú pgL ljZjf; u5{g\, Pp6f ;LdfGts[t ;d"x ax'dtdf geP klg, If]qLo :t/df o;sf] clws k|efj x'g ;S5 . nfjtL hftLo ;+3fTdstfåf/f dfq} ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿n] zf;s ;d'bfox¿sf] lyrf]ldrf]af6 d'lQm kfpg ;S5g\ eGg] ljZjf; u5{g\ .

e"uf]n, cfkm\g} ;|f]t;fwgdf lge{/ x'g ;Sg], ljsf;sf] nflu cTofjZos ;|f]t ;DkGgtfsf] cfwf/df ;+3fTdstfsf] kIfw/ 8f= xs{ u'?ªn] lhNnfx¿nfO{ &% sf] ;+Vofaf6 @% df emf/]/ ltgsf] ;+3Lo PsfO{ agfOg'kg]{ k|:tfj u/]sf 5g\ . u'?ª ljZjf; u5{g\, lhNnf :jfoQtf ha

185

x/]s lhNnf;Fu kof{Kt ;|f]tx¿ pknAw x'g]5g\, olb lhNnf ;/sf/x¿nfO{ s/ ;+sng ug]{ clws clwsf/ lbOof] eg] / lhNnf ;/sf/x¿ :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df ;[lht /fh:j ;+sng ug{ ;S5g\ eg]dfq} ;Dej x'G5 .

zdf{ cfkm}n] cfly{s e"uf]nsf] lx;fadf ;+/lrt cfwf/ k|of]u u5{g\ /, Go"g ;Ldf;Dd, hftLotfsf] klg . ;j{k|yd, pgL hftLo, eflifs / P]ltxfl;s dft[e"ld h:tf cfwf/x¿ jf:tljs / :jfjnDaL 5}gg\ eGg] b]vfpF5g\ . !$ j6f lhNnf dfq o:tf 5g\ hxfF Pp6f l;+uf] ;d"x ax'dtdf 5 -oLdWo] ^ j6f If]qL afx'No 5g\_ . Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L lhNnfdf afx'No ePsf ;d"xx¿, ljz]ifu/L hft ;d"xx¿ klg dflg;x¿sf] a;fO;/fOsf] kl/0ffdjz ;jf{lws ¿kn] 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . pgL ;+If]kdf eG5g\, …kl/0ffdtM hftLo÷hft afx'No hg;+Vof ePsf If]qx¿df ;d]t pNn]Vo ¿kn] hftLo÷hft ljljwtf 5 . hghfltdWo] pxL ef}uf]lns If]qdf ;d]t k|efjo'Qm÷afx'No / cNk;+Vos hghflt /x]sf 5g\ ==== blntx¿sf] afx'No ePsf] s'g} a]Un} If]q 5}g .Ú

g]kfnL ;+3fTdstfsf] 7f]; cfwf/lznfdf ;a}nfO{ ;xdt u/fpg sl7gfO kg]{ b]lvG5 . s] s'/f k|:6 5 eg] olb x/]s cyjf clwsf+z hftLo, hft jf efiff ;d"xx¿n] cfkm\g} If]q cyjf lhNnf kfpg'kg]{ xf] eg] g]kfn Jofks ;+Vofdf ;–;fgf PsfO{df k'u]/ 6'+lug]5 . o;af6 pTkGg x'g] ;d:of k|:6} 5 M olb hftLotf cyjf klxrfg d'Vo lgwf{/s cfwf/ x'g] xf] eg] ;|f]tx¿sf] cefj / Ifdtf x]bf{ If]qx¿n] w]/} sfo{ / lhDd]jf/L lng ;Ifd x'g] 5}gg\ . csf{tkm{ olb If]q jf lhNnfsf] ;+Vof 36fP/ PsfO{sf] cfsf/ lj:tf/ ul/g] xf] eg] hftLo :jzf;g Go"g x'g]5 / y'k|} ;d"xx¿n] clwsf/sf] s]Gb|af6 lgs} k/ km\ofFlsPsf] cg'e"lt ug]{5g\ . tLg jf rf/ txsf k|zf;gåf/f /fHox¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ul/Fbf ;d:of s]xL xb;Dd ;dfwfg x'g ;S5g\, o;f] ubf{ k|b]z gLlt / Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjsf] s]Gb| x'g]5 / k|b]zJofkL ljsf; kl/of]hgf nfu" ug{ ;lsg]5, ptf lhNnfn] ;+:s[ltnufot :yfgLo dxTjsf ljifoj:t' x]g]{5 . jf:tjd}, hlt w]/} tx x'G5g\ ;+3Lo k|0ffnL plt g} hl6n / vrf{n' aGg]5 . ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf zfvf 5'6\ofpg] ;jfn a'em\g ef/tLo ;+3nfO{ gd'gfsf ¿kdf cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 h;n] efiffsf] cfwf/df /fHox¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ug]{ k4lt ckgfPsf] 5 / clws pQ/bfoL k|zf;gsf] Joj:yf ug{sf nflu :yfgLo :j–;/sf/ -k~rfot_ sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

x/]s txsf] ;+/rgf / clwsf/ lglb{i6 ePdf PsfO{x¿sf] cfwf/, cfsf/ / ;+Vofsf af/]sf] ax; clws kmnbfoL x'g]5 . ;/sf/sf sltj6f tx x'g'k5{ < ltgLx¿aLr clwsf/ s;/L afF8kmfF8 ul/g'k5{ < k|fb]lzs / lhNnf ;/sf/x¿nfO{ s;/L ah]6 pknAw u/fOg'k5{ < ljleGg txaLr cfk;L ;DaGw s;/L Jojl:yt ul/g'k5{ < nf]s ;]jf;DaGwL lgsfo Pp6f x'g'k5{ cyjf w]/}, Gofokflnsf Pp6f jf w]/} x'g'k5{ < b]zdf hl6n ;+3Lo Joj:yfkg ug{] Ifdtf / kof{Kt ;|f]t;fwg 5 < ;+3Lo txsf ;/sf/x¿aLr ljjfbx¿ s;/L ;dfwfg ul/g]5g\ < cGt/–;d'bfo ;DaGwx¿df ;+3Lo ;DaGwsf] s:tf] c;/ kg]{5 < oL cfwf/e"t ;jfnx¿ afx]s, ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] /]vf+sg ubf{ Wofg lbOg'kg]{ w]/} d'2f 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] tfTko{ s]nfpgfn] ;+3fTdstfsf ljleGg k|:tfjx¿aLr b]lvPsf k[ystfx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug ;S5 .


/sf/

186

;+3fTdstfsf] ;DaGw a'em\gfn] g]kfnLx¿nfO{ s'g k|sf/sf] ;+3 ckgfpg] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{ d2t k'Ug]5 / ltgnfO{ ;+3fTdstfåf/f ;'Nemfpg ;lsg] d'2f / ;d:ofx¿dfly ljrf/ k'¥ofpg pTk|]l/t klg ug]{5Ù olb ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;+3fTdstf ;xh ckgfpg ;lsg] ljsNk xf]Og eGg] 7fg] eg] of] s'/fn] ltgnfO{ cGo k|sf/sf ;+j}wflgs k4ltx¿tkm{ Wofg k'¥ofpg d2t ug]{5 h'g k4ltx¿ jt{dfgdf ;+3fTdstfåf/f ;dfwfg x'g]5g\ egL ck]Iff ul/Psf ;d:ofx¿dWo] s]xLnfO{ dfq} eP klg ;'Nemfpg clws pkof]uL x'g]5g\ .

;+3fTdstfsf] /]vf+sg M g]kfnn] ;fdgf u/]sf d'2f / 5gf}6x¿

of] cWofodf g]kfndf ;+3Lo Joj:yfkgsf] /]vf+sg ubf{ lnOg'kg]{ lg0f{ox¿;DaGwL s]xL ;jfndfly rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . lsgeg], ;+3Lotfdf hfg'kg]{ p2]Zox¿ ljleGg 5g\, pk–/fli6«o PsfO{x¿sf] kl/efiff ug]{ cfwf/x¿, :j–zf;g / clwsf/ afF8kmfF8 u/]/ ul/g] zf;gaLr ;Gt'ng, ;+:s[ltsf] ;f/, cfGtl/s a;fO;/fOsf] /fhgLlt, ;|f]tx¿sf] afF8kmfF8, / åGå ;dfwfgsf df]8x¿ klg b'O{ d'Vo ;+3Lo :j¿kx¿aLr k|foM km/s x'G5g\ . oBlk /fli6«o ;Gbe{ / r'lgPsf] ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] k|fylds p2]Zocg';f/ s] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg] eGg] ;jfn km/s–km/s x'g] eP klg x/]s ;+3Lo /]vf+sgdf ;dflxt ug'{kg]{ s]xL lglZrt ljz]iftf 5g\ . ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf s]xL k|d'v tTj 5g\ h:tf], …clwsf/ afF8kmfF8 u/]/ ul/g] zf;gÚ -cyf{t s]Gb|df sfod /xg] clwsf/ / clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;+/rgf h;df ljljw k|sf/sf ;Dk"0f{ pk–/fli6«o ;d'bfox¿ /fli6«o :t/df ;xefuL x'G5g\_ / …:j–zf;gÚ -cyf{t, x/]s pk–/fli6«o PsfO{n] cEof; ug]{ :jfoQ clwsf/x¿_ . ;+3Lo ;DaGw ckgfpg of]Uo x'gnfO{ …clwsf/ afF8kmfF8 u/]/ ul/g] zf;gÚ / …:j–zf;gÚ sf clwsf/x¿ ;Gt'lnt x'g'k5{ / PsfO{x¿aLr cfk;df / s]Gb| tyf PsfO{x¿aLr ;xsfo{ / k/fdz{sf nflu k|efjsf/L lgsfo / ;+oGq x'g'k5{ .

;/sf/sf txx¿

cl3Nnf] cWofoaf6 k|:6 ePh:t} g]kfndf ;/sf/sf txx¿sf] ;DaGwdf t'ngfTds ¿kn] Go"g ax; ePsf] 5 . lktfDa/ zdf{sf] rf/–tx k|:tfj -s]Gb|, k|b]z, lhNnf, / ufpF÷gu/_ n] w]/} txsf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/]/ k|fb]lzs txdf gLltlgdf{0f, ;|f]t / Ifdtfsf ;jfnx¿ ;DxfNg / lhNnf txdf klxrfg / ;xeflutfsf ;jfn ;DxfNgdf nrstf xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] b]vfpF5 . k|foM ;+3Lo Joj:yf ckgfPkl5 klxnf k|efjdf /x]sf] ;d"x s]xL ;+3Lo PsfO{x¿df cNk;+Vosdf kl/jt{g x'G5 . cNk;+Vos ;d"xx¿sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;'Nemfpg] Pp6f tl/sf oL ;d"xx¿nfO{ hxfF ltgLx¿ hg;+Vofsf] pNn]Vo cg'kft ;+/lrt ug{ ;S5g\ ToxfF logLx¿nfO{ ;Lldt :jfoQtf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . @))) df of] ;dfwfg pQ/–k"j{df l;Gxfnf / d'l:ndx¿nfO{ / blIf0fdf tldnx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ >Ln+sfdf a[xt\ k|rf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . l:j6\h/NofG8df tLg txsf ;/sf/ 5g\ -/fli6«o, k|fb]lzs / ;fd'bflos_ h'g ;+j}wflgs ¿kn] ;'/lIft 5g\ . af]l:gof–xh{uf]legf / xfn} ef/tsf h:tf s}of}+ ;+3x¿ tLg txo'Qm ;/sf/ ;+/rgfdf k|j]z u/]sf 5g\, h;df :yfgLo kl/ifb\ / gu/kflnsfx¿ ;+j}wflgs ¿kn] ;'/lIft 5g\ .

187

PsfO{x¿sf] ;+Vof

PsfO{x¿sf] ;+Vof Pp6f pNn]Vo tTj x'g ;S5 h;n] ;+3 sxfF cl:tTjdf /xg ;S5 / sxfF ;Sb}g eGg] s'/f lgwf{l/t ug]{5 . yf]/} dfq PsfO{x¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] ;+3 lgs} bafadf kg{ ;S5 . olb hDdf b'O{j6f PsfO{ -k"j{ / klZrd kfls:tfg, r]sf]:nf]eflsof / ;fOk|;sf] ck|fb]lzs ;+3h:tf]_ 5g\ / x/]s PsfO{ leGg–leGg ;f+:s[lts ;d'bfox¿sf] k|efjo'Qm 5g\ eg] 7"nf]rflxF ;d'bfon] /fli6«o ;/sf/af6 ;Dej eP;Dd hlt;Sbf] w]/} clwsf/ kfpg rfxG5 h'g clwsf/dfly p;n] lgoGq0f ug]{ ck]Iff /fVg ;S5, / cNk;+Vosx¿n] pk–/fli6«o txsf] clwsf/ k|Tofof]lht ug{ ;Dej eP;Dd w]/} clwsf/ rfxG5g\ . w]/} ;+Vofdf PsfO{x¿ ePsf ;+3df ljleGg k|sf/sf ;Gt'ngx¿ b]lvg ;S5g\ / ;jfncg';f/ ljjfb p7fpg]x¿ klg kl/jt{g eO/xg ;S5g\Ù ljjfbx¿ ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu cGo PsfO{x¿nfO{ dWo:ystf{ agfOg] Joj:Yff ug{ ;lsG5 . csf{tkm{, w]/} ;+Vofdf PsfO{x¿ ePsf ;+3df ;+of]hg sl7g x'g klg ;S5Ù / olb t'ngfTds ¿kn] ;fgf] b]zdf w]/} ;+Vofdf PsfO{x¿ eP eg] tL PsfO{x¿df zf;g k|0ffnL ;~rfngsf nflu ;Lldt Ifdtf x'g;S5 / /fli6«o ;/sf/sf] k|efj /f]Sg cIfd x'g ;S5g\ .

l;dfgf, PsfO{x¿sf] ljno / gofF PsfO{x¿sf] lgdf{0f

hftLo ;+3df cl:tTjdf /x]sf PsfO{x¿aLr cfpg] ljv08gn] -ef/t, gfOh]l/of / :k]gdf h:tf]_ PsfO{x¿sf] ;+Vof k|fo a9\5 . s]xL kl/l:yltdf, l5d]sL PsfO{x¿sf] l;dfgfsf af/]df ljjfb p7\5 / slxn]sfxLF s]xL PsfO{x¿nfO{ cfk;df ljno ug]{ bafa kg{ ;S5 -ef/tdf lk|G:nL :6]6x¿sf] PsLs/0fsf] cEof;sf qmddf b]lvPh:tf]_ . g]kfndf ;+3Los/0fsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9\b} ubf{ oL ;a} k|sf/sf ljsf; k|lqmofx¿ cfOkg{ ;S5g\ . To;sf/0f, ;+ljwfgn] PsfO{x¿sf] ljv08g cyjf cfk;L ljno / l;dfgfx¿sf] ;dfof]hgaf/] k|lqmof to ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . PsfO{x¿sf] cfsf/ / ;+Vof a9fpg] jf 36fpg] ;DaGwdf cToGt ;xh cyjf cToGt hl6n k|lqmofsf] Joj:yf x'g'x'Fb}g . k|lqmof cToGt ;xh ePdf gofF PsfO{x¿sf nflu y'k|} dfux¿ p7\g ;S5g\ / cToGt hl6n ePdf cfjZostfs} sf/0f åGåsf] l:ylt b]lvg nfUbf;d]t cfjZos ;dfof]hg ug{ c;kmntf xft nfUg ;S5 . kl/jt{g Nofpg] k|lqmofx¿n] kl/jt{g NofOg'k"j{ kl/jt{gn] ubf{ k|efljt x'g] ;DalGwt If]qsf hgtf;Fu k/fdz{ ul/g'k5{Ù clwsf+z kl/l:yltdf hgtfsf] :jLs[lt cfjZos x'g;S5 . kl/jt{gsf] rfxgfsf] ljifodf cfjZos ax;sf nflu kof{Kt ;do k|bfg ul/g'k5{ . :k]gsf] h:tf] s]xL ;+ljwfgx¿df kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmof ;'? x'g'k"j{ s]xL cfwf/x¿ lgwf{l/t ul/Psf x'G5g\ .

Pp6f jf w]/} ;+ljwfg

clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8, ljleGg txsf ;/sf/x¿aLrsf] ;DaGw, åGå ;dfwfg ug]{ ljlwx¿ / ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof / ;+zf]wg ug]{ k|lqmof;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] Pp6} /fli6«o ;+ljwfgn] ;+3sf] k/fldlt -parameters_ l;kmfl/; ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . rng s] 5 eg] /fli6«o ;+ljwfgn]


/sf/

188

/fli6«o txsf] ;/sf/sf] k|s[lt lgwf{l/t ug]{ u5{ -;+3Lo ;/sf/sf]_ . pk–/fli6«o txsf] ;/sf/sf] ;+/rgf ;fdfGotof pk–/fli6«o PsfO{sf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ g} agfOG5 . pk–/fli6«o ;+ljwfg /fli6«o ;+ljwfgcg'¿k -clj?4_ x'g'k5{ t/ c¿ cj:yfdf PsfO{sf lgsfox¿ :yfkgf ug{ / cfkm\g} 9+usf] zf;g k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{ ltgLx¿ :jtGq x'G5g\ . pk–/fli6«o PsfO{sf ;+ljwfgx¿aLr pNn]Vo k[ystfx¿ x'g ;S5g\ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, s]xL Ps ;bgfTds x'G5g\ eg] s]xL b'O{ ;bgfTds, s]xLdf ltgsf] cfkm\g} ljw]ossf] clwsf/ -bills of rights_ x'G5 eg] cGo PsfO{x¿ /fli6«o ;+ljwfgdf lge{/ x'g'kg]{ x'G5Ù / dn]l;ofdf s]xL /fhtGqfTds / s]xL u0ftGqfTds 5g\_ . To;sf/0f clwsf/ / lgsfox¿ slt s]Gb|Ls[t 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] bfo/f / dxTj km/s–km/s x'G5 . s]xL b]zx¿df, s]Gb|Lo sfo{sfl/0fL cyjf Joj:yflksfsf] :jLs[ltdf dfq pk–/fli6«o ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf agfpg ;lsG5 .

Psfw b]zx¿df, /fli6«o ;+ljwfgn] pk–/fli6«o PsfO{x¿df ;/sf/sf] ;+/rgf klg x]5{ -ef/t, gfOh]l/of / kfls:tfg_ . of] ;fob k|zf;lgs ¿kn] clws ;'ljwfhgs x'G5 / o:tf] s]Gb|fled'v ;+3x¿df nfu" ul/G5 . s]xL PsfO{x¿df cfkm\g} ;+ljwfg agfpg] Ifdtf gx'g ;S5 -pk–/fli6«o PsfO{x¿nfO{ ltgsf] cfkm\g} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ cg'dlt lbOPsf] x'G5, ltgLx¿aLr pNn]Vo ;fb[Zo x'G5_ . t/ b]zel/ ljleGg vfnsf k/Dk/fut ;+/rgfx¿ ePsf] b]zdf -g]kfndf o:t} l:ylt x'g;S5_ ltgsf] ;dfof]hgsf nflu o;n] Go"g cj;/ -:sf]k_ lbG5 .

bf];|f] ;bg

;+3Lo Joj:yflksfx¿ k|foM lå;bgfTds x'G5g\ . Pp6f ;bg hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'G5, To;}n] ;b:otf x/]s PsfO{sf] hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df to x'G5 . csf]{ ;bgn] PsfO{x¿nfO{ /fli6«o txdf k|ltlglwTj u5{, ltgLx¿sf rf;f]x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft /fV5 / ltgnfO{ -zf;g afF8kmfF8sf] Ps kIfsf ¿kdf_ ;Dk"0f{ b]zsf] zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;xeflutf hgfpg ;Ifd agfpF5 . ;b:otfsf] cfwf/ slxn]sfxLF PsfO{x¿sf] ;dfg k|ltlglwTj x'G5 eg] slxn]sfxLF -x/]s PsfO{sf] sDtLdf Pp6f ;b:o /xg] u/L_ hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/sf cfwf/df x'G5 .

s]xL b]zx¿df, bf];|f] ;bgn] pk–/fli6«o PsfO{x¿ k|ltlglwTj ub}{g a? /fli6«o ;/sf/ / ;d'bfox¿aLr ljleGg k|sf/sf] ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yf ub}{ -Olyof]lkofdf h:tf]_ hftLo ;d'bfox¿sf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ . g]kfndf To:t} k|sf/sf] Joj:yfksLo ;bg u7g ug]{ ;'emfjx¿ cfPsf 5g\ -of] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t /fli6«o ;efsf] u7g k|lqmofeGbf km/s xf] h'g d'Votof kf6L{ k|ltlglwTjdf cfwfl/t lyof]_ .

bf];|f] ;bgsf] clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lx¿ klg km/s–km/s vfnsf x'G5g\ . hd{gL / blIf0f clk|msfdf h:tf] s]xL /fli6«o / pk–/fli6«o ;/sf/x¿aLr ;Demf}tfsf] lglDt ¿k/]vfsf] k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ -h;df hgtfsf] k|ToIf k|ltlglwTj xf]Og, pk–/fli6«o ;/sf/x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'G5_ . Olyof]lkofdf bf];|f] ;bg, ;+3Lo ;efnfO{ kof{Kt ah]6 afF8kmfF8 / ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ;'lglZrt ub}{ pk–/fli6«o PsfO{ / hftLo ;d'bfox¿sf] lxt / clwsf/ /Iff ug]{ :ki6 lhDd]jf/L 5 .

189

bf];|f] ;efsf] sfo{ cGo lgsfox¿ / cGt/;/sf/L ;DaGwsf k|lqmofx¿åf/f ;DxfNg ;lsG5 . ;+If]kdf, bf];|f] ;bgsf] /]vf+sgdf ;[hgfTdstfsf lglDt oxfF pNn]Vo cj;/ 5 .

;+:yfut Joj:yfx¿ M :jtGq lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf

of] cWofodf /fli6«o / pk–/fli6«o txdf lgsfox¿nfO{ s;/L ;+ul7t ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifosf] Pp6f ljz]if kIfaf/] rrf{ ul/G5 . ;fdfGotof, x/]s txsf ;/sf/x¿sf cfkm\g} lgsfox¿ x'G5g\ -Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf OToflb_ . t/ s]xL cj:yfx¿df, ljleGg txsf ;/sf/x¿nfO{ lgsfox¿ afF8kmfF8 ug{ of] clws ;d'lrt / sd vrf{n' klg x'G5 . ;aeGbf :ki6 / sd lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ lgsfox¿ lgjf{rg;DaGwL cfof]u, n]vf cfof]u, dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, e|i6frf/lj?4 cfof]u / cg';Gwfg -Ombudsman type_ ;DaGwL lgsfox¿ x'g\ . oL lgsfox¿ s'g} /fhgLlts jf clkml;on bfo/fdf afFlwg] geO{ :jtGq x'g'kg]{ dfGotf 5Ù ltgLx¿n] b]ze/ Psgf;n] /fli6«o dfgs sfod /fVg'k5{Ù / tLdWo] s]xL ;a} c~rn jf lhNnfdf pkl:yt /xg'k5{ . oL lgsfon] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf lgsfox¿sf] ¿kdf xf]Og /fli6«o lgsfox¿sf ¿kdf sfd u5{g\ eGg' clws o'lQm;+ut x'G5 . ltgLx¿sf] lgo'lQmdf pk–/fli6«o PsfO{x¿sf] klg ;xeflutf /xg] ePsf] v08df ltgsf] /fli6«o rl/q cem /fd|/L k|s6 x'g;S5, pbfx/0fsf nflu, b'j} txsf ;/sf/n] lgo'Qm u/]sf JolQmx¿af6 v8f ePsf] /fli6«o lgo'lQm–af]8{åf/f ePdf .

afF8\g ;lsg] cGo lgsfox¿df Gofokflnsf / sfg'gL tyf b08;hfo;DaGwL ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfo kb{5g\ . GofofwLzx¿n] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gx¿nfO{ kfngf / sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf :jtGq /xg'kg]{ dfGotf 5 . ;femf Gofokflnsf agfOof] eg] w]/} If]qflwsf/ x'Fbf p7\g] hl6n sfg'gL d'2fx¿ -h'g cnu Gofokflnsfsf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ :jLs[lt lbFbf, ljleGg If]qflwsf/sf sfg'gx¿ sfof{Gjog ubf{, ;'k'b{uL;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx¿ ldnfpFbf jf csf]{ Gofofnosf] If]qflwsf/df k|df0f lnFbf p7\g ;S5g\_ x6fpg ;lsG5 . km]l/, lgo'lQmsf nflu jf:tjd} :jtGq k|lqmof :yfkgf ePsf] ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ / cfjZos b]lvPsf :yfgdf GofofwLz avf{:tuLsf] klg ;'lglZrttf x'g'k5{ . ;+3sf] x/]s PsfO{sf] cfkm\g} Gofokflnsf x'g' gf}nf] 36gf klg xf]Og, t/ g]kfnn] ax'–Gofokflnsfsf nflu kof{Kt ;|f]t pknAw u/fpg ;S5 ls ;Sb}g, o;} eGg ;lsGg . ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;+3 ef/t Pp6} Gofokflnsfaf6 sfo{;Dkfbg ul//xg ;Ifd ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf klg o:t} k|sf/sf] k4lt sfg'gL k/fdz{ / b08ljwfgsf] Joj:yfsf nflu ckgfpg ;lsG5 . ef/tLo k|0ffnL ckgfpg'sf] csf]{ kmfObf oL :jtGq lgsfox¿ s'g} ;/sf/ ljz]ifsf] dftxtdf /xg'gkg]{ x'Fbf ltgsf] ;xh Ifdtf clej[l4 xf] .

afFl8Psf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ljifon] -akmfbf/Lnufot_ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;jfn p7fpF5, t/ s]xL ;]jfx¿sf] afF8kmfF8 lgZro g} u|fXo x'G5 / ;Dej klg x'g'k5{ . gofF pk–/fli6«o PsfO{x¿n] cfkm\gf ;/sf/sf] :yfkgfd} nfUg'kg]{ x'Fbf ltgnfO{ pNn]Vo ;xof]usf] cfjZostf x'g;S5 . pRr cyjf ;]jflgj[Q clwsf/Lx¿n] ltgnfO{ o; sfo{df ;3fpg ;S5g\ . cem Jofks ¿kn] eGbf, ljQ / s/ k|0ffnL, sfg'gsf] d:of}bf sfo{ / Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf h:tf sfo{sf


/sf/

190

nflu ljz]if1 pknAw u/fpg Pp6f /fli6«o cfof]u :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 -of] ;jfn kl5 rrf{ ul/g]5_ .

clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 M ljifoj:t' / k2lt

ljleGg txsf ;/sf/x¿aLr clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8;DaGwL lnOg'kg]{ lg0f{odWo] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o xf] . s]xL lglZrt clwsf/x¿ em08} ;w}+h;f] /fli6«o ;/sf/sf nflu ;'/lIft /flvG5g\ M k//fi6« gLlt, ;'/Iff, gful/stf, d'b|f / cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/Ù ef/t / dn]l;ofdf cem} w]/} s'/fx¿ cEof;df 5g\ . l;4fGttM s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/;Fu tL clwsf/ x'g'k5{ h'g clwsf/ p;n] /fli6«o ;'/Iff, cGt/f{li6«o :t/df cGo /fi6« / cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gx¿;Fu cGtlqm{of, PsLs[t ufx{:y cy{tGq sfod /fVg] ;jfn, Jofks k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lgodg / /fli6«o k"jf{wf/ h:tf :jtGq /fHosf] ;+/If0f ug{ cTofjZos ;jfnx¿ ;DxfNg cfjZos x'G5g\ . pk–/fli6«o PsfO{sf nflu ljlzi6 clwsf/x¿dWo] k|fylds / dfWolds lzIffdflysf] clwsf/, :yfgLo ahf/, ;xsf/Lx¿, :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿, s[lif, l;FrfO{, e"ld s/, ;+:s[lt -k':tsfno;d]t_, ;/;kmfO / :yfgLo ;8s x'g\ . l;4fGttM, pk–/fli6«o PsfO{;Fu ljlzi6 If]qLo lxt;DaGwL clwsf/ x'g'k5{ M :yfgLo kl/jxg, lzIff, k|fylds :jf:Yo, s[lif pkhsf] ahf/ Joj:yf, :yfgLo efiffx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿, dfOqmf] qm]l86 / :yfgLo s/x¿ .

t/ jf:tjdf clwsf/ afF8kmfF8 ug]{ s'g} dfgs ;"q 5}g, / gofF ;+3x¿df pk–/fli6«o PsfO{sf afl;Gbfsf] b}lgs hLjgdf k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{ s}of}+ clwsf/ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/nfO{ lbOPsf] x'G5 -k'/fgf ;+3x¿df oL If]qx¿af6 s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/nfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s x6fPsf] 5_ . ljleGg txsf ;/sf/sf] Ifdtfn] klg of] afF8kmfF8nfO{ lgwf{l/t u5{ . cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf / ;Demf}tfcGtu{t, /fHox¿n] dfgj hLjgsf s}of}+ If]qx¿sf] pQ/bfloTj jxg u/]sf 5g\Ù oL lhDd]jf/Lx¿n] /fHonfO{ ;+ul7t u/]sf x'G5g\ / oL lhDd]jf/L s]Gb|Lo clwsf/Låf/f sfof{Gjog ul/G5g\ . /fli6«o / pk–/fli6«o PsfO{x¿aLr ;xsfo{ a9\bf] 5, h;af6 k'/fgf] 9/f{sf] clwsf/ afF8kmfF8 cjf:tljs b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 .

ljrf/ ul/g'kg]{ clGtd ;jfn klg pQ/bfloTjx¿sf] afF8kmfF8s} k4lt;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . Ps ;dodf clwsf/sf b'O{j6f ;"rLx¿ lyP M klxnf] s]Gb|;Fu ;DalGwt, csf]{ pk–/fli6«o PsfO{x¿;Fu ;DalGwt -gtf]lsPsf clwsf/x¿ s]Gb|s} efudf k5{g\_ . x/]s txsf ;/sf/ o;sf] cfkm\g} lglb{i6 If]qleq /xg'k5{ . cfh, o; k|sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg ;xsfo{sf] ;+:s[ltdf ¿kfGtl/t x'Fb} uPsf] 5 h;df s]Gb| / PsfO{n] Ps;fy sfo{ u5{g\ cyjf s}of}+ -…clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwtÚ_ If]qx¿df b'j}sf pQ/bfloTjx¿ x'G5g\ h:tf] s[lif, lzIff, l;FrfO, oftfoft, pmhf{, ljdfg:yn, ejglgdf{0f / jftfj/0f . of] k4ltn] ;fdfGotof tLgj6f ;"rLtkm{ O+lut u5{ — s]Gb|sf nflu, PsfO{sf nflu / s]Gb| tyf PsfO{n] Ps;fy afF8kmfF8 ug]{ clwsf/x¿ . ldn]/ ul/g] o:tf x/]s Joj:yfkgdf åGåsf] kl/l:yltdf s]Gb|sf] cyjf PsfO{sf] sfg'g nfu" x'G5 eGg] lgod x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . k/Dk/fut rng s] 5 eg] c;di6Ls/0fåf/f ag]sf ;+3df åGåsf] kl/l:yltdf s]Gb|s} sfg'g nfu" x'G5 -g]kfndf klg o:t} x'g]5_ . h] eP klg, ;+3sf]

191

:yfkgf;Fu} PsfO{x¿nfO{ Hofb} ;Lldt If]q 5f]8]/ ;a} sfg'gx¿ s]Gb|Lo Joj:yflksfsf x'g] x'Fbf PsfO{sf] ;jf]{Rr clwsf/Lsf] e"ldsfnfO{ Wofg lbOg'k5{ . of] k|:tfjsf] ;dfof]hg ubf{ ;dfgfGt/ ;"rLnfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5, klxnf] hxfF PsfO{sf sfg'gx¿ xfaL x'G5g\ / bf];|f] hxfF /fli6«o sfg'gx¿ xfaL x'G5g\ .

clwsf/ ljefhgsf] ;f/e"t ljifo / k4lt b'j}dfly lg0f{o lnFbf …6«fon PG8 P//Ú k4ltaf6 ;aeGbf ;d'lrt ljefhg cufl8 cfpg] s'/f Vofn /fVg' /fd|f] x'g]5 / ;do;Fu} clwsf/x¿ r/0fut ul/g' cfjZos x'g;S5 — h;n] of] k4lt nrsbf/ x'g'k5{ eGg] ;'emfj lbG5 . tLg cGo pkfox¿ pkof]uL 5g\ M klxnf], ;/sf/n] o;sf clwsf/x¿ csf]{ PsfO{nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ ;fdfGo Joj:yf xf]Ù bf];|f], blIf0f clk|msfsf] lgod h;df cfjZos k/]sf] 5 eg] /fli6«o sfg'g PsfO{x¿sf] sfg'gdfly xfaL x'G5Ù t];|f], sfg'g agfpg] / ltgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/ ljleGg ;/sf/x¿nfO{ lbg ;lsG5 .

;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8

;+3Lo ;+ljwfgsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ ljleGg txsf ;/sf/aLr ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 ug'{ xf] . Pp6f ;/sf/nfO{ hlt clwsf/ lbOP klg kof{Kt ;|f]tx¿ geP;Dd o;n] sfo{ ug{ ;Qm}g . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, d'b|f, s/ nufpg] clwsf/ / k|fs[lts ;|f]tnufot ;a} ;|f]ts} ¿k x'g\ . ;|f]tx¿ pQ/bfloTj;Fu ldNg] vfnsf x'g'k5{ . o;}u/L, pQ/bfoL efjgf hfu[t u/fpg ;|f]tx¿ ljsf; ug]{ pQ/bfloTj, o;nfO{ pkof]u ug]{ ;/sf/nfO{ g} lbOg'k5{ . of] lgod ;|f]tsf] ljsf;, ljt/0f / pkef]u ug]{ cfly{s ;+oGqleq k5{, lsgeg] slxn]sfxLF ;|f]tsf] ljsf; /fd|/L ug{ ;Sg] ;/sf/nfO{ tL ;|f]tx¿ p;s} nflu cfjZos gx'g ;S5g\ .

of] ;jfn s/ nufpg] If]qdf clws k|:6 ¿kn] p7\5 . ;aeGbf pTkfbgd"ns s/x¿sf k|sf/ -skf]{/]6 s/, eG;f/ s/_ x¿ s]Gb|åf/f ;jf{lws k|efjsf/L ¿kn] p7fOG5g\ . t}klg Tof] /fh:jsf] Pp6f lx:;f pk–/fli6«o PsfO{x¿df vr{ ul/G5 . of], / ;|f]tx¿sf] Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f / ljsf;sf nflu ljQLo ;+3fTdstf gfdsf] s/ nufpg] / /fh:j ljt/0f ug]{ Pp6f hl6n of]hgf cfjZos x'G5 .

;f+:s[lts ;jfn

hftLo ;+3Lotfsf] ;dy{g ug]{ d'Vo ts{ s] xf] eg] o;n] cNk;+Vos ;+:s[ltx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f u5{ . pk–/fli6«o PsfO{x¿df afx'No /x]sf] /fli6«o cNk;+Vos ;d'bfon] cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt k|a4{g ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5 h'g ;d'bfo PsfTds /fHodf ;fdfGotof ;LdfGts[t /xG5 . o;}n], pk–/fli6«o PsfO{x¿nfO{ ;f+:s[lts kIfsf] lhDd]jf/L lbg] rng ePsf] xf] . o:tf] Joj:yfkgn] efiff gLlt / k|of]u;DaGwL ;DefJotfnfO{ klg v'nf /fV5 . PsfO{n] ;DejtM ax'n hg;+Vofsf] efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ¿kdf l;kmfl/; ug{ ;S5 / ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;f]xL efiffdf sfof{noLo sfd ;xh 9+un] ug{ ;s"g\ egL lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f] efiff l;Sg'kg]{ lgod


/sf/

192

agfpg ;S5 . cNk;+Vos efiffnfO{ sfof{noLo efiff gagfOP klg ;/sf/n] ;f] efiff k|a4{g ug]{ pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] k4lt Pp6f PsfTds /fHodf klg ;Dej 5 t/ o:tf] lj/n} ul/G5 -g]kfns} cg'ejn] of] b]vfpF5_ .

Pp6f b]zdf ljleGg cflwsfl/s wd{ x'g' c;fdfGo xf], ;+3x¿df klg o:tf] x'g' c;fdfGo xf] . t/ ckjfbsf ¿kdf l:j6\h/NofG8df x/]s SofG6gn] o;sf] wd{sf] lgwf] ug{ ;S5 . h] eP klg, g]kfndf o:tf] k|rng nfu" x'g] 5}g, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] g} ;a} wd{nfO{ k"0f{ ;dfgtfsf] Jojxf/ ub}{ g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/k]If /fHosf ¿kdf :jLsfl/;s]sf] 5 .

cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/

/fli6«o cNk;+Vossf] ;+/If0fsf nflu :yfkgf ePsf] ;+3fTds Joj:yfsf] Pp6f lj/f]wfefif s] xf] eg] ;+3fTdstfn] :jfoQ If]qdf cGo ;d"x -s]xL klxnf afx'No ePsf_ nfO{ hf]lvddf kf5{ . :yfgLo :t/df cGtxLg hftLo åGånfO{ /f]Sg / …gofFÚ cNk;+Vosx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f lbg JolQmljz]if / gful/s clwsf/sf] s8f ljw]ossf ;fydf ljz]if Joj:yf ckgfOg'k5{ . ufpFx¿sf] em'08 cyjf ;–;fgf ;x/ hxfF cNk;+Vos Pslqt eP/ a;]sf 5g\ ltgLx¿nfO{ :yfgLo :jfoQtf lbOg'k5{ . lhNnf cyjf If]qLo ;/sf/, lhNnf cyjf k|fb]lzs ;/sf/n] cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglw dGqL ;dfj]z ug{'k5{ / s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/nfO{ b]ze/ cNk;+Vossf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ pQ/bfloTj lbg ;lsG5 .

ljjfb Joj:yfkg / cGt/;/sf/L ;DaGw

PsfTds /fHodf eGbf ;+3df ljleGg ;/sf/aLr, JolQm cyjf lgud / ;/sf/x¿aLr ;|f]t afF8kmfF8sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ emg\ w]/} ljjfb dlRrg] s'/f cjZoDefjL x'G5 . oLdWo] clwsf+z ljjfbx¿ sfg'gsf] JofVofsf] ;jfnnfO{ lnP/ p7\g] u5{g\ — sf];Fu s] clwsf/ 5, s'g} sfg'g cyjf P]g ;/sf/sf] clwsf/eGbf clws k|efjL ePgePsf] ;jfn / sfg'gx¿sf] åGåsf af/]df . Joj:yfn] ;xsfo{ / k/fdz{sf l;4fGtdf hf]8 lbP klg Pp6f ;+3Lo k|0ffnL cfjZos ¿kn] j}wflgs x'G5 . oL ljjfbx¿ cGttM cbfntåf/f ;dfwfg ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . /, o;sf] cy{ ;a} ;/sf/ / u}/–;/sf/L ;d"xx¿;Fu bIf sfg'gL ljz]if1tf / k/fdz{ x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .

t/ gLltsf af/]df klg ljjfbx¿ pl7/xG5g\ / cfZro{sf] s'/f t, pQ/bfloTjsf] ljefhg k|:6 ¿kn] cnu–cnu ePsf ;+3df eGbf ;xsfo{sf] k|j[lQ ePsf ;+3x¿df o:tf ljjfbx¿ cem ;3g x'g ;S5g\ . oL ljjfbx¿ ;Demf}tfåf/f ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5, ;fob oxL g} ;dfwfgsf] pkfo xf] . To;sf/0f, ;xsfo{df hf]8 lbOg] Joj:yfdf klg gbLx¿ / kfgLdflysf] bfaL, ;dfg ljsf;sf] lh/x, k};fsf] afF8kmfF8, of]hgfsf] ;+of]hg nufotsf ;jfn ;dfwfg ug]{ ;ldlt / cfof]u agfO/fVg' cfjZos x'G5 . hgtfnfO{ lg0f{o k|lqmof clws hl6n / nfdf] ;do nfUg] x'g ;S5 eGg] jf:tljstf :jLsf/ ug{ tof/ x'g'k5{ .

hftLo ¿kn] cfwfl/t ;+3df, cGt/–;d'bfo ;DaGw, l;dfgf, klxrfgsf] kl/efiff / s'g} ;d'bfo jf k|b]zsf] ;b:otfsf af/]df lgs} hl6n -/ ;dfwfg ug{ sl7g_ ljjfbx¿ x'G5g\ h;n]

193

lx+;ftkm{ 8f]¥ofpg ;S5 / ltgnfO{ ;Demf}tf / s]Gb|åf/f lg/Gt/sf] x:tIf]k cyjf dWo:ytfåf/f dfq} ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . hftLo ;+3sf] /]vf+sg ubf{, hftLotfsf] ultzLntf -8fOgfldS;_ s;}n] klg a]jf:tf ug{' x'Fb}g . hftLotfn] ;+3LotfnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ ;s]h:t} ;+3Lotfn] hftLotfnfO{ klg k|efljt kfg{ ;Sg] s'/f la;{g'x'Fb}g .

k|Tofe"lt

;+3fTdstfnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf cGo k4ltnfO{ 5'6\ofpg] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ tTj ;+ljwfgdf x'g] o;sf] ;+/If0f xf] . sltn] o;nfO{ Pp6f u'0f 7fG5g\, lsgeg] s]Gb|n] pk–/fli6«o PsfO{sf clwsf/ lkmtf{ ug{ ;Sb}g cyjf o;sf lgsfox¿nfO{ e+u ug{ ;Sb}g . /, ;+3Lo lgsfox¿aLr j}wflgs ljjfbx¿ cGttM Pp6f :jtGq ;jf]{Rr cyjf ;+j}wflgs cbfntåf/f x'G5g\ . To;f] eP klg sltkon] ;+3fTdstf åGåfled'v / hl6n x'g;S5 eGb} ;+j}wflgs ;+/If0f ;+3fTdstfsf] ;d:ofsf ¿kdf x]5{g\ . kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf Jofks ¿kn] :jLsfl/Psf] cj:yfdf klg h]lnPsf] ;+zf]wg k|lqmofn] kl/jt{gnfO{ nfu" ug{ c;Dej agfOlbg ;S5 . hxfF /fhgLlts clwsf/ / lgsfox¿sf] cfwf/e"t ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu nrstf cfjZos x'G5 ToxfF ;+3Lotfn] b'j} kIf / k|0ffnLnfO{ hl6n k|f¿kleq aGb ul/lbG5 .

;+/If0fsf] ;'lglZrttfåf/f nrstf sfod /fVg ;lsG5 . of] cWofon] nrstf Nofpg] Pp6f pkfo ;dfgfGt/ clwsf/x¿sf] nfdf] ;"rL agfpg' xf] eG5 . oL clwsf/dWo] s]xLdf lg0f{o lng] clwsf/ PsfO{sf] x'G5 eg] cGodf /fli6«o ;/sf/sf] . csf]{ ;dfwfg bf];|f] ;bgnfO{ /fli6«o ljwflosfsf nflu ;Demf}tf d~rsf ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{ xf] h;nfO{ PsfO{x¿n] sfof{Gjog ug]{5g\ . t];|f] k4lt ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;+3Lotfsf l;4fGt / k/fldlt -Kof/fld6/_ df ;Lldt kfg'{ / afFsL s'/fx¿ sfg'gsf] lhDdfdf 5f]8\g' xf] hxfF sfg'g cfkm}n] s]xL xb;Dd k|Tofe"lt kfPsf] x'G5 -t/ Pp6f sfg'g ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg hlQs} lx;fan] k|Tofe"t x'Fb}g_ . /, cem} csf]{ k4lt ;ft jif{kl5 ;+3Lo Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{;Dkfbg k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /fVg' xf] .

;+3Lo Joj:yfkgsf] sfof{Gjog

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|fjwfg;lxtsf] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg'ejn] b]vfpF5, /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm geO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f Jojxf/df nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . clk|msf / Pl;ofsf s}of}+ :jtGq ;+ljwfgx¿df ;+3Lo k|fjwfgsf] cj;fgn] of] kf7nfO{ cem ;3g agfpF5 . PsfTds /fHo ;+3df ¿kfGt/0f x'Fbf aGg] c;di6Ls[t k|sf/sf] ;+3fTdstfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ sfo{df cfOkg]{ /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs hl6ntfx¿sf af/]df of] cWofon] k|:6\ofPsf] 5 . o;n] ;+3fTdsn] /fd|/L sfo{ ug]{ xf] eg] Wofg lbg'kg]{ ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf hl6ntfx¿ / y'k}| j}wflgs / k|fljlws s'/fx¿ klg b]vfPsf] 5 . oL s'/fx¿df lnOg] lg0f{o e"uf]n, hg;+Vof, s/ k|0ffnL, /fh:jsf] ;|f]t, k|zf;lgs Ifdtf, oftfoft / cGo k"jf{wf/x¿, P]ltxfl;stf, /fhgLlts k|j[lQnufot s}of}+ ljifosf] Jofks 1fgåf/f ;';"lrt x'g'k5{ . Pp6f hNbf]aNbf] ;+3 /ftf/ft cl:tTjdf cfpg ;Sb}g eGg] klg k|:6} 5Ù cfjZostfcg';f/ ;+3fTdstfsf] k|lqmof lg/Gt/ / r/0fa4 x'g'k5{,


/sf/

194

/ Pp6f ;+3Lo /fHosf] hu xfNg Jofks 9+un] gofF sfg'g lgdf{0f k|lqmof / k|zf;lgs k'gJo{j:yfkg ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ .

dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0fsf] cfzo s] xf] eg] Pp6f lgsfonfO{ zf]w / ;"rgf ;+u|xsf] yfngL ug{] lhDdf lbOg'k5{ / oxL ;'rgf / 1fgn] ;+ljwfg;efdf ul/g] ljrf/ljdz{nfO{ ;';"lrt ug'{k5{ -h'g clxn] ( dfr{ @))& sf] ;+j}wflgs ;+zf]wgkl5 ug{ cfjZos ePsf] 5_ . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lg0f{onfO{ ;xh agfpg Pp6f pRr:t/Lo cfof]usf] Joj:yf cfjZos x'g]5 -oBlk o;n] cfkm\gf] jf:tljs sfo{ tf]ls;s]sf] 5}g_ .

gofF ;+ljwfgsf] ;+3Lo k|fjwfgnfO{ nfu" ug{ lbuf] k|oTg ul/g'kg]{ s'/f klg k|:6} 5 . zf;g k|0ffnLsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{, cfjZos sfg'g lgdf{0f k|lqmof tof/ ug{, gofF ljQLo ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{ / sfo{ef/ / ;|f]tnfO{ pk–/fli6«o PsfO{x¿df qmdzM x:tfGt/0f ug{sf nflu ;/sf/sf ljleGg ljefux¿;Fu sfo{ ug{ / pk–/fli6«o PsfO{x¿sf] Pp6f :jtGq ljz]if1 cfof]u -;DejtM ;+ljwfg;efsf nflu :yfkgf ul/Psf] pRr:t/Lo cfof]usf] b:tfj]hLs/0f / cfof]usf] cg'ejaf6 s]xL s'/f lnP/_ :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ . x/]s PsfO{n] clws sfo{ef/ lng ;Sg] Ifdtf / cfsf+Iff x]/L clwsf/ x:tfGt/0fsf] sfo{ qmdzM x'g'k5{ -of] l9nf] k|lqmof o;tkm{ s'g} sbd grfNg] axfgf aGg g;sf];\ egL r/0fa4 clwsf/ x:tfGt/0fsf] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{_ .

;+3fTdstfsf] ;Dk"/0f

s;}n] klg ;+3fTdstfn] cfkm} ln+u, ju{, c;dfg ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / c;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;d:of xn ub}{g egL ljZj:t eP/ eGg ;S5 . e]befj / zf]if0fsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ sd;] sd b'O{ s'/f cfjZos x'G5g\ . klxnf], ;+3x¿sf] ;fjwfgLk"0f{ /]vf+sg — ;a} ;+3x¿ Ps;b[z x'Fb}gg\ eGg] ;Demg} k5{, x/]ssf cfkm\g} k4lt / cled'vtf x'G5g\ . olb ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfj]zLs/0f / ljljwtf g]kfndf ;+3fTdstfsf p2]Zo x'g\ eg], of] s'/f clwsf/sf] ljefhgdf, ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8df / ;a} txdf lgsfox¿sf] k|hftfGqLs/0f k|ltljlDat x'g'k5{ . bf];|f], ;fdflhs Gofo k|a4{g ug]{ cGo ljlw ;+3fTdstf ;fy;fy} ckgfOg'k5{ h:tf], lgikIf k|ltlglwTj / ;dfg'kfltstfsf] /fli6«o gLltlgdf{0f / If]qLo ljsf; / ;dfgtfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu of]hgfx¿ . o;sf] p2]Zo ;Dk"0f{ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug'{ x'g]5 . /fHon] ljkGg If]qsf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ k|a4{g ug'{k5{ / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf nflu cfly{s / Jofj;flos cj;/sf] 9f]sf v'nf /fVg k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ . ;d"x, ;d'bfo / cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/sf lglDt cem} w]/} Wofg lbg' cfjZos x'G5 . /fHon] ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf efiff / ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;Ddfg / k|a4{g ug{'k5{ .

lgisif{

g]kfndf clwsf+z dflg;n] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf :jLsf/ u5{g\ lsgeg] s]xL s]Gb|afx]s /fHosf] s]Gb|Ls/0fdf ;Lldtdfq cfly{s j[l4 ePsf] 5 . /fli6«o ;/sf/nfO{ sfF7sf ;d:of /

195

kl/l:yltsf af/]df Go"g hfgsf/L 5 / ;/sf/ tL If]qsf] ljsf;df ;sf/fTds of]ubfg ug{ Jofks ¿kn] cIfd 5 . dflg;nfO{ /fHosf dfldnfx¿df ;xefuL x'g lgs} sd cj;/ 5, h'g nf]stGqsf] ljsf;df d'Vo cj/f]w xf] . b]ze/ :f|f]tsf] ;dfg ljt/0f, nfe / ljsf;sf lglDt cToGt Go"g k|efjL ;+oGq /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

of] eljtJoaf6 d'lQm kfpg] pkfo ;+3fTdstf b]lvO/x]sf] cj:yfdf, ;+ljwfg;efn] l:yltdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;';"lrt lg0f{o ug{ ;Ifd x'g' dxTjk"0f{ 5 . of] sfo{kqdf atfOPsf j}wflgs / cGo k|fljlws ;jfnx¿df s]lGb|t cem w]/} vf]h cg';Gwfg ul/g' cfjZos 5 . ;+3sf u'0f / cju'0fx¿dfly cem} lj:t[t ax; klg cfjZos 5 . To:tf] ax;n] ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;fdflhs GofonfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ vfnsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;+3fTdstfsf] /]vf+sg ug{ d4t ub{5 . / o;/L ax; ubf{ ;+3fTdstfsf] kl/lzi6 / hftLo ;+3fTdstfsf ljsNktkm{ klg ljrf/ k'¥ofOg' ck]lIft x'g]5 .

k|Zgx¿

!= s] s]xL k|sf/sf p2]Zox¿, pbfx/0fsf nflu, a[xt\ If]qx¿ ePsf b]zdf :k]; / l8:6G; Joj:yfkg ug]{h:tf sfo{ cGo k|0ffnLeGbf ;+3fTdstfåf/f clws ;xh 9+un] xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 <

@= s] ;+3fTdstfn] gofF ;d:ofx¿nfO{ hGd lbG5 < tL s]–s] x'g;S5g\, / s] ltgnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <

#= s] ;+3fTdstfn]

s_ /fli6«o cv08tf / cfTd/Iffsf] clws Ifdtf lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 <

v_ ahf/ / Jofkf/sf nflu a[xt\ PsfO{x¿ lgdf{0f u/]/ cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ k|a4{g ug{ ;S5 <

u_ a[xt\ ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTjåf/f k|hftGqsf] k|a4{g ug{ ;S5 <

$= s] s]xL ;+3x¿ cGoeGbf clws ;xh 9+un] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] x'G5g\ <

%= s] s]xL ;+3x¿ /fli6«o Pstfsf nflu cGoeGbf clws k|j[Q x'G5g\ <

^= s'g ;+3df dfgjclwsf/ clws ;'/lIft x'G5 <


/sf/

196

!%cWofo !%cWofo

197

sfo{kflnsfsf] dxTj

/fHo / b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ lgsfo sfo{kflnsf xf] . sfo{kflnsfsf ljleGg clwsf/ / bfloTjdWo] /fHosf dxTjk"0f{ gLlt lgod lgwf{/0f ug]{, ;+;bdf k]z ug{sf nflu ljw]os tof/ ug]{, s/ / cGo /fh:j j[l4sf pkfo lgwf{/0f ug]{, ;fj{hlgs ljQsf] vr{ Joj:yfkg ug{], /fHosf ;fwg;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 ug{], ljb]z gLlt tyf j}b]lzs ;DaGw to ug]{, b08;hfosf] Joj:yf ug]]{, / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf k|d'v kbx¿df lgo'lQm ug]{ kb{5g\ . ljwflosfn] sfo{kflnsfdfly s]xL xb;Dd lgoGq0f sfod u/] klg / Gofokflnsfn] sfo{kflnsfnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd lgoGq0f u/] klg 7"N7"nf kl/jt{gsf] ;'?jft ug]{ tyf /fHo ;~rfng ug]{ clwsf/ eg] sfo{kflnsfnfO{ g} x'G5 . To;}n], b'O{ sf/0fn] sfo{kflnsfsf] :j¿k tyf agfj6 dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 M s_ k|efjsf/L /fHo ;~rfng sfo{kflnsfdf lge{/ ub{5 / v_ sfo{kflnsfsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]unfO{ lgoldt / hjfkmb]xL agfpg' cfjZos 5 .

sfo{kflnsf k|0ffnL

ljZjdf ljBdfg zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+;bLo, /fi6«ktLo / ldl>t k|0ffnLx¿df afF8\g ;lsG5 . slxn]sfxLF ;Qf;fem]bf/LnfO{ klg sfo{kflnsfsf] csf]{ k|sf/sf ¿kdf pNn]v ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf tLgdWo] h'g;'s} k|0ffnLdf klg ;Qf;fem]bf/L ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ ;Qf;fem]bf/L ubf{ o;sf] agfj6 tyf lg0f{o k|lqmof;DaGwdf s]xL ljz]if lgodx¿ x'G5g\ h'g dfly plNnlvt tLg} yl/sf Joj:yfdf eGbf leGg x'G5g\ . t;y{ ;Qf;fem]bfl/tfnfO{ cnu

k|sf/sf] sfo{kflnsfsf ¿kdf lng' pko'Qm x'G5 .

;+;bLo Joj:yf

;+;bLo Joj:yfdf ;/sf/k|d'v / /fi6«k|d'v cnu–cnu x'G5g\ -oBlk blIf0f clk|msf tyf

sfo{kflnsf

198

lsl/af6Ldf ;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf b'O6} kbdf Ps} JolQm /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5_ . ;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf /fi6«k|d'vsf ¿kdf of t a]nfotdf h:tf] /fhf cyjf ef/tdf h:tf] /fi6«klt /xG5g\ . /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg Joj:yflksfsf ;f+;bx¿ jf /fli6«o / If]qLo txsf ljwfosx¿af6 ul/G5 . k|wfgdGqL ;/sf/k|d'v x'G5g\ . k|wfgdGqL / cGo dGqLx¿ ;+;b ;b:odWo]af6 lgo'Qm ul/G5g\ .

w]/}h;f] ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf /fi6«kltn] ax';+Vos ;+;b ;b:ox¿sf] ljZjf;k|fKt ;b:onfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ub{5g\ h;sf] cy{ xf] ;fdfGotof, ax'dtk|fKt bn jf ax';+Vos ;b:osf] ;dy{g /x]sf bnx¿sf] u7aGwgsf] g]tf k|wfgdGqL x'G5g\ . sxLF–sxLF Joj:yflksfsf ;efd'vsf] ;Nnfxdf jf Joj:yflksfsf] ;efd'våf/f ax'dtsf] ;dy{g k|fKt ;b:onfO{ k|wfdGqL lgo'Qm ul/G5 -:jL8]gdf o:tf] rng 5_ . st} ;f+;bx¿n] k|ToIf dtbfgdfkm{t k|wfgdGqL jf ;+;bLo /fi6«klt lgjf{lrt u5{g\ -kk'cf Go'lugL, ;f]nf]dg åLk / blIf0f clk|msfdf o:tf] rng 5_ . k|wfgdGqLn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf cGo dGqLx¿sf] lgo'lQm ub{5g\ .

s'g}–s'g} cj:yfdf ;/sf/ lj36g ug]{ clwsf/ /fi6«kltdf /x]sf] x'G5 . cGoyf /fi6«kltsf] e"ldsf d"ntM ykgf a:g] dfq x'G5 . sfo{kflnsfsf] jf:tljs clwsf/ k|wfgdGqL dftxtdf /x]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt x'G5 . dlGqkl/ifb\ ;fd"lxs hjfkmb]lxtfsf cfwf/df ;~rflnt x'G5 h;sf] cy{ s'g} klg lg0f{o ug'{kbf{ dlGqkl/ifb\åf/f ;fd"lxs¿kdf ul/G5 / To:tf] lg0f{osf] /Iff ;a} dGqLx¿n] ug'{k5{ .

;/sf/ ;w}+ ;+;bk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'G5 / o;n] ;+;b ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;/sf/L gLltsf af/]df :ki6Ls/0f / hjfkm lbg'kb{5 . ;f+;bx¿n] s'g} klg a]nf cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t u/]/ ;/sf/nfO{ x6fpg ;Sb5g\ . y'k|} ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf k|wfgdGqLn] lglZrt ;Ldfleq /xL ;+;bsf] lj36g ug{ ;S5g\ . o;/L k|wfgdGqL tyf ;+;baLrsf] åGå cfd lgjf{rgdfkm{t xn x'G5 .

/fi6«ktLo zf;gk|0ffnL

/fi6«ktLo zf;g k|0ffnLdf sfo{sf/L clwsf/ /fi6«kltdf lglxt x'G5 . sfo{kflnsf cyjf /fi6«klt / Joj:yflksfnfO{ k"0f{¿kdf cnu ul/Psf] x'G5 . Joj:yflksf h:t} /fi6«klt hgtfn] k|ToIf dtbfgåf/f lgjf{lrt u/]sf x'G5g\ . /fi6«klt tyf pgsf] dlGqd08nsf cGo ;b:ox¿ Joj:yflksfsf] ;b:o aGg kfpFb}gg\ . To:t} /fi6«klt tyf ljwfosx¿sf] kbfjlw tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . ljwflosfx¿n] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjdfkm{t /fi6«kltnfO{ x6fpg ;Sb}gg\ t/ /fi6«kltn] Hofb} 7"nf] b'/frf/ u/]df dxfleof]u nufP/ x6fpg ;lsG5 . To:t}, /fi6«kltn] ljwflosfsf] lj36g ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . /fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf dGqL / pRrkb:y clwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ug]{ eP klg o;sf nflu ljwflosfsf] :jLs[lt rflxG5 . ;fdfGotof ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf/L clwsf/ /fi6«kltdf lglxt x'G5 . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfd /fi6«kltnfO{ ;Nnfx k|bfg ug]{ dfq x'G5 . ax'dt k|fKt ljwfos / /fi6«klt Pp6} /fhgLlts bnsf] x'g' h?/L 5}g / ljwfosx¿dfly /fi6«kltsf]

199

lgoGq0f ;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf eGbf stf xf] stf sd x'G5 . tyflk ah]6nufotsf ;a} sfg'gx¿ ljwfosx¿n] :jLs[t ug'{kg{] x'gfn] /fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf gLlt tyf of]hgf sfof{Gjog x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ ljwfosx¿;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug'{k5{ .

;+;bLo / /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLaLr leGgtf

/fi6«ktLo zf;gk|0ffnL / ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnLaLr d'Vo leGgtf M

;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnLdf /fi6«ktLo zf;g k|0ffnLdf h:tf] sfo{kflnsf / Joj:yflksfsf] agfj6aLr :ki6 ljefhg ul/Psf] x'Fb}g .

/fi6«ktLo zf;g k|0ffnLdf zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yf a9L x'G5 . t/ ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf ;/sf/ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf Joj:yflksfk|lt pQ/bfoL /xG5 lsgls k|wfgdGqL Pj+ dGqLx¿n] ;+;bdf /x]/ ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;w}+ k|lt/Iff ug'{kb{5 gq cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

clwsf+z ;+;bLo k|0ffnL ePsf d'n'sx¿ -k|mfG;afx]s_ df dGqL ;+;b ;b:o x'g' clgjfo{ dflgG5 t/ /fi6«ktLo zf;gk|0ffnLdf Joj:yflksfsf] ;b:o ;f] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf gu/];Dd dGqL aGg kfpFb}g . o;afx]s /fi6«kltsf ;fd' dGqL 5gf]6 ug]{ y'k|} ljsNk x'G5g\ .

/fi6«ktLo zf;g k|0ffnLdf sfo{kflnsf / Joj:yflksf b'j}sf] sfo{sfn tf]lsPsf] x'G5 h;n] :yfloTj k|bfg ub{5 . t/ ;+;bLo k|0ffnL bn ljefhg geP;Dd lgjf{w¿kdf ;~rfng x'G5 lsgls Joj:yflksfdf ;/sf/sf] ax'dt /x]sf] x'G5 .

;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf ;/sf/ k|d'v / /fi6«k|d'v km/s JolQm x'G5g\ eg] /fi6«ktLo zf;g Joj:yfdf /fi6«klt g} ;/sf/ k|d'v x'G5g\ .

/fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLdf ;/sf/ k|d'v k|ToIf dtbfgaf6 r'lgG5g\ . t/ ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;/sf/k|d'v of t lgo'Qm ul/G5g\ of ;fgf] lgjf{rg ;d"xaf6 lgjf{lrt x''G5g\ .

;+;bLo zf;g Joj:yfdf ;/sf/k|d'v -k|wfgdGqL_ n] dlGqkl/ifb\sf cGo JolQm;Fu sfo{;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8 u5{g\ eg] /fi6«ktLo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;/sf/k|d'v g} ;j]{;jf{ x'G5g\ .

;+;bLo Joj:yfdf lgoGq0f tyf hjfkmb]lxtf /fhgLlts cfwf/df x'G5 oBlk ;+ljwfg d'n'ssf] ;jf]{Rr sfg'g ePsf] x'Fbf cbfntn] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf P]glgodnfO{ aflemPsf] xb;Dd c;+j}wflgs 3f]if0ff u/L ab/ ug{ ;S5 . /fi6«ktLo zf;g Joj:yfdf /fhgLlts d'2fsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu sfg'gsf] a9L g} k|of]u ul/G5 .

sfo{kfln

sf

200

ljljw kIfsf] lxt / ;d"xnfO{ ;d]6\g ;+;bLo Joj:yf s]xL xb;Dd pko'Qm dflgG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cNk;+Vos ;d"xnfO{ ;Ddfg k|bfg ug{sf nflu /fi6«k|d'vsf] kb pgLx¿nfO{ lbg ;lsG5 -;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ug{ ;S5' eg]/ slxNo} cfzf gu/]sf ;d"xsf k|ltlglwnfO{ kfn}kfnf] /fi6«k|d'v agfpg ;lsG5_ / ljleGg ;d"xx¿nfO{ ljleGg dGqfnosf] lhDd]jf/L lbg ;lsG5 . csf{tkm{ /fi6«ktLo zf;g Joj:yfdf /fi6«kltnfO{ cfkm\gf dGqL 5gf]6 ug{ s'g} /f]sfj6 gx'gfn] p;n] /fhgLlts tyf hftLo ;d"xnfO{ dGqL agfpg ;S5 .

ldl>t k|0ffnL

s]xL d'n'sn] /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLsf] ;an / l:y/ zf;g Joj:yfsf] rl/q / ;+;bLo k|0ffnLsf] k|hftflGqs / pQ/bfoL rl/qnfO{ ;fd]n ug{] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . h:tf], k|mfG;sf] gSsn >Ln+sf / k|mfG;]nL efiff af]Ng] clk|msfsf y'k|} d'n'sdf h:tfsf] t:t} / kf]r'{un tyf lkmgNofG8df s]xL kl/jt{g;lxt nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . k|mfG;df of] k|0ffnL /fhgLlts k|0ffnLnfO{ :yfloTj k|bfg ug{ !(%* df nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] . o;eGbf cufl8 k|mfG;df ;+;bLo k|0ffnL lyof] . Tolta]nf ;/sf/ l56\l56f] kl/jt{g eO/xGy] .

o; k|0ffnLdf sfo{kflnsfsf] clwsf/ ;+;bk|lt hjfkmb]xL gePsf / ;+;bn] x6fpg g;Sg] /fi6«klt / ;+;bk|lt pQ/bfoL k|wfgdGqL / dlGqkl/ifb\aLr afF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] 5 . /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL / tNnf] ;bg tyf l;g]6sf cWoIf;Fu k/fdz{ u/L jif{df Ps k6s dfq Joj:yflksfsf] lj36g ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;+;bn] cfkm\gf] ;dotflnsf cfkm} lgwf{/0f ub{5 t/ /fi6«kltn] ljz]if clwj]zg 8fSg ;S5g\ . sfo{kflnsfsf dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfg / b]zsf] cv08tfsf] /Iff ug]{ h:tf dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/ /fi6«kltdf /x]sf] x'G5 . /fi6«kltsf] rog k|ToIf cfd lgjf{rgaf6 x'G5 . k|wfgdGqL /fi6«kltåf/f lgo'Qm ul/G5g\ t/ k|wfgdGqLn] ;+;bsf] tNnf] ;bgdf cfkm\gf] ax'dt l;4 ug'{k5{ . tNnf] ;bgn] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L ;/sf/nfO{ x6fpg ;Sg] nufotsf ;+;bLo k|rngx¿ dlGqkl/ifb\ tyf Joj:yflksfsf xsdf nfu" x'G5 . /fi6«klt tyf k|wfgdGqL Ps} bnsf] ePsf v08df zf;g d"ntM /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLsf] x'gk'U5 / /fd|f];Fu ;~rfng x'G5 t/ /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqL leGg bnsf ePdf cfk;df dte]b k}bf x'G5 h;n] ubf{ zf;g /fd|f];Fu ;~rfng x'g ;Sb}g . o:tf] zf;g k|0ffnL /fi6«ktLo zf;g k|0ffnL jf ;+;bLo k|0ffnL s'g h:tf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f /fi6«klt jf k|wfgdGqL s;sf] /fhgLlts zlQm a9L 5 eGg]df lge{/ x'G5 . /fi6«klt alnof] eP /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnL h:tf] x'G5, k|wfgdGqL alnof] eP ;+;bLo k|0ffnL h:tf] x'G5 . tyflk o;sf] em'sfj eg] ;+;bLo k|0ffnLlt/ g} a9L x'G5 . lsgeg] o; k|0ffnLdf sfo{kflnsfnfO{ zlQmzfnL agfpg] rfxgf /flvPsf] x'G5 . /fi6«kltnfO{ /fli6«o ;+s6sf a]nf ckjfbsf ¿kdf dfq clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 . ;fdfGo cj:yfdf eg] ;/sf/sf] cfo' ljwfosx¿sf] lg/Gt/ ;dy{gdf e/ kb{5 . t}klg, /fi6«klt ;w}+ cfkm\gf] clwsf/ lj:tf/ ug{ rfxG5g\ / ljwflosfdf cfkm\gf] bnsf] ax'dt ePsf v08df o;f] ug{ ;kmn klg x'G5g\ . o;n] /fi6«klt

201

/ k|wfgdGqLaLr /fd|f] ;DaGw sfod u/fpFb}g . kl/0ffd:j¿k if8\oGq / ljefhgsf] /fhgLlt k}bf x'G5 . >Ln+sfsf] ldl>t k|0ffnL o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] .

;Qf;fem]bfl/tfsf] Joj:yf

/fi6«ktLo / ;+;bLo b'j} k4ltdf sfo{kflnsfsf] zlQm lgjf{rg lhTg] kIfn] lnG5 -of] lhTg]n] ;a} yf]s kfpg] Joj:yf xf]_ . k/flht bnsf] ;a} eGbf pQd e"ldsf eg]sf] k|ltkIfLsf] e"ldsf xf] . ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf ultljlwsf] cfnf]rgf ug'{ o;sf] sfd xf] . oL b'j} Joj:yf k|ltåGåLk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . o;sf] dtnj lhTg] tyf xfg]{ k|lt:kwf{df clNem/xG5g\ . slxn]sfxLF oL Joj:yfn] /fhgLlts ljefhg l;h{gf u5{g\ jf ljefhgnfO{ an k|bfg u5{g\ / Ps ;d"xnfO{ ;Qfaf6 k"0f{¿kdf ljd'v kf5{g\ egL cfnf]rgf ul/G5 . Ps} vfnsf dflg;sf] a;f]af; ePsf d'n'sdf / lglZrt ;dokl5 lgjf{rg kl/0ffd ljNs'n} km/s x'g] d'n'sdf of] Joj:yf nfu" ug{' l7s} dflgG5 . lsgeg] xfg{] bnn] ;Qfdf hfg s]xL ;do dfq s'g'{k5{ . t/ ljleGg wd{ tyf hfltsf dflg;sf] a;f]af; ePsf d'n'sdf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfon] ;w}+el/ k|ltkIfdf /xg'kg{] x'g;S5 h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ c;Gt'i6 x'G5g\ / To:tf] k|0ffnLnfO{ pgLx¿n] gdfGg] cj:yf cfpF5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Joj:yflksf tyf sfo{kflnsfdf ;a} ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ pkfo klxNofpg'kb{5 tfls s'g} ;d"x klg pk]lIft gxf]pmg\ . cNk;+Vosx¿sf] plrt k|ltlglwTjsf nflu y'k|} vfnsf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL k|:tfljt ul/Psf 5g\ -o;sf af/]df lgjf{rg k|0ffnL;DaGwL cWofodf lj:t[t rrf{ ul/Psf] 5_ . sfo{kflnsfdf ;a} ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ Pp6f pkfo eg]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\df ;a}sf] ;fem]bfl/tf xf] .

u[xo'4kl5 o'4/t bnx¿aLrsf] eljiosf] ;DaGwnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;Qf ;fem]bf/L ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 -h:tf] ls cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf eP h:tf] sDtLdf klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgkl5 gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f geP;Ddsf nflu_ . blIf0f clk|msfdf /+ue]bgLlt cGTokl5sf] klxnf] ;/sf/df Joj:yflksfdf sDtLdf aL; k|ltzt ;b:o ePsf ;a} bnx¿nfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\df ;fd]n u/fpg'kg{] Joj:yf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] lyof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k g]N;g dG8]nfn] g]t[Tj u/]sf] clk|msL g];gn s+u|];, 8] Snfs{n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] g];gn kf6L{ tyf a'y]nhLn] g]t[Tj u/]sf] OGsfyf kf6L{ ;Qfsf ;fem]bf/ eP . ljleGg k|d'v hftLo ;d'bfo ePsf] af]l:gof–xh{uf]legfsf] ;+ljwfg Gofokflnsfnufot /fHosf ;a} lgsfox¿df ;Qf ;fem]bfl/tfsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 . a'?G8Ldf k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf ug{ tyf hghLjgnfO{ ;fdfGo agfpg / pQ/L cfo/NofG8sf] u'8 k|mfO8] zflGt ;Demf}tf xfn}sf lbgdf cl3 ;fl/Psf ;Qf;fem]bf/Lsf of]hgf x'g\ . lkmhLsf] !((& sf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+;bdf b; k|ltzt :yfg xfl;n ug]{ bnx¿nfO{ ;Qf;fem]bf/L ug{] df}sf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

/fi6«ktLo zf;g Joj:yfdf eGbf ;+;bLo zf;g Joj:yfdf ;Qf;fem]bfl/tf :ki6tM ;lhnf] x'G5 . lsgeg] /fi6«ktLo zf;g Joj:yfdf zlQm Ps JolQmdf lglxt x'G5, dGqLx¿ ;NNffxsf/ dfq x'G5g\ . ;+;bLo zf;gJoj:yfdf /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr u7aGwgsf] ;Defjgf Hofbf x'G5 . tyflk ldlnh'nL ;/sf/ ;~rfng ug{ Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . ;a} bn ;/sf/df ;fd]n

sfo{kfln

sf

202

ePsf x'Fbf Joj:yflksfk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf u'Dg ;S5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcGtu{tsf] g]kfnsf] cfkm\gf] cg'ejn] ;Qf;fem]bf/Lsf] l;4fGtdf ;+;b rnfpg sl7g x'G5 eGg] b]vfp“5 . blIf0f clk|msfn] gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0fkl5 ;Qf ;fem]bfl/tfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf glbg] lg0f{o u¥of] . af]l:gof–xh{uf]legf, pQ/L cfo/NofG8 tyf lkmhLdf ;Qf;fem]bf/Lsf] sfof{Gjogdf uDeL/ ;d:of b]vf k/] . åGå ;dfKt ePkl5 zflGtnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg ;Qf;fem]bf/L ug{' pkof]uL / slxn]sfxLF cfjZos ePklg o;nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf :yfoL ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf lng'eGbf klg ;+qmd0fsfnLg ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf dfq lng'kb{5 .

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;Qf ;fem]bfl/tfsf k|fjwfg ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg x'g\ . o:tf] vfnsf] ;Qf;fem]bfl/tfnfO{ s'g} Ps /fhgLlts bnn] ax'dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/ agfpg cfjZos dt k|fKt ug{ Ps jf PseGbf a9L bn ldnL lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;/sf/sf] cj:yfeGbf k[ys egL a'em\g'kb{5 . ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf cfwf/df r'gfj x'g] ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf o:tf] vfnsf] u7aGwg ;/sf/ aGg' ;fdfGo dflgG5 . ;a}eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] Pshgf pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g] lgjf{rgk|0ffnL ePsf b]zdf klg u7aGwg ;/sf/ agfpg'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] pbfx/0f ef/t xf] hxfF If]qLo bnx¿sf] pbosf sf/0f s]Gb|df u7aGwg ;/sf/ h?/L eof] -@))& df ef/tsf] ;/sf/df #) j6f bnsf] u7aGwg lyof]_ .

dflysf pbfx/0f ;+3Lo Joj:yfeGbf km/s s'/f x'g\ . ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfdf zlQmsf] ;fem]bfl/tf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ tyf If]qLo ;/sf/aLr zlQm afF8kmfF8sf ¿kdf x'G5 . ;fdfGotM ;+3Lo Joj:yfdf sfo{kflnsfsf] agfj6 h:tf ljlzi6 vfnsf d'2f p7fOFb}g -t/ ;+3Lo Joj:yf /fi6«ktLo jf ;+;bLo s'g} klg k|0ffnLdf x'g;S5_ . t/ o;df k|fb]lzs txsf] sfo{kflnsfsf] agfj6 tyf clwsf/ h:tf d'2f p7fOG5g\ . -;+3Lotf;DaGwL cWofodf o;af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5_ . t/ dfly elgPh:t}, s]xL hftLotfsf cfwf/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf dxf;+3x¿n] eg] Pp6f jf b'j} txdf ;Qf ;fem]bfl/tfsf] d'2f p7fpg ;Sb5g\ .

g]kfndf sfo{kflnsfsf] l;4fGt

sfo{kflnsf;DaGwL ljleGg Joj:yfx¿sf] cWoog u/]/ ljlzi6 p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ltgLx¿sf] pkof]lutf tyf k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;lhnf] kb{5 . g]kfn tLgd'v] ;+qmd0fsfnaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 M ldl>t ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqfTds ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yfaf6 ;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfdf lglxt ePsf] k"0f{ k|hftGqtkm{sf] ;+qmd0f, åGå / ljb|f]xaf6 zflGtk"0f{ / :yfoL /fhgLltdf ;+qmd0f, c;dfj]zL Joj:yfaf6 hgtfsf] ax'ntfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ ;dfj]zL Joj:yftkm{sf] ;+qmd0f . sfo{kflnsfdf oL x/]s p2]Zosf] cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] k|efj /x]sf] 5 . k"0f{ k|hftGqdf lgjf{lrt ;+:yfk|lt sfo{kflnsfsf] hjfkmb]lxtfsf] h?/t kb{5 . zflGtk"0f{ Pj+ :yfoL /fhgLltsf nflu sDtLdf klg s]xL ;do;Dd ;Qf ;fem]bf/L ug{'k5{ . ;dfj]zL x'gsf nflu a[xt\ ;xeflutf rflxG5 / zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ug{'k5{ . oL clwsf+z p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ Ps JolQmdf zlQm tyf clwsf/ s]lGb|t /x]sf] /fi6«ktLo zf;g Joj:yfeGbf ;fd"lxs rl/qsf], hjfkmb]xL / lhDd]jf/ dlGqkl/ifb\ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

203

t/ sfo{kflnsf;DaGwL ljz'4 ts{ clg /fhgLlts tyf ;f+:s[lts tTjx¿aLr tfnd]n klg x'g'k5{ . of] / cGo cWofodf zf;g Joj:yfsf] k|d'v ;~rfnssf ¿kdf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] dxTjsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . @))& ;fnsf] klxnf] k|hftflGqs cEof; tyf ljz]iftM !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjogsf qmddf g]kfnn] xfl;n u/]sf] cg'ejn] klg of] s'/fsf] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . csf{lt/, /fhgLlts bnsf] :j¿k tyf e"ldsf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf e/ kb{5 . x/]s lgjf{rg If]qdf ;a}eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] Pshgf pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] kl/0ffd ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] kl/0ffdeGbf km/s x'G5 . Joj:yfsf af/]df g]tf / hgtfsf ;dembf/L tyf cg'ejn] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ clxn]sf] eGbf Psbd} leGg k|sf/sf] Joj:yfsf] vf]hL gu/]/ xfns} Joj:yfsf sdLsdhf]/L x6fpg]tkm{ dfq Wofg s]lGb|t x'g] ;Defjgf klg 5 . o; ljifodf c¿ tTjx¿n] k|efj kf5{g\ . tLdWo] cfkm\gf] k|efj / ;xeflutfsf nflu gofF ;+ljwfgn] l;h{gf u/]sf] cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ hgtfsf] rfxgf jf Ifdtf klg dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] .

xfd|f] p2]Zo s'g} Pp6f lglZrt k4ltsf af/]df k|rf/k|;f/ ug'{ jf JofVof ug'{ geP/ oL ;a} k4ltsf af/]df pNn]v ug'{ xf] . tyflk, xfdL oxfF g]kfnsf] ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf ;DefJo sdLsdhf]/Lsf af/]df d"Nof+sg ug]{5f}+ h'g !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|of]uaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . To:tf sdLsdhf]/L x6fpg s]–s:tf pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;'emfj klg k|:t't ug]{5f}+ . Tolta]nfsf k|d'v ;d:ofx¿df ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ g;Sg', /fhgLlts bnx¿ k6s–k6s ljeflht x'g', sfo{kflnsfdf :yfloTj gx'g', Joj:yflksfn] sfo{kflnsfnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg g;Sg' tyf ;+ljwfgsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog ug{ sfo{kflnsf ;Ifd gx'g' k5{g\ .

sfo{kflnsfsf] cl:y/tf s;/L sd ug]{

oxfF xfdLn] sfo{kflnsfsf] cl:y/tfsf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf 5f}+ h;sf] cy{ xf] cNkfjlwsf] ;/sf/n] ;'wf/sf bL3{sfnLg ;f]rfO / gLlt Nofpg ;Sb}g, ;+ljwfg tyf sfg'gnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ug{ ;Sb}g / cfkm" ;Qfdf l6ls/xg] bfpk]rsf] bnbndf efl;g k'U5 . /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] :yfg tyf hg;dy{gdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] Jofks kl/rfngn] sfo{kflnsf cem a9L cl:y/ aGg ;S5 .

lgDg sf/0fx¿af6 klg cl:y/tf pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 M /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx¿aLrsf] cfk;L a}dg:osf sf/0f bnx¿sf] ljefhg x'g', ;f+;bx¿n] cfkm\gf] bnk|ltsf] akmfbfl/tfdf kl/jt{g ug'{ / cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj olt k6s;Dd Nofpg ;lsG5 egL :ki6 ¿kdf gtf]lsg' .

cl:y/tf sd ug{ ;+ljwfg;efn] tn plNnlvt k|fjwfgx¿sf af/]df ljrf/ ug{ ;Sb5 M

/rgfTds cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj M ;/sf/nfO{ x6fpg] o:tf] tl/sf ;j{k|yd !($( df hd{gLsf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o; Joj:yfcg';f/ ;/sf/nfO{ x6fpgsf nflu NofOPsf] k|:tfj;Fu;Fu} olb cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj :jLs[t ePdf s;nfO{ k|wfgdGqL

sfo{kfln

sf

204

agfpg] xf] ;f] gfd klg k|:tfj ug'{kb{5 . o; lgodn] ubf{ sfo{kflnsfdf slxNo} klg l/Qmtf /xFb}g . Pp6f ;/sf/ x6\g]lalQs} csf]{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm eO;Sb5 . csf]{ s'/f, cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t x'g' lgs} sl7g x'G5 lsgeg] bnx¿aLr jt{dfg k|wfgdGqL x6fpg t ;xdlt xf]nf t/ csf]{ k|wfgdGqL s;nfO{ agfpg] eGg] s'/fdf sd} dfq ;xdlt x'G5 -o:tf] lsg ePsf] xf]nf eg] x/]s g]tf k|wfgdGqLsf] kb k|fKt ug{ rfxG5g\_ . s]xL yf]/} b]zn] dfq o:tf] gLlt cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ h;dWo] kk'cf Go'lugL Ps xf] . o; k|fjwfgn] ubf{ ToxfFsf] t/ntfk"0f{ /fhgLlts cj:yfn] :yfloTj k|fKt u¥of] . ;+zf]lwt yfO{ ;+ljwfgdf klg o;nfO{ k|:tfljt ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] gsf/fTds kIf s] xf] eg] o; k|0ffnLdf cIfd tyf ;dy{g u'dfO;s]sf] ;/sf/ klg nfdf] cjlw;Dd sfod /xg ;S5 -hd{gLdf ePh:tf]_ .

cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjdf /f]s M gjlgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{ :yflkt x'g lbgsf nflu lglZrt ;do cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj /fVg gkfOg] Joj:yf ug'{ a'l4dfgLk"0f{ x'g ;Snf < o:tf] k|fjwfg l7s nfU5 eg] ;/sf/ u7g ePsf] Ps jif{;Dd cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj Nofpg gkfpg] lgod x'g'kb{5 . To:t} cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj ljkmn ePsf] Ps jif{;Dd o:tf] cltl/Qm k|:tfj Nofpg gkfpg] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . s]xL b]zdf ;/sf/sf] sfo{sfnsf] clGtd jif{df cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj Nofpg gkfOg] lgod 5 .

;/sf/ x6fpgsf nflu cfjZos ljz]if ax'dtsf] Joj:yfM :yfloTj sfod /fVg] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ pkfo eg]sf] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t ug{ s'n ;+;b ;b:osf] b'O{ltxfO dt cfjZos kg]{ Joj:yf xf], h'g k|fKt ug{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf sl7g x'G5 . t/ o;nfO{ Tolt /fd|f] pkfosf ¿kdf lnOFb}g -oBlk s]xL cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ljz]if kl/l:yltdf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ x6fpg o:tf] Joj:yf k|:tfj u/]sf] kfOG5_ . lsgeg] o;f] ePsf v08df ;+;bdf ljw]os jf ah]6 kfl/t ug{ cfjZos ;dy{g k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] jf sfd k|efjsf/L 9+un] ug{ g;Sg] ;/sf/ klg axfn /xg ;S5 .

…km\nf]/ qml;ªÚ df /f]s M !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] ck|ToIf¿kdf km\nf]/ qml;ªdf /f]s nufPsf] 5, bnnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;f+;bnfO{ bnaf6 lgsfNg clwsf/ lbP/ -wf/f $(-!_-r__ . ;+ljwfgdf bnljefhgsf af/]df s'g} s'/f pNn]v gePklg !((& df o;;DaGwL sfg'g kf; ePsf] lyof] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf cGtl/d Joj:yflksfsf ;f+;bx¿sf] xsdf klg o:t} Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 -wf/f $*-u__ . t/ ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] xsdf rflxF o;df kl/dfh{g u/]/ -bn Tofu u/]df jf bnsf] ;b:otf sfod g/x]df egL :ki6;Fu pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 -wf/f ^&-3__ . o;nfO{ ;f+;bx¿sf nflu Hofb} s8f k|fjwfg dfGg] xf] eg] dGqL kb kfpgsf nflu s'g} klg ;f++;bx¿n] km\nf]/ qm; ug{] 5}gg\ eGg] k|fjwfg /fVg ;lsG5 .

bnx¿sf] ljefhgdf /f]s M /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ljefhg g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] ljz]iftf g}

205

xf] . ;+ljwfgn] o;;DaGwL s'g} k|fjwfg /fv]sf] geP klg k|ltlglw;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g -!((!_ n] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf $) k|ltzt ;b:on] bn btf{sf nflu lgj]bg lbPdf bn btf{ x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 -bkmf !(_ . o:tf] cj:yfdf pgLx¿sf] ;+f;b kb sfod} /xG5 . o; k|fjwfgsf af/]df k'glj{rf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj cfP klg ;+;b lj36g ug{ ;lsg] M ;+;b ;b:o cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjdf ;dy{g ug{ Tolt a]nf tof/ x'G5g\ ha pgLx¿sf] kb vf]l;Fb}g . cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf ;+;b lj36g x'g] xf] eg] pgLx¿ cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjdf ;dy{g ug{ Tolt ?lr /fVb}gg\ . s]xL b]zdf k|wfgdGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt xfl;n ug{ g;s]df ;+;b lj36gsf] dfu ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;f] x'g' ;Dej 5 . s]xL b]zdf cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kf; x'gf;fy ;+;b lj36g x'g] Joj:yf 5 . o; k|fjwfgsf k5fl8 /x]sf] ts{ s] xf] eg] olb åGå ePdf To;sf] l5gf]kmfgf] hgtfn] r'gfjaf6 ug{ ;s"g\ . tyflk ;+;b lj36g ePkl5 ;w}+el/ /fd|} x'G5 eGg] 5}g lsgeg] o;n] ;f+;bx¿nfO{ sfo{kflnsfdfly plrt lgoGq0f / pko'Qm sf/afxL nfu" ug{ clgR5's agfpg ;S5 .

dflysf] 5nkmnaf6 s] k|i6 x'G5 eg] k6s–k6s cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj /fVg'x'Fb}g eg] ;+;b ;b:ox¿sf] ;dy{g u'dfO;s]sf] ;/sf/nfO{ x6fpg] Ifdtf ;+;bdf x'g' ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] cleGg c+u xf] . o;} k|fjwfgnfO{ ;+;bLo k|0ffnLsf ;dy{sn] /fi6«ktLo zf;geGbf ;+;bLo k|0ffnL /fd|f] 5 eGg pNn]v u5{g\ . t/ o; Joj:yfnfO{ hfoh / lhDd]jf/k"0f{ 9+un] k|of]u ug{'k5{ .

k|Zgx¿

!= /fi6«ktLo zf;g k|0ffnL / ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf kmfObf / a]kmfObf s]–s] x'g\ < g]kfnsf nflu s'g Joj:yf pko'Qm x'G5 <

@= ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ sfod /fVg] lg0f{o u¥of] eg] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf k|fjwfgx¿df s]–s:tf] ;'wf/ ug{ ;'emfj lbg'x'G5 <

#= /fhtGqsf kIf / ljkIfdf lbOg] ts{x¿ s]–s] x'g\ <

$= s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnn] cfkm"n] dgf]gLt u/]sf] ;+;b ;b:onfO{ bnaf6 x6fPdf jf bnsf] ;b:otf vf/]h u/]df To:tf] ;f+;bnfO{ ;+;b ;b:oaf6 avf{:t ug{ pko'Qm xf]nf <

%= ;+;b ;b:ox¿nfO{ bn abn ug{ glbg s:tf vfnsf k|fjwfg /fVg'knf{ <

^= /fHo ;~rfngsf] dfdnfdf vf;u/L sfo{kflnsfsf] sfddf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf s;/L a9fpg ;lsG5 <

sfo{kfln

sf

206

&= sfo{kflnsfnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg s]–s:tf pkfo cjnDag ug'{kb{5 < sfo{kflnsfsf] hjfkmb]lxtf s;/L clej[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 <

*= !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] d'Vo cfnf]rgf s] ul/G5 eg] o;n] pRr hft / g]jf/x¿sf] /fhgLlts Psflwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg u¥of] . Joj:yflksfsf ;b:o, sfo{kflnsfsf clwsf/L, GofofwLz, lghfdlt ;]jf h'g;'s} If]qdf klg dlxnf, hghflt, dw];Lsf] ;+Vof sd 5, blntx¿sf] ;+Vof t ;a}eGbf Go"g /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;xefuL x'gaf6 /f]s]sf] t lyPg t/ /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf k|e'Tj hdfpg] bnx¿sf] Jojxf/sf sf/0f pgLx¿ oL ;a} If]qdf jl~rt x'g'k¥of] . sfo{kflnsfdf ;dfj]zLs/0f j[l4 ug{sf nflu s:tf k|fjwfg /fVg ;Nnfx lbg'x'G5 <

207

208

!^cWofo !^cWofo

209

kl/ro

/fli6«o Joj:yflksfnfO{ ;a}h;f] b]zdf leGg–leGg gfd lbOPsf] 5 . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] /fli6«o Joj:yflksfnfO{ …;+;b\Ú gfd lbPsf] lyof] . ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, ef/t, Sofgf8f, c:6«]lnof / ;+;bLo k|0ffnL ePsf clwsf+z b]zdf oxL zAb k|of]u ul/G5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] o;sf] ;d:t Joj:yflksf lgsfonfO{ …s+u|];Ú eG5 . cGo b]zn] ;d'Rr Joj:yflksf lgsfo cyjf Pp6f ;efnfO{ …/fli6«o ;efÚ eG5g\ . ef/tLo ;+;b\df nf]s;ef / /fHo kl/ifb\ ;dflji6 /xG5g\ eg] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] s+u|];df k|ltlglw;ef / l;g]6 /xG5g\ . of] sfo{kqdf xfdLn] …Joj:yflksfÚsf] k|of]u /fli6«o Joj:yflksf / …;b:oÚsf] k|of]u ;+;b\ ;b:onfO{ hgfpg ug]{5f}+ .

g]kfndf !(() sf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ /fli6«o Joj:yflksfdf k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o ;efsf ;fy} /fhf klg ;dflji6 /xGy] -sfg'gdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ e"ldsfsf sf/0f /fhfnfO{ klg ;+;b\sf] c+u dflgGYof]_ . ef}uf]lns lgjf{rg If]qaf6 @)% ;b:osf] k|ltlglw;ef aGYof] . ;b:ox¿ !* jif{ k'u]sf g]kfnL gful/ssf] dtbfgaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf x'Gy] .

/fli6«o ;efsf s]xL ;b:o /fhfaf6 dgf]gLt x'Gy] . s]xL k|ltlglw;efåf/f 5gf}6 ePsf x'Gy] / s]xL :yfgLo clwsf/Laf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf x'Gy] . /fli6«o ;efn] ;+;b\df ljljw If]qsf ljrf/ / cg'ejsf ;fy} :yfgLo If]q / clwsf/Lx¿sf] lxtsf ;jfn p7fpg] ck]Iff ul/GYof] .

Joj:yflksf zAbn] of] lgsfosf] sfo{ sfg'g lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] eGg] atfpF5 . t/ k|ltlglwd"ns k|hftGqdf Joj:yflksfsf sfo{x¿ of] zAbn] ;+s]t ug]{eGbf k[ys\ klg x'G5g\ . ;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf !(() sf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ g]kfnL ;+;b\sf] h:t} Joj:yflksfsf] ;/sf/;Fusf] ;DaGw /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLsf] eGbf lgtfGt km/s x'G5 . t/ ;a} k|hftflGqs k|0ffnLdf Joj:yflksfsf rf/ sfo{ ;dfg x'G5g\ M

Joj:yflksf

210

hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug'{

sfg'g lgdf{0f ug'{

/fhZj j[l4 / vr{sf] lx;falstfa :jLs[t tyf /]vb]v ug'{

sfo{kflnsfsf ultljlw lgu/fgL ug'{ / o;nfO{ hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL agfpg'

;+;bLo / /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLdf clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg / To;sf] cEof;sf tf}/tl/sf leGg x'g;S5g\ . ldl>t k|0ffnLdf b'j} k|0ffnLsf ljz]iftf ;dflxt x'g ;S5g\ . df]6fdf]6L tj/df Joj:yflksfnfO{ ;+;bLo / /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLdf t'ngfTds ¿kdf x]¥of}+ eg] leGgtfx¿nfO{ b]Vg ;xh x'g]5 M

k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ ;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLdf

sfg'g kfl/t ug'{ Joj:yflksfn] kfl/t u/]sf] sfg'g k|foM /fi6«k|d'v -/fhf jf /fi6«klt_ n] x:tfIf/ ug'{k5{ .

Joj:yflksfn] kfl/t u/]sf] sfg'g k|foM /fi6«k|d'v -/fi6«klt_ n] x:tfIf/ ug'{k5{ . pm g} ;/sf/k|d'v klg x'G5 .

ah]6 kfl/t ug'{ l;4fGttM Joj:yflksf;Fu ah]6 kfl/t ug]{ jf c:jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 .

l;4fGttM Joj:yflksf;Fu ah]6 kfl/t ug]{ jf c:jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 .

;/sf/k|d'v lgo'Qm ug'{ ;/sf/k|d'v -k|wfgdGqL_ nfO{ Joj:yflksf -cyjf tNnf] ;bg_ sf] ;dy{g x'g}k5{ .

Joj:yflksfsf] ;/sf/k|d'v lgo'Qm ug]{ ljifodf s'g} e"ldsf x'Fb}g .

;/sf/k|d'vnfO{ avf{:t ug'{

Joj:yflksfn] tnf] ;bgsf] dtåf/f ;/sf/k|d'vnfO{ x6fpg ;S5 . o;sf nflu k|foM ;fdfGo ax'dt cfjZos x'G5 .

Joj:yflksfn] of] k|lqmofåf/f ;/sf/k|d'v x6fpg g;Sg] klg x'g;S5 .

k|wfgdGqL / dGqLx¿sf] ;jfn

o;sf nflu k|foM Pp6f cf}krfl/s k|lqmof x'G5 .

/fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqLn] ;'g'jfOdf pkl:yt eP/ p7]sf ;jfnx¿sf] hjfkm lbg'kg]{ cf}krfl/s cfjZostf x'g;S5 .

/fli6«o d'2fx¿df ax; d'Vo sfo{ d'Vo sfo{

sfo{sfl/0fL / cGo lgsfosf] cfr/0f;DaGwL ;f]wk'5 ug{ ;ldlt u7g

d'Vo sfo{ d'Vo sfo{

/fi6«k|d'vnfO{ avf{:t ug'{ olb /fi6«k|d'v /fi6«klt 5 eg], Joj:yflksf;Fu /fi6«kltnfO{ x6fpg] clwsf/ x'G5, cyjf x6fpg] k|lqmof -dxfleof]uh:tf]_ df e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 .

Joj:yflksf;Fu k|foM dxfleof]uh:tf] k4ltåf/f /fi6«k|d'v x6fpg] clwsf/ x'G5 .

dGqLx¿sf] lgo'lQmnfO{ :jLs[lt k|bfg ug'{

k|wfgdGqLn] Joj:yflksfsf] ;dy{g sfod /fVg'k5{ eGg]afx]s Joj:yflksfsf] s'g} e"ldsf x'Fb}g .

Joj:yflksfnfO{ k|foM /fi6«kltåf/f dgf]gLtx¿nfO{ :jLs[t cyjf c:jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 .

/fHoåf/f ul/Psf ;lGwx¿df ;Ddlt k|bfg ug'{

;a} 7fpFdf Psgf; x'Fb}g . ;a} 7fpFdf Psgf; x'Fb}g .

GofofwLz, /fhb"tnufot cGo lgo'lQmdf ;Ddlt lbg'

o;df lj/n} s'g} e"ldsf x'G5 . k|foM s'g} g s'g} e"ldsf x'G5 .

GofofwLzx¿nfO{ avf{:t ug'{

k/Dk/fut¿kn], Joj:yflksfn] dxfleof]uåf/f ;jf]{Rr GofofwLznfO{ x6fpg ;S5 .

Joj:yflksfsf] k|foM p:t} e"ldsf x'G5 .

211

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{tsf d'2fx¿

k|ltlglwTj

oyf]lrt¿kn] k|ltlglwTjd"ns gx'g' !(() sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t ul7t Joj:yflksfsf] Pp6f

s]Gb|Lo ;d:of xf] M Joj:yflksfsf] r]x/fdf b]zsf] ;fdflhs oyfy{tf d'vl/t ePsf] lyPg .

g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ o;nfO{ hgcfGbf]ng–@ sf] efjgfcg'¿k s;/L clws

;dfj]zL / nf]stflGqs agfpg ;lsG5 eg]/ ;f]Rg' cfjZos 5 .

sfg'g lgdf{0f / kl/jt{g

clwsf+z sfg'gsf] d:of}bf ;/sf/n] tof/ u5{ / ;Da4 dGqLn] Joj:yflksfdf k|:t't u5{ .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t ;a} sfg'gx¿ b'j} ;bgaf6 kfl/t x'g'kYof]{ . /, b'O{ ;bgaLrsf

c;xdlt ;dfwfg ug]{ lglZrt k|lqmof x'GYof] . To;kl5 tL d:of}bf :jLs[ltsf nflu /fhf;dIf

k'Uy] -olb kof{Kt sf/0f ePsf] v08df /fhfn] Psk6s k'glj{rf/sf nflu Joj:yflksfdf

k7fpg ;Sy]_ .

h] eP klg, ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgsf] df]8]ncg';f/ ;+;b\ ga;]sf] cj:yfdf /fhfn] cWofb]z

gfdsf] sfg'g kfl/t ug{ ;Sy] . ;/sf/sf ;b:osf] cfu|xljgf g} /fhfn] o:tf] cWofb]z

kfl/t ug{ ;Sy], o:tf] cWofb]z ;Lldt ;dosf] nflu dfq k|efjsf/L x'g;SYof] . /, tL

cWofb]z ;+;b\n] ;fdfGotof cGo sfg'g kfl/t x'g] k|lqmofaf6} ltgnfO{ kfl/t u/]sf] v08df

dfq k|efjsf/L /lx/xg ;Sy] . sfo{sfl/0fLn] To:tf cWofb]z kfl/t ug]{ k|lqmof g]kfndf

lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ kl/l:yltx¿df k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . ef/tdf ;d]t /fHo:t/df of] k|lqmofnfO{

Jofks¿kn] b'?kof]u ul/Psf] 5 . clwsf+z dflg;x¿n] o:tf] cEof;n] sfg'g kfl/t ug]{

Joj:yflksfsf] clwsf/ xgg x'G5 eG7fG5g\ . olb sfo{sfl/0fLn] To:tf cWofb]z kfl/t ug}{kg]{

cj:yf cfPsf] v08df Joj:yflksfsf] clwj]zg af]nfpg' kf] clws Jofjxfl/s x'GYof] . h]

eP klg, ;+3Lo Joj:yfdf, /fHo:t/df o:tf] k|lqmofsf] cEof; ul/g' w]/} ts{;+ut dflgG5 .

lsgeg] Joj:yflksfsf] clwj]zg 5f]6f] ;do a:5, o:tf] ;+oGqn] Joj:yflksfsf] pQ/bfloTj

Go"g u5{ .

d"n sfg'gsf p2]Zox¿ nfu" ug{ Joj:Yfflksfn] sfo{sfl/0fL ljefunfO{ lgod tyf ljlgodx¿

lgdf{0f ug]{ clwsf/ lbG5 . hgtfaf6 gr'lgPsf -lghfdtL sd{rf/L_ n] uf]Ko¿kn] sfg'g lgod

agfpg] x'Fbf sfg'g agfpg] of] k4ltsf af/]df rf;f] pl7/xG5 . o; sfo{sf nflu k/fdz{

lnOg] g} eP klg o:tf] k/fdz{ lgodljlgodsf] lj:t[t 1fg ePsf ljz]if1x¿;Fu dfq lnOG5 .

;j{;fwf/0f;Fu s'g} ;'emfj lnOFb}g . ;+ljwfgn] sfo{sfl/0fLsf] o;k|sf/sf] sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{

clwsf/ ;Lldt ug{ ;S5 / To;n] lgjf{lrt Joj:Yfflksfåf/f o;k|sf/sf] …dftxtsf] P]g÷sfg'g

lgdf{0f k|lqmofÚ dfly cfnf]rgfTds gh/ /flv/xg ;S5 .

Joj:yflksf

212

;fj{hlgs ljQ;DaGwL ;d:of

l;4fGttM Joj:Yfflksfsf] ;Ddltljgf s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs vr{ ug{ jf s/ nufpg kfOFb}g . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ l;4fGttM vr{ x'g'k"j{ g} vr{ ug]{ :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ eP klg, ah]6 Psk6s k|:t't ePkl5 ;/sf/n] kof{Kt 5nkmnljgf g} …k]ZsL vr{ ljw]osÚ k]z ug{ ;S5 -of] Joj:yf c:ki6 5_ . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] eOk/L cfpg] vr{sf nflu …cfsl:ds sf]ifÚ sf] Joj:Yff u/]sf] 5 . o;cGtu{t ;Sbf] l56f] e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ eP klg ;/sf/n] eOk/L cfpFbf Joj:yflksfsf] ;Ddltljgf vr{ ug{ ;S5 . ;+ljwfg o:tf] vr{dfly ;Ddlt s;/L h'6fpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf k|:6 5}g . cGtdf, To; ;+ljwfgdf …pwf/f] vr{ ljw]osÚ sf] ;Defjgf lyof] h;df /sd s;/L vr{ ul/G5 eGg] hfgsf/L ;/sf/n] ;bgnfO{ glbOsg lglZrt vr{sf nflu ;+;bLo :jLs[lt vf]Hg ;lsGYof] . o:tf] ljw]os k]z ug{ ;lsg] kl/l:yltnfO{ …k|fs[lts sf/0f, afXo cfqmd0fsf] wDsL cyjf cfGtl/s lj£g cyjf cGo sf/0fÚ eg]/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ kl/l:yltsf] To:tf] JofVof cToGt b'ljwfk"0f{ 5 . / To;eGbf klg, of] k|fjwfgsf] kl/efiff ;+;f/el/sf w]/}h;f] b]zsf] ;+ljwfgdf x'g] To:t} k|fjwfgeGbf a[xt\ ¿kn] ug{ ;lsG5 .

s]xL b]zx¿df dxfn]vf k/LIfs Joj:Yfflksfn] lgo'Qm u5{ / p;n] k|ltj]bg Joj:YfflksfnfO{ g} a'emfpF5 . t/ g]kfnsf] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ dxfn]vf k/LIfs ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fhfåf/f lgo'Qm x'GYof] . l/kf]6{ /fhfnfO{ a'emfpFYof] . /fhfn] Tof] l/kf]6{ Joj:Yfflksf;dIf /fVy] . clxn], cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcGtu{t, k|wfgdGqL -dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] /]vb]v ug'{kg]{ sfo{kflnsfsf] ;d]t k|d'v_ n] klxnf /fhfn] ul/cfPsf sfo{ u5{g\ -x]g'{xf];\ ljwflosf cWofo_ .

;/sf/L hjfkmb]lxtf

ljleGg ;ldlt / ;bgdf dGqLx¿nfO{ ;f]lwg] k|Zgnufot ljleGg k4ltaf6 ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnL ;+;b\df, ;/sf/sf ljleGg If]qsf ultljlw x]g]{ gf} j6f ;ldltx¿ k|ltlglw;efdf lyP . o:tf ;ldltsf] lgdf{0f / sfo{ ljefhg Joj:Yfflksfsf ;b:ox¿df sfd afF8\g lgs} k|efjsf/L x'G5 . lsgeg] o:tf ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿n] cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf] ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg /fV5g\ . uf]Ko gx'g] eP klg ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] k/f]Ifdf /x]/ x'g] x'Fbf pgLx¿ clws Psfu| x'g ;S5g\ .

Ps jf b'O{ ;bg < bf];|f] ;bgsf] cfjZostf

g]kfnsf ljutsf kfFr ;+ljwfgdWo], tLgj6f -!($*, !(%* / !(()_ n] Joj:yflksfnfO{ b'O{ ;bgfTds x'g] Joj:yf u/] . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] bf];|f] ;bgsf] Joj:yf u¥of] . o;sf !) k|ltzt ;b:o dgf]gLt ul/Gy], @% k|ltzt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwåf/f rog x'Gy] / ^% k|ltzt ;b:o -sDtLdf tLg dlxnf;lxt_ Joj:Yfflksfsf] klxnf] ;bgaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] k|fjwfg lyof] .

213

PsfTds /fHodf Joj:yflksfsf b'O{ ;bg cfjZos x'Fb}g eGg] ts{ a]nfavt ug]{ ul/G5 . t/ Joj:yflksf PsfTds eP klg w]/}h;f] k|hftflGqs b]zx¿df b'O{ ;bgsf] Joj:Yff 5 . ;+3Lo k|0ffnL ePsf ;/sf/df b'O{ ;bgsf] Joj:yf x'g] ljZjJofkL k|rng 5 M bf];|f] ;bgsf] sfo{ If]qx¿nfO{ s]Gb|df k|ltlglwTj ug]{ / If]qLo lxtsf] /Iff ug'{ xf] . blIf0f clk|msf / hd{gLdf bf];|f] ;bgn] ljz]ifu/L If]qLo lxtdf k|efj kfg]{ ljifodf s]Gb|df sfg'g / gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df d'Vo e"ldsf v]N5g\ . hd{gLdf bf];|f] ;bgdf x/]s If]qLo ;/sf/sf] ToxfFsf] hg;+Vofn] lgwf{/0f u/]cg'¿k lglZrt dt ;+Vof x'G5 . /, If]qLo ;/sf/n] hlt ef]6 ;+Vof 5 Tolt ;b:o rog ug{ ;S5g\ . blIf0f clk|msfdf x/]s k|fGtdf b; ;b:o x'G5g\ M 5 hgf k|fGtLo :t/df bnx¿n] dgf]gLt u/]sf -oL dgf]gLtx¿ k|fGtLo Joj:yflksfsf] ;b:o x'Fb}gg\_ / rf/ hgf k|fGtLo Joj:Yfflksfsf ;b:o x'G5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] l;g]6df x/]s /fHoaf6 a/fa/ ;+Vofdf ;b:o /xG5g\ . k|ltlglw;efdf eg] x/]s /fHoaf6 ToxfFsf] hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df k|ltlglw /xG5g\ . k|ltlglw;efdf o;sf k|ltlglwx¿sf nflu eGbf l;g]6df l;g]6/x¿sf] Go"gtd pd]/sf] cfjZostf pRrt/ 5 . lgIf]k0fsf] s'g} Joj:yf geP klg bf];|f] ;bgnfO{ If]qLo÷k|fb]lzs k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg !(() cGtu{t /fli6«o ;efsf] Pp6f sfo{ of] lyof] .

cGo s]xL b]zdf h:t}, ;+o'Qm clw/fHodf bf];|f] ;bg 5 h'g ;dfhsf ljleGg ju{sf] ljleGg ;bg x'g] Oltxf;sf] k|rngsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k cl:tTjdf cfPsf] xf] . ;fpy Kofl;lkms / s]xL clk|msL d'n'sx¿n] bf];|f] ;bgnfO{ Joj:yflksf cyjf d'lvofx¿ -chiefs_ sf] k/fdz{ bft[ d~rsf ¿kdf pkof]u u5{g\ . o;s} cGo ljljwtfdWo] dgf]gLt bf];|f] ;bg xf], hxfF gLlt lgdf{0f / Joj:Yfflksfdf dxTjk"0f{ b[li6sf]0f Nofpg] /fhgLlt1afx]ssf wfld{s / ;fdflhs ;d"x cyjf cfkm\gf] k]zfdf ljz]if Voflt sdfPsf jf ;]jflgj[Q /fi6«;]js sd{rf/LnfO{ ;bgdf ;dfj]z ul/G5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] ;bg Sofgf8fdf 5 . la|l6; xfp; ckm n8{\; klg o:t} k|s[ltsf] ;bg xf] . o;/L xfp; ckm n8{\;df l;6 k|bfg ug]{ k|rng a9\bf] 5 . nfOkm n8{\;x¿n] j+zfg'ut n8{\;x¿nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ul//x]sf 5g\ -t/ cGttM ;a} cyjf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:odWo] s]xL lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ h;n] ubf{ xfp; ckm n8{\;nfO{ clwst/ xfp; ckm sdG;h:tf] agfpg ;S5_ .

als{gf kmf;f]df dflyNnf] ;bg ;fdflhs / cfly{s ;d"xx¿sf] k|ltlglwaf6 u7g x'G5 . dnfjLdf dflyNnf] ;bgdf ljlzi6 gful/s / ljleGg lhNNff / wfld{s ;Dk|bfosf k|ltlglw ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . k|ltlglwTjsf] o; k|sf/sf] :j¿k ck|hftflGqs eg]/ cfnf]lrt x'g ;S5 . t/ hxfF k]z]j/ /fhgLlt1x¿sf] sfo{bIftf / k|lta4tf, ltgsf] g}lts l;4fGtk|lt cf:yfsf] e|d Jofks¿kdf 5'l6;s]sf] 5, tL b]zx¿df o;k|sf/sf] ;xeflutfsf] k|lt:yfks :j¿knfO{ :yfg lbg' Gofof]lrt x'g;S5 .

Joj:yflksfsf] kbfjlw / sfo{

;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf Joj:yflksf -cyjf, PseGbf a9L ;bgsf] Joj:yf ePdf ;+;b\sf] tNnf] ;bg_ sf] ;fdfGo ;dofjlw kfFr jif{ -lj/n} rf/ jif{ / st}–st} dfq tLg jif{_ tf]lsPsf] x'G5 .

Joj:yflksf

214

t/ sfg'gdf ;bg lj36g x'g;Sg] / tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwcufj} cfd r'gfj 3f]if0ff ug{ ;lsg]

Joj:yfx¿ x'G5g\ . k|foM k|wfgdGqL;Fu r'gfjsf] ltly to ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 . k|wfgdGqLnfO{

o:tf] clwsf/ ePsf] x'Fbf cfkm\gf] bnn] lhTg] cg's"n kl/l:ylt ePsf] a]nf pgn] r'gfjsf]

ltly tf]Sg ;S5g\ . kSs} klg, olb o;k|sf/sf] r'gfjsf] 3f]if0ff :ki6tof cfkm\gf] :jfy{sf]

nflu k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvPdf dtbftfx¿n] ljb|f]x u/L klxnfsf] k|ltkIfnfO{ g} lhtfpg ;S5g\ .

s'g}–s'g} k|0ffnLdf ;bg cfkm}n] o;sf] lj36gsf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{ ;S5 . t/ olb

k|wfgdGqL;Fu ax'dt 5 / p;sf] kf6L{ k"0f{ cg'zfl;t 5 eg] o;n] k|wfgdGqLn] lj36gsf]

k|:tfj u/]h:t} dfg] /fV5 . ;docufj} lj36gnfO{ gofF ;/sf/ agfpg jf ah]6 kfl/t ug{

;bgdf ult/f]w ;[hgf u/]/ /f]Sg ;lsg] ;Defjgf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yflksfsf] lglZrt

;dofjlw tf]Sg ;lsg] k"0f{ ;Defjgf 5g\ . oBlk o:tf] lj/n} x'G5 . s]xL ;+ljwfgdf, To;

jif{sf] nflu Joj:yflksfsf] clwj]zgsf] ltly to eO;s]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg !(()

cGtu{tsf ;a} ;+;b\x¿ tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwk"j{ g} lj36g ul/P . s]xL cj:yfx¿df ;jf]{Rr

cbfntn] ;+;b\ lj36g ug]{ clwsf/ b'?kof]u ePsf] km};nf lbPsf] lyof] . ;dofjlwk"j{

;bgsf] lj36gn] yk lgjf{rgsf] Jooef/ ;/sf/n] Joxf]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;/sf/sf sfo{x¿df

ult/f]w cfpg]nufot w]/} ;d:of lglDtg ;S5 .

/fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLdf Joj:yflksfsf] nflu ;fdfGotof lglZrt ;dofjlw x'G5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo

cd]l/sfsf] s+u|];sf] lgjf{rgsf] ltly k"0f{tM to eO;s]sf] x'G5 . olb /fi6«klt / s+u|];aLr

ltly;DaGWfdf ljjfb ePdf ltgLx¿n] dtleGgtf ;'Nemfpg] k|oTg ug'{k5{ .

k|ltkIfLsf] e"ldsf

;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf, /fhgLlts bnx¿ / ;/sf/df ;+nUg bnx¿n] Joj:yflksfsf] clwsf+z

;do lgoGq0f u5{g\ / ToxfFleq x'g] ultljlw;d]t lgwf{l/t u5{g\ . …k|ltkIfLÚ zAb ;/sf/df

;fd]n gePsf] kf6L{sf ;b:onfO{ hgfpg k|of]u ul/G5 . /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLdf ;+o'Qm /fHo

cd]l/sfdf clxn] ePh:tf] ax'dtn] /fi6«kltsf] k|ltkIf lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 . k|ltkIfsf] ;+j}wflgs

e"ldsf ;/sf/sf ultljlwdfly lg/Gt/ k|Zg p7fpg', ;f]wk'5 ug'{ / hjfkmb]xL /xg cfu|x

ug'{ x'g\ . o;sf] sfo{ ;/sf/sf] hlQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|ltkIfLsf] cfnf]rgf cf+lzs¿kn]

ts{sf] ann] jf cfd ljrf/sf] bafaåf/f ;/sf/sf gLltx¿nfO{ k|efljt kfg'{ / cf+lzs¿kn]

dtbftfx¿nfO{ cfufdL lgjf{rgdf cfkm\gf] kIfdf cfslif{t ug'{ xf] .

;+o'Qm clw/fHodf, b'j} ;bgdf k|ltkIfLsf] g]tf / p;sf s]xL d'Vo ;xsdL{x¿n] …5fofF ;/sf/Ú

gfdsf] ;d"x v8f u5{g\ . of] ;d"xsf x/]s ;b:on] ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf k|zf;gsf] ;';"lrt

cfnf]rgf ug{ / j}slNks gLltx¿sf] vfsf tof/ ug{ tbg'¿k dGqL cyjf ljefusf] ultljlw

cg'udg u5{g\ . k|ltkIfLn] s'g} klg ;do cfkm"x¿nfO{ ;/sf/ u7g ug{ af]nfOg]5 eGg] h:t}

u/L sfo{ ug]{ ck]Iff ul/G5 . o;sf/0f o;n] em"7f cfZjf;g afF8\g' jf ;/sf/n] ul//x]sf

sfo{df cj/f]w ;[hgf ug'{x'Fb}g .

215

g]kfnsf] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] klxnf] k6s k|ltkIfL bnsf] g]tfsf] pNn]v u¥of] . t/ cGo kl/l:yltdf cGo ;+ljwfgx¿df h:tf] k|ltkIfLsf] e"ldsfsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] x'Fb}g . k|ltkIfLsf] g]tf k|wfgdGqL k|d'v ePsf] k|wfgGofofwLz, dxfn]vf k/LIfs, lgjf{rg cfof]u, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / nf]s;]jf cfof]usf ;a} ;b:o 5gf}6 ug]{ zlQmzfnL ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] kfFrdWo] Ps ;b:o x'GYof] .

g]kfndf k|ltkIfL g]tfx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] clen]v k"0f{tM ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]g . t/ cg'ej x'Fb} uPkl5 ltgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ ug{ yfn]sf lyP . h] eP klg, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcGtu{t s'g} cf}krfl/s k|ltkIfL 5}g / k|ltkIfLsf] s'g} g]tfsf] Joj:Yff klg 5}g . /fi6«sf] Wofg gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{tkm{ Pslqt ePsf] avtdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] x'gfn] o:tf] ePsf] xf] . Tof] gofF ;+ljwfg d:of}bf tof/ ubf{ klxn]sf Joj:Yff cyjf To;df klg cem :ki6 Joj:Yff ul/g'kg]{ ;DaGwdf ;f]rljrf/ ul/g' dxTjk"0f{ x'g]5 . s]xL ;+ljwfgn] k|ltkIf / o;sf] g]tfsf] e"ldsf;DaGwdf w]/} s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ M oL ;+ljwfgn] ;Qfwf/L bnn] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf d'2f, lgjf{rg k4lt cyjf lglZrt ;/sf/L clwsf/L lgo'lQmh:tf /fhgLlts bnaLr cfk;L ;xdltdf lg0f{o ul/g'kg]{ ljz]if d'2fx¿df k|ltkIfL;Fu ;+nUg eP/ jf sDtLdf k|ltkIfL g]tf;Fu k/fdz{ u/]/ lg0f{o lnOg'kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

Joj:YfflksfnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg]

;/sf/sf] /fhZj / k|zf;g oGq a9\b} uPkl5 sfo{kflnsfn] Joj:Yfflksfdfly clwkTo sfod /fVg] ljZjJofkL k|rng 5 . o:tf] kl/kf6Ln] lgjf{lrt Joj:yflksf lgsfox¿ cfkm\g} Joj:yfksLo / gLltlgdf{0f sfo{sf ;fy} sfo{kflnsfnfO{ cfnf]rgf jf lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{df sdhf]/ x'Fb} qmdzM Go"gt/ e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] aGg k'U5g\ . w]/} b]zx¿df, /fhgLlt1x¿n] cfkm"nfO{ kf6L{k|lt jf kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ffkqk|lt cyjf cfkm\gf] lgjf{rg If]qsf] enfO jf b]zsf] pGgltk|lt k|lta4 Jofj;flos /fhgLlt1sf ¿kdf pEofpFb}gg\ . To;sf] pN6f] Joj:yflksfdf cfkm\gf] sfo{sfnnfO{ dGqL cyjf cGo pRr ;/sf/L clwsf/L aGg] v'8\lsnf]sf ¿kdf lnG5g\ . kl/0ffdtM ltgLx¿n] Joj:yflksfsf] sfo{df kof{Kt rf;f] lnFb}gg\ .

;+;f/sf w]/} :yfgx¿df Joj:yflksfsf] e"ldsf / IfdtfnfO{ ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ s}of}+ k|:tfjx¿ tof/ ul/Psf 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

;b:ox¿nfO{ ljz]ifu/L n]vf / cGo ljQLo jQmJox¿ k9\g / a'em\g ;Sg] agfpg k|lzIf0f / ;+j}wflgs tyf ;+;bLo k|lqmofx¿af/] 1fg lbg] .

;b:ox¿sf nflu Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] Joj:yf . of] k|fjwfgn] Joj:yflksf hgtfsf] sd jf:tljs k|ltlglwd"ns agfpF5 eGg] cy{ /fVg;S5 / w]/} b]zdf s}of}+ k|efjsf/L ;b:o pRr cf}krfl/s z}lIfs of]Uotf gePsf 5g\ . t/ ltgn] Joj:yflksfsf] sfo{k4ltaf/] a'em\g ;Sg] x'g}k5{ .

Joj:yflksf

216

;b:ox¿n] cjsfz kfpg] pd]/sf] xb tf]Sg] . clwsf+z /fi6«df /fi6« ;]js sd{rf/LnfO{ clgjfo{ cjsfzsf] nflu pd]/sf] xb tf]lsPsf] x'G5 -pd]/sf] e]befj af/]df ;/f]sf/ 5}g eg]_ . ctM Joj:yflksf ;b:ox¿nfO{ leGg 9+un] Jojxf/ ul/g' cfjZos 5 t < s]xL dflg;n] olb dtbftfn] j[4 JolQmnfO{ rog ug{ rfxG5g\ eg] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ltgn] rfx]sf] k|ltlglw k7fpg kfpg'k5{ eGg] ts{ u5{g\ . t/ s}of}+ clk|msfnL / Pl;ofnL b]zx¿df b]lvPh:tf] dtbftfx¿n] s'g} pDd]bjf/ ;fFRr} ltgLx¿sf] ;zQm k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Ifd 5 jf cf}iflwsf] ;]jg u/L tGb'?:t b]lvPsf] xf] jf c:j:ytf n'sfO{ :j:y ePsf] e|d hgtfdf kfl//x]sf] xf] eGg] yfxf kfpg sl7g x'g ;S5 . s] klg x'g ;S5 eg], dtbftfx¿n] ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ xf]Og, kf6L{nfO{ ef]6 lbPsf x'g;S5g\ .

cfkm\gf] kf6L{ kl/Tofu u/L csf]{df k|j]z ug]{ ;b:osf] ;ef–;b:otf u'Dg] Joj:yf ug]{ . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf o:tf] lgod lyof], / o; ljifodf ljz]if P]g klg lyof] . o:tf Joj:Yffx¿df s]xL lj/f]wfefif klg 5g\ -/fhgLlts bnx¿ zLif{ssf] cWofodf 5f]6s/Ldf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5_ .

tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd lbg ;ef cyjf ;ldltdf pkl:yt gx'g] ;b:on] ;b:otf u'dfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf o;k|sf/sf] lgod lyof] — ;b:ox¿n] ;efd'vsf] cg'dltljgf ;bgsf] #) j6f a}7sdf lg/Gt/ cg'kl:yt ePdf ltgn] cfkm\gf] lgo'lQm u'dfpFy] . olb ;bg ;ftfdf tLg jf rf/ k6sdfq a:of] / s]xL ;ftf /f]lsof] eg] #) j6f a}7s s}of}+ dlxgf;Dd nlDag ;SYf] . s]xL ;+ljwfgx¿ o; k|fjwfgdf clws s7f]/ 5g\ M s]Gofsf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/, ;bgsf cf7 j6f a}7sdf nuftf/ cg'kl:yt /xg] ;b:on] cfkm\gf] ;b:otf u'dfpg ;Sy] / s]Gofsf] gofF k|:tfljt ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bfn] of]eGbf s8f k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 .

u0fk"/s ;+Vof j[l4 ug]{ . dtbfgsf] a]nf cToGt Go"g ;+Vofdf ;b:ox¿sf] pkl:ylt eP klg w]/}h;f] Joj:Yfflksfsf] a}7s a:g] u5{ . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t k|ltlglw;efsf] u0fk"/s ;+Vof s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] @% k|ltzt dfq lyof] . of] ;fob clt yf]/} ;+Vof xf], oBlk u0fk"/s ;+Vof k'¥ofpg cfwfeGbf a9L ;b:o pkl:yt x'g'kg]{ dfGotf /fVg' klg cS;/ q'l6k"0f{ x'G5 . ;b:ox¿ s]jn cf+lzs ;dofjlwsf nflu hflu/] x'g\ eGg] dfGotfsf cfwf/df clt Go"g u0fk"/s ;+Vof tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . olb Joj:yflksfnfO{ clws k|efjsf/L agfpg] xf] eg], cGo dflg;n] ltgsf] Joj;fonfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnP h:t} ;b:ox¿n] cfkm\gf] sfo{nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lng'k5{ .

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] cfsf/ ;Lldt ug]{ . s]xL b]zx¿df cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ lgld6\ofGg jf Go"g kfg{ cfwfh;f] ;b:ox¿ dlGqkl/ifb\ jf cGo sfo{sfl/0fL kbx¿df lgo'Qm x'G5g\ . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t @)% ;b:osf] ;bg ePsf] g]kfndf dGqL,

217

/fHodGqL / ;xfos dGqLx¿n] ;bgsf] w]/} ;+Vof cf]u6\g ;Sy] . s]xL b]zsf ;+ljwfgn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Lldt cfsf/ to u/]sf 5g\ . ;fdf]jfsf] ;+ljwfgn] dlGqkl/ifb\ ;b:osf] Go"gtd ;+Vof * / clwstd !@ tf]s]sf] 5 . oL ;fgf] cfsf/sf] Joj:yflksf ePsf ;;fgf /fHo x'g\ . 7"nf b]zx¿n] tbg'¿k Go"gtd k|ltztsf] ;Ldf to ug{ jf oyf]lrt cfsf/sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ agfpg ;S5g\ .

Joj:yflksf d:of}bfsf/ / zf]wstf{x¿ lgo'Qm u/]/ Joj:yflksf / o;sf ;b:osf] JolQmut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ / /fhgLlts bnsf nflu zf]wstf{sf] lgo'lQmdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .

;b:ox¿nfO{ pko'Qm tnaeQf tyf lgj[lQe/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . h] eP klg, w]/} b]zx¿df ;b:o cfkm}n] ltgsf] e'QmfgL to ug{ ;Qm}gg\ . h:t} lkmhLsf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t Joj:yflksf ;b:o / cGo ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿sf] tna :jtGq cfof]uåf/f lgwf{l/t ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] ;b:ox¿NffO{ cfkm\gf] tna cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ cg'dlt lbPsf] lyPg . ltgLx¿sf] tna …sfg'gn] tf]s]adf]lhdÚ x'GYof] . ;b:ox¿ cfkm}åf/f to ul/Psf] cTolws pbf/ tna ;'ljwfn] ;j{;fwf/0fdf df]xe+u x'g] / /fhgLlt1k|lt ljå]if hGdfpg] vt/f x'g;S5 .

;lrjfno h:tf] Pp6f :jtGq k|zf;lgs ;]jf / ;xof]uL lgsfo :yfkgf . g]kfnsf] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf o:tf] Joj:yf lyof] .

Joj:Yfflksfsf] clwj]zg a:g}kg]{ Go"gtd lbgx¿ to ug]{ . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] Pp6f -jflif{s_ clwj]zgsf] cGTo / csf]{sf] cf/DeaLr 5 dlxgfeGbf a9L ;do laTg gx'g] Joj:Yff u/]sf] lyof] . of] Joj:yfn] slt lbg Joj:Yfflksfsf] a}7s a:g} k5{ eGg] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5}g . kk'jf Go' lugLsf] ;+ljwfgn] …x/]s !@ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf Joj:yflksfsf] a}7s sDtLdf tLg k6s a;]s} x'g'k5{ / l;4fGttM x/]s cjlwdf sDtLdf gf} xKtf a;]sf] x'g'k5{Ú eg]sf] 5 . o;n] Joj:Yfflksf Ps} k6s nfdf] ;do vfnL g/xL jif{df 5 dlxgf a:g] ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 -oBlk, …l;4fGttMÚ eGg] kbfjnLn] of] Joj:yfnfO{ sdhf]/ kf/]sf] 5_ . o:tf] afWosf/L Joj:Yff ;b:ox¿nfO{ oyf]lrt¿kn] d]xgt ug{ nufpg dfq xf]Og, sfo{kflnsfnfO{ Joj:Yfflksf ga;]sf] a]nfdf d'Vo sfg'gx¿ kfl/t ug{ cfjZos gkg]{ / ;fy} cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj cfpg] cj:yf /f]Sg ;/sf/n] Joj:yflksfsf] a}7s :yug ug]{ vt/f -kk'jf Go' lugLdf o:t} ePsf] 5_ Go"g ug{ klg ;fGble{s 5 .

sfo{kflnsfsf] x/]s d'Vo ljefusf nflu zf]w / cGo k|zf;lgs sd{rf/L;lxtsf] Pp6f ;ldlt lgdf{0f ug]{ . ;ldltnfO{ ;'emfj;Nnfxsf nflu dGqL, /fi6« ;]js sd{rf/L, ;/f]sf/jfnf / ljz]if1nfO{ af]nfpg ;Sg] clwsf/ lbg] . ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] a]nf afXo ljz]if1sf] ;d]t pkof]u ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ . gLltx¿ agfpg] / To;dfly

Joj:yflksf

218

ax; ug]{ 1fgsf] j}slNks ynf] ;ldltnfO{ agfpg] / ToxfF x'g] sfdsf/afxLdf ;fj{hlgs kxF'r a9fpg] . /fhwfgL ;x/ tyf b]zsf cGo efudf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .

dxfn]vfkfnsf] sfof{non] ;/sf/sf] vr{ / ah]6 k|:tfjx¿sf] ;"Id cWoogk"j{s cfnf]rgf ug{ ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿nfO{ d2t k'¥ofcf];\ eGgsf nflu dxfn]vfkfnsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{

Joj:yflksf ;b:ox¿nfO{ /fd|f] k':tsfno / OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg]

s], Joj:yflksfnfO{ lglZrt kbx¿df x'g] lgo'lQm :jLs[t ug]{ jf c:jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/ x'g'k5{ < ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz, /fhb"t, dlGqkl/ifb\sf ;b:o / lglZrt clwsf/Lx¿ l;g]6sf] :jLs[lt lnP/dfq lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] Pp6f sf/0f ;+3Lo /fHox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg' xf] . csf]{ sf/0f, /fi6«kltåf/f cfkm\gf] 5q5fofdf /fVg] cEof; x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgfk|lt rgfvf] /xg] Joj:Yff ug'{ xf] . ;bgsf] /fhgLlts ;Gt'ngn] k|wfgdGqLsf] kIf lng] t/ k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;fdfGo ax'dtsf] cfwf/df x6fpg ;lsg] ;+;bLo k|0ffnLdf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf k|of]udf ePh:tf] k|lqmof cfjZos 5}g / To:tf] k|lqmof sfo{kflnsfsf] sfdsf/afxL /]vb]v ug{ sd} k|efjsf/L x'G5 . olb GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm :jtGq lgsfoåf/f ul/g] k|rng a9\bf] ¿kn] ;fdfGo x'Fb} uO/x]h:tf] :jtGq lgsfoåf/f ul/G5 eg] Joj:yflksfnfO{ d'5]/ o;nfO{ /fhgLtLs/0f ul/g' a'l4dfgL gx'g ;S5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] /fhb"tx¿, :jtGq cfof]ux¿sf ;b:o / lglZrt GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQmsf nflu Joj:yfksLo :jLs[lt rflxg] k|fjwfgdfly k'glj{rf/ ug'{ a'l4dfgL x'g;S5 .

;j{;fwf/0f / Joj:yflksf

;/sf/df ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;xeflutf hgtfn] a]nfavt cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwTjsf] nflu dtbfg ug]{eGbf clws x'g'k5{ . Joj:yflksfsf] a}7s ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu ;fdfGotof v'NNff x'G5g\ . t/ o;sf] cy{ olQn] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ tL a}7sdf pkl:yt x'g k|f]T;flxt u5{ eGg] xf]Og . k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ;xeflutf o:tf cj;/ pknAw u/fP/ dfq xfl;n ug{ ;lsFb}g . t/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;Dej eP;Dd cTolws ;xeflutfnfO{ k|a4{g, k|f]T;fxg / ;xof]u ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut u/fP/ dfq ;Dej x'G5 . ;dfhsf] kl/lwdf /x]sf / kfvf kfl/Psf ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfj]zL, pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ zf;g k|0ffnLsf] dfWodn] d"nwf/df Nofpg'kg]{ x'Fbf o; k|sf/sf] ;xeflutf cfjZos ePsf] xf] . o;sf nflu ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;'b"/ lIflthsf caf]wuDo Joj:yfh:tf nfUg] ;f+uf]kf+u lzIff, ;"rgfdf kx'Fr /fVb} oyfl:yltaflx/ lg:sg d2t k'Ug] /0fgLlt agfOg'k5{ .

s]xL Joj:yflksfn] sfg'g lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;lqmo¿kn] k|f]T;flxt u5{g\ / ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ Joj:yflksfsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt x'g pT;flxt klg u5{g\ . ;ldlt a}7s / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, / Joj:yflksfsf ultljlwaf/] ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/Lsf

219

nflu sfo{qmd klg u5{g\ . gful/s lzIff cleofg, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, ;fd'bflos sfo{qmd / k|sfzg, lj1fkg tyf ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 k|sfzg k|;f/0f o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . ;+ljwfgn] o;k|sf/sf v'nf sfo{qmdaf/] ;fdfGotof lj:tf/df s]xL JofVof u/]sf] x'Fb}g . t/ o;sf nflu Joj:yflksf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu clws v'Nnf x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . Joj:yflksf;Fu ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;xeflutf k|a4{g ug]{ ljz]if pQ/bfloTj ePsf] ;ldlt x'g'k5{ .

/fhgLlts bnn] klg ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;xeflutfsf nflu l:ylt ;xh agfpg ;S5g\ . bnsf] a[xt\ ;+/rgfn] cfkm\gf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw;Fu} ;DalGwt If]qsf JolQm / ;d'bfox¿sf] Pp6f pNn]Vo ;~hfnsf] Joj:Yff ul/lbg ;S5 . bnsf ;+/rgf :yfgLo b[li6sf]0f / b'MvkL8fx¿ Pp6f k|0ffnLåf/f lkmN6/ x'g] k|lqmof ;'lglZrt ug{ / ltgnfO{ tNnf] tx;Dd ;"rgf k'¥ofpg ;~hfnsf ¿kdf ;xfos x'g ;S5g\ . b'ef{Uo, ;a}h;f] bnx¿ hgtfn] ltgnfO{ r'gfjsf a]nf dtbfg ul/lbPsf] x'Fbf v';L dfG5g\ t/ afFsL ;dodf hgtf / Joj:yflksfaLr ;]t'sf] Joj:yf ub}{gg\ . clws nf]stflGqs / hjfkmb]xL kf6L{ ;+/rgfn] Joj:yflksf / hgtfaLrsf] elTsPsf] ;]t' k'glg{df{0f ug{ ;S5g\ .

s] dtbftfx¿;Fu To:tf] s'g} z'4Ls/0fsf] k|lqmof 5, h;nfO{ Joj:yflksf ;b:on] oyf]lrt sfo{ gu/]df ltgn] bn / ltgsf ;b:odfly nfu" ug{ ;S5g\ < s]xL b]zx¿n] Joj:yflksf ;b:onfO{ …k|TofXjfgÚ ug{ ;S5g\ . s'g} lgjf{rg If]qdf lglZrt k|ltzt dtbftfx¿n] Joj:yflksf ;b:onfO{ k|TofXjfg ug]{ lgj]bgdf x:tfIf/ ug{ ;S5g\ -o;n] ubf{ pQm Joj:yflksf ;b:o tfhf hgfb]zsf] nflu lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'g'k5{_ . dnfjL / o'ufG8fdf o:tf] Joj:Yff k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 .

;lbof}+b]lv gful/sn] cfkm\gf] lxtdf sfg'g kfl/t ul/b]nfg\ cyjf gful/s ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿sf] vf]hlag ul/b]nfg\ eGg] cfzfdf Joj:yflksfnfO{ laGtLkq xfn]sf 5g\ . of] k'/fgf] ljrf/wf/fnfO{ s]xL b]zx¿df gofF :j¿k lbOPsf] 5 . h:t} ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] :jfoQ e"–efu :s6NofG8df ;j{;fwf/0faf6 cfPsf laGtLkqx¿nfO{ kof{Kt dxTj lbOPsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ lgodx¿ 5g\ .

s]xL b]zx¿df -Soflnkmf]lg{ofdf klg_, dtbftfsf] lglZrt ;+Vofn] sfg'gdf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ k|:tfj ug{ / ltgLx¿sf] 5gf}6sf] ljifodf gful/ssf] dt dfu ug{ ;S5g\ -;fob, oxL ;dofjlwdf lgoldt lgjf{rg x'G5_ . olb ax'dt dtbftfåf/f k|:tfljt ljrf/ :jLs[t ePdf Joj:yflksf ;f] sfg'g kfl/t ug{ afWo x'G5 . cGo b]zx¿df, ;/sf/n] k/fdz{ u/]sf lglZrt sfg'gx¿df km]/abnsf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ hgtf;dIf hfg ;Dej 5 . t/ o:tf] k|fjwfg, lgs} nf]stflGqs b]lvP klg plQs} lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ x'g;S5 . o:tf] dtbfg cfof]hgf vlr{nf] x'G5 . s'g} lglZrt 36gfsf] k|efjn] ubf{ hgtf cljj]sL sfg'g kfl/t ug{ k'Ug] vt/f klg x'G5 . ;DejtM sfg'gdf k|:tfljt km]/abnsf nflu ;j{;fwf/0f;Fu g t rf;f] x'g ;S5 g ;|f]t g} . cNk;+Vossf nflu cg'ko'Qm sfg'g kfl/t x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd klg x'G5 -oBlk dfgjclwsf/sf] Joj:yfn] o:tf] ;Defjgf /xg glbg;S5_ .

Joj:yflksf

220

k|Zg

!= s] ;/sf/k|lt cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t ug]{ clwsf/ Joj:yflksfn] sfod /fVg'k5{ <

@= /fhb"t, pRr ;/sf/L clwsf/L, GofofwLz cflbsf] lgo'lQmdf Joj:yflksfnfO{ e"ldsf lbOg'k5{ <

#= s] ;+ljwfgn] ;/sf/sf] Joj:yflksf lj36g ug]{ jf a}7s :yug ug]{ clwsf/dfly lgoGq0f ug'{k5{ < olb To;f] xf] eg], of] ;dofjlwk"j{ g} lj36g x'g;Sg] kl/l:ylt x'g ;S5g\ cyjf, o;sf] lglZrt sfo{sfn to ul/g'k5{ < Tof] sfo{sfn slt nfdf] x'g'k5{ <

$= Joj:yflksf ;b:osf nflu pd]/sf] xb tf]lsg'k5{ cyjf ;+ljwfgdf ltgsf] sfo{sfn to ul/g'k5{ < Joj:yflksf ;b:osf nflu Go"gtd pd]/ tf]lsg'k5{ <

%= Joj:yflksf ;b:osf] Odfgbfl/tf / ;Rrl/qtf ljsf; ug{ s:tf ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cfjZos x'g ;S5g\ < s] logdf s'g} lgjf{rg If]qsf dtbftfn] ltgsf ;b:onfO{ …k|TofXjfgÚ ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf ;dfj]z x'g;S5 < cyjf s'g} ;b:osf] nflu ;bgsf] a}7sdf lglZrt lbg cg'kl:yt /x]df pQm :yfg :jtM vfnL x'g] k|fjwfg cfjZos 5 <

^= s] ;b:ox¿n] cfkm\gf] tnaeQf :jo+n] to ug{ ;Sg'k5{ <

&= b]zdf ;+3Lo k|0ffnL geP klg s] g]kfndf Joj:yflksfsf b'O{ ;ef x'g'k5{ < To;f] xf] eg] bf];|f] ;efsf] e"ldsf tkfO{+ s] b]Vg'x'G5 <

*= Joj:yflksfsf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 ug{ ;+ljwfgdf s:tf pkfo x'g' tkfO++{ cfjZos b]Vg'x'G5 < a[xt\ u0fk"/s ;+Vof < jif{df sDtLdf olt lbg a}7s a:g] eGg] k|fjwfg < ;ldltx¿sf] e"ldsfsf ;DaGwdf Joj:Yff <

(= sfg'g agfpg] / Joj:yflksfsf cGo ultljlwx¿df ;j{;fwf/0f ;lqmo¿kn] ;+nUg x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug'{x'G5 < olb ug'{x'G5 eg], of] s;/L xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 <

221

Joj:yflksf

222

!&cWofo !&cWofo

223

Gofokflnsfsf] e"ldsf

k|hftGqsf] sf]z] 9'+ufsf ¿kdf /x]sf] Gofokflnsfsf] d'Vo sfo{ sfg'gL ;jf]{Rrtf sfod /fVg' xf] . ;+ljwfgn] 3f]lift u/]sf P]gsfg'gsf cfwf/df ljjflbt ljifox¿sf] Goflos lg¿k0f u/]/ tyf ;+ljwfgdf lnlka4 ul/Psf sfg'gsf] ;Ldfleq /xL Joj:Yfflksf / sfo{kflnsfsf] sfo{nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]/ Gofokflnsfn] sfg'gsf] zf;g sfod /fVb5 . Gofokflnsfn] Goflos ljjfbx¿sf] km};nf ubf{ sfg'gsf] zf;gnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy kfngf ug'{kb{5 . To:tf ljjfb JolQm–JolQm, ljleGg ;+u7g, sDkgL, ;+3;+:yf / /fHo tyf /fHosf c+uaLr x'g;S5g\ . ljjfbx¿sf] km};nf ubf{ kIfk|ltkIfn] leGbfleGb} JofVof k]z ug]{ x'Fbf sfg'g / ;+ljwfgnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ avtdf cbfntn] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg'gsf] ;xL JofVof ug'{kb{5 . o;k|sf/, ;+ljwfg cyjf sfg'gsf] JofVof u/]/ cbfntn] d'2fx¿sf] km};nf ug{] d'Vo clVtof/L ;+ljwfgd} x'G5 eGg] dfGotf ;'b[9 ug{ klg d2t ub{5 .

sfg'gL cbfntn] dWo:ystf{ c+ux¿ h:t} k|f}9 tyf Jofj;flos JolQmx¿sf] ;+:yfn] eGbf leGg 9+un] sfd ub{5 . ljjfbsf] km}:fnf ubf{ ljjfbsf kIfx¿n] cbfnt;dIf k|:t't u/]sf tYo / k|df0fx¿af6 kfOPsf s'/fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug}{k5{ . cbfntn] ljjfbsf kIfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] d'2f / k|df0fx¿ k]z ug{ cj;/ lbg] lglZrt sfo{ljlw ckgfpg} k5{ . To;sf ;fy} cbfntn] cg]s sfg'gL cf}krfl/stfx¿ lgjf{x ug'{k5{, jfbL k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf tkm{af6 sfg'g Joj;foLdfkm{t k|ltlglwTj ug]{ clwsf/ lbg'k5{ / sfg'gsf] k|of]u u/]/ d'2fdf km};nf ul/lbg'k5{ . cem To;eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf s] xf] eg] cbfntn] u/]sf lg0f{o ;a} kIfsf nflu afWosf/L x'G5g\ / cbfntaf6 ePsf lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gjog u/fO{ cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ /fHo klg afWo x'G5 .

;+j}wflgs 7x/fOPsf sfg'gx¿nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]/ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] vfnsf cj}w sfg'g

Gofokflnsf

224

/ k|zf;lgs P]gnfO{ ab/of]Uo 7x/ u/L Gofokflnsfn] ljlwsf] ;jf]{Rrtf sfod /fVb5 . sfo{kflnsf / Joj:Yfflksfn] ;+ljwfgsf] zAb / efjgf;Fu d]n gvfg] sfg'gL JofVof / c;+j}wflgs sfg'g kfl/t gug]{ s'/fnfO{ Gofokflnsfn] ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . Gofokflnsf ljz]iftM ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, /fHo / gful/s tyf /fHoleqsf ljleGg ;+:yfx¿aLr p7]sf s'g} klg ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL ljjfbsf] clGtd lg0f{ostf{ klg xf] . Gofokflnsfsf] oxL dxTjk"0f{ / slxn]sfxLF ljjfbf:kb e"ldsfsf sf/0f g} o;sf] :jtGq cl:tTj sfod /fVg tyf o;sf] sfo{Ifdtf ;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]if lgodx¿ ljsf; ul/Psf x'G5g\ .

sfg'gL zf;g tyf ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf sfod /fVgsf nflu :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofokflnsf ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .

:jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] cjwf/0ff

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf b'O{j6f dxf;efsf lg0f{ox¿ -@% gf]e]Da/ !(*% sf] lg0f{o gDa/ $)÷#@ / !# l8;]Da/ !(*% sf] lg0f{o gDa/ $)÷!$^_ n] Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtfsf s]xL cfwf/e"t l;4fGt k|:t't u/] h;n] ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf nflu s]xL cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 / dfu{lgb]{zg k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . tL l;4fGtn] lgDg s'/fx¿df hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ M

!= /fHon] Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf k|Tofe"lt ug'{kb{5 / ;+ljwfg jf /fHosf] d"n sfg'gdf To;sf] pNn]v ug'{kb{5 / To;sf] ;a}n] kfngf ug'{kb{5 . ;+ljwfgdf ;+/If0f ul/Psf] eGbf sfg'g agfP/ ;+/If0f ul/Psf] k|fjwfg clws sdhf]/ x'G5 lsgeg] sfg'g t'ngfTds ¿kn] ;lhn} ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 .

@= Gofokflnsfn] s'g} cj/f]w, cg'lrt k|efj, k|nf]eg, bafa, wDsL tyf cg'lrt x:tIf]k -h;df /fHo, /fhgLlts kf6L{ / Joj;fo cflbaf6 x'g] x:tIf]k kb{5g\_ af6 d'Qm /xL sfg'g / tYodf cfwfl/t eP/ lgikIftfsf ;fy d'2fsf] km};nf ug'{kb{5 .

#= Gofokflnsfdf Goflos k|s[ltsf x/]s k|sf/sf ljjfbx¿ lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf x'g'k5{ / s'g} ljjfb cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq k5{ jf kb}{g cbfnt cfkm} PSn}n] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .

$= Goflos sfdsf/afxLdf cg'lrt / cGofok"0f{ x:tIf]k / Goflos lg0f{ox¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg cGo s'g} lgsfoaf6 x'g'x'Fb}g .

%= x/]s ;fdfGo cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0fdf k|rlnt sfg'gL sfo{ljlwåf/f cfkm\gf ljjfb x]l/g] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g'kb{5 .

^= ;b:o /fi6«n] GofokflnsfnfO{ Ifdtfk"j{s sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg] agfpg kof{Kt ;|f]t–;fwg pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .

225

&= GofofwLz lgo'Qm ul/Psf] JolQm ;Ifd / ;Tolgi7 x'g'sf ;fy} sfg'gL If]qdf kof{Kt cg'ej / of]Uotf xfl;n u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . pgLx¿sf] lgo'lQmdf cg'lrt /fhgLlts p2]Zo tyf hft, j0f{, ln+unufotsf cfwf/df e]befj x'g'x'Fb}g .

*= GofofwLzsf] sfof{jlw, tna cflb;DaGwL s'/fx¿ sfg'gåf/f ;+/lIft x'g'kb{5 . cIfd eO{ x6fOPsf] jf cg'lrt sfo{ u/]afkt ;]jfaf6 cof]Uo 7xl/O{ avf{:t ePsf] cj:yfafx]s GofofwLzsf] lgj[lQe/0f tyf pkbfgsf] ;'/Iff ul/g'kb{5 .

g]kfndf Gofokflnsf ;w}+ g} :jtGq /lxcfPsf] 5 . !(^) b]lv !(() ;Dd /fhfn] k|ToIf zf;g u/]sf] PsbnLo k~rfotL Joj:Yffdf ;d]t ;jf]{Rr cbfnt :jtGq /Xof] . k~rfotL Joj:Yffsf] ktg ePkl5 3f]if0ff ePsf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg !(() df Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf;DaGwL k|fjwfg klxn]sf ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePeGbf clwst/ /flvPsf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf dfkb08x¿ sfod ul/Psf] pQm ;+ljwfgsf tL k|fjwfg ts{;+ut 5g\ . h] eP klg, Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtfsf] ;DaGwdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf k|fjwfg eg] clws sdhf]/ 5g\ .

!(() / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf Gofokflnsf;DaGwL Joj:yf

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm / avf{:tuL;DaGwL Joj:Yff

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm;DaGwL k|fjwfg / ltgsf] avf{:tuL;DaGwL k|lqmof hl6n lyP . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *&-!_ eG5, …k|wfgGofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf cGo GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm Goflos kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df >L % n] ug]{5g\ .Ú wf/f !&& cGtu{t, ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] cWoIfdf k|wfgdGqL / ;b:odf sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqL, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Pp6f GofofwLz, k|ltlglw;efsf] ;efd'v, /fli6«o ;efsf] cWoIf / k|ltlglw;efdf ljkIfL bnsf] g]tf /xGy] . ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] ;+/rgf /fhgLlt1nfO{ ;dflji6 gug]{ t/ /fhgLlts ;Demf}tfx¿ ;Dej agfpg] lx;fan] tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] -cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcGtu{t k|wfgGofofwLz cem} klg ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df lgo'Qm ul/G5g\, t/ of] lgsfo eg] sfo{kflnsfåf/f cTolws k|efljt 5_ . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ Gofokl/ifb\ k|wfgGofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf b'O{ jl/i7 GofofwLz / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fhfåf/f lgo'Qm ul/g] Ps Vofltk|fKt Gofoljb\ ldn]/ ag]sf] x'GYof] . of] kl/ifb\df kf6L{eQmx¿af6 k|efljt x'g] 7flgg] ;/sf/L ;dy{g ePsf b'O{ JolQm -dGqL / Gofoljb\_ afFsL tLg GofofwLzåf/f 5fofdf kfl/GYf] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzsf] avf{:tuLsf nflu, wf/f *&-&_ n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzsf] cIfdtf, v/fa cfr/0f cyjf ljZj;gLo ¿kn] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ c;kmn ePdf k|ltlglw;efsf] lg0f{o cyjf o;sf b'O{ltxfO ;b:osf] dtåf/f lg0f{o eOcfPkl5 /fhfsf] ;xdlt rflxg] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] lyof] . of] clwsf/ slxNo} k|of]u ul/Pg .

Gofokflnsf

226

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm / avf{:tuL;DaGwL Joj:yf

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgeGbf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcGtu{t Gofokl/ifb\ sfo{kflnsfaf6 lgs} sd :jfoQ /x]sf] 5 . ;txdf, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf GofofwLzx¿sf] avf{:tuL;DaGwL Joj:Yff !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf h:t} b]lvG5 t/ oltv]/ ;+;b\ /fhgLlts ;xdltaf6 k|efljt ePsf] x'Fbf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLznfO{ /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df avf{:t ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf 5 . / To;dfly klg, GofofwLznfO{ avf{:t ug]{ gofF cfwf/ sfod x'g' lrGtfhgs 5 M clxn] GofofwLzx¿ …Gofosf] kyaf6 Ro't ePsf]Ú cfwf/df avf{:t x'g ;S5g\Ù o;k|sf/sf] efiffsf] clwsflws k|of]un] sfo{kflnsfnfO{ dg gkg]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] cfwf/df sfo{kflnsfn] GofofwLz avf{:t ug]{ af6f] vf]Ng ;S5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] pDd]bjf/sf] …g}lts rl/qÚ, h'g pDd]bjf/ lgo'Qm ug]{ ;dodf dgg ug'{kb{5, sf af/]df c:ki6 of]Uotf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . t/ o:tf] c:ki6 dfkb08 ;d:ofd"ns x'g;S5 — Pp6f pDd]bjf/sf] rl/q lgwf{/0f ug{ sf] of]Uo 5 < /, s;sf] g}lts rl/q slt /fd|f] 5 eGg] cfwf/ s] t <

kfl/>lds

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *&-!!_ n] …;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k|wfgGofofwLz / cGo GofofwLzx¿sf] tna ;'ljwf, ljz]ifflwsf/ / cGo cj:yfx¿ s6f}tL x'g] lsl;dn] s'g} x]/km]/ ul/g]5}gÚ eGg] ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5Ù k'g/fj]bg / lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿sf nflu klg p:t} Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof], t/ ltgsf] avf{:tuLsf nflu leGb} k|lqmof nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] — k'g/fj]bg / lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ /fhfsf] :jLs[ltdf Gofokl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;åf/f x6fpg ;lsg]5Ù ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLznfO{ x6fpg k|of]u ul/g] cfwf/x¿ klg log} lyP . h] eP klg, k'g/fj]bg / lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzn] cfkm\gf] avf{:tuL;DaGwL d'2fdf cfkm\gf] arfp ug]{ cj;/ kfp“5g\ -wf/f (!_ .

cfTd/Iffsf] -ljd'lQm_ cefj

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] dxf;efdf lg0f{o ul/Psf] Pp6f cfwf/e"t l;4fGt !(() sf] ;+ljwfg / cGtl/d ;+ljwfg b'j}df plNnlvt 5 — GofofwLzx¿n] cfkm"n] u/]sf cyjf eg]sf s'/fsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs jf cfk/flws sfo{af6 cfTd/Iffsf] cj;/ kfpg'k5{ . cfTd/Iffsf] of] ;'lglZrttf a]u/, GofofwLzx¿n] cfkm"n] pNn]v u/]sf s'/fs} sf/0f cyjf sfdsf l;nl;nfdf u/]sf sfo{s} sf/0f cfkm"dfly d'2f rnfOg cyjf cfk/flws ¿kn] bl08t x'g'kg]{ cj:yf cfOnfUg ;S5 -o:tf] kl/l:yltdf abnf lnOg] 8/n] ubf{ zlQmzfnLsf lj?4 :jtGq ¿kn] af]Ng jf lg0f{o lng cj/f]w k'¥ofpg ;S5_ .

jflif{s k|ltj]bgsf] ;d:of

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ Gofokflnsfsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg a'emfpg'kg]{

227

k|fjwfgn] Goflos :jfoQtfdf x:tIf]k u/]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . k|ltj]bgdf dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿sf] tYof+s / hfgsf/L dfq xf]Og, tNnf] cbfntsf GofofwLzsf af/]df dflyNnf] cbfntsf GofofwLzn] u/]sf cfnf]rgfTds l6Kk0fL;d]t pNn]v ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . oBlk ;/sf/sf cGo lgsfo h:t} Gofokflnsfn] klg jflif{s k|ltj]bg a'emfpg'k5{ . of] k|fjwfgsf s]xL c;/ 5g\ h'g rf;f]sf] ljifo x'g;S5 M ;/sf/ k|d'v k|wfgdGqLnfO{ k|ltj]bg a'emfpg'kg]{ k|fjwfgn] ;/sf/k|lt hjfkmb]xL /xg'kg]{ s'/ftkm{ O+lut u/]h:tf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] dfkb08n] Goflos :jfoQtf sfod /fVgdf afwf k'¥ofpF5 . To;df klg, GofofwLzsf af/]df ul/Psf l6Kk0fLk|lt Wofgfs[i6 u/fpg'sf] s'g} k|lt/If0fLo p2]Zo b]lvFb}g / lgj]bg k/]sf avtdf afx]s GofofwLznfO{ cGo GofofwLzk|lt cfnf]rgfTds l6Kk0fL ug{ nufpg' t lgs} ;Gb]xf:kb cfjZostf xf] .

u}/Goflos sfo{df GofofwLzsf] pkof]u

s]xL b]zx¿ / g]kfndf ;d]t GofofwLzx¿nfO{ Goflosafx]ssf sfo{df nufOPsf] s'/fn] cToGt lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ vf]htnf;sf] lhDdf ;DxfNg s;/L GofofwLzx¿sf] pkof]u x'g;S5 t eGgtkm{ rf;f] a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf GofofwLzx¿n] Goflos sfo{dfq ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] k|fjwfg lyof] -cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf klg of] k|fjwfg sfod 5_ . t/ of] k|fjwfg lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 tNnf] GofokflnsfnfO{ 5'6\ofpg] pkqmd k"/f ug{dfq /flvPsf] lyof] . GofofwLzx¿nfO{ ;f]wvf]h, cg';Gwfg ;DkGg ug{, lzIf0f sIffnufot sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf lgo'Qm ug{ of] k|fjwfg slQ klg k|efjL ePg . cfh klg, To:tf u}/–Goflos sfo{df nufpg ;lsG5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] t cem} lrGtfhgs k|fjwfg sfod /fv]sf] 5, !(() sf] ;+ljwfgb]lv g}, tNnf] txsf cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿nfO{ r'gfjL sfo{df pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5, o:tf] k|of]u qmdzM ;fdfGo ag]sf] 5 . o:tf sfo{n] GofofwLzx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts ¿kn] ;+j]bgzLn lqmofsnfkx¿df a9L g} glhSofpF5 .

c:yfoL GofofwLzx¿sf] k|of]u

!(() sf] ;+ljwfg / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] p:t} 9+un] Joj:Yff u/]sf]] c:yfoL GofofwLz sfddf v6fpg ;lsg] k|fjwfg ;Gb]xo'Qm 5 . o:tf] cEof; s}of}+ b]zdf gePsf] xf]Og, t/ o;n] 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu lgo'lQm lbOPsf GofofwLzx¿nfO{ clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u ug]{ dfu{ k|z:t u5{ . oL GofofwLzx¿ kbfjlw k"/f ePkl5 k'gM lgo'lQm kfpg] cfzfdf ;/sf/sf] kIfdf km};nf ug{ k|j[Q x'g ;S5g\ . olb lgo'Qm ug]{ lgsfo ;/sf/sf] k|efjdf 5 eg] o:tf 36gf x'g] ;Defjgf a9\5 .

;]jflgj[lQ

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcg';f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz ;]jflgj[lQkl5 s'g} klg ;/sf/L kbdf lgo'Qm x'g ;Sb}gg\ -dfgjclwsf/ cfof]uafx]s_, ltgn] s'g} cGo cbfntdf sfg'gL cEof;

Gofokflnsf

228

ug{ klg ;Sb}gg\Ù of] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] gofF k|fjwfg xf] . of] k|fjwfg jf~5gLo 5 lsgeg], o;n] cbfntdf tNnf] txsf GofofwLzdfly dflyNnf] txsf GofofwLzn] ;Daf]wg ubf{ wfs b]vfpg] hf]lvd Go"g u5{ .

t/, GofofwLzx¿ ^% jif{sf] pd]/df ;]jflgj[Q x'g] k|fjwfg clns a9L g} cj/f]wfTds nfU5 . ;]jflgj[Q x'g] pd]/ k'lu;s]sf GofofwLzx¿n] cem} klg ltgsf] Jofj;flos Ifdtfcg';f/ of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\, s}of}+ GofofwLzx¿ ;]jflgj[Q x'g]lalQs} lghL If]qsf nflu sfd ug{ ;S5g\ . GofofwLzx¿n] nfdf] ;od;Dd cg'ej a6'n]sf x'gfn] ;/sf/nfO{ k/fdz{bftfsf ¿kdf tL dxTjk"0f{ x'g ;S5g\, / ;/sf/n] o:tf ljsNk lgdf{0f ug]{tkm{ ;f]Rg cfjZos x'g;S5 .

k|wfgGofofwLznfO{ ;'lDkOPsf gofF clwsf/x¿

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf k|wfgGofofwLznfO{ clwsf/ lbg] b'O{ gofF k|fjwfg 5g\ h;sf s]xL lrGtfhgs ;Defjgf 5g\ -ljz]ifu/L k|wfgGofofwLznfO{ k"/} :jfoQ x'gaf6 jl~rt ug]{ lx;fan]_ M klxnf], olb s'g} cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] d'2f ;f] cbfntaf6 ;'g'jfO x'Fbf Gofo k|efljt x'g] cj:yf 5 eGg] sf/0fdf ljZjf; ePdf k|wfgGofofwLzn] Pp6f cbfntaf6 csf]{df d'2f ;fg{ ;S5g\ / bf];|f], k|wfgGofofwLzn] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / cGo cbfntnfO{ Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg …lgb]{zÚ ug{ ;S5g\ . oL k|fjwfgx¿ k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg ckgfOPsf hf]lvd/lxt pkfoh:tf b]lvg ;S5g\, t/ oL k|fjwfg hf/L x'Fbf o;n] Gofokflnsf Hofb} s]Gb|Ls[t ePsf]tkm{ ;"lrt ub{5Ù / o:tf k|fjwfgx¿ cbfntaf6 lnOPsf km};nfx¿sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ k|efljt ug{ k|of]u ul/g ;S5g\ . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf ePh:t}, tNnf] txsf cbfntx¿sf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ pQ/bfloTj ;jf]{Rr cbfnts} xf], t/ oL k|fjwfgx¿n] k|wfgGofofwLznfO{ ljlzi6 j}olQms clwsf/ lbPh:tf] b]lvG5 .

Gofokflnsf;DaGwL s]xL d'2f

;+s6 u|x0f

g]kfnsf] cK7\of/f] ;dodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;/sf/sf] ljkIfdf w]/} km};nf ;'gfof] / gful/ssf -afnaflnsf nufot_ s]xL clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u¥of] . t/ !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf dxTjk"0f{ ;+:yfut ;'/Iffx¿ g]kfnsf] GofokflnsfnfO{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfpg kof{Kt lyPgg\Ù vf;u/L ;+s6sf a]nfdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;+ljwfg / k|hftGqnfO{ ;+/If0f lbg ;s]g / slxn]sfxLF t k|hftGqsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg] lsl;dn] sfd u¥of] .

g]kfnL k|hftGq n'l6Psf] tLg jif{;Dd ;jf]{Rr cbfnt /fhfsf ;gsx¿sf] d"sbz{s ag]/ al;/Xof] . /fhfn] cfkm"nfO{ b08xLg ¿kdf zf;g ug{ cg'dlt lbg] bh{gf}+ cWofb]z hf/L ubf{ klg ;jf]{Rr cbfnt d"sbz{s g} /Xof] -t];|f] cWofo x]g'{xf];\_ . /fhfn] p7fPsf oL sbdx¿sf] lgu/fgL ug{ / kl/l:yltcg';f/ sl7g d'2fx¿sf] ;'g'jfOdf Gofokflnsfsf] c;kmntfn] o;k|lt hgljZjf; u'Db} uof] M /fhfsf sbdx¿ /f]Sg Gofokflnsf ljkmn x'Fbf :jfoQ lgsfosf

229

¿kdf o;sf] Voflt wldlnof] . o;dfly, GofofwLzx¿n] lnPsf cg'lrt sbdx¿ Pskl5 csf]{ x]8nfOgdf 5flkg' / tNnf] cbfntb]lv dflyNnf] cbfnt;Dd ePsf] e|i6frf/n] hgtfsf cfFvfdf Gofokflnsfsf] 5lj cem} wldNofof] .

e|i6frf/

xfn}sf jif{x¿df, Gofokflnsf cbfntL Joj:yfleq} ePsf e|i6frf/x¿sf nflu cfnf]rgfsf] 3]/fdf cfPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/n] ;w}+ Gofosf] c:jLs[lttkm{ k|j[Q u/fpF5, / ha e|i6frf/n] GofofwLzx¿nfO{ jl/i7 dGqLx¿n] rfx]cg'¿k d'2fsf] km};nf ug{ k|j[Q u/fpF5, o;n] clwsf/sf] ljefhgnfO{ w/f;foL agfpF5 / sfo{kflnsfsf] lyrf]ldrf]af6 gful/snfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ Gofokflnsfsf] cfwf/e"t e"ldsfnfO{ gsf5{ .

a|fXd0f / If]qLx¿sf] jr{:j

Gofokflnsf, ljz]ifu/L dflyNnf txsf cbfntx¿, a|fXd0f / If]qLsf] jr{:jn] k|efljt 5g\ . o;k|sf/ pRr hftsf dflg;x¿sf] jr{:j /x]sf] Gofokflnsfn] ax'hft / ax'hftLo ;dfhdf jf:tjd} Gofo k|bfg ug{ ;S5 t eg]/ blnt / cGo ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfox¿ ;f]Rg] u5{g\ . ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿n] To:tf GofofwLzn] oL ;d'bfon] Gofosf] 9f]sf;Dd k'Ug ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ sl7gfOx¿ a'em\g ;S5g\ t eg]/ klg k|Zg p7fPsf 5g\ . ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿n] klxNo} clehfTo ;d'bfosf] k"jf{u|xo'Qm / Psf]xf]/f] rngrNtLaf6 k|tfl8t ltgsf ;d'bfox¿lj?4 GofofwLzx¿ kIfkftL x'G5g\ eGg] cfz+sf klg u5{g\ .

dfcf]jfbL …cbfntÚ

oBlk dfcf]jfbL cbfntx¿ c;+j}wflgs lyP / ltgn] d'2f ;dfwfg ug{ slxn]sfxLF aa{/ ljlwx¿ pkof]u uy]{, tyflk u|fdL0f If]qx¿df, k|foM ul/a / lyrf]ldrf]df k/]sf w]/} dflg; oL cbfntsf] sfdsf/jfxLk|lt v';L b]lvP lsgeg] logn] l56} Gofo lbGy] / Tof] klg Go"gtd jf slQ klg vr{ ug}{ gk/L . of] s'/fn] s] O+lut u5{ eg], Gofo lbg] xfd|f] k|0ffnLnfO{ clws ;Ifd, vr{ ug{ ;lsg], kx'Frof]Uo, clws ;lqmo / b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]qx¿df a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿nfO{ klg tTsfn Gofo lbg ;Ifd x'g] agfpgsf nflu /fd|/L d"Nof+sg÷5fglag ul/g'k5{ . dflg;x¿n] dfcf]jfbL cbfntx¿df Gofo vf]Hg'n] dWo:ytfsf lgodx¿ ;DalGwt kIfsf] cfkm"v';L ;xdltdf cfwfl/t 5g\ eg] -/fHo–cg'df]lbt cbfntdf klg dWo:Yfsf] cfwf/ o:t} x'G5_ ;/sf/Lafx]ssf lgsfonfO{ ljjfbx¿ km};nf ug]{ cg'dlt lbOg' k"/} unt xf]Og eGg] tYo klg :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/Lafx]ssf lgsfon] lghL ljjfb, ljz]ifu/L jfl0fHo;DaGwL ljjfb l5gf]kmfgf] ug{ d2t ug{ ;S5g\, / o;n] ubf{ ;/sf/L cbfntx¿nfO{ ltgsf] sfo{af]emaf6 s]xL /fxt klg x'G5 . s}of}+ b]zx¿df, ;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemg] ePdf, dflg;x¿nfO{ ltgsf k/Dk/fut cyjf slxn]sfxLF wfld{s sfg'g cfXjfg ug{ cg'dlt 5 . g]kfn klg ;fob o:tf sfg'gsf] cEof; ug{ cg'dlt lbg] af/]df ;f]Rg ;S5, t/ o:tf sfg'gsf] k|of]u k|foM ljjfx / afnaflnsf tyf kfl/jfl/s ;DklQ d'2fh:tf JolQmut ;DaGwx¿df dfq} ;Dej x'g;S5 .

Gofokflnsf

230

Gofokflnsfsf] k'gu{7g

Ef|i6 GofofwLznfO{ s] ug]{

e|i6 / cIfd GofofwLzx¿nfO{ s] ug{ cfjZos 5 eGg] ;jfn ;'NemfOg}kg]{ ;d:ofsf ¿kdf oyfjt /lxcfPsf] 5 . avf{:tuL ;+ljwfg;Ddt ePafx]s cGo cj:yfdf ltgnfO{ avf{:t ug'{ Goflos :jfoQtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg' x'ghfG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, blIf0f clk|msfn] klxnfsf] hfltjfbL /fHo Joj:yf ;dy{g ug]{ dflg;åf/f sn+lst Gofokflnsfsf] ;fdgf ug'{kbf{ o:tf dflg;sf] ;Lw} avf{:tuLsf] lg0f{o u¥of] / gofF o'usf] ;"qkft ug{ :jR5 5lj ePsf GofofwLzx¿sf] Pp6f pRr cbfnt, ;+j}wflgs cbfnt, u7g u¥of] . g]kfndf ;+j}wflgs cbfnt gePsf] cj:yfdf, Pp6f ;dfwfg, ;jf]{Rr / k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf ;]jf lgj[Q x'g nfu]sf ;a} GofofwLzsf 7fpFdf pNn]Vo Voflt sdfPsf / ;Rrl/qtf ePsf jlsnx¿nfO{ k|lt:yflkt ug'{ x'g;S5 . ltgn] ;Dk"0f{ Gofokflnsfsf] cfbz{ lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5g\ . csf]{ ;dfwfg, pQ/bfloTj /fd|/L jxg gul//x]sf GofofwLzx¿nfO{ ;]jf lgj[Q x'g afWo kfg]{ k|fjwfg ckgfpg ;lsG5 .

Goflos lg/LIf0f

GofofwLzs} af/]df s;/L lg0f{o lng] eGg] ;jfn ;+j}wflgs k|hftGqn] ;Daf]wg ug}{kg]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ / sl7g k|Zg xf] . ;+j}wflgs tf]s sfod /fVg tyf gful/ssf] clwsf/ /Iff ug{ GofokflnsfnfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm /flvg'k5{ . ;d:of s] x'G5 eg] e|i6 / Ifdtfcg'¿ksf] sfo{ gul//x]sf GofofwLzx¿nfO{ ;lhn} k|lt:yflkt ug{ ;lsFb}g . hgtfaf6 k|ToIf r'lgP/ gcfPsf x'Fbf ltgnfO{ dtbfgåf/f x6fpg ;lsFb}g -;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf s]xL /fHox¿df o:tf] ul/Psf] lyof] t/ cGoq o:tf] sd} x'G5_ . To;sf/0f, ;+j}wflgs k|hftGqsf] efjgflj?4 gx'g] u/L b'lg{ot ePsf GofofwLznfO{ ;hfosf] cg'dlt lbg] ljlw to ug'{ w]/} dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzåf/f cToGt uDeL/ b'/frf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf Joj:yflksfåf/f ltgnfO{ x6fpg] ;+j}wflgs k|lqmof 5 . of] jf~5gLo 5 / o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg'k5{ . t/, olb s]xL sf/0fn], Joj:yflksfn] cIfd cyjf b'/frf/L GofofwLznfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 x6fpg c;kmn ePdf o:tf] c;kmntf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf c:jLsfo{ ultljlwnfO{ k|f]T;fxgsf ¿kdf lnOg ;S5 . To;}n], o:tf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ k"/f ljZj;gLo ¿kn] sfd ug{ ;Sg] k|efjsf/L / Jofj;flos ;lrjfnoo'Qm Pp6f Joj:yflksf ;ldlt :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ . o;/L hgtfn] GofokflnsfnfO{ ck|ToIf ¿kn] /]vb]v ug{ cyjf o;dfly lgoGq0fsf] cEof; ug{ ;Sg]5g\ / GofokflnsfnfO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] zf;gcg'¿k sfo{ ug{ nufpg ;Sg]5g\ .

;jf]{Rr cbfnteGbf tnsf cbfntx¿df Gofokflnsfsf] :jfoQtf sfod /fVg oL cbfntx¿df sfo{/t GofofwLzlj?4 lgnDag cyjf avf{:tuLh:tf cg'zf;gsf] jf o:t} cGo s'g} klg

231

sf/afxLsf] Goflos cfof]un] lhDdf lng'k5{ . h] eP klg, k|wfgGofofwLz sfg'g / ;+:yfut Ifdtfo'Qm x'g'k5{ tfls a]Odfg GofofwLzlj?4 k|wfgGofofwLzn] kIfkft/lxt / zL3| cg';Gwfg u/L sf/afxL rnfpg ;s"g\ . g]kfndf, b'/frf/L GofofwLzdfly e|i6frf/ u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf cj:yfdf klg To:tf GofofwLznfO{ /fhLgfdf ug{ afWo kfg{ cyjf ;]jfaf6 x6fpg'kg]{df ;hfo ;Lldt ug]{ rng /lxcfPsf] 5 . To:t} d'2fdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Llj?4 ul/g] sf/afxLh:t} cGo s'g} sfg'gL sf/afxL cufl8 a9fOFb}g . o:tf] rng ;RRofOg'k5{ / k|wfgGofofwLzn] b'/frf/L GofofwLzlj?4 d'2f btf{ u/fpg}k5{ .

;+j}wflgs cbfnt

kl5Nnf b;sx¿df, s}of}+ b]zx¿n] ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof / sfof{Gjogsf] clwsf/;lxt ;+j}wflgs cbfnt u7g u/]sf 5g\ -hd{gL, kf]NofG8, x+u]/L, /l;of, kf]r'{un, blIf0f sf]l/of / O6fnL_ . blIf0f clk|msfafx]s ;a} gful/s sfg'g ePsf b]z x'g\ hxfF cbfntnfO{ k/Dk/fut ¿kn] sfg'gsf] JofVof ug]{ cyjf ;+ljwfg;Fu Ps¿ktf /fVgsf nflu sfg'g lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] clwsf/ x'Fb}g . g]kfnn] klg ;+j}wflgs cbfnt u7g ug{ ;S5, t/ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt;Fu ;+j}wflgs If]qflwsf/ ePsf] g]kfndf d'n'sL P]gsf] Joj:yf ePsf] cj:yfdf xfdLnfO{ ;+j}wflgs cbfnt rflxPnf t < ;+j}wflgs cbfnt x'g'sf] kmfObf eg]sf] oxfF ljz]if1 GofofwLz, sfg'gsf k|fWofks;d]t ;+j}wflgs sfg'g ljz]if1x¿ x'G5g\ . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt eg] …hg/ln:6Ú cbfnt xf], oxfFsf clwsf+z GofofwLzdf ;+ljwfgsf] rfv / ulx/f] 1fgsf] cefj x'G5 . olb cbfntx¿sf] ;+j}wflgs ;jfnx¿nfO{ x]g]{ Ifdtf ;an agfpg] xf] eg], km/s k4lt ckgfpg' j]z x'g]5 . h:tf], ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf s]xL GofofwLz sfg'gj]Qfx¿sf] dtbfgaf6 rog u/L sDtLdf & hgf GofofwLz ePsf] a]Un} ;+j}wflgs a]Gr :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 .

5l/tf] Gofo ;Dkfbg

Gofosf] km};nf ug]{ sfo{df ljnDa x'g] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;jf]{Rr / k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . clxn] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;a} k|sf/sf d'2fx¿sf] cTolws rfkn] lylrPsf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt k'g/fj]bgsf] clGtd cbfnt xf], t/ lglZrt k|sf/sf d'2fx¿sf nflu of] klxnf] cbfnt klg xf] . ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ jf:tljs k'g/fj]bg cbfnt agfpg klg ;Dej x'g ;S5, ta o;n] klxnf] ljsNk cbfntsf] x}l;otn] cToGt ;Lldt ;+Vofdf d'2fx¿df sfd ug{ ;S5 . ha b]z ;+3 aG5 ta ;DefJo ¿kn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ ;+3Lo PsfO{x¿aLrsf ljjfb x]g]{ x'g'k5{ . If]qLo :t/sf hgtfnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] eGbf zL3|t/ ¿kn] Gofo k|bfg ug{ ;+ljwfgn] k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfO{ klg If]qflwsf/, Ifdtf, ;|f]t / ;antfsf] If]qdf clxn]eGbf Hofbf clwsf/o'Qm agfpg ;S5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt cfwf/e"t clwsf/ sfof{Gjogsf nflu / jt{dfgdf XjfQ} ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf hfg ;Sg] cGo k|sf/sf d'2fx¿ x]g]{ ;}4flGts cbfnt x'g ;S5 . ta ;jf]{Rr cbfnt;Fu k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] km};nf ug]{ u/]sf ;a} d'2fx¿df k'g/fj]bg;DaGwL If]qflwsf/ x'g;S5 .

Gofokflnsf

232

Goflos ;]jf cfof]u / Goflos kl/ifb\ M lgo'lQm k|lqmof / e"ldsf

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfgGofofwLz lgo'lQmsf] ljlw kl/jt{g ug]{ ;DaGwdf Wofg lbOg' cfjZos x'g;S5 . xfdLn] b]lvxfNof}+, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcGtu{t d'Votof /fhgLlt1x¿n] g} lgo'lQmsf] kxn u5{g\ . a?, Pp6f :jtGq / u}/–/fhgLlts lgsfoåf/f pDd]bjf/sf] cg'ej / jl/i7tfeGbf Ifdtf / ;Rrl/qtfnfO{ dxTj lbP/ k|wfgGofofwLzsf] lgo'lQmsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 -of] l;4fGt ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf] wf/f !# ;Fu d]n vfG5_ . csf{tkm{, !(() sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t ePsf] o:t} Joj:yfdf /fhgLlts k|efjsf] ;Defjgf Go"g lyof] . ;/sf/n] k|wfgGofofwLz lgo'Qm ug]{ s'/f / lj/f]wfefifaf6 d'Qm /xg k|wfgGofofwLznfO{ g} ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ;a}eGbf jl/i7 ;b:osf ¿kdf lgo'lQm ug]{ s'/fdf g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfgdf ef/ts} h:tf] l:ylt 5 . o:tf] rNtL clxn] g]kfndf klg b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 / of] oxfF ljjfbsf] ljifo x'g;S5 . jl/i7tf qmdsf cfwf/df dgf]gog ug]{ ljlwn] lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ lgo'lQm /f]Sg ;S5, t/ o:tf] cEof;n] k|wfgGofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm cNkfjlwsf nflu dfq x'g] d];f] cfpg;S5 / ltgn] cbfntdf cfkm\gf] k|efj 5f]8\g cIfd x'g;S5g\ .

Goflos ;]jf cfof]usf d'Vo sfo{x¿ Goflos ;]jfsf /fhkqf+lst clwsf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf / a9''jfsf nflu cyjf tL clwsf/Lx¿dfly cg'zf;gsf] sbd p7fpg ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug'{ x'g\ . ;/sf/n] oL ljifox¿df cfof]us} l;kmfl/;cg';f/ sfd ug'{k5{ . Goflos ;]jf cfof]usf ;DaGwdf !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ($ cGtu{tsf] k|fjwfg clxn] klg kof{Kt 5 / ;dfhsf jl~rt ju{ / dlxnfsf] kof{Kt k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ;dfj]zL Goflos ;]jf lgdf{0f ug{ yk k|fjwfg /fVg]afx]s o;df cGo kl/jt{g cfjZos 5}g . oltv]/, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcGtu{t, Goflos ;]jf cfof]udf k|wfgGofofwLz, sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqL, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf jl/i7td GofofwLz, nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf / dxfGofoflwjQmf /xG5g\ .

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (# n] Goflos kl/ifb\nfO{ GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, cg'zf;gsf] sf/afxL / avf{:tuLsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ / ;'emfj lbg] clVtof/L lbof], t/ Goflos kl/ifb\n] u/]sf lgo'lQmx¿ cfnf]Ro eP . cbfntdf em08} ;a} GofofwLzx¿ Goflos ;]jfaf6 lgo'Qm x'g] / a9'jf x'g] x'Fbf Goflos cfof]unfO{ GofokflnsfnfO{ sd{rf/LtGq dfqsf] ;fgf] Sna agfPsf] eGb} cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . Goflos kl/ifb\n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf nflu Goflos ;]jf aflx/af6 oy]i6 ;+Vofdf GofofwLzx¿ lgo'Qm u/]sf] x'g'kYof]{ . Goflos kl/ifb\n] cIfdtf / e|i6frf/sf ;jfndf 5fkfdf GofofwLzsf s's[Tox¿ Jofks ¿kn] k|sflzt x'Fbf klg cg'zf;gsf] sf/afxL rnfpg lxlRsof] . Goflos kl/ifb\n] sn+lst GofofwLzk|lt u/]sf] Jojxf/n] hgtfsf cfFvfdf Gofokflnsfsf] 5lj wldlnof] . hgtfn] Gofokflnsfsf] Odfgbfl/tf, ;f+uf]kf+u k|efjsfl/tf / Ifdtfk|lt v'n]cfd k|Zg p7fP .

GofofwLzx¿sf] k|efjL e"ldsf ePsf] Goflos kl/ifb\sf] ;+/rgf g} bf]ifL ePsf] ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . Gofokflnsfsf] lgo'lQm / /]vb]v clws k|efjsf/L x'g;Sg] ck]Iffdf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{

233

dxTjk"0f{ kbef/ lbg Goflos kl/ifb\sf] ;+/rgf kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . tnsf s'/f ;dfj]z ug{ Goflos kl/ifb\sf]] ;+/rgf kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 M k|wfgGofofwLz, sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqL, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf b'O{ hgf GofofwLzx¿ -k"0f{ Ohnf; cfkm}n] dgf]gLt ug{]_, b'O{ hgf Vofltk|fKt sfg'g Joj;foL cyjf sfg'gL ljifosf k|f1 cyjf sfg'gj]Qf / ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 Pp6f ;b:o;d]t Joj:yflksf cfkm}n] dgf]gLt u/]sf tLg hgf Joj:yflksf ;b:o -of] blIf0f clk|msL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !&*-!_-em_ df cfwfl/t 5_ . h] eP klg, sfg'g Joj;foL cyjf sfg'gj]Qf 5fGg] s;n] t eGg] ;d:of eg] /lx/xG5 M g]kfn af/ c;f]l;P;g /fhgLlts rl/qsf] ePsfn] o;n] u/]sf lgo'lQm klg /fhgLlt k|efljt x'g ;S5g\ . o;sf] Pp6f ;dfwfg s'g} /fhgLlts ;Da4tf gePsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ dgf]gog ug'{ x'g;S5, t/ o:tf] k4lt ckgfP klg o;k|sf/sf] dfkb08cGtu{t dgf]gog ul/Psf ;b:ox¿ sfg'g cyjf tt\;DaGwL cg'ejo'Qm xf]nfg\ t eGg] k|Zg /lx/xG5 . o; vfnsf] ax;sf] kIf / ljkIfsf ;'emfj d"Nof+sg ubf{ b'j}tkm{ s]xL plrt ts{x¿ 5g\ .

Gofokflnsfdf Ifdtfjfg\ jlsnsf] lgo'lQm

clwsf+z g]kfnLn] Gofokflnsfdf sl/c/ agfpg] s'/fnfO{ plt cfsif{s dfGb}gg\ . Goflos ;]jfdf sfd ug]{ GofofwLz / sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna ltgsf] sfo{ef/ / ltgaf6 ck]Iff ul/g] ;]jfsf t'ngfdf lgs} sd 5Ù sfdsf] k|s[lt s:tf] x'G5 eg], GofofwLzx¿ lglZrt b"/L;Dd ;dfhaf6 6f9} /xg'kg]{ ck]Iff ul/G5Ù / ;]jf lgj[Q ePkl5 ltgLx¿n] sfg'g Joj;fo ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To;eGbf klg, sfd ul//x]sf cg'ejL / bIf jlsnx¿ cyjf sfg'gj]Qfx¿ :jtGq Joj;fo ubf{ cyjf k|fl1s If]qn] pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf;'ljwfeGbf cfsif{s ;]jf;'ljwf geP;Dd cbfntL ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ lxlRsrfpF5g\ . -cbfntaflx/sf] hflu/ tna ;'ljwfsf] xsdf dfq xf]Og, ltgnfO{ vf]hd"ns sfd, cWoog u/]sf s'/f k|sfzg ug]{ / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;]ldgf/x¿df ;xefuL x'g];Dd cj;/sf lx;fan] clws cfsif{s x'G5g\ ._ Pp6f GofofwLzn] :jtGqtf / hflu/sf] ;'/Iff dfq xf]Og, kof{Kt tna;'ljwf, sfd ug]{ ;xhtf, vf]hcg';Gwfg ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr, sfd ug]{ plrt kl/l:ylt, kof{Kt ah]6;DaGwL ;|f]t, lgj[lQe/0f / nfdf] ;]jf cjlw rfxG5 .

sfg'gL sf/afxL

Goflos / j}wflgs k|0ffnLsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;du|df ;Dk"0f{ cGt;{DalGwt k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f lx:;fsf ¿kdf x]l/g'k5{ . sfdsf/afxLsf] clwsf/ /fhgLlts p2]Zosf nflu, zf]if0f pTkL8gsf nflu cyjf b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug{ k|of]u x'g ;Sg]5 jf 5}g eGg] ;jfn;Fu cleof]u;DaGwL sfdsf/afxLsf] ;+/rgf 3lgi6 ¿kn] hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . Gofokflnsfsf] sfdsf/afxLsf] :jtGqtf Gofosf nflu plQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 hlt Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtfsf nflu x'G5 — of] tYo ;j{:jLs[t h:t} eO;s]sf] 5 . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] e"ldsf klg sd dxTjk"0f{ 5}g, b'ef{Uojz clwsf+z b]zx¿df dxfGofoflwjQmfn] pgnfO{ kIfkft/lxt x'gaf6 jl~rt ug{ ;Sg]

Gofokflnsf

234

u/L å}w e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ ePsf] 5 — Psftkm{ dxfGofoflwjQmf k|foM dlGqkl/ifb\df a:g] / d'2f rnfpg] s'/f lgoGq0f ug]{ ;/sf/sf sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ x'G5g\Ù csf{tkm{ pgL Goflostfsf ;+/Ifs klg x'G5g\ . Ps;fy, /fhgLlts x'gfsf] sf/0f, p;af6 ck]Iff ul/g] e"ldsf;lxtsf] Ps /fhgLlt1 tyf Jofj;flos pQ/bfloTj / cfr/0fsf] lglZrt cfbz{;lxtsf] jlsn b'j} e"ldsf Ps};fy x'Fbf o:tf] r]k'jfdf /x]/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfdk|lt Gofo ug{ sl7g x'G5 — of] cgf}7f} xfOla|8nfO{ hGd lbg] ;+o'Qm clw/fHodf of] ;d:of clxn] dx;'; ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . k|x/L tyf cGo ;'/Iff an, /fhgLlt1 / hgtfn] v]Ng] e"ldsfn] h:t} sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] x}l;ot / e"ldsfn] sfg'gsf] zf;g elgg] of] a[xt\ cjwf/0ffnfO{ dnhn ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . t/, dfly elgPh:t} sfg'gsf] zf;g sfod /fVg] lhDd]jf/L d'Votof Gofokflnsfdfly g} kg{ cfpF5 .

lgZsif{

o;k|sf/sf] a[xt\ :j¿kdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] k|lta4tf JoQm u/]h:t} a[xt\ ;'wf/sf ;Gbe{, k'g;{+/rgfsf] ;jfn, ;dfj]lztf / ;fdflhs Gofosf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu Goflos / j}wflgs k|0ffnL /]vf+sg ul/g'k5{ . xfdL gofF k|of]u ckgfpg g8/fpg] cu|ufdL x'g}k5{, t/ ljutsf] Joj:yf / clen]v d"Nof+sg ug}{k5{ . kl/jt{gsf] k|jfxaf6 cnu /x]/ Goflos / j}wflgs k|0ffnLnfO{ a'em\g ;lsFb}g, kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ uPdfq gofF g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ lbzftkm{ hfg ;lsG5 — j}wflgs / Goflos k|0ffnLn] klg k|hftGq, ;dfj]lztf, ;xeflutf, ;fdflhs Gofo / kf/blz{tfsf d"NodfGotfnfO{ k|ltljlDat ug}{k5{ . Gofo k|zf;gdf ;fwf/0f hgtfsf] s] e"ldsf x'g] eGg]tkm{ klg ;f]Rg}k5{ M s] hgtfn] k|hf / bz{s eO/xg'kg]{ xf] cyjf d"nwf/df ;xefuL x'g klg kfpg] xf] < sfg'g If]q cf]u6]sfx¿df g]kfnsf hgtfsf] ljljwtf s;/L k|ltljlDat ug]{ xf] < Goflos k|0ffnL -PsLs/0fsf] d'Vo ;+oGq_ n] s'g xb;Dd g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ xf] < xfdLn] sfg'g / o;sf] ;+:yfx¿df u|fdL0f / cGo ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug{ ;S5f}+ < s] xfdL Goflos k|0ffnLsf] kIf–k|ltkIfLo k|lqmofaf6 dWo:ytfsf] ;+:s[lttkm{ cl3 a9\g ;S5f}+ < ljjfbx¿sf] ;dfwfgdf ;fd'bflos ;+:yf / k4ltx¿sf] s] e"ldsf x'g;S5 < ;+ljwfgn] s;/L Gofosf] cfFvfdf ;a}sf] jf:tljs ;dfgtf ;'lglZrt ug{;S5 < ;/sf/ / hgtfsf nflu gofF ;+ljwfgn] cufl8 Nofpg] s}of}+ r'gf}tLx¿ ;Daf]wg ug{ xfd|f] ljZjljBfno / cGo t];|f] lgsfox¿n] s;/L ltgsf vf]hcg';Gwfg / lzIf0fnfO{ cled'vLs/0f ug{ ;S5g\ <

k|Zgx¿

!= s] gofF ;+ljwfgn] ;/sf/ cyjf /fhgLlts lgsfoaf6 k"/} :jtGq /x]sf] k|wfgGofofwLz lgo'lQm ;+oGqsf] k|fjwfg /fVg'k5{ <

@= s] gofF ;+ljwfgdf Gofokflnsfsf] cg'zf;g / lgo'lQmsf nflu pQ/bfoL lgsfodf u}/–sfg'g Joj;foL x'g'k5{ <

235

#= s] c:yfoL Goflos lgo'lQmx¿ ug{ cem} ;Dej x'g'k5{ <

$= s] gofF ;+ljwfgn] GofofwLzx¿n] Gofod"lt{sf ¿kdf u/]sf sfo{sf] nflu sfg'gL b08;hfoaf6 5'6sf/f lbg'k5{ < olb k5{ eg], GofofwLzn] hfgLa'emL unt lgotaf6 sfo{ u/]sf] k|dfl0ft eP klg To:tf] 5'6sf/f lbOg'k5{ <

%= s] Gofokflnsf;Fu ljQLo ;|f]tsf] nflu ;/sf/dfly lge{/ /xg' gkg]{ u/L cfkm}n] ;DxfNg] cfkm\g} ljQLo ;|f]tx¿ x'g'k5{ <

^= s] Gofokflnsfn] jflif{s k|ltj]bg a'emfpg'k5{ < olb k5{ eg] s;nfO{ a'emfpg'k5{ <

&= s] GofofwLzx¿sf] ;]jf lgj[lQ pd]/ a9fOg'k5{ < k5{ eg] s'g pd]/;Dd <

*= s] ;]jf lgj[Q GofofwLznfO{ dfgjclwsf/ cfof]uafx]s cGo :jtGq cfof]ux¿df lgo'Qm x'g lbOg'k5{ <

(= s] dxTjk"0f{ dfgjclwsf/ / cGo d'2fx¿nfO{ km};nf ug]{ clwsf/ ;j{k|yd ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf eGbf k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf x'g'k5{ < ls lhNnf cbfntd} x'g'k5{ <

!)= s] GofofwLzx¿ lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfddf ;+nUg eO/xg'k5{ <

!!= ha ;+3Lo k|0ffnL :yfkgf ul/G5, Toltv]/ x/]s /fHosf cfkm\g} k"0f{ Gofo k|0ffnL x'g'k5{ cyjf /fli6«o Gofo k|0ffnL PsfO{x¿df nfu" x'g] Joj:Yff x'g'k5{ <

!@= gofF ;+ljwfgn] GofokflnsfnfO{ s;/L kof{Kt ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;'lglZrttf lbg ;S5 <

Gofokflnsf

236

!*cWofo !*cWofo

237

kl/ro

ljZjel/sf /fi6«sf hgtfn] cfwf/e"t ¿kdf cfkm\gf] ;/sf/;Fu dfUg] eg]sf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe'lt g} xf] . o;sf] cy{ hgtfn] ;/sf/nfO{ ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf nflu lhDd]jf/ agfpg' xf], h;n] sfg'gsf] zf;gnfO{ dfgf];\ / hxfF gful/sn] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] pkof]u u/f];\ . ;/sf/n] gful/snfO{ pgLx¿lj?4 x'g] ck/fwaf6 hf]ufcf];\ rfx] Tof] ck/fw cGo gful/s jf /fHosf c+ux¿af6 lsg gxf];\ . csf]{ /fi6« jf ljb|f]xLaf6 /fHolj?4 x'g] cfqmd0faf6 /fHonfO{ hf]ufcf];\ eGg] ;/sf/af6 ck]Iff ul/G5 .

;'/Iff cfdhgtfsf] cfwf/e"t rf;f]sf] ljifo EfPsfn] zf;sx¿n] slxn]sfxLF ljlwsf] zf;g gul/Psf] / /fHosf] cl:tTj r'gf}tLdf k/]sf] cj:yfaf6 kmfObf lng ;S5g\ . o:tf] cj:yf ;'wfg]{ eg]/ zf;gdf /x]sfx¿n] s]xL sbd rfNg ;S5g\ t/ Tof] ;Dk"0f{ /fHo ;+oGq sAhf ug]{ rnfvL x'g;S5 . h:t} ;'/Iff l:ylt ;'wfg]{ lgx'Fdf @^ Gff]e]Da/ @))! df /fhfn] ;}Go g]tfx¿sf] pS;fx6df ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . /fhfsf] of] sbdn] g]kfnL k|hftGq -h'g !(() df tTsfnLg /fhfnfO{ ;Qfaflx/ k'¥ofP/ :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof]_ sf] d[To'sf] ;'?jftnfO{ lgDTofof] . o;sf] s]xL jif{kl5 /fhfn] g]kfnL k|hftGqnfO{ ;dfKt ug{ ;kmn eP / ;Dk"0f{ zlQm xftdf lnP . hgtf / /fi6«sf] lxtsf nflu nfu" ul/Psf] of] ;+s6sfnn] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf sfnf /fhgLlts lbgnfO{ lgDTofof] . /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ zf;g sfo{ef/af6 d'Qm ul/of] . /fhfn] ;Dk"0f{ zlQm cfkm\gf] xftdf lnP . hgtf gofF o'usf] :jtGqtf pkef]u ug]{ clwsf/af6 jl~rt eP . ;+s6sfnn] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{kg]{ k|hftflGqs /fi6«sf] ;j{;QfTds /fHodf ¿kfGtl/t eof] .

of] cWofo d'VotM ca aGg] gofF ;+l+jwfgdf /fVg ;lsg] ;Defljt k|fjwfgx¿ -h;n] ;'/Iff If]q tyf hgtfsf k|ltlglwaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lgodg u5{ / g]kfndf xfn;fn} ePsf 36gfx¿

/fli6«o ;'/Iff / k|hftGq

238

eljiodf bf]xf]l/g lb“b}g_ ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o; cWofosf] klxnf] efudf ;+s6sfnn] g]kfnL hgtf / /fHodf o;n] kf/]sf] k|efjsf af/]df cWoog ul/g]5 . To;kl5 /fhfnfO{ ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff ug{ dfu{k|z:t u/]sf] z[+vnfa4 36gf -d'Vou/L ;+ljwfgsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] pNn+3g_ sf] cWoog ul/g]5 . t];|f] efun] k|efjsf/L lgodg / ;'/Iff If]qsf] hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;+j}wflgs ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 .

;+s6sfn, k|hftGq / ;Dk|e'tfsf nflu k|lt:kwf{

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg !(() sf] bkmf !!%-v_ cg';f/ o'4, afXo cfqmd0f, ;z:q ljb|f]x / cfly{s cj:yfsf] vt/gfs ;+s6sf] a]nfdf /fhfn] ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . gf]e]Da/ @))! df b]z u[xo'4sf] r/d cj:yfdf lyof] h;n] /fhfnfO{ ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff ug{ ;xh agfof] . /fhfn] ;+s6 cem uDeL/ x'Fb} UfPsf] bfaL ug{ kfP ha dfcf]jfbLn] k|x/Ldfq xf]Og ;]gfnfO{ klg cfqmd0f u¥of] . /fhfn] ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ gofF zlQm k|fKt u/] . Tof] ;+s6sfndf ;+ljwfgsf k|hftflGqs u'0fx¿ ;a} ;+s6sfn sfg'gcGtu{t lgnlDat eP .

;+s6sfnsf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfgn] cg'dlt lbPsf] eGbf w]/} zlQm ;/sf/df x'g] eP klg ;+ljwfg lgnDag ug{ ;lsg] clwsf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ cln ;r]t lyof] . t/ @))@ df 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] cft+sjfbL / Wj+;;DaGwL lgoGq0f / b08sfg'gdf ;+ljwfgsf] k|ToIf ¿kdf pNn+3g ug]{ s}of}+ k|fjwfg lyP . cft+sjfbL / Wj+;;DaGwL sfg'gsf] bkmf @) n] ;}lgsnfO{ Jofks¿kdf b08lxgtf k|bfg ub{Yof] . o:tf] b08lxgtfn] pT;flxt eO{ ;}lgsx¿n] ;of}+ dflg;nfO{ lu/ˆtf/ u/]/ ;}lgs Aof/]sx¿df ;Dks{ljxLg agfP/ /fv]] . t/ o;sf] lhDd]jf/L eg] ;/sf/nfO{ lbOPg .

u}/sfg'gL gh/aGbsf nflu sfg'gL pkrf/ -;'g'jfOsf] clwsf/_ lgnlDat ug{ ;lsFb}gYof] tyflk s'g} klg sfg'gL pkrf/sf] cfj]bgnfO{ oyfy{df ;'g'jfO ul/Pg . ;+s6sfnn] ;}lgsx¿nfO{ dfgjclwsf/sf] bdg ug{ / lg/+s'z /fHosf] pbo u/fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofof] . o; sfnv08df gful/s hLjgsf] If]qnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsg] u/L ;}lgs ;+Vof $&))) af6 a9fP/ (*))) k'¥ofOof] .

;+s6sfnsf] axfgfdf ;fdflhs If]qsf] d"Nodf a9f]Q/L ug{ egL /fHon] ;'/Iff ah]6df j[l4 u¥of] . kl/0ffd:j¿k b]zdf cfly{s lu/fj6 cfof] . /fHodf ul/aL / ljkGgtf l;h{gf eof] . o;a]nf /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;"rgf, s"6gLlt nufot ;Dk"0f{ /fi6« zlQmx¿ ;lDdlnt ;+o'Qm ;}lgs lgb]{zgfno ;+/rgf klg agfOof] . o; ;+o'Qm ;}lgs lgb]{zgfno ;+/rgfsf] ;+/If0fdf ;}lgsx¿n] gful/snfO{ oftgf lbg], ljgf;"rgf lu/ˆtf/ ug]{, ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ wDsL / eou|:t kfg]{ sfd ul/of] . o; a]nf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ;'/Iff anx¿sf] sfo{snfksf sf/0f dflg;x¿ a]kQf kfl/P . b08xLgtf r/d cj:yfdf k'Uof] . clgolGqt /fhgLlts lx+;fn] ubf{ hgtf /fHo / /fHoOt/ cft+sjfbsf] lzsf/ eP .

o:t} ;+s6sfn >Ln+sf / ef/tdf klg 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] ->Ln+sfdf t Ps} jif{df !)

239

k6s;Dd_ . t/ ;+j}wflgs k|hftGq ToxfF km:6fof] / ;]gfn] /fhgLlts x:tIf]k gu/L ;w}+ To;af6 cfkm"nfO{ d'Qm /fVof] . t/ g]kfndf /fhfnfO{ ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff ug'{cl3 ;'/Iff ;+/rgfsf clwsf/Lx¿n] ;Qf sAhf ug{ pQ]lht kf/] . h:tf], k|x/L dxflg/LIfs k|lbkzdz]/ /f0ffn] /fhfnfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] pkl:yltdf /fhb/af/sf] e]63f6df /fHo zlQm sAhf ug{ ;Nnfx lbP t/ ;/sf/sf] c;xfokgn] ubf{ k|wfgdGqLn] tTsfn k|x/L dxflg/LIfsnfO{ avf{:t ug{ ;s]gg\ .

o;cl3 ha ;]gfn] k|wfgdGqLsf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsnfO{ kfngf u/]g, k|wfg;]gfklt avf{:t ul/Pgg\ a? k|wfgdGqLn] /fhLgfdf lbg'k¥of] . o;af6 s] k|dfl0ft x'G5 eg] ;]gfn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lsgf/f nufO;s]sf] lyof] / /fHo ;~rfngsf] lhDdf lnO;s]sf] lyof] . kl5 pRRf ;}lgs clwsf/Lx¿n] csf]{ k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ;+s6sfn nDAofpg bafa lbP/ eg] — …k|ltljb|f]x sfo{df ;]gf kl/rfng ul/;s]kl5 cfˆgf] sfo{ k"/f gu/L ;]gf Aof/]sdf kms{g ;Sb}g . To;sf/0f ;+s6sfnsf] ;dofjlw s'g} klg d"Nodf a9fpg' / To;nfO{ ;dy{g klg ug'{k5{ .’

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!%-@_ df ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff k|ltlglw;efdf k]z ug'{kg]{ / tLg dlxgfleq k|ltlglw;efsf] b'O{ ltxfO dtn] ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg 5 . o;kl5 ;+s6sfn nDAofpg' k¥of] eg] x/]s 5 dlxgfdf ;+s6sfnfO{ cg'df]bg ug'{'kg]{ k|fjwfg 5 . t/ ;Qf?9 bnsf] rfxgfljk/Lt /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;+s6sfn csf]{ cjlwsf nflu nDAofpg c:jLsf/ u/] / ;+s6sfn nDAofpg ;+;b lj36g ug'{afx]s cGo ljsNk afFsL 5}g eGg] lg0f{o k|wfgdGqLn] u/] . oL ;a} 36gfn] s] ;+s]t ub{5 eg] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{tsf s'g} klg dxTjk"0f{ /fHosf c+ux¿ ;+ljwfgcGtu{t gful/s zf;gnfO{ alnof] agfpg] cfjZostfk|lt akmfbf/ lyPgg\ . ;}lgs ;~rfngåf/f k|of]u ul/Psf] ;+s6sfnsf] Joj:yfåf/f /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfndf k|hftflGqs Joj:yfnfO{ lgnDag u/] . k|hftflGqs /fHonfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;+s6sfnn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ul/g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] t/ lg/Gt/ lx+;fsf] cj:yf / c/fhstfnfO{ /fhfn] cfkm"n] cWoIftf u/]sf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] :jfy{ k"/f ug{ xf]Og, cfkm\gf] JolQmut :jfy{ k'/f ug{ k|of]u u/] .

/fhfnfO{ ;Qf sAhf ug{ ;3fpg] sf/s tTjx¿

pNn+3g ul/Psf] wf/f #% / To;sf] c;/

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf /fhfsf] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ lgDg tl/sfn] :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 M

>L % jf pgsf] ljj]s k|of]u u/L jf s'g} ;+:yf jf clwsf/Lsf] ;Nnfxdf k|of]u ug{ kfpg] egL lglb{i6;Fu elgPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s >L % n] cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfx, ;'emfj / ;xdltdf k|of]u ul/aS;g]5 .

of] bkmf ;fob ef/tLo ;+ljwfgaf6 lnOPsf] xf], h;n] /fHok|d'v /fi6«kltnfO{ s'g} dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o lngaf6 /f]Sg]5 . oyfy{df ef/tdf w]/} pbfx/0f 5g\ hxfF bx|f] OR5f zlQm ePsf]]

/fli6«o ;'/Iff / k|h

ftGq

240

k|wfgdGqLn] cfˆgf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug{ /fi6«kltsf] rfxgfdf e/ kg'{ kb}{g . @^ h'g !(&% df 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] ;+s6sfn b[i6fGtsf ¿kdf 5 . csf{tkm{ /fhfn] u/]sf] ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff wf/f #% sf] k|ToIf pNn+3g dfq lyPg, g]kfnL sf+u|];sf ;efklt lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf -cl3Nnf] k|wfgdGqL_ sf cg';f/, ;+s6sfn ;/sf/åf/f xf]Og ;]gfåf/f nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] . ;Qf?9 bnsf] ;efkltsf] x}l;otn] g sf]O/fnf g pgsf] ;/sf/n] To; 36gfsf] k|ltsf/ u¥of] a? ;+s6sfn ;+;bsf] cTolws dtn] kfl/t ul/of] .

wf/f !!* df q'l6

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!* df ;]gfnfO{ /fli6«o ;]gf kl/ifb\cGtu{t gful/s ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /fVg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ kl/ifb\ !(() kl5 Ps b;s;Dd lgliqmo /Xof] / dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xn] r''gf}tL lbg yfn]kl5 dfq ;lqmo x'g yfNof] . /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf tLg ;b:ox¿ lyP . cWoIfsf ¿kdf k|wfgdGqL, /IffdGqL / ;]gfklt . hxfF gful/s afx'No lyPg . /Iffdfldnf k|foM k|wfgdGqLåf/f x]l/GYof] .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!*-@_ n] /fhfnfO{ ‘/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfxdf ;]gf ;~rfngÚ ug]{ zlQm k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . t/ k|wfgdGqLsf] ;Nnfxdf ;]gf ;~rfng ug]{ /fhfsf] clwsf/nfO{ clgjfo{ xf]Og egL unt 9+un] JofVof ul/of] . zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf kl/rfngsf] k|Zgdf /fhfsf] cfkm\gf] ljj]sn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ jf:tljs ;/sf/ k|d'vsf] clwsf/dfly xfjL eof] . of] cEof;n] lgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{sf/L clwsf/nfO{ cjd"Nog u¥of] .

zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ljb|f]x bafpg] sfo{df nufpg /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ cfjZos ePsf] TfYon] s] ;+s]t u5{ eg] /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;/sf/sf] d'Vo rf;f]sf] ljifo xf]Og . ha ;+s6 cfof] /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ k|wfgdGqLsf] gLltlgdf{0f ug]{ lgsfosf ¿kdf a]sDdf ;fljt eof] . /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] ;'emfjsf] ;]gfåf/f ul/Psf] c:ki6 k|ltsf/ / /fhfåf/f k|of]u ul/Psf] ;]gf kl/rfng;DaGwL ljz]if clwsf/n] /fli6«o ;'/Iff clwsf/sf] -gLltlgdf{0f ug]{ c+u_ ;fGble{stfnfO{ gi6 u¥of] .

bkmf !!( / bkmf !@) sf] b'?kof]u

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] bkmf !!(-!_ n] ;]gf /fhfnfO{ ;'Dkg] sfd u¥of] / /fhfsf] zlQmnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ /flvPsf] bkmf !!(-@_ nfO{ /fhfn] nTofOlbP . bkmf !!(-!_ eG5 æ/fhf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf k/d ;]gfklt x'g\ .Æ To;kl5sf] bkmf !!(-@_ eG5, …/fhfn] k|wfgdGqLsf] ;'emfjdf zfxL g]kfnL ;]]gfsf ;]gfkltnfO{ lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .’ cem} ;]gf /fhf dx]Gb|n] nfu" u/]sf] !(%( sf] ;}lgs P]gåf/f zfl;t x'g]5 . of] ;}lgs P]gdf k|wfg;]gfklt ;/sf/k|lt xf]Og /fhfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] / of] cj:yf !(() kl5 klg cfwf/e"t ¿kdf kl/jt{g ePg . ;]gfn] /fhfnfO{ /fli6«o Pstf / :yfloTjsf] k|tLssf ¿kdf x]g]{ k/Dk/f /lx/Xof] . o;sf] cfbZf{ æ/fhelQm xfd|f] zlQmÆ -/fhfk|lt em'sfj x'g' Gf} zlQmsf] ;|f]t xf]_ xf] eGg] lyof] . /Iff;DaGwL ;a} ;+j]bgzLn ljifox¿, h:t}, xftxltof/ vl/b, n]lˆ6g]G6, sg]{nb]lv

241

dflysf] kbf]Gglt, ljb]zl:yt b'tfjf;x¿df ;}lgs ;xrf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, gofF Aof/]sx¿sf] :yfkgf / ;z:q ;]gfx¿sf] lj:tf/, ;a} /fhb/af/df g} 6+'uf] nufOGYof] . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf]] wf/f !() n] b/af/nfO{ ;]gf lgo'lQm ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] lyof] t/ of] clwsf/ dlGqd08nsf] ;'emfjdf dfq} /fhfn] cEof; ug{ ;Sby] . ;+ljwfgsf] pNn+3g ub}{ /fhfn] o; cfjZostfsf] a]jf:tf u/] . /fhfsf] o; sbdsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf r'gf}tL lbOof] / cbfntn] /fhfsf] clwsf/ dlGqd08nsf] ;'emfjdf cEof; ul/g'kYof]{ eGof] . b'ef{Uojz ;+ljwfgsf]] csf]{ k|fjwfgn] ubf{ cbfntn] /fhf / dlGqkl/ifb\aLr s] ePsf] lyof] eg]/ cg';Gwfg ug{ g;Sg] eof] .

;'/Iff gLltsf] cefj

/fli6«o ;'/IffgLltsf] lgSof}{n ug{ ;/sf/n] ;'/Iff;DaGwL g s'g} Zj]tkq k|sfzg u¥of] g t ;'/Iff d"Nof+sg ;ldlt g} u7g u¥of] . t;y{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt cw'/f] ¿kdf kl/eflift eP/ /lx/Xof] . jf:tjdf !(() sf] k|hftflGqs sfndf /Iff dGqfnonfO{ /fli6«o ;'/IffgLltsf] lgdf{0f ug{ slxNo} k|of]u ul/Pg . g t /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltx¿ g} lgdf{0f ug{ k|of]u ul/of] jf /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf ;Defljt vt/fx¿nfO{ g} klxrfg ul/of] .

;]gfdfly ljwflosL lg/If0fsf] cefj

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+;bdf cfly{s, n]vf, dfgjclwsf/ / k//fi6« ;DaGwsf ;ldltx¿ cfjZos dfg]sf] 5 . oL ;ldltx¿n] sfo{sf/Lk|lt va/bf/L ug]{ / ;/sf/sf] ;~rfngnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ;'emfj lbg]5g\ . jf:tjdf /fHo Joj:yf ;ldlt /Iff, u[x / dlxnfdfldnf ;DaGwL lhDd]jf/ OsfO{ xf] . t/ /Iff / ;'/Iff;DaGwL ljifox¿df ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿n] lg/If0fsf] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|of]u k|efjsf/L ¿kdf u/]sf] pbfx/0f 5}gg\ . tL ;ldltx¿ sfo{sf/LnfO{ lgoGq0f / lgb]{zg ug{ c;kmn eP / ltgLx¿sf] e"ldsf k"0f{ ;+;bn] kfl/t u/]/ k7fPsf] ljw]osx¿sf] d"Nof+sg / 5nkmn ug{df g} ;Lldt eof] . ;ldltx¿n]] 6gsk'/ afFwsf] d'2f / ef/t;Fu !((^ df x:tfIf/ u/L kfl/t ul/Psf] dxfsfnL ;lGw h:tf lg0ff{os ljifox¿nfO{ a]jf:tf u¥of] .

;/sf/df /x]sf /fhgLlt1 / /fli6«o ljwfosn] ;]gf / ;}Go dfdnf;Fu ;DalGwt ;++j]bgzLn ljifox¿nfO{ a]jf:tf u/] lsgeg] cfGtl/s ;'/Iff u[xdGqL / /Iff dGqfnosf] lhDdf xf] / /Iff dGqfnosf] lhDdf ;]gfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] EfGg] pgLx¿n] dx;'; u/] . ;'/Iff / /Iff;DaGwL ah]6af/] 5nkmn eO/x]sf] a]nf ljwfosx¿n] g l;Sg g} vf]h] g t afXo ljz]if1tf g} vf]h] . @))! :f+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ffkl5 ;'/Iff;DaGwL ljw]os /fhgLlt1x¿n] kof{Kt Wofg glbO{ kfl/t u/] . pgLx¿n] s'g} k|Zg g} gu/L vf; p2]Zosf nflu ;fdflhs If]qnfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] ;fwg–;|f]t ;'/Iff If]qdf x:tfGt/0f u/] .

dfly elgPsf s]xL sdLsdhf]/L sdhf]/ /fHosf cfofdx¿af6 k|ToIf¿kdf hGd]sf x'g\ . ha ;/sf/n] /fHo gLlt agfpg ;lqmo e"ldsf v]Nb}g, lgu/fgL ug]{ lgsfon] a9L zlQmsf] k|of]unfO{ /f]Sg ;Sb}g / ha /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] u}/lhDd]jf/ sfo{ u5{ ta ;/sf/n] ;+j}wflgs lgoGq0f ug]{ Ifdtf u'dfpF5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;ldltx¿sf] sfo{snfknfO{ sfo{sfl/0fLn] cfkm\gf]


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lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/dflysf] cgfjZos x:tIf]k xf] eGg] ;f]Rg ;SbYof] . k'g:yf{lkt ;bgsf ;efd'v ;'jf; g]Djfª / n]vf ;ldltsf k"j{ cWoIfsf cg';f/ cfly{s lxgfldgfdf pRr ;}lgs clwsf/Lsf] ;+nUgtf;DaGwL n]vf ;ldltsf] 5fglag sfo{ k|wfgdGqL -hf] /Iff dGqL klg lyP_ sf]] k|ToIf x:tIf]kdf :yug ul/Psf] lyof] .

@))! sf] h'nfO{df k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] n]vf ;ldltnfO{ ;Nnfx lbP M …;'/IffsdL{x¿nfO{ cg';Gwfg / aofgsf nflu ;ldlt;fd' af]nfP/ ;f:tL glbOof];\ .Ú pgn] ;ldltnfO{ of] klg eg] M ;]gf, k|x/L / u'Ktr/ k|d'vx¿nfO{ xtf]T;flxt ug{ /f]lsof];\ . cem Ps sbd cufl8 a9]/ ;ldltx¿n] cfˆgf] ;Ldf gf3]/ ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ If]qleq x:tIf]k u/]sf 5g\ eg]/ cf/f]k ;d]t nufP . o;/L ;+;bsf] e"ldsf / sfo{nfO{ ;w}+ :jo+ ;/sf/åf/f cjd"Nog ul/of] . tyflk of] ;/sf/ ;+;bLo k|0ffnLsf] ;+;bs} pkh lyof] -Joj:yflksf ;DaGwL kl/R5]bdf x]g'{xf];\_ .

xfnsf 36gfrqmx¿

;]gfdfly /fhfsf] lgoGq0f ;dfKt

bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngkZrft k'gM:yflkt k|ltlglw;efn] /fhfsf] zlQmsf] cfwf/e"ld vf]:of] . of] cfwf/e"ld ;}lgs kmf}h lyof] . !* d] @))^ df ;bgn] zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gf eGGf] / /fhfnfO{ lbOPsf] k/d ;]gflwkltsf] kbjL vf]:g] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . ;]gf kl/rfng;DaGwL ;a} ljifo ;+;båf/f ul7t ljz]if ;ldltdf k|:t't / kfl/t ul/g'kg]{ / ;]gf ;dfj]zL / /fli6«o ;+:yf x'g'kg]{ eGg]] 3f]if0ff klg ;bgn] u¥of] .

/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\;DaGwL cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf kl/jt{gx¿

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf dGqLx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ u7g ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /fVof] . /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfxadf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\n] ;]gfnfO{ lgoGq0f, k|of]u / kl/rfng ug{;S5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf s]xL k|fjwfgn] ;]gfnfO{ k|hftfGqLs/0f ug]{ / cem a9L ;dfj]zL agfpg'k5{ eg]sf] 5 .

;]gfsf pRr clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ Joj:yflksfk|lt hjfkmb]xL agfOof]

/fhgLlts ;dLs/0fdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ;+;bLo n]vf ;ldltsf] pk;ldltn] pRr ;}lgs clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ @# s/f]8 ?k}ofFsf] clgoldttf ;DaGwL hfFra'em u/]sf] 5 . of] s'/f n]vfk/LIfssf] ;fj{hlgs k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

;+s6sfn 3f]]if0ff;DaGWfL k|fjwfgx¿df kl/jt{g

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff;DaGwL kl/j]zsf ;DaGwdf s'g} kl/jt{g u/]sf] 5}g . t/ ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff Ps dlxgfleq Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k]z ul/;s]kl5 dfq sfof{Gjog

243

x'g]5 . of] cGtl/d Joj:yflksfaf6 kfl/t x'g'kg]{5 / # dlxgfsf nflu nfu" x'g]5 . clxn] dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff ug]{ zlQm 5 .

eljZosf nflu ;'emfjx¿

gful/s / ;]gf;Fu ;DalGwt /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf gLltx¿ / ljifox¿sf] k'gJof{Vof ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿n] n]Vg] gofF ;+ljwfgdf x'g]5 . clxn] /fhf;Fu s'g} zlQm 5}g . cfwf/e"t ¿kdf /fi6«df gofF kl/l:ylt hGd]sf] 5 . zfl;tx¿sf] lxtsf nflu ;'/Iff ;+oGqnfO{ ;fFrf] k|hftflGqs lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;lsg] ;Defjgfsf 9f]sfx¿ v'n]sf 5g\ . To;}n] of] cWofon] /fi6«df ;'/Iff s;/L ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ s]nfpF5 . o;n] ;'/Iff kmf}h lgodgsf] cGt/f{li6«o dfgsnfO{ x]5{ / ;'/Iffdf s;/L a9LeGbf a9L gful/s lgoGq0f / hjfkmb]lxtf Nofpgsf nflu ljleGg /fi6«n] s'g–s'g pkfo cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ To;sf] hfFr ub{5 . oL ;a} sbdx¿ ljZjsf s'g} klg ;+ljwfgdf kfOFb}g . ToxfF :ki6 ¿kdf ;+ljwfgdf ;'/Iff;DaGwL w]/} ljj/0fx¿ ;dfj]z gug]{ ts{x¿ klg 5g\ . oL ;a} lj:t[t tof/Lx¿ ;Gtf]ifhgs ePgg\ eg] tL k|fjwfgx¿ kl/jt{g ug{ ufx|f] x'g]5 .

dfgj ;'/Iff

olb gofF ;+ljwfgdf gLlt lgb]{zs l;4fGt;DaGWfL Pp6f kl/R5]b 5 eg] ToxfF k|x/L / ;fd''bflos k|x/LnfO{ k|;:t ;fwg;|f]t lbg] Joj:yfh:tf ljifox¿ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ s]xL cfw'lgs ;+ljwfgx¿n] sfg'gL ¿kdf nfu" ug{ g;lsg] lgb]{zsLo l;4fGtx¿ ;dfj]z u/fpg vf]h]sf 5}gg\ . h:tf], …hLjgsf] clwsf/ÚnfO{ ;'/Iff If]q ;d]6\g] u/L JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o:tf] /fHosf] bfloTjnfO{ kf/Dkl/s ¿kdf /fHon] cfˆgf hgtfnfO{ ;sf/fTds lsl;dn] ;+/If0f k|bfg ug'{k5{ eg]/ xf]Og ls /fHon] cfˆgf hgtf dfg{ kfpFb}g eg]/ a'lemG5 . t/ xfn}sf s]xL 36gfx?df dfgjclwsf/sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;/sf/ / k|x/Llj?4 pgLx¿n] dflg;sf] lhpg] clwsf/ xgg x'g glbg ;sf/fTds sbd rfNg g;s]sf] EfGb} Ifltk"lt{sf nflu d'2f xflnPsf] 5 . h:tf], ef/tLo cbfntn] hLjg clwsf/sf] ts{nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ k|x/LnfO{ s]xL cg';Gwfg ug{ nufPsf] 5 . o:tf pbfx/0fx¿ a+unfb]znufot cGo /fi6«df klg 5g\ .

cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x¿

;'/Iff kmf}h / To;sf] Jojxf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df w]/} dfgs / dfu{bz{g agfOPsf 5g\ . w]/}h;f] ;+ljwfgx¿df ;'/Iff kmf}hx¿, ltgLx¿sf] e"ldsf / lgoGq0fsf af/]df s]xL k|fjwfgx¿ x'G5g\ . of] ;fdfGotM ;'/Iff kmf}hdfly ;/sf/sf] / ;/sf/dfly ;'/Iff kmf}hsf] lgoGq0fsf] k|Zgdfq xf]Og oL b'O{ kIfaLr ljZjf; lgdf{0f ug]{ k|Zg klg xf] . h:tf], o'Pgl8kLsf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bgn] ;zSt ¿kdf ;'/Iff kmf}hx¿dfly gful/ssf] lgoGq0fsf ;DaGwdf ts{ k|:t't ub{5 . o;n] of] klg ;+s]t u5{ ls gful/s lgoGq0fsf] cefjdf ;'/Iff kmf}hx¿ cToGt uf]Ko ¿kdf sfd ug]{ u5{g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{k|lt hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;lsFb}g .


ftGq

244

;'/Iff kmf}h hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'Fb}g eg] /Iffdf ul/Psf] /sd ljlgof]hg ;fwf/0f dflg;n] ;f]r]eGbf w]/} a9L x'g;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;'/Iffvr{ clgolGqt ¿kdf a9\5 / e|i6frf/nfO{ lgDTofpF5 . ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;fwgx¿sf] vl/b e|i6frf/ x'g] k|d'v 7fpF xf] . o'Pgl8kLsf] k|ltj]bgn] ;''/IffIf]qdf k|hftflGqs zf;gsf nflu lgDg ;'emfj lbG5 M ;/sf/sf] cGo c+un] h:t} of] If]qn] klg ;fj{hlgs If]q Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtsf] kfngf ug'{kb{5 . t/ /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ ;'xfpFbf] uf]Kotfsf ;;fgf ;dfof]hg of] If]qn] ug{ ;Sb5 . of] k|ltj]bgn] gful/s clwsf/Lx¿ / ;'/Iff kmf}hx¿aLr /fd|f];Fu JoQm ul/Psf] clwsf/sf] >]0fL cfjZos 5 eG5 .

g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfgdf oL ;a} ljrf/x¿ ;fdfGo k|fjwfgsf ¿kdf s;/L ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 < xfdLn] x]g{ ;Sg] ;+ljwfg blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfg xf] . of] ;+ljwfgdf cfkm\gf] ;'/Iff kmf}hdf nfu" x'g] ;fwf/0f l;4fGt ;+nUg u/fOPsf] 5 . blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfgsf oL / cGo k|fjwfgx¿af6 lgDg l;4fGt Nofpg ;lsG5 M

;'/Iff kmf}h /fhgLlts ¿kn] t6:y x'g'kb{5 .

gful/s lgolGqt ;'/Iff kmf}h x'g'kb{5 .

Pp6f cflwsfl/s ;'/Iff kmf}hdfq x'g'kb{5 .

;'/Iff kmf}hn] sfg'gsf] zf;g, k|hftGq / dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 .

;'/Iff kmf}h kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL x'g'kb{5 .

ljwflosfn] ;'/Iff kmf}hnfO{ lgodg ug'{kb{5 .

;'/Iff kmf}hn] u}/sfg'gL cfb]z kfngf ug'{x'“b}g .

;'/Iff kmf}hn] /fli6«o ;Dk|e'tfsf] /Iff ug'{kb{5 / ;+s6sfndf ;3fpg'kb{5 .

;'/Iff kmf}h cg'zfl;t / b]zeQm x'g'kb{5 .

;]gf

w]/}h;f] /fi6«df /fi6«k|d'v g} ;]gfsf] ;]gfklt x'g] rng 5 . of] rng /fhfn] cfkm\gf] g]t[Tjdf ;]gfnfO{ n8fOFdf n}hfg] kfnfb]lv /lxcfPsf] 5 . cfh of] kbjLsf] cf}krfl/s dxTjdfq 5, ljz]ifu/L cfn+sfl/s /fHo k|d'vx¿n] of] kbjL lnPsf 5g\ eg] . cd]l/sf h:tf /fHodf hxfF /fi6«klt ;]gf k|d'vsf] ¿kdf oy]:6 clwsf/ /fV5g\ ToxfF klg pgsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;Lldt t'NofOPsf] 5 — ;'/Iff kmf}hsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ /sdsf nflu s+u|];df e/ kg'{kg]{ agfP/ / ;]]gf a9fpg] clwsf/ s+u|];nfO{ dfq lbP/ . /fHok|d'v / s+u|];aLrsf] clwsf/ ;Gt'ng ;]gfdfly gful/s lgoGq0f /fVg / gful/s lgoGq0fsf] b'?kof]u x'gaf6 hf]ufpg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . tyflk g]kfndf !(() kl5 /fhfn] vf; cy{df ;fFrf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

245

hals ;+ljwfgn] o:tf] zlQm lbg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyPg .

;]gfdflysf] lgoGq0faf/] ;+ljwfgn] ljleGg s'/f eG5g\ . s;}n] clwsf+z ;j{;fwf/0f / s]xL /fhgLlt1 ;b:o ePsf lg/LIf0f lgsfosf] e"ldsf ls6fg u5{g\ . h:tf], 3fgfdf o:tf]] lgsfo;Fu /fi6«kltnfO{ ;'/Iff zlQmdf x'g] lgo'lQmx¿sf af/]df ;Nnfx lbg] lhDd]jf/L 5 -pgLx¿sf] ;'emfj lng}kg]{5_ . t/ ;]jf k|d'vx¿sf] lgo'lQm -h'g /fi6«kltåf/f w]/} ;b:o ePsf] /fli6«o kl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfxadf]lhd x'G5_ ubf{ eg] of] nfu" x'Fb}g . o:tf] lgsfon] ;'/Iff / /0fgLlt gLltnufot ;'/Iff kmf}hsf] e"ldsf, ;}lgs ah]6, cy{ / k|zf;g tyf n]lˆ6g]G6 / sg{]neGbf dfly a9'jf ug'{kg]{ ;DaGwdf klg of] lgsfon] /fi6«kltnfO{ ;'emfj lbG5 . /, o;n] kmf}hsf] ;+/rgf;DaGwL ljwfg klg tof/ kf5{ . blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfg ;fwf/0f efiffdf eG5, ‘ax'bnLo ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿n] ;'/Iff ;]jfnfO{ lg/LIf0f ug}{k5{ .’

k|x/L

g]kfndf *@ xhf/ k|x/L 5g\ . o;nfO{ g]kfnL hg;+Vof;Fu t'ngf ug]{ xf] eg] hgtf / k|x/Lsf] cg'kft #)%M! x'G5 . $)) hgtf a/fa/ ! hgf k|x/L x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;+o'Qm /fi6«sf] lgb]{lzsfcg';f/ of] cg'kft plrt 5 . t/ *@ xhf/dWo] aL; xhf/ ;z:q andf 5g\ / tLdWo] afx| xhf/ t sf7df8f}+df cjl:yt 5g\ . o;af6 s] yfxf x'G5 eg] /fi6«sf s]xL efudf lgoldt ck/fw lgoGq0fsf nflu k|x/Lsf] pkl:ylt ck'u 5 .

k|x/L / ;d'bfoaLr ljZjf; l;h{gf ug{sf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t df]8]ndf k|x/L kmf}h lgdf{0f ul/P klg zlQmzfnL ;De|fGtx¿n] k|x/Lkmf}hnfO{ ck/fwLs/0f u/]sf sf/0f hgtfsf] k|x/Lk|ltsf] wf/0ff Psbd} gsf/fTds 5 . k|x/LnfO{ t cem ck/fwLnfO{ sfg'gL bfo/fdf Nofpg xf]Og ls /fhgLlts ljdlt, gful/s cj1f cfGbf]ng / ljkIfL /fhgLlt bdg ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . @))! df dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ u7g ul/Psf] ;z:q k|x/L annfO{ lx+;f / ljWj+; lgoGq0f ug]{ k|x/Lsf ¿kdf x]l/of] / ;Qf;Lglj?4 ePsf k|bz{g lgoGq0f ug]{ sfddf k|of]u ul/of] .

ljleGg k|sf/sf cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08n] k|x/Ln] pRr:t/sf] lgi7f sfod ug'{kg]{, uf]klgotfsf] clwsf/, dfgjclwsf/ / dfgjLo dof{bfsf] ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{, kf/bZfL{ / hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{ Hf:tf s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . tL dfkb08n] zlQm k|of]u ug'{k¥of] eg] klg kl/l:ylt x]/]/ ug'{kg]{ / uf]nLuÝfsf] k|of]u r/d cj:yfdf dfq ug'{k5{ klg EfG5g\ . olb s'g} k|x/LnfO{ o:tf] cj:yfdf sfo{ ug'{k/] pgLx¿nfO{ kfl/>lds / k|;:t ;fwg;|f]t / tflnd k|bfg ul/of];\ . t/ o:tf dfkb08cg'';f/ sfo{ ug{ k|x/Ln] /fd|} kfl/>lds, oy]:6 ;|f]t / tflnd kfpg'k5{ .

pRr k|fyldstf lbg'kg]]{ csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ If]q xf], egf{ . g]kfndf egf{ k|lqmof gftfjfb–s[kfjfbsf] ;+:s[lt / /fhgLlts cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ lbg] sfo{af6 u|:t 5 . o:fn] vfnL e|i6 k|x/L zlQmsf] l;h{gf u5{ . a'l4dfgL egf{ eGgfn] k'ln; kmf];{sf] cfjZostf k"lt{ x'g] u/L sd{rf/Lsf] egf{ ug'{ eGg] hgfpF5 . h:tf], dflg; h'g k|x/L ann] cfkm"nfO{ a'em\5 eGg] 7fG5g\, ToxL k|x/L annfO{


ftGq

246

g} ljZjf; ug]{ x'gfn] dlxnf ;+nUg zflGt ;'Joj:yf;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ dlxnf k|x/Lx¿ egf{ ul/g'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ dlxnfn] cfkm"lj?4 ePsf] lx+;fsf] l/kf]6{ ug]{ ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .

afXo lgoGq0faf6 w]/} :jtGqtf k|fKt ug]{ / TfTsfnLg ;/sf/nfO{ cRffSNfL rfKn';L ug]{ b'O{ ljk/Lt s'/fsf] vt/faf6 k|x/L hf]lug'kb{5 . ;/sf/n] sfg'g / ;+ljwfgsf l;4fGtx¿nfO{ kfngf ul//fv]sf] l:yltdf k|x/Ln] k|To]s ;/sf/;Fu ;dfg k|lta4tf /fvL ;]jf u/f];\ egL cfzf /flvG5 . k|x/LnfO{ /fhgLlts lgoGq0faf6 cnu /fVg w]/} /fi6«x¿n] :jtGq k|x/L ;]jf kl/ifb\ u7g u/]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf k|x/Lx¿ kl/ifb\x¿n] k|x/LnfO{ /fhgLlts lgoGq0faf6 cnu /fVg vf]Hb5g\ / k|x/Lsf] lgo'lQm / kbf]Ggltsf nflu of]Uotfsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ sfd ub{5g\ .

hgtf / k|x/LaLrsf] ;DaGw w]/} tl/sfaf6 alnof] agfpg ;lsG5 . h:t}, hgtf ;lDdlnt ;Nnfxsf/ PsfO{x¿sf] u7g u/]/, ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr x'g] k|x/Lsf nflu cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f / k|x/L lg/If0f ug{sf nflu lgsfo u7g u/]/ . h:tf], xfn;fn} ul/Psf ;'wf/kl5 pQ/L cfo/NofG8df k|x/LnfO{ dfgjclwsf/ kfngf ug]{ ;ky v'jfOG5 . k|x/LnfO{ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL tflnd klg lbOG5 / gofF lgu/fgL /fVg] af]8{n] k|x/Ln] dfgjclwsf/ kfngf u/]–gu/]sf] x]b{5 .

k|x/L;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿sf] ;jfndf lj:t[t JofVof ul/Psf k|fjwfgx¿ /fVg Tolt pko'Qm x'Fb}g . tyflk k|x/LnfO{ nfu" x'g] a[xt\ l;4fGt eg] ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . s]xL ;+ljwfgx¿df k|x/Lsf e"ldsfsf af/]df ;fwf/0f syg x'G5g\ . h:tf] ls blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfgsf] @)%-#_ sf] wf/fcg';f/ k|x/L ;]jfsf] p2]Zo ck/fwnfO{ /f]Sg', ck/fwlj?4 n8\g' / ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg u/L hgJoj:yfsf] sfod ug'{Ù /fi6«sf hgtf / pgLx¿sf] wgsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ug'{Ù / sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{ nufpg' xf] .

;+ljwfgdf /fVg ;lsg] ljz]if k|fjwfgx¿ k|x/Llj?4 cfpg] ph'/L x]g]{ lgsfo -h:tf], blIf0f clk|msL k|x/L u'gf;f] cfof]u, h'g ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] eP klg ;+j}wflgs c+u xf]Og_ h:t} ;j{;fwf/0f;Fu ;Dks{ :yfkgf ug]{ k|x/L lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . k|x/Ln] ug]{ uf]Ko sf/afxL P]gn] lgb]{lzt u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 / To;n] dfgjclwsf/ dfkb08 kfngf u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . hgtfsf] hLjgdf x:tIf]k ug]{ csf{sf] kmf]g u'Kt ¿kdf ;'Gg] Hf:tf sfo{ ug{ k|x/LnfO{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/dfly gful/s lg/If0f x'g] s'/f klg k|fjwfgdf pNn]v x'g'kb{5 .

u'Ktr/ ;]jfx¿

ck/fwLx¿n] k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf cTofw'lgs pkfox¿ / ;'/Iff vt/fsf sf/0f clxn] w]/}h;f] ;dfhdf lgu/fgL ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . Tfyflk hgtfn] cfkm"n] sfg'g tf]8]sf] jf tf]8\g ;S5 eGg] z+sf ul/Pdf dfq cfkm\gf] lgHfL hLjgsf] lg/If0f ug{ kfOG5 eGg] ;f]Rg kfpF5g\ .

247

hxfF;Dd ;Dej x'G5 3/]n' hf;';Lsf ;"rgfx¿sf] ;+sng sfo{ dfgjclwsf/sf l;4fGtx¿af6 lgb]{lzt x'g}k5{ . ;Dej eP;Dd lghL hLjgsf] pNn+3g Go'g x'g'kb{5 . olb lgjf;sf] uf]klgotf jf JolQmut ;~rf/df x:tIf]k x'G5 eg] ToxfF cjnf]sg ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . u'Kt ;'rgf ;+sng sfo{ sfg'g nfu" ug]{ s'/f / /fhgLltaf6 5'l§g'kb{5 eGg] ;'emfj klg lbOPsf] 5 . w]/} /fi6«x¿;Fu u'Ktr/ ;]jfx¿nfO{ cjnf]sg ug]{ ltgLx¿sf] ah]6 5nkmn ug]{ ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿ 5g\ .

;'rgf ;+sng ug]{ OsfO{x?nfO{ lg/If0f ug{ gful/s lgsfo agfpFbf g]kfnn] w]/} df]8nnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg ;S5 . Sofgf8f;Fu leGg–leGg Dofg8]6 k|fKt w]/} lgsfo 5g\ . o:tf lgsfocGtu{t 7"N7"nf kf6L{sf g]tfx¿;Fusf] ;Nnfxkl5 k|wfgdGqLsf] ;'emfjdf lgo'Qm x'g] kfFr ;b:o ePsf] ;]So'l/6L OlG6lnh]G; l/Eo' sld6L kb{5 . a]nfotdf u'Ktr/ / ;'/Iff ;ldltdf b'j} ;bgsf ;b:ox¿ x'G5g\ . oL ;b:onfO{ k|wfgdGqLn] ;'/Iff / u'Ktr/L ;ldltx¿sf] sfo{ cjnf]sg ug{ ljkIfL bnsf g]tfx¿sf] ;/;Nnfxdf lgo'Qm ub{5g\ . Tof] sfg'gL ;ldlt xf] / o;sf] clwsf/ ;+;bn] 5fg]sf] ;ldltsf] clwsf/sf] a/fa/ x'Fb}g . a]nfot;Fu gful/s u'Ktr/ ;]jf kl/ifb\ 5 . o;n] s]xL clwsf/x¿sf] k|of]usf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ub{5 . c:6«]lnofdf ;+;bLo ;ldltn] u'Ktr/ ;]jfx¿sf] k|zf;g / vr{ a]xf]g]{ sfo{sf]] d"Nof+sg ub{5 . ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ -dGqL xf]Ogg\_ ljkIfL bnsf g]tf;Fu 5nkmn ePkl5 k|wfgdGqLsf] ;Nnfxdf lgo'Qm x'G5g\ . o; ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿n] ;'/Iff ;kmfO k|fKt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 / ;ldltn] /fli6«o :jfy{sf nflu xflgsf/s x'g] ;'rgfx¿ k|sfzdf Nofpg' kb}{g . oL ljleGg k|fjwfgx¿ ;+ljwfgx¿df kfOFb}gg\ .

w]/} ;+ljwfgx¿n] u'Ktr/ ;]jf;DaGwL s]xL ljz]if s'/f eg]sf x'Fb}gg\ . t/ s]xL ckjfbx¿ 5g\ . h:tf], blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfgn] k|To]s u'Ktr/ ;]jfsf] k|d'v lgo'Qm ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 / /fi6«klt jf dlGqd08nsf] ;b:on] u'Ktr/ ;]jfsf] lgoGq0fsf] /fhgLlts lhDd]jf/L lng} kb{5 . To:t}, Joj:yflksfn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] Ps hgf lg/LIfssf] ;]jfsf ultljlwx¿nfO{ ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ bfloTj x'G5 .

;+s6sfnsf] cj:yf

;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ k|fjwfg ;fF3'/f] ¿kdf /flvg'k5{ . of] :ki6 x'g} kb{5 ls slxn] ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ ;lsG5 / s;af6 ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+s6sfnnfO{ /fli6«o Joj:yflksfaf6 cg'df]bg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf ;fjwfgLsf ¿kdf w]/} ;+ljwfgdf /flVfG5 -/ ;+;b lj36g u/]/ of] cfjZostfnfO{ 5Ng ;/sf/nfO{ ;Dej 5}g . h:tf] ljutdf g]kfndf ul/of]_ . Joj:yflksfsf] cg'df]bgsf] gjLs/0f gu/Lsg ;+s6sfnnfO{ nDAofpg cg'dlt lbg' xF'b}g . ;+s6sfnsf ;dodf lnOg] sbdx¿nfO{ afwf xfNg ;Sg] u/L o:tf] cg'df]bg ug]{ cfjZostfsf] k|Zg ;w}+ p7fpg' xF'b}g . ;+s6sfnsf a]nf x'g] dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g ;s];Dd Go"Gf x'g'k5{ / ;+s6sfnn] lbg] clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u u/]/ dfgjclwsf/nfO{ lgnDag ug{ glbg s'g} ;+oGqsf]


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Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . s]xL /fi6«x¿n] ;+s6sfndf y'gfdf k/]sfx¿sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt xf];\ / ;+s6sfnsf] clwsf/sf] / To;sf] k|of]usf] ;'kl/j]If0f xf];\ eg]/ ljz]if cfof]usf] u7g u/]sf 5g\ .

cbftn / ;'/Iff kmf}h

;fdfGo ¿kdf ;'/Iff kmf}hn] cGo gful/s;/x sfg'gsf] kfngf ug'{kb{5 . ;}lgs cg'zf;g

sfod ug{ leGb} ;}lgs cbfnt :yfkgf ug'{ ;fdfGo k|rng xf] . t/ cfhef]ln ;}lgs d'2fnfO{

;}lgs cbfntdf dfq} x]g]{ ul/Fb}g / cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08n] klg o:t} x'g'k5{ eG5 . ;'/Iff

kmf}Hfn] u/]sf dfgjclwsf/ xggsf d'2fx¿ ;fdfGo sfg'gcGtu{t ;fdfGo cbfntdf x]g{

yflnPsf] 5 .

!(() sf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;}Go cbfntnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/nfO{

;Lldt u¥of] t/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] To:tf] ub}{g . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/

cfof]un] ;}lgs–P]gcGtu{t d'2fdf s]xL ug{ kfpFb}g eg] klg of] k|fjwfg dfgjclwsf/

b'?kof]usf ;DaGwdf nfu" xF'b}g eg]sf] 5 . oL b'j} /fd|f kIf x'g\ .

;'/Iffsf cGo kIfx¿

a[xt\ ¿kdf kl/eflift ug'{kg]{ ;'/Iffsf w]/} kIfx¿ 5g\ . ;Ldf ;'/Iff, EfG;f/ clws[t

/ aGbLu[x;DaGwL d'2f ;+ljwfgdf /fVg ;lsG5 . lghL ;'/Iff sDkgL / xftxltof/sf]

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;fdfGo l;4fGt klg ;+ljwfgdf /fVg ;lsG5 .

;'/Iff kmf}h / ;+3Lotf

olb g]kfn ;+3Lo /fHo aGof] eg] ;/sf/sf] s'g txn] ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfg'g agfpg] clwsf/

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cGodf /fHo k|b]zx¿n] cfkm\gf] 5'6\6} k|x/L an /fVg kfpF5g\ .

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a[xt\ zflGt ;Demf}tf / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnsf] åGåsf] Oltxf;af6 hGd]sf k|ZgnfO{

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249

hgtfnfO{ ;'/Iff ;}lgsx¿nfO{ eljiodf s:tf] e"ldsf lbg] eGg] ;DaGwdf ;f]Rg] cj;/ k|bfg

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/fv]sf 5g\ .

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o; cWofodf :jtGq ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf jf ;+j}wflgs ljj]rgf, ;+/If0fsf/L ;+oGq tyf ;+j}wflgs ;+zf]wgh:tf ;+ljwfgsf] :j¿kdf k|efj kfg]{ tTj tyf o;sf p2]Zo s]–s;/L k"/f ug{ ;lsG5, ;f]af/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .

;+ljwfgsf] ;kmntfsf] d"Nof+sg

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;+ljwfg lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog

g]kfnsf] Pp6f ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg ;+ljwfg;efn] ;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{;"rLnfO{ ;fsf/ ¿k lbg] ;+ljwfgsf] 9f“rf tof/ kfg{ ;Snf ls g;Snf eGg] g} xf] . ;+ljwfg;DaGwL kl5Nnf] af}l4s dfGotfn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{, ;fob clws cfzfjfbL 9+un], Ps lj1fgdf kl/0ft ug]{ p2]Zo lnG5 . t/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ Pp6f lj1fg xf] eg] o;sf l;4fGt / pks/0f

253

s] x'g\ t < ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf sDtLdf klg b'O{j6f cfofd 5g\ . tL x'g\ — ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f tyf ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog . o;cl3sf cWofodf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] hf“r ug'{sf ;fy} o; k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutfsf] dxTjaf/] a9L lj:tf/df ljZn]if0f ul/;lsPsf] 5 .

;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmof ckgfp“bf ;+ljwfgn] j}wtf k|fKt u5{ / hgtfnfO{ ;+ljwfg;DaGwL kof{Kt 1fg x'G5 eGg] bfaL ul/G5 . of] 1fgnfO{ pgLx¿n] ;fj{hlgs dfldnfdf ;xefuL ag]/ cfk\mgf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{sf lglDt k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . To;sf/0f o; cfofdnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] pkof]lutf tyf ;kmntfl;t 3lgi6¿kn] uf“l;Psf] dflgG5 .

;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] xsdf sfof{Gjog, k|a4{g / ;+/If0fh:tf tLgj6f tTjx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ eg]sf] To;sf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ k"0f{ cleJolQm lbg' cyf{t tL k|fjwfgnfO{ k|efjsfl/tf lbg gof“ sfg'g tyf gLltx¿ lgdf{0f ug'{, ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf ug'{ -/ cfk\mgf lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{sf lglDt ltgnfO{ kof{Kt clwsf/ tyf ;|f]t–;fwg k|bfg ug'{_ / gof“ sfg'g tyf gLlt;“u d]n gvfg] sfg'gnfO{ /2 ug'{ xf] .

;+ljwfgsf] k|a4{g ug'{ eg]sf] oL sfg'gx¿ nfu" ug'{, hgtfsf clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg ug'{, ;+j}wflgs dfGotfsf] ljsf; ug'{, ;+:yf / sfg'gsf] zf;gnfO{ lbuf] agfpg', lgoldt¿kn] lgjf{rg u/fpg', Gofo ;'ne agfpg', ;+ljwfgcg'¿k ljjfbsf] l5gf]kmfgf] ug'{ / ;fj{hlgs tyf /fhsLo dfldnfdf hg;xeflutfnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{ xf] .

;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ eg]sf] nf]stGq, ;+ljwfgjfb tyf sfg'gsf] zf;gh:tf d"Noaf6 ljrlnt x'g] u/L ul/g] xr'jf ;+zf]wgx¿af6 ;+ljwfgnfO{ hf]ufpg' xf] . ;+j}wflgs dfGotfnfO{ ljs[t t'Nofpg] ;+zf]wg tyf sfo{ljlwaf6 jf sfg'gsf] dof{bf g/fvLsg ;~rfng ul/g] sfo{ljlwaf6 ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf ;fy} cgfjZos¿kn] ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ xf}:ofpg] vfnsf sfo{ljlwaf6 klg ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . clg s]xL ljz]if dfldnfx¿sf] xsdf, ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ eg]sf] ;}lgs s' h:tf u}/sfg'gL sbdsf] k|of]uåf/f ;+ljwfgnfO{ IftljIft t'NofOg] sfo{af6 arfpg' xf] .

;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog, k|a4{g / ;+/If0f ug{] sfo{df nfu" ul/g] jf o;lglDt l;kmfl/; ul/g] cg]sf}+ ;+j}wflgs pkfo 5g\ -h;af/] kl5 rrf{ ul/g]5_ . t/ clxn] eg] ;+ljwfgsf p2]Zo tyf ljleGg k|fjwfgsf x}l;ot xfl;n ug{ ;+ljwfgsf] bfo/fleq l;kmfl/; ul/g] leGgleGg tl/sf;DaGwL bf];|f] ljifotk{m kms{g' h?/L 5 .

;+ljwfgsf c+ux¿

;+ljwfgsf k|fjwfgnfO{ k|ToIf¿kn] afWosf/L -sfg'gL ;fdYo{o'Qm_ / k|ToIf¿kn] sfof{Gjog gx'g] -l;4fGt, lgb]{lzsf jf gLltsf ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf_ u/L df]6fdf]6L ¿kn] ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . k|ToIf¿kn] sfof{Gjog gx'g] k|fjwfgn] /fHodfly g}lts jf sfg'gL bfloTj;d]t cf/f]k0f ug{ ;S5g\, t/ /fHo ltgsf ;'emfjx¿ sfg'gL k|lqmofåf/f nfu" ug{ afWo eg] x'“b}g .

;+ljwfgs

f] e"ldsf

254

a? ltgsf] kfngf gubf{ lbOg] b08sf] k|s[lt /fhgLlts x'G5 . clwsf/;DaGwL ljw]os k|ToIf¿kn] afWosf/L k|fjwfgsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf], / lgb]{zs l;4fGt jf /fHo;DaGwL gLltrflx“ sfof{Gjog gx'g] k|fjwfgsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

k|foM gof“ ;+ljwfgsf ;Gbe{ / k|of]hgsf] k'g/fj[lQ ug]{ k|:tfjgfnfO{ ljutdf obfsbf sfg'gL b[li6n] afWosf/L gx'g] dflgGYof], t/ cr]n sltko Gofoflwsf/L o;nfO{ afWosf/Lsf ¿kdf jf sDtLdf klg ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ug{ ;xfos x'g] tTjsf ¿kdf x]g]{ u5{g\ . sltko ljZn]ifsx¿ wf/f !!^-!_ nfO{ cl3 ;f/]/ !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfnfO{ afWosf/L dfG5g\ . pQm wf/fnfO{ …;+ljwfgsf] dd{dfly cf3ft kfg{] u/L tof/ kfl/Psf]Ú ;+j}wflgs ;+zf]wgnfO{ lgif]w ug]{ wf/fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

sltko k|fjwfgnfO{ dfu{bz{gsf ¿kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . ;/sf/n] :jljj]sn] oL k|fjwfgcGtu{tsf lgb]{lzsfk|lt k|ltlqmof hgfpg ;S5 . c¿ To:tf k|fjwfg klg x'G5g\ h;sf] clek|fo afWosf/L x'G5 t/ tL afWosf/L aGgsf lglDt yk sfg'g lgdf{0f ug'{ jf k|zf;lgs sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, obfsbf …sfg'gcg'¿kÚ eGg] k|rlnt kbfjnL /fv]/ s'g} klg clwsf/ jf cfr/0fsf] th'{df ul/G5, h;sf] cy{ xf] — ljlzi6, nfu" ul/gof]Uo bfloTjsf] pbo x'g'eGbf klxn] g} s'g} klg sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf x'g;S5 . ;+ljwfgåf/f cf/f]k0f ul/g] clwsf/, bfloTj jf cfr/0fx¿ cGo pbfx/0f x'g\ h;nfO{ ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ :jtGqtf h:tf c¿ lgod jf ;+:yfsf] of]hgfsf/L c+usf ¿kdf dfq nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 .

;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿sf] k|s[ltsf] hf“r ug'{ ltgsf] e]b 5'6\ofpg] csf]{ tl/sf xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, sltko k|fjwfgåf/f clwsf/ / bfloTjsf] th'{df ul/G5 jf cfr/0f;DaGwL lgodx¿ l;kmfl/; ul/G5 eg] cGo k|fjwfgrflx“ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+/rgf tyf x}l;otl;t ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . hg;fwf/0fn] kl5Nnf k|fjwfgnfO{ eGbf cl3Nnf k|fjwfgnfO{ a9L ;lhnf];“u kl/rfng jf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;S5g\ .

s'g} klg k|fjwfgsf] x}l;ot To;df k|of]u ul/g] efiffsf] k|s[ltdfly w]/} dfqfdf lge{/ u5{ . s'g} k|fjwfg k|ToIf¿kn] afWosf/L x'g] xf] eg] To;sf] aofg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] efiff gful/snfO{ / ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof tyf kfngf ug]{ cleef/f lng] kIf, vf; u/]/ GofokflnsfnfO{ oy]i6 dfu{bz{g ug{sf lglDt ;s];Dd d"t{ x'g' h?/L 5 . csf]{lt/, lgb]{zs l;4fGtrflx“ cln v's'nf] efiffdf lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 / tL cfk\mgf] Wjlgdf OR5fd'vL x'g ;S5g\ .

;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg;DaGwL dfly pNn]v ul/Psf Joj:yfn] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ s'g clwsf/, bfloTj, ;+:yf tyf k|lqmof tTsfn nfu" x'g'kb{5 / s'gnfO{ yflt /fVg jf …pknAw ;|f]t–;fwgÚsf cfwf/df nfu" ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af/] lgs} 7"nf] nrstf k|fKt x'G5 . o;k|sf/, pbfx/0fsf nflu, ef/tLo ;+ljwfgn] cfOl/; u0ftGqsf] cg';/0f ub}{ afWosf/L dfgjclwsf/ / nfu" gug{ ;lsg] gLltut lgb]{zgx¿ -h;df ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s clwsf/ ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP_ sfaLr leGgtfsf] /]vf sf]¥of] . hftLo ;fdGh:otfsf lglDt ;fdflhs GofonfO{ clgjfo{ dfGg] blIf0f clk|msfn] eg] ;+ljwfgdf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs clwsf/nfO{ nfu"

255

ul/g] clwsf/sf] sf]6Ldf /fVof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @))& n] oL ljleGg ;Defjgfsf] Jofks¿kn] pkof]u u/]sf] 5 .

;/sf/nfO{ dfu{bz{g ug]{ jf af“Wg] t/ nfu" ug{ eg] afWosf/L gx'g] lgb]{zx¿af/] l;4fGttM s]xL elgP klg Jojxf/n] o:tf lgb]{zx¿ lj/n} nfu" ePsf] b]vfp“5 -g]kfnsf] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf y'k|} k|fjwfg / ef/tsf] cg'ej o; s'/fsf pbfxf/0f x'g\_ . /fhgLlts¿kn] zlQmzfnL ;d"xn] 3/]n' jf cGt/f{li6«o bafasf ;fd' e'ms]/ cfk"mnfO{ dg gkg]{ k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z ug{'sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] tL lgb]{zx¿ nfu" ug{ afWosf/L gx'g] / kl5 uP/ To:tf k|fjwfgnfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ ;lsg] s'/f ltgnfO{ yfxf x'G5 . clg s'g} k|fjwfg afWosf/L x'“bfx'“b} klg To;nfO{ nfu" ug]{ :ki6 pkfo tyf sfo{ljlw x'g jf gx'g klg ;S5g\ -tyflk dfgjclwsf/sf] xsdf eg] ;fdfGotof pkfox¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5_ .

s'g} klg k|fjwfgsf] clek|fonfO{ v'n:t agfpg ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ug{ k|of]u ul/g] tl/sf tyf z}nLdfly ;fjwfgLk"j{s Wofg lbg'kg]{5 -h'g s'/f ;fob cGtl/d ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ubf{ ul/Psf] lyPg_ . ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf b[li6n] ;a} ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿ afWosf/L x'g'k5{ . nrstfk"0f{ k|fjwfg agfpg' cfjZos ePsf] v08df ;+ljwfgdf ;DalGwt k|fjwfg nfu" ug]{ k|fylds bfloTj s;sf] xf], / tL k|fjwfg nfu" ug]{ ;do–tflnsf s] xf] ;f] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ul/g'k5{ -ef/t ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg nfu" ePsf] $) jif{eGbf a9L ;dokl5 klg lgMz'Ns k|fylds lzIff;DaGwL gLltut lgb]{zs l;4fGt pknAw u/fPg oBlk ;/sf/ pQm sfo{ oyf;Dej l56f] ug{ bfloTja4 lyof]_ . /fHon] kf“r jif{kl5 klg s'g} k|fjwfg nfu" ug{ OGsf/ u/]df ;+ljwfgn] pQm k|fjwfg nfu" u/fpg cbfntnfO{ cfk\mgf] Ifdtfsf] bfo/fleq h] ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 ;f]sf] nflu clwsf/ lbg ;SYof] -kk'jf Go' lugLsf] ;+ljwfgdf o; k|sf/sf] k|fjwfg 5_ . vf; k|fjwfgsf] pNn+3g ul/Pdf ;f]sf] pkrf/sf] lglDt s]–s:tf pkfo pknAw x'g] x'g\ ;f] s'/f O+lut ug'{ klg /fd|f] xf] .

dfly /]vf+sg ul/Psf ;'emfjx¿ :ki6tM s]jn v];|f a'“bf xf]Og\ . ;dsfnLg ;+ljwfgx¿ clenfiffd'vL tyf l;kmfl/;d'vL x'g] qmd a9\b} hf“bf ;DefJotf, nrstf tyf sfof{Gjog of]Uotf h:tf ;jfnx¿ ;+uLg ag]sf 5g\, / oL d"ntM /fhgLlts ;jfn ag]sf 5g\ . s]xL b;sotf ;+ljwfgx¿sf] k|s[lt tyf e"ldsfdf dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g cfPsf] x'gfn] oL kl/jt{gn] ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog tyf sfof{Gjog of]Uokgfdf s]–s:tf] k|efj knf{ To;af/] ljrf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 .

;dsfnLg ;+ljwfgx¿sf] k|s[lt tyf e"ldsf

klxn]–klxn]sf ;+ljwfgx¿sf] 9f“rf s'g} Ps ;d'bfo, ju{ jf If]qåf/f ul/g] zf;gsf pks/0fsf ¿kdf lgdf{0f ul/GYof] . oL ;+ljwfgx¿ :jo+n] zf;ssf] k|e'Tjsf] :yfkgf ub}{gy] . To:tf] k|e'Tj t k|foM ansf] k|of]uåf/f ul/GYof] . a? ;+ljwfgsf] sfo{ t s'g} Ps ;d"xsf] k|e'TjnfO{ dfGotf lbg' / To;sf] zf;gsf] sfg'gL cfwf/ pknAw u/fpg' x'GYof] . zf;gsf/L ;d"xn] ;+ljwfgaf6

;+ljwfgs

f] e"ldsf

256

s]xL g s]xL a}wtf k|fKt ug{ ;Sbf] xf], t/ ;+ljwfg pQm ;d"xsf] k|e'Tjsf] cfwf/ eg] lyPg . Tof] cfwf/ t ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s If]qx¿df /x]sf] pQm ;d"xsf] k|e'Tjdf lglxt lyof] . oL kl/l:yltdf ;+ljwfg zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsf/L pks/0f lyof] .

csf{lt/, ;dsfnLg ;+ljwfgx¿df s'g} klg :yflkt ;fdflhs jf cfly{s :j¿k k|ltljlDat x'“b}g . xfn;fn}sf y'k|} ;+ljwfg s'g} klg k|lt:kwL{ ;d"x :ki6 ax'dt k|fKt ug{ c;dy{ eO{ pTkGg ePsf] ult/f]wsf kl/0ffd x'g\ . zlQmx¿sf] of] c;Gt'ng k|foM pQm ;+ljwfgdf k|ltljlDat ePsf] b]lvG5 . sltko ;+ljwfg s]jn o'4lj/fdsf cleJolQm x'g\ . o:tf ;+ljwfgaf6 d"ne"t ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ul/Psf] kfO“b}g . To;sf] ;§f o:tf ;+ljwfgaf6 k|lt:kwL{ kIfx¿aLr ;xsfo{ ug]{ vfsfsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] dfq kfOG5 . o; k|sf/sf ;Gbe{x¿df lgdf{0f ul/Psf ;+ljwfgx¿ t/n /xG5g\, /fhgLlts ljGof;df kl/jt{g x'“bf ltgdf klg kl/jt{g x'g;S5 . To;sf/0f, tL ;+ljwfgdf tgfj cGtlg{lxt x'G5 . sltko ;+ljwfg Hofb} 7"nf] afXo bafa -b'O{ kIfLo, If]qLo jf e"d08nLo_ cGtu{t lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\ . obfsbf tL ;f“RrL g} nflbPsf ;+ljwfg x'G5g\ -af]l:gof–xh{uf]lagfsf] ;+ljwfg o; s'/fsf] b[i6fGt xf]_ . o:tf ;+ljwfgdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf k|efjzfnL g]tfsf OR5f–cfsf+Iff k"0f{¿kn] k|ltljlDat gx'g ;S5g\ . ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4 :ki6 zf;gsf/L ;d"xsf] cg'kl:yltsf sf/0f o:tf ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog jf ;'b[9Ls/0f sfo{df ;d:of pTkGg x'G5g\ .

;dsfnLg ;+ljwfgsf] dxTjfsf+IfL If]qn] ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f;DaGwL ;d:ofnfO{ emg} rsf{OlbG5 . klxn]–klxn]sf ;+ljwfgdf d'VotM /fHosf k|d'v ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf, tL ;+:yfaLr sfo{ tyf zlQmsf] ljt/0f tyf ltgLx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw;DaGwL cfwf/e"t lgodsf] Joj:yfh:tf ;/sf/L k|0ffnLsf] k|ltkfbg ul/GYof] . ltgdf ;dfh kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;':ki6 p2]Zo /x“b}gYof] . tL ;+ljwfgsf] If]q ;Lldt x'gfn] ltgsf k|fjwfg df]6fdf]6L ¿kn] nfu" x'Gy] . cfhsf ;+ljwfgx¿n] eg] cg]sf}+ ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ;d:of cyf{t hjfkmb]lxtf, e|i6frf/, jftfj/0f, ul/aL, ;DklQ tyf cGo ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;dtfd"ns ljt/0f, klxrfgsf gof“ tyf cg]s :j¿knfO{ dfGotf, bnsf] nf]stfGqLs/0f / /fhgLlts ;+u7g tyf k|lqmofh:tf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ vf]H5g\ . cg]s hfthflt ePsf ;dfhdf ;+ljwfgåf/f hftLo, efiffut tyf wfld{s ;d'bfoaLrsf / tL ;d'bfo / /fHoaLrsf ;DaGwnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ klg h?/L x'G5 -of] l:yltnfO{ klxn]sf] a9L ;/n l:yltl;t t'ngf ugf]{;\ hxf“ ;+ljwfgsf] d'Vo, em08}h;f] Psdfq, ;/f]sf/ /fHo / gful/saLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lgodg ug'{ lyof]_ . o; ;DaGwdf, gof“ k|sf/sf ;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo /fHosf] 9f“rf tof/ kfg'{ / /fHosf] lgdf{0f ug'{dfq geO{ /fi6« lgdf{0f;DaGwL a9L hl6n sfo{ef/ jxg ug'{ klg xf] . gof“ ;+ljwfgn] jxg ug'{kg]{ Tolt g} sl7g sfo{ef/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw tyf ;+:yfdf cfd"n ;'wf/ xf] . of] Pp6f To:tf] p2]Zo xf] h'g p2]Zo, cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPcg';f/, sfg'gåf/f ;fsf/ kfg{ c;fdfGo ¿kn] sl7g 5 -o; tYosf] pbfx/0f ef/tLo ;+ljwfg xf] h;sf] p2]Zo ;dfh ;wf/ ug'{ / a[xQ/ ;fdflhs GofonfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbg' lyof]_ .

gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] k|s[ltnfO{ O+lut ug]{ sfo{;"rLnfO{ nfu" ug{ Psbd} ufx|f] x'G5 . ;fy} pQm

257

sfo{;"rLsf k|d'v kIf wgL / clehftsf lxt ljk/Lt x'g ;S5g\ hf] ce}m ;+Vofdf kof{Kt gx'gfn] / hftLo b[li6n] ljeflht x'gfn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf …hgzlQmsf] cfwf/df cl3 ;fl/g]Ú k|fjwfgsf] k|lt/f]w ug{ ;dy{ gx'g ;S5g\ . t/, oL clehftx¿ cS;/ o:tf k|fjwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{df ltgsf] k|lt/f]w ug{ eg] ;dy{ x'G5g\ . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f;DaGwL cfhsf nf]stflGqs df]8]nx¿n] ;+ljwfgaf6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn zfl;tsf] efudf kg]{ u/L zf;sdfly bafa lbg] k|s[ltsf x'g ;S5g\ -t/ zfl;tx¿df tL k|ltkmnx¿nfO{ ;fsf/ ¿k lbg] Ifdtf eg] x'“b}g_ . To;sf/0f zfl;tx¿sf] clwst/ ;+3if{sf] p2]Zo zf;snfO{ zf;g ug]{ Ifdtf k|bfg ug'{sf] ;§f ltgnfO{ c+s'; nufpg' / lgoGq0f ug'{ xf] . klxrfg;“u uf“l;Psf cg]sf}+ lxtx¿nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug'{sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] o;af6 ;d'bfo 6'qmf–6'qmfdf ljeflht x'g;S5, clg ;+ljwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos x'g cfpg] ;+o'Qm sf/afxLsf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] ;fdflhs u7aGwgnfO{ wfGg ufx|f] x'g;S5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg dfly aofg ul/Psf gof“ ;+ljwfg;“u lgs} g} ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cfd"n ;fdflhs ;'wf/k|lt -ljz]if u/]/ dlxnf, hghflt tyf blntsf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf xsdf_ k|lta4 5 . of] g]kfnsf lglDt gof“ eljiob[li6 tyf klxrfgaf6 kl/nlIot 5 . of] g]kfnsf lglDt To:tf /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s d"No tyf nIo -ljz]if u/]/ ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs Gofo;DaGwL d"No / nIo_ xfl;n ug{ k|lta4 5 h'g d"No / nIon] d'n'ssf k/Dk/fut ;+/rgf / ;DaGw;“u d]n vf“b}gg\ . clg dfcf]jfbL / cGo /fhgLlts ;d"xaLr ljrf/wf/fTds leGgtfaf6 pTkGg ;DaGwsf] km:of]{6 eOg;s]sf] x'gfn] ;+ljwfg;efn] gof“ ;+ljwfg agfpg yfNbf pQm k|lqmofdf ljefhg b]vf kg{;S5 . gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog, ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf ;+/If0f ug{] sfo{nfO{ ;'lglZrt t'Nofpg ;dy{ x'gsf nflu ;+ljwfg;efn] 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{5 .

;+ljwfgdfly cfOnfUg] vt/f

;+ljwfgsf d"Nox¿sf] k[ysLs/0f, ;+ljwfgsf] ck"0f{ jf cwsNrf] sfof{Gjog, o;sf sltko k|fjwfgx¿sf] l56k'm6 jf qmda4 pk]Iff, o;sf k|fjwfgx¿sf] 5gf]6k"0f{ sfof{Gjog / ;+ljwfgcGtu{t lbOPsf clwsf/x¿sf] b'?kof]u -zlQm k[ysLs/0f jf Gofokflnsfnufotsf ;+:yfsf] :jtGqtfsf] OGsf/Lh:tf k|d'v vt/f_ af6 ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ h?/L 5 .

;+ljwfgdfly cfOnfUg] vt/f To:tf] kl/l:yltdf cGtlg{lxt x'G5g\ h'g kl/l:yltdf /fHosf] zlQm / IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg cfjZos x'G5 . ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] dfWodsf ¿kdf / ;dfhsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ dfWodsf ¿kdf /x]sf] /fHodfly hgtfn] pRr ck]Iff /fv]sf x'G5g\ . t/ lge{/tfsf] of] efjgfl;t /fHosf dfldnfsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ JolQm cyf{t /fhgLltsdL{ tyf lghfdlt ;]jsk|lt uDeL/ cfz+sf klg /x]sf] x'G5 lsgeg] oL JolQmnfO{ cfd¿kdf cfk\mg} b'gf] ;f]em\ofpg] / e|i6 dflgG5 . o;y{ /fHo;Qfsf] cEof;sf k|of]hg tyf kl/kf6Ldfly c+s'; nufpg] k|of; ul/g'sf ;fy} /fHo;Qfsf] jfu8f]/ xftdf lng]x¿sf] cfr/0f tyf hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo dfgsx¿ cf/f]k0f ul/g ;S5 . ;fy;fy}, /fHo cfGtl/s

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;+3if{ / åGåsf] If]q xf] eg] afXo If]qdf cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts zlQm x'G5g\ h;sf lj?4 k|lt/f]w ug{ ;+ljwfgn] ;Lldt clwsf/dfq pknAw u/fpg ;S5 .

;+ljwfgsf] z'4tfdfly cfOnfUg] k|d'v vt/f e|i6frf/ xf] . ;+ljwfgsf p2]Zok|lt ;xfg'e"ltzLn g/xg] b]zleq / aflx/sf zlQmzfnL :jfy{–;d"xx¿ jf ;+ljwfgdfly cj}w tl/sfn] k|efj kfg{ vf]Hg] tTjx¿ ;+ljwfgnfO{ k+u' agfpg e|i6 ;fwgsf] k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . e|i6frf/sf] glthf:j¿k ;+ljwfgsf d"No tyf ;+:yf b'j} g} Wj:t x'g k'U5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts e|i6frf/n] GofokflnsfnfO{ sdhf]/ t'NofOG5 .

;fdflhs k/Dk/f, ljrf/wf/f tyf ;+:yfsf] zlQm tyf kZrufdL k|j[lQ ;+ljwfgsf] k|of]uåf/f k|ultzLn ;fdflhs ;'wf/ tyf kl/jt{g xfl;n ug]{ af6fsf k|d'v cj/f]w x'g\ . k/Dk/fsf] zlQmaf6 x'g cfpg] cGo kl/0ffdsf] cltl/Qm o;n] ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] k|of]u ug{] sfo{df jl~rt ;d"x¿df 8/–qf; pTkGg ug{;S5 lsgeg] oL ;d"xx¿ zlQmzfnL tTjx¿sf dgdl:tisdf /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs¿kn] ;f6f] k]mg{] efjgf pTkGg x'g;Sg] sfo{af6 klG5g ;S5g\ .

;+ljwfgsf] l6sfpkgf tyf ;kmntf;DaGwL ;+ljwfgjfbsf] ljrf/wf/f, ;f/e"t tyf ;+:yfut ;Ldfx¿df cleJoQm x'g] zlQmdfly c+s'; nufOg] d"Nodfly ljZjf; tyf lgodx¿ / ltgsf] sfof{Gjogsf 9f“rfdfly hf]8 lbOg] sfg'gL zf;gsf] cEof;;DaGwL k|:tfjgfdf lnlka4 x'G5 . oL ljrf/wf/fn] /fhgLlts tyf ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fnfO{ k|ltljlDat u5{g\ / ltg} k/Dk/faf6 lgM;[t x'G5g\ . lj/f]wfef; s] eg] h'g b]zx¿n] ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf lglDt ;+ljwfgsf] k|of]u ug]{ k|of; u5{g\ tL b]zdf cS;/ oL k/Dk/fsf] cefj x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf wf/fx¿sf] ;Ddfg tyf sfof{Gjog ul/“bf hf] nfeflGjt x'g] x'g\ ltgnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] e"ldsf tyf ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg 5}g eg] of] l:ylt emg} rsf]{ x'g;S5 . oL tTjx¿n] Ps jf csf]{ sf/0faf6 ;+ljwfgk|lt c;Gt'i6 x'g]nfO{ ;+j}wflgs vfsfeGbf aflx/ ;dfwfg vf]Hg] 5"6 lbgdfq ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;}lgs jf /fhgLlts ljb|f]xLn] cS;/ oxL tl/sf k|of]u u5{g\ . g]kfnn] klg of] tl/sf k|of]u ug]{ /fhtGq tyf dfcf]jfbLsf] d'sfjnf ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . slxn]sfxL“ ;+ljwfgsf lxdfotLx¿n] g} ;+ljwfgnfO{ cj}w t'Nofp“5g\ . g]kfnsf /fhgLlts bnn] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ cj}w agfPsf] eGg] cf/f]k nufPsf] kfOG5 . dxfTjsf+IfL eof] eg] klg ;+ljwfg cj}w x'g] 8/ x'G5 .

;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f s;/L ug]{ <

cr]n ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdfly hlt Wofg lbO“b}5 To;sf] t'ngfdf ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog tyf ;+/If0fdfly ck]Iffs[t sd Wofg lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . klxn]–klxn]sf ;+ljwfgx¿df ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ d'2f plt 7"nf] rf;f]sf ljifo lyPgg\ . Tolt a]nfsf] ;+ljwfgdf hgtf / ltgsf clwsf/sf] jf:tljs ;+/If0f ;+ljwfgåf/f th'{df ul/g] jf:tljs /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf lglxt x'G5, ljwflosfåf/f sfo{kflnsfsf] ;"Id 9+un] lg/LIf0f ul/G5, / ;fdfGo sfg'gL hut\df cbfntx¿sf] ;+j}wflgs If]qflwsf/nfO{ lgu|x (check) sf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{

259

;S5 eGg] kl/sNkgf ul/GYof] . t/ kl5Nnf] ;dosf ;+/If0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ a9L sl7g x'g] vfnsf dxTjfsf+IfL ;+ljwfgx¿df ;+ljwfgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] pkfox¿dfly Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog tyf ;+/If0fnfO{ ;'lglZrt t'Nofpg] cfw'lgs tl/sfsf ;Gbe{df cfofd dggof]Uo 5g\ . klxnf], ;+ljwfg :jo+df ;+oGqx¿ ;dflxt ug'{ -…cfGtl/sÚ_ xf] eg] bf];|f], ;+ljwfgaflx/sf gful/s ;dfh tyf k|efj / zlQmsf cGo If]qaf6 -…afXoÚ_ ;dy{g k|fKt ug'{ xf] . t'ngfTds cg'ejx¿sf cfwf/df oL cfofdaf/] lj:tf/df rrf{ ug'{eGbf klxn] oL b'O{ cfofdaf/] ;+lIfKt rrf{ ug]{5f}+ .

cfw'lgs ;+ljwfgdf cleJoQm x'g] dxTjfsf+Iffsf] Jofks z[+vnfn] -vf; u/]/ ha pQm ;+ljwfgdf ;sf/fTds sf/afxL / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s clwsf/h:tf ju{ jf hfthflt ;d"xx¿sf lxt tyf klxrfg ;d]l6G5g\_ ;+ljwfgnfO{ ljjfbf:kb tyf ljefhgsf/L agfP/ To;nfO{ ;femf lgi7f tyf Psfu|tf;DaGwL lglj{jfb b:tfj]h aGgaf6 /f]Sg ;S5 . /fhgLlt1 tyf gf]s/zfxsf] r/d\ cljZjf; x'g] ;dsfnLg ;+ljwfgdf ;fdfGotof ;+ljwfgsf] efjgfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ s]xL ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/Psf x'G5g\ . lj/f]wfef; s] eg] /fhgLlt1nfO{ lgikIf agfpg, ltgsf] cfr/0fsf] lgodg ug{ / ltgLx¿af6 vf; ;+uLg tyf ;+j]bgzLn clwsf/ tyf sfo{nfO{ cnUofpg ;+ljwfg lgs} 7"nf] dfqfdf ;dlk{t ePsf] x'G5 . /fHocGtu{tsf ;+:yfsf clwsf/ Psbd} ;"Id¿kn] lglb{i6 ul/G5g\, h'g k|of]hgsf nflu clwsf/sf] cEof; ul/g] xf] ;f] s'/fsf] ls6fgL ul/G5, / cfrf/;+lxtf tyf cGo ;+oGqåf/f :jfy{hGo åGånfO{ x6fpg lgodsf] Joj:yf ul/G5 . ;dli6ut clwsf/ j}olQms clwsf/sf kl/k"/s aGb5g\ / ;dli6ut clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{ sfof{Gjogsf/L ;+oGqsf] k|of]usf] lgs} g} 7"nf] ;xf/f lnOg] ;Defjgf 5 . ;+j]bgzLn clwsf/nfO{ /fhgLlts k|efjaf6 tyf lglxt :jfy{sf nflu b'?kof]u ul/g] sfo{af6 k[ys\ /fVg /fhgLlts b[li6n] t6:y tyf :jtGq /xg] y'k|} ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ul/G5 -tn x]gf]{;\_ . vf; bfloTjx¿ -h'g bfloTjk|lt ;/sf/df plt w]/} ?lr x'“b}g_ cyf{t cfd¿kn] dfgjclwsf/ tyf ljz]if¿kn] lgD5/f ;d'bfo tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f tyf lgoGq0f;DaGwL bfloTj :jtGq cfof]ux¿nfO{ ;'lDkOG5 . o:tf bfloTj sfof{Gjog ug]{ kIfdf 7"nf] ;/f]sf/ /fVb} sfof{Gjogsf pkfox¿sf] th'{df ul/G5, sfof{Gjogsf/L clwsf/x¿ ePsf cDa8\;Dofg h:tf u}/Goflos lgsfox¿ Gofokflnsfsf] kl/k"/ssf ¿kdf v8f ul/G5g\ / tL lgsfo tyf cbfntdf ;xh kx'“r x'g] Joj:yf u/fOG5 .

hxf“;Dd afXo cfofdsf] s'/f 5, sltko ;+ljwfg cGt/f{li6«o ;xeflutfaf6 agfOG5g\, / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ;+ljwfgsf] :jR5tfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] JoQm jf cJoQm ;dembf/L x'G5 . afXo clestf{åf/f ;+ljwfgsf] nf]stflGqs kl/rfngsf] s]Gb|Lo tTj dflgg] lgjf{rgsf] ;"Id lg/LIf0f tyf obfsbf ;'kl/j]If0f ul/G5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ;+j}wflgs s'–x¿nfO{ g/fd|f] b[li6n] x]5{, / pm gfsfaGbLx¿ nufpg jf sfg'gL lbzftk{m kmls{g] sfo{df dWo:ytf ug{ tTk/ x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;+3–;+:yfx¿n] hgtfnfO{ nf]stflGqs d"No tyf sfo{ljlwk|lt ;hu u/fpg / ;fj{hlgs dfldnfdf hg;xeflutfnfO{ ;xh tyf ;+j}wflgs pkrf/nfO{

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;'b[9 t'Nofpg ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sfo{df ;xeflutfd"ns tl/sfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u5{g\ . sltko ;+ljwfgn] ;fj{hlgs lzIff, k}/jL / sfof{Gjog tyf ;fdflhs ;'wf/ sfo{df c¿sf k|of;nfO{ kl/k"/s ;fwg agfpg gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfnfO{ dfGotf lbG5g\ . o; k|sf/sf k|of;ljgf ;+ljwfgsf cg]sf}+ k|fjwfg ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf /xG5g\ . ;fy} a[xQ/ ;dfhdf nf]stGqsf cfwf/lznf tof/ kfg{ /fhgLlts bnåf/f k|of]u ul/g] /fhgLlts cEof;;DaGwL lgod cjnDag ul/G5g\ .

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k|foM ;+ljwfgx¿n] cfk\mgf] ;jf]{Rrtfsf] cyf{t ;+ljwfg ;a} sfg'geGbf dfly x'G5, / ;+ljwfg;“u afe]msf] v08df ;a} sfg'g cj}w x'G5g\ egL pb\3f]if u5{g\ . of] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! df o;/L cleJoQm ePsf] 5 M

-!_ of] ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] d"n sfg'g xf] . of] ;+ljwfg;“u aflemg] ;a} sfg'g aflemPsf] xb;Dd ab/ x'g]5g\ .

-@_ of] ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug'{ k|To]s JolQmsf] st{Jo xf] .

slxn]sfxL“ /fHosf ;a} ;+:yf tyf ;a} JolQm ;+ljwfgsf l;4fGtåf/f st{Joa4 5g\ eGg] s'/f O+lut ug{ cem km/flsnf] dfGotfsf] th'{df ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 3fgfsf] ;+ljwfgsf] clwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gdf elgPsf] 5 M

sfo{kflnsf, ljwflosf tyf Gofokflnsf / ;/sf/ tyf ;/sf/sf c¿ ;a} c+u / To;sf lgsfoåf/f, tyf of] hxf“hxf“ nfu" x'gof]Uo 5 Toxf“, 3fgfsf ;a} g};lu{s tyf sfg'gL JolQmåf/f o; cWofodf ;dflji6 d"ne"t dfgjclwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg tyf kfngf ug'{kg]{5, / cbfntx¿åf/f kfngf u/fpg ;lsg]5 . -v08 !@ -!__ .

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;+ljwfgn] cfk"mnfO{ kmfNg]lj?4 cfk\mgf] ;+/If0f ug{ plt w]/} s'/f ug{ ;Sb}g . gfOh]l/ofsf cg]sf}+ ;+ljwfgx¿n] ;/sf/ jf ;+ljwfgnfO{ kmfNg] sfo{nfO{ cj}w dfg]sf 5g\, t/ of] k|fjwfgn] ;+ljwfg :jo+nfO{ kmflngaf6 hf]ufpg ;s]g . cfhsf ;+ljwfgx¿ ;'/Iff anx¿ -h'g anx¿af6 s'–sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] vt/f /xG5_ sf] e"ldsf lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of; u/L ;z:q anx¿ tyf k|x/LnfO{ gful/s clwsf/Lsf] clwgdf /fVg] k|of; u5{g\ -t/ ;z:q anx¿ ;/sf/nfO{ ;QfRo't ug{ sl6a4 ePsf] v08df of] pkfo klg k|efjsf/L gx'g ;S5_ .

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261

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s] ;a} k|fjwfgsf] ;+zf]wg Psgf;sf] k|lqmofaf6 ul/g'k5{ < ;+zf]wg k|lqmofdf ;a} k|fjwfg ;dfg dxTjsf x'“b}gg\ eGg] s'/f k|ltljlDat x'g'k5{ . sltko ;+ljwfgn] leGgleGg k|fjwfgsf] ;+zf]wg ug]{ leGgleGg ljlwsf] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ -h:tf] ls Sofgf8fsf] ;+ljwfg_ .

s] 5nkmn tyf ljrf/ dGygsf nflu ;do pknAw u/fpg] Wo]on] ;+zf]wg ljw]os k|:t't ul/g] / To;nfO{ kfl/t ul/g] k|lqmofaLr lglb{i6 ;dofjlwsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ < sltko ;+ljwfgdf ljw]os k|:t't ug]{ / To;dfly clGtd dtbfg ug]{ sfo{ ljwflosfsf cnu–cnu ;qdf lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/df ug]{ Joj:yf ul/G5 . cGo ;+ljwfgrflx“ cln s7f]/ x'G5g\ h;cGtu{t ;+zf]wg k|:tfj k|:t't ul/Pkl5 ljwflosfsf] lj36g / gof“ ljwflosfåf/f clGtd dtbfg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/G5 .

s] ;+ljwfg kfl/t ePkl5 vf; ;dofjlw;Dd To;sf] ;+zf]wg ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ < -k"jL{ l6df]/sf] ;+ljwfgdf !) jif{sf] cjlw tf]lsPsf] 5 ._ o; cjlwdf hgtfn] ;+ljwfg;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|fKt u5{g\ / ;/sf/ tyf cGo kIfn] ;+ljwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ uDeL/ k|of; k|f/De ug{ ;S5g\ .

cyjf s] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug'{ cfjZos eP–gePsf] ljifodf ;f]rljrf/ ug{ ;+ljwfgsf] cfjlws ;dLIff h?/L 5 < ;}lgs s'–kl5 nflbPsf] lkmhLsf] !(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf o; k|sf/sf] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] lyof] h;sf] glthf:j¿k ;ft jif{kl5 ;+ljwfgsf] ;f+uf]kf+uf] ;dLIff u/L a9L nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . k]¿sf] ;+ljwfgdf k|To]s kf“r jif{df o;sf] ;dLIff ug]{ kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 .

s] ljwflosfafx]s cGo s'g} lgsfodf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ e"ldsf lglxt x'g'k5{ < of] tl/sf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmof xf] eGg] wf/0ffcg'¿k x'g]5 .

s] hgu0fsf ljrf/ ;+sng ug{ ljz]if cfof]usf] u7g ul/g'k5{ -h'g sfo{ k|foM ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{cl3 ul/G5_ <

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262

;+s6sfn;DaGwL clwsf/x¿sf] ;LldtLs/0f

k|foM ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/x¿sf] b'?kof]u x'g;S5, ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff s'–sf] 5b\d ¿k x'g;S5 -;'/Iff;DaGwL cWofo x]gf]{;\_ . ;+s6sfndf sfo{sfl/0fLn] sfg'g agfpg] Jofks clwsf/x¿ k|fKt u5{ / of] dfgjclwsf/nfO{ lgnDjg ug{ jf ltgdfly /f]s nufpg ;dy{ x'G5, h'g s'/fx¿nfO{ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf 5"6 x'“b}g . cfh …cft+sjfbÚ;“u h'Wg] axfgfdf cg]sf}+ b]zdf y'k|} ;fdfGo sfg'g -;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff g} ug'{ gkg]{ u/L_ kfl/t ePsf 5g\ . o:tf sfg'gn] cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/nfO{ uDeL/¿kn] pk]Iff u5{g\ .

;+s6sfnLg clwsf/nfO{ k"/} gsfg{ ;Dej 5}g lsgeg] ljz]if clwsf/ cfjZos kg]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g;S5 -tL rfx] k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf glthf xf]pmg\ jf ljb|f]xsf glthf_ . t/ ;+ljwfgdf ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff tyf ljz]if clwsf/sf] k|of]unfO{ lgodg ug]{ lgodsf] :ki6 pNn]v x'g' h?/L 5 . ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ ;lsg] sf/0fx¿sf] ls6fg u/]/, 5f]6f] cjlwsf nflu ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff ug{ ;+;bLo cg'df]bgsf] cfjZostf kg]{ Joj:yf u/]/, / o:tf] 3f]if0ffsf] gjLs/0fsf] -;fob cem 7"nf] ax'dtåf/f_ Joj:yf u/]/, ;+s6sfnsf] cGTo ug]{ clwsf/ ;+;bdf lglxt u/fP/, tf]lsPsf clwsf/ If]qaf6 ljrng x'g] sfo{nfO{ lgif]w u/]/, / cbfntx¿ jf cGo :jtGq ;+:yfx¿nfO{ clwsf/sf] k|of]u tyf plrt pkrf/sf ;DaGwdf ;dLIff ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]/ clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u x'g;Sg] sfo{nfO{ Go"g t'Nofpg ;lsG5 .

Goflos ;dLIff tyf k|jTo{tf

;fdfGo lgodx¿sf] k|rng ePsf b]z -g]kfnnufot_ df Gofokflnsfåf/f ;+ljwfgsf] clGtd JofVof ul/G5 . gful/s sfg'gsf] k|rng ePsf b]zdf eg] ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ug]{ clwsf/ ljwflosfnfO{ lbg] ul/GYof] . t/ cfh gful/s sfg'gsf] k|rng ePsf clwsf+z b]zdf ;+j}wflgs cbfnt jf kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf 5 h;n] sfg'g ;+ljwfgsf] efjgfcg'¿k xf];\ eGg] x]t'n] sfg'gsf] ;dLIff u5{ -rLg o; s'/fsf] 7"nf] ckjfb xf]_ . ;+ljwfgsf] z'4tfnfO{ sfod /fVg tyf zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] cTofjZos tTjsf ¿kdf Goflos ;dLIffnfO{ cTofjZos dflgG5 . Goflos ;dLIffn] ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof tyf ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofp“5 -/ 3l/3l/ ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ 6fl/lbG5 h'g s'/f cd]l/sL cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5_ . ;+ljwfgsf] nfu" ul/gof]Uo ljz]iftfn] ;+ljwfgjfb tyf sfg'gL zf;gsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;xh t'Nofp“5 . cbfntx¿sf] clwsf/;DkGg x}l;otn] GofofwLzx¿nfO{ ;+uLg /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs ljjfb km:of}{6 ug{ ;dy{ t'Nofpg'sf ;fy} ;dfhdf zflGt tyf Joj:yf sfod ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofp“5 . k}m;nfx¿ n]lvg] tl/sfåf/f hgtfnfO{ dfgjclwsf/ tyf ;+ljwfgjfbsf] dxTjaf/] lzlIft t'Nofpg] / ljleGg d"NoaLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ sfo{df cbfntn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{g\ . of] p2]Zon] ;fsf/ ¿k lngsf lglDt cbfntn] j}wtf tyf hgtfsf] ;Ddfg k|fKt ug'{ clt h?/L 5, h'g j}wtf / ;Ddfg Tof] a]nf k|fKt x'G5 ha GofofwLzx¿ :jtGq, :jfwLg tyf sfljn x'G5g\ . Gofokflnsf;DaGwL cWofodf oL ljifoaf/] lj:tf/df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

263

u}/Goflos pkrf/

1fg tyf ;|f]t–;fwgsf] cefj x'gfn] / Goflos ;dLIff k"/f x'g nfdf] ;do nfUg] x'gfn] y'k|} JolQm / ;d'bfosf nflu cbfntsf] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ sl7g x'g;Sg]5 . y'k|} ;+ljwfgn] s'k|zf;g jf clwsf/sf] pNn3+g;DaGwL ph'/L lngsf lglDt ljz]if lgsfonfO{ e"ldsf k|bfg u/]sf x'G5g\ . sltko lgsfodf 5fglag u/L l/kf]6{ k]z ug]{ clwsf/ lglxt x'G5, sltkon] d'2f rnfpg ;S5g\ eg] cGo lgsfox¿ rflx“ :jo+ pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ;dy{ x'g ;S5g\ . o:tf] pkrf/sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f Ifltk"lt{ xf] -g]kfnsf] /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unfO{ of] clwsf/ k|fKt 5_ . dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{no o; k|sf/sf] Pp6f ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] lgsfo xf] h;n] ;/sf/ tyf /fHosf cGo ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f u/]/ ;/sf/sf] ;"Id lg/LIf0f ul//xg] sfo{df ljwflosfnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofp“5 . o; k|sf/sf lgsfodf ;jf{lws ;'kl/lrt lgsfo ;fob cDa8\;Dofg xf] h;nfO{ sltko b]zdf cs}{ gfdn] lrlgG5 -g]kfndf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] / o'ufG8fdf ;/sf/L lg/LIf0ffnon] Tof] e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{g\_ . y'k|} b]zdf dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] klg of] e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . sltko b]zdf k|x/Llj?4sf ph'/L lng] / x]g]{ ljz]if lgsfo x'G5 -k|x/L cfr/0fsf] lgodg, lg/LIf0f jf lgoGq0f ug{' Hofb} sl7g sfo{ xf]_ . e|i6frf/lj?4 h'Wg] lgsfox¿sf] dxTj emg} al9/x]sf] 5 . o:tf lgsfosf] cleef/fcGtu{t /fHosf clwsf/Lsf] cfr/0f;DaGwL dfgs lgwf{/0f ug'{, d'2f rnfpg jf e|i6frf/af6 k|fKt u/]sf nfe lkmtf{ u/fpg 5fglag tyf l;kmfl/; ug'{ xf] -!(() sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+:yfut ul/Psf] / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u d"ntM e|i6frf/lj/f]wL lgsfo xf]_ .

;+j]bgzLn bfloTj tyf cleef/fsf] k[ysLs/0f

cr]n y'k|} ;+ljwfgx¿ d'2f rnfpg] sfo{ tyf sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog, lghfdlt sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, ;/sf/sf] ;"Id lg/LIf0f, d'b|f;DaGwL gLlt tyf lgjf{rg ;+lxtfl;t ;DalGwt /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs k|0ffnLsf] lgikIf sfo{;Dkfbgdfly 7"nf] k|efj kfg]{ vf; k|sf/sf /fhsLo zlQmnfO{ /fhgLlts k|efj tyf cEof;af6 k[ys\ /fVg] k|of; u5{g\ . :jtGq ;+:yf tyf cfof]unfO{ oL clwsf/ lbP/ o; k|sf/sf] k[ystf xfl;n ul/G5 . !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\, Goflos kl/ifb\, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u tyf lgjf{rg If]q ;Ldflgwf{/0f cfof]u h:tf s]xL ;+:yf / cfof]usf] Joj:yf u¥of] -h;nfO{ clxn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;dflxt ul/Psf] 5_ . clxn] g]kfndf oL ;+:yf / logn] ug]{ sfo{nfO{ /fd|/L :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . t/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf d'2f rnfOg] sfo{nfO{ eg] :jtGq agfOPg .

sfg'gL zf;gsf nflu ;t{x¿sf] Joj:yf

sfg'gsf] zf;g Ps hl6n wf/0ff xf], t/ ;/n tl/sfn] eGg] xf] eg] o;sf] cy{ /fHosf dfldnf / hgtfl;t /fHosf] ;DaGwnfO{ sfg'gcg'¿k, vf; u/]/ ;+ljwfgcg'¿k s8fOsf ;fy ;~rfng ug'{ xf] . sfg'g :jo+ lgikIf x'g'k5{ / o;af6 d"ne"t dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg x'g'k5{ . sfg'gsf] j}wtf tyf cy{sf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{ sfo{sfl/0fLsf] geO{ cbfntx¿sf] xf] . ;a} /fhsLo k|flwsf/ sfg'gdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ . sfg'gn] ;/sf/nufot ;a}nfO{ af“Wg'k5{, /

;+ljwfgs

f] e"ldsf

264

sfg'gsf ;fd' ;a} gful/sn] ;dfg Jojxf/ k|fKt ug'{ clgjfo{ 5 . sfg'geGbf dfly sf]xL klg x'“b}g . sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog s;}sf] 8/ jf s[kfljgf lgikIf¿kn] ul/g'k5{ . /fHosf clwsf/nfO{ ;Ldfa4 ug'{ / /fHo jf cGo zlQmaf6 x'g;Sg] :j]R5frf/L sfo{af6 gful/s tyf ;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f ug'{ sfg'gL zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] .

sfg'gL zf;gsf lglDt ;an, k|efjsf/L tyf :jtGq Gofok|0ffnLsf] ljz]if dxTj /xG5 . o;sf] nflu ;an tyf sfljn sfg'gL k]zf cfjZos x'g cfp“5 . cfk\mgf clwsf/ nfu" ug{ cbfntsf] ;xof]u lng ;Sg] agfpg pgLx¿nfO{ sfg'gL ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg'k5{ . sfg'gL k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L x'g o; k|0ffnLsf k|d'v tyf ;/sf/ k|d'v sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/sf] ¿kdf /xg] dxfGofoflwjQmf :jtGq JolQm x'g' h?/L 5 . d'2fx¿ rnfpg] :jtGq k|0ffnL x'g' klg h?/L 5 . b'ef{Uojz, g]kfndf o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5}g lsgeg] kmf}hbf/L d'2fx¿ rnfpg] sfo{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] dftxt /xG5 h;sf] sfo{sfnsf] s'g} ;'/Iff x'“b}g .

sdhf]/ sfg'gL k|0ffnL tyf hgtfsf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{df ;/sf/sf] cIfdtf jf clgR5f g]kfnsf] Ps k|d'v cefj xf] . /fhgLltsdL{nufot zlQmdf /x]sf JolQmnfO{ u}/sfg'gL lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ 5"6 lbOG5 . sfg'gL k|0ffnLsf ljleGg zfvfx¿leq x'g] e|i6frf/n] sfg'gsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ emg} sdhf]/ agfp“5 . /fHo tyf lghL If]qsf clwsf/Lx¿n] sfg'gsf] zf;gnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg 7"N7"nf k|of; ug'{kg]{5 lsgeg] sfg'gsf] zf;gljgf ;+ljwfgsf] vf;} cy{ /x“b}g .

;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog cfof]u

!(() sf] ;+ljwfgsf] -/ cGo cg]sf}+ b]zsf]_ cg'ej s] xf] eg] ;/sf/x¿n] cfk"mnfO{ dgkg]{ k|fjwfg dfq nfu" u5{g\, / gful/s ;dfh Hofb} sdhf]/ jf cof]Uo ePsf] x'gfn] To;n] o;;DaGwdf pNn]Vo ¿kdf s]xL klg ug{ ;Sb}g . lj1tf jf ;|f]t–;fwgsf] cefjn] ;+ljwfgnfO{ k"0f¿kn] nfu" ug{ c;kmn x'g] cj:yfsf] pbo x'g;S5 . /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm tyf ;|f]t–;fwgx¿sf] Go"gtfsf] Ifltk"lt{sf nflu dgUo ;|f]t–;fwg;lxtsf] :jtGq cfof]usf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsPnf . ;+ljwfgsf] k"0f{¿kn] sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ pQm cfof]usf] sfof{jlw To:t} !) jif{ x'g;S5 . ;dsfnLg ;+ljwfgsf dxTjfsf+IffnfO{ ;fsf/ ¿k lbg sltj6f gof“ sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ -/ k'/fgf sfg'g vf/]h ug'{_ / gof“ ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ug'{ h?/L 5 eGg] s'/f o; cWofodf klxn] g} O+lut ul/Psf] 5 . pQm cfof]un] ;/sf/ tyf gful/s ;dfh;“u tfnd]n u/L k'/fgf sfg'gsf] ;dLIff ug]{, gof“ sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{, If]qx¿df clwsf/ :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ -;+3Lotf jf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf ;Gbe{df_ / gof“ ;+:yfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ ;xh t'Nofpg] bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]{5 . ;fy} pQm cfof]un] ;+ljwfg;DaGwL 1fgsf] k|a4{g u/L ;fj{hlgs dfldnfdf ;d'bfo tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;xh t'Nofpg] sfo{ klg ug]{5 . pQm cfof]un] ljwflosfdfk{mt cfk\mgf] sfo{k|ultaf/] cfjlws¿kn] hfgsf/L u/fP/ ;+ljwfgsf] k"0f{ tyf k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf ?sfj6 k}bf ug]{ cj/f]wk|lt ljwfossf] Wofgfs[i6 ug{ ;Sg]5 .

265

afXo zlQmaf6 ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f

hgtfsf] cleefjsTj

afXo zlQmx¿n] ;+ljwfgsf] j}wtfnfO{ j[l4 ug{ tyf o;k|lt ;Ddfg hufpg s;/L ;xfotf ug{;S5g\ eGg] ljifodf o; cWofodf klxn] g} rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . oxf“ xfdL ;xof]usf] Pp6f k|d'v ;|f]t cyf{t hgtf :jo+af/] ;f]rljrf/ ug]{5f}+ . cGttM hgtfn] ;+ljwfgsf] cleefjs aGg'kg]{5 . nf]stGq nfu" ug{ / o;nfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg k|of; ug]{ cg]sf}+ b]zsf] Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of s] xf] eg] oL b]zx¿n] zlQm k[ysLs/0fnfO{ ckgfpg], zlQmsf] k'gMljt/0f ug]{ / clwsf/;DaGwL sfg'g ;dflxt ug]{nufot /fHocGtu{tsf ;+:yfsf] k'gM;+/rgfdfly cfk\mgf] Wofg k"0f{¿kn] s]lGb|t u5{g\ . t/ hgtfnfO{ nf]stGqsf d"No tyf cfr/0faf/] lzlIft t'Nofpg] jf ;+ljwfgsf] e"ldsf tyf o;sf ljifoj:t'af/] hfgsf/L lk“mhfpg] sfo{df eg] gu0o¿kn] k|of; ul/G5 . hgtfn] cfk\mgf clwsf/sf] d"No a'e]msf] v08df / sfg'gsf] bfo/fleq /x]/ cfk\mgf lxtsf] clej[l4 ug{ tL clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ l;s]sf] v08df dfq nf]stGqsf] ljsf; x'g;S5 . dtsf] zlQmnfO{ k|foM Go"g¿kn] cf“lsg] u/]sf] x'“bf hgtfn] cfk\mgf k|ltlglw r'Gbf pDd]bjf/n] cl3 ;fg]{ gLlt tyf ltgsf] k[i7e"ldaf/] /fd|/L ;"lrt eP/ lg0f{o ug{ l;Sg' h?/L 5 . ltgn] 8/–ws gdflgsg ;fj{hlgs clwsf/LnfO{ s;/L hjfkmb]xL agfpg] eGg] s'/f a'em\g} k5{ . ltgn] nf]stGq tyf clwsf/sf] k|a4{g ug]{ bfloTj jxg ug}{k5{ . ;fj{hlgs dfldnf ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{df xft a9fpg ltgn] cj;/nfO{ 5f]Kg} k5{ . ltgn] lgDglnlvt tl/sfn] hjfkmb]xL;DaGwL dfWodsf ¿kdf klg sfo{ ug{ ;S5g\ M

/fHosf d:of}bf ah]6sf ljsNk jf ljZn]if0f pknAw u/fP/

dfgjclwsf/, ;fdflhs Gofo, jftfj/0f tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t–;fwg cflb ljifos gLltsf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/ tyf lgudsf] /]s8{ s]–s:tf] /Xof] ;f]sf] jflif{s d"Nof+sg k|sflzt u/]/

dfgjclwsf/sf] /fli6«o /]s8{af/] If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ ;'kl/j]If0f lgsfonfO{ j}slNks k|ltj]bg pknAw u/fP/, /

/fHo jf lghL :jfy{ ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfg jf sfg'gsf] pNn+3g ug]{ sfo{af6 /f]Sgsf nflu ;+j}wflgs d'2f bfo/ u/]/ .

JolQmn] cGo JolQmx¿;“u ldn]/ sfd ug]{ x'gfn] gful/s ;dfh tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gx¿n] v]Ng] e"ldsfnfO{ obfsbf ;+ljwfgdf dfGotf lbO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ ul/G5 . lkmlnlkG; o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] h;sf] ;+ljwfgdf elgPsf] 5 M

hgtfnfO{ nf]stflGqs vfsfleq zflGtk"0f{ tyf sfg'g;Ddt dfWodåf/f cfk\mgf j}w tyf ;dli6ut lxt / cfsf+Iffsf] k|a4{g tyf ;+/If0f ug{ ;dy{jfg\ t'Nofpg /fHon] :jtGq hg;+u7gx¿sf] e"ldsfsf] ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{5

;+ljwfgs

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266

hg;+u7gx¿ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] k|a4{g ug]{ :ki6 Ifdtf tyf klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] g]t[Tj, ;b:ou0f tyf ;+/rgf ePsf ;Rrf gful/s ;+u7gx¿ x'g\ .

lgisif{

;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog;DaGwL sfo{ of] jf Tof] k|fjwfg;“u jf cem ;+ljwfgsf] ;du|tf;“u dfq ;DalGwt 5}g, oBlk ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df oL b'j} kIf dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] jf:tljs cy{ t sfg'gåf/f ;Ddfgsf] ;+:s[lt tyf cg'zf;gsf] efjgf ;~rf/ ug'{, cbfntx¿ tyf sfg'gsf] JofVof ug]{ clwsf/k|fKt cGo lgsfoåf/f hf/L ul/g] cfb]z :jLsf/ ug'{, Goflos lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog ug'{, ;/sf/sf ;LdfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{, dfgjclwsf/ tyf ;dli6ut clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / k|a4{g ug'{, hgtfsf] ;xeflutf tyf ;zQmLs/0fnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbg' / k|flwsf/;DaGwL gof“ ;dembf/Lsf] ljsf; ug'{ xf] . o;sf] cy{ ;dfhsf] ;'wf/ klg xf] . ;dfhdf Jofks pTkL8g ljBdfg 5 . blntx¿ pTkLl8t 5g\ / dlxnf k/fwLgtfsf] l;sf/ ePsf 5g\ . tyflk ltgsf nflu ;+ljwfg / /fHosf lgsfon] ug'{kg]{ eGbf Hofb} sd sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ .

ef/t tyf g]kfn b'j} b]zsf cg'ejx¿n] sfg'gåf/f 5'jf5"t k|yfsf] pGd"ng ug]{ tyf blntdfly yf]kl/Psf k"jf{u|x / k|rngnfO{ x6fpg] sfg'gL Joj:yfsf ;Ldf k|bz{g u/]sf 5g\ . To;sf/0f cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] ;fdflhs ;'wf/;DaGwL dxTjfsf+IfL sfo{;"rL -h'g ;fob ca aGg] gof“ ;+ljwfgdf klg /xnf_ nfO{ ;fsf/ ¿k lbO{ gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{ dxTjk"0f{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ug]{ / of] cfjZostfnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbg] ;fx; tyf sNkgfzLn eljiob[li6 ePsf g]tfx¿ rflxg]5 .

267

ljlkg clwsf/Ln] ;+j}wflgs sfg'gdf ljBfjfl/lw ug'{ePsf] 5 . k]zfn] clwjQmf clwsf/L sf7df8f}+l:yt g]kfn sG;lN6ª nP/;{ OGs;Fu cfa4 x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 nufot w]/} /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yfsf nflu ;+j}wflgs sfg'g / gLlt, dfgjclwsf/, Goflos ;'wf/ / k|hftfGqLs/0fh:tf If]qdf sfd ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] k|fl1s of]ubfgsf] d'Vo If]q ;+j}wflgs sfg'g, dfgjclwsf/ / zflGt x'g\ .

nf]s/fh a/fn -ljBfjfl/lw_ g]kfn ;]G6/ ckm sG6dkf]//L :6l8hsf sfo{sf/L cWoIf x'g'x'G5 . pxfF lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] /fhgLltzf:q ljefusf] k"j{ cWoIf / k|fWofks x''g'x'G5 . pxfFn] w]/} cg';GwfgfTds n]v, k':ts cWofo / k':ts n]Vg'ePsf] 5 . ef/tsf nflu g]kfnL /fhb"t ;d]t /lx;Sg'ePsf pxfFn] w]/} ljZjljBfnodf lelhl6ª k|f]km];/sf ¿kdf sfd ug'{ePsf] 5 .

;'/]Gb| e08f/L -ljBfjfl/lw_ clxn] Sofg;f; :s'n ckm n, cd]l/sfdf cg';Gwfg–ljBfyL{ x'g'x'G5 .

lhn sf]6«]n klZrd clk|msf, a]nfot / xªsªsf ljZjljBfnox¿df rf/ bzs;Dd sfg'gsf] lzIfs /xg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] dfgjclwsf/, ljz]ifu/L cfly{s, ;dflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/nufot w]/} ljifo k9fpg'ePsf] 5 . g]kfn, k"JfL{ l6df]/, O/fs / dflNbE;df pxfFn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k/fdz{bftfsf ¿kdf sfd ug'{ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf pxfFn] o'Pgl8kL / OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofsf kl/of]hgfdf sfd ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] o'Pgl8kLsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f j]a;fO6 agfpg'ePsf] lyof] .

o; 3O{ s]GofnL gful/s x'g'x'G5 . w]/} jif{;Dd pxfF ;+j}wflgs sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/sf] k|fWofks x'g'eof] . pxfFn] w]/} ;/sf/, kf6L{ / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ lgsfonufot If]qsf nflu ;Nnfxsf/sf ¿kdf sfd ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs ljifodf pxfFn] kk'jf Go' lugL, ;f]nf]dg cfONofG8\;, Eofgjf6', ckmuflg:tfg, O/fs / dflNbE;h:tf b]zdf sfd ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfF s]Gofsf] ;+ljwfg ;dLIff cfof]u / /fli6«o ;+j}wflgs ;Dd]ngsf] cWoIf x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] o'Pgl8kLleq ;+ljwfg ;Nnfx ;xof]u OsfO{ u7g ug'{ePsf] xf] . ;+j}wflgs ljifodf pxfFn] w]/} k':ts / sfo{kq n]Vg'ePsf] 5 . s]GofnL k|lqmofsf] cWoIf 5Fbf pxfFn] ;fdfGo gful/ssf nflu l/Eo'Oª b slG:66\o';g gfds k':ts n]Vg'ePsf] lyof] .

s[i0f xf5]y' lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf pkk|fWofks x'g'x'G5 . y'k|} ;Ddflgt k':ts / hg{nsf nflu n]v n]Vg'ePsf pxfFsf] d'Vo /rgfdWo] kf6L{ lalN8ª Og g]kfn, b :6]6 ckm 8]df]qm];L ;e]{ kb{5g\ . pxfF cS;km8{ ljZjljBfnosf nflu lelhl6ª :sn/ x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF g]kfn ;]G6/ km/ sG6dkf]//L :6l8hsf] ;b:o x'g'x'G5 .

Nf]vssf af/]

268

s[i0f vgfn lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks x''g'x'G5 . pxfF g]kfn ;]G6/ km/ sG6dkf]//L :6l8hsf sfo{sf/L ;b:o klg x'g'x'G5 . k|WffgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf ;Nnfxsf/ ;d]t /lx;Sg'ePsf pxfFn] g]kfn / blIf0f Pl;of;DaGwL ljifodf y'k|} sfo{kq n]Vg'ePsf] 5 .

w'|j s'df/ g]kfn ;]G6/ km/ sG6dkf]//L :6l8h;Fu cfa4 x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] w]/} k':ts n]Vfgsf ;fy} ;Dkfbg ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf n]v k':tsfsf/df cfPsf 5g\ / s}og hg{ndf 5flkPsf 5g\ . g]kfn kf]lnl6sn ;fOG; c;f]l;P;gsf k"j{ cWoIf pxfF hfkfg, c:6«]lnof, la|6]g / cd]l/sfdf ljZjljBfno km]nf] x'g'x'GYof] .

;kgf dNnn] lbNnL ljZjljBfnoaf6 sfg'gdf :gftsf]Q/ ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;lqmo clwjQmf dNn b]zsf w]/}h:ff] dxTjk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ d'2fdf ;+nUg x'g'ePsf] 5 / pxfFn] b]zsf ^$ eGbf a9L lje]bsf/L sfg'g x6fpgsf nflu ;xof]u ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] dlxnfsf] sfg'gL x}l;otdfly Jofks ¿kdf n]Vg'ePsf] 5 / w]/} P]ltxfl;s d'2fnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf Nofpg'ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o dNnn] /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;xeflutf x'g'k5{ eg]/ jsfnt ug'{ePsf] 5 . dlxnf ljifodf pxfFn] u/]sf] of]ubfgsf nflu pxfFn] @))* sf] u|'a/ k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfF ljleGg /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf;Fu cfa4 x'g'x'G5 .

s'df/ /]UdLn] 6f]/G6f] ljZjljBfnoaf6 sfg'gdf :gftsf]Q/ ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] !((@ b]lv sfg'gsf] cEof; ul//fVg'ePsf] 5 / clxn]sf] ;+j}wflgs k|lqmofnfO{ s]lGb|t ub}{ tLg bh{geGbf a9L n]Vf klqsf / hg{nsf nflu n]Vg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] l;l6hG; XofG8a's km/ sG;l66\o';gn Ph's];g ;xn]vg ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfF clxn] af/ c;f]l;P;g, g]kfn n ;f];fO6L cflb ;+:yfsf ;b:o x'g'x'G5 .

lktfDa/ zdf{n] sf]g]{n ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;x/L / If]qLo of]hgfdf ljBfjfl/lw ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 e"uf]ndf / Pl8ga/f ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;x/L l8hfOg / If]qLo of]hgfdf :gftsf]Q/ ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfF lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf k|fWofks x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] If]qLo of]hgfsf/sf ¿ddf OG6/g];gn ;]G6/ km/ OlG6u|]6]8 dfpG6]g PG8 8]enkd]G6df Ps b;seGbf a9L sfd ug'{eof] . pxfFn] n]Vg'ePsf k':tsdWo] ca{gfOh];g Og g]kfn, 6'l/Hd Ph 8]enkd]G6, cg/felnª b df]h]Os kb{5g\ .

uLtf kf7s ;+u|f}nf g]kfnsL cu|0fL dlxnf clwjQmf x'g'x'G5 . pxfF clxn] sf7dfG8' :s'n ckm ndf ;+sfo ;b:o x'g'x'G5 / :s'nsf] ;]G6/ ckm jf]d]g :6l8h PG8 l/;f];{ 8]enkd]G6sf] ;+of]hs x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf w}/} n]v k|sflzt 5g\ / pxfFn] h]G8/ PG8 n M g]klnh k:f{{k]lS6e eGg] k':ts ;xn]vg ug'{ePsf] 5 .

o'j/fh ;+u|f}nfn] lbNNfL ljZjljBfnoaf6 ljBfjfl/lw / k6gf ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfF clxn] sf7dfG8' :s'n ckm nsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs x'Gf'x'G5 . hh{6fpg ljZjljBfnodf pxfF lelhl6ª :sn/ x'g'x'GYof] . af/ sfplG;n ckm a+ªunfb]z,

269

n]lh:n]l6e 8]enkd]G6 ;]G6/, s'Ohf]g, lkmlnlkG;, clkm; ckm x\o'dg /fO6\; sld:g/, o'Pg h:tf w]/} cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf nflu pxfFn] ;|f]tJolQmsf ¿kdf sfd ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfF w]/} k':tssf n]vs x'g'x'G5, h;df Ho'l/;k|'8]G; lnun lyc/L, sG8]D8 6' PS;Knf]O6];g M 6«flkmlsª Og jf]d]g PG8 uN;{ kb{5g\ .

6]s tfd|fsf/n] ;+j}wflgs sfg'gdf :gftsf]Q/ ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] Ps bh{geGbf a9L sfo{kq n]Vg'ePsf] 5 / pxfFsf w]/} n]v /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o hg{ndf 5flkPsf 5g\ . pxfFn] blnt clwsf/ / cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwsf] 3/]n's/0f;DaGwL k':ts n]Vg'ePsf] 5 / lk5l8Psf] ;d"xsf kIfdf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf d'2fx¿ x]g'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] k|f]klAns, Pglhcf] km]8]/];g, ;]G6/ km/ lnun l/;r{ PG8 l/;f];{ 8]enkd]G6 cflb ;+:yfdf sfd ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfF clxn] o'Pgl8kLdf sfo{qmd ljZn]ifssf ¿kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 .

ldlx/ 7fs'/ ;+j}wflgs clwjQmf / e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL lj1 x'g'x'G5 . lbNnL ljZjljBfnoaf6 pxfFn] t'ngfTds sfg'gdf :gftsf]Q/ ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf aL; jif{eGbf a9L sfg'g k9fpg'ePsf] 5 / d'Vo g]kfnL hg{nx¿sf nflu lgaGw / cg';Gwfgd"ns n]vx¿ n]Vg'EfPsf] 5 . leb]x kmfpG8];gsf cWoIf;d]t /xg'ePsf pxfF w]/} ;+:yf;Fu cfa4 x'g'x'G5 .

270

OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofaf/]

OG6/g];gn cfOl8of s] xf] <

lbuf] k|hftGqsf nflu ljZje/sf b]zdf ;xof]u ug]{ cGt/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf], OG6/g];gn cfOl8of . k|hftflGqs ;+:yf / k|lqmofnfO{ alnof] agfpg' o;sf] p4]Zo xf] .

1fgsf] ;|f]t, ljz]if1tf / k|hftGqdflysf] ax;sf nflu ynf] k|bfg u/]/ OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofn] k|hftGq :yfkgfsf nflu dfu{bz{ssf] e"ldsf v]Nb5 . gLlt lgdf{tf, bft[ /fi6«, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf ;+:yf tyf lgsfo, If]qLo ;+:yfx¿ / k|hftGq alnof] agfpg] sfddf nfu]sf ;+:yfx¿;“u ldn]/ o;n] sfd ub{5 .

OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofn] s] u5{ <

k|hftGq :yfkgf Pp6f hl6n k|lqmof xf] . k|hftGq :yfkgf k|lqmof ;+ljwfg, r'gfj k|0ffnL, /fhgLlts kf6L{, ;+;b\, Gofokflnsf, s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo ;/sf/, cf}krfl/s / kf/Dkl/s ;/sf/L ;+/rgfh:tf w]/} If]q;“u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . oL ;a} If]qdf OG6/g];gn cfOl8of ;+nUg 5 .

sfo{If]q

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofn] zflGt / ljsf;sf] hu a;fNg ;S5 . ;“u;“u} o;n] åGåsf] aLp /f]Kg klg ;S5 . OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu n}+lus ljifo / åGå /f]sfj6k|lt b]zleq}af6 cfPsf] l;h{gzLn / gLltut ;'emfj k|bfg ub{5 .

lgjf{rg k|lqmof

r'gfjL 9f“rf / Joj:yfkgsf] /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf w]/} 7"nf] Kf|efj x'G5 . OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofn] :jTfGq / Jofj;flos ¿kn] r'gfj ;~rfng u/fpg, lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf hgdfg;sf] ljZjf; a9fpg ;xof]u ub{5 .

/fhgLlts kf6L{

Dftbftf / ;/sf/aLr dxTjk"0f{ s8Lsf ¿kdf /fhgLlts kf6L{ /xg] ub{5g\ . t/ ljZjel/ ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fn] /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿sf] cfTdljZjf; Go"g 5 eGg] b]vfp“5 . /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿ s;/L rn]sf x'G5g\ < kf6L{ rnfpgsf nflu sxf“af6 k};f cfp“5 < Tof] k};fsf]

271

k|of]u s;/L x'G5 < /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] hgtf;“u s:tf] ;DaGw x''G5 < oL k|Zgx¿sf] ljZn]if0f OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofn] ub{5 .

k|hftGq / h]G8/

k|hftflGqs b]zx¿ ;xL cy{df g} k|hftflGqs x'gsf nflu ljZjsf] cfwf hg;+Vof cf]u6\g] dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj k'?if;/x ;dfg x'g'kb{5 . OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofsf] dfGotf xf] of] . OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofn] /fhgLlts hLjgdf dlxnf ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTj a9fpg cfjZos ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ljsf; ub{5 .

k|hftGqsf] n]vfhf]vf

k|hftfGqLs/0f ljZjJofKfL k|lqmof xf] . OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofsf] k|hftGqsf] l:ylt ljlwn] aflx/L ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] ;"rs jf k|hftGqsf] >]0fLdf e/ gk/Lsg dflg;nfO{ cfkm\gf] b]zsf] k|hftGqsf] n]vfhf]vf cfkm} ug{ d4t ub{5 .

OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofn] sxfF–sxfF sfd ub{5 <

OG6/g];gn cfOl8of ljZjJofKfL ¿kdf sfo{ ub{5 . :6sxf]d, :jL8]gdf d'Vofno /x]sf] o;sf sfof{no Nofl6g cd]l/sf / clk|msfb]lv Pl;of;Dd km}lnPsf 5g\ .

OG6/g];gn cfOl8of sf]–sf];Fu ldn]/ sxfF–sxfF sfd ub{5 <

OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofsf ;fem]bf/x¿ M

/0fgLlts ;fem]bf/x¿ M OG6/g];gn k|]; OG;l66\o'6, kf/Nofd]G6]l/oG; km/ Unf]an PS;g, 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g];ng, OG6/cd]l/sg OG;l66\o'6 km/ Xo'dg /fO6\; .

clk|msg o'lgog, cu{gfOh];g ckm cd]l/sg :6]6\;, cu{gfOh];g km/ ;]s'l/6L PG8 sf]ck/];g Og o'/f]k / o'/f]lkog o'lgog h:tf cGt/;/sf/L ;+:yf .

o'Pgl8kL, o'Pg l8kf6{d]G6 ckm Osglds PG8 ;f]l;Pn ckm]o;{ / o'Pg On]S6f]/n cl;:6]G; l8lehgh:tf ljlzi6 o'Pg lgsfo .

o'Pg 8]df]qm];L kmG8 / o'Pg lk;–lalN8ª sld;g .

/fli6«o ljwflosf .

/fhgLlts kf6L{;DaGwL sfd ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ tyf ltg;Fu cfa4 cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf .

lgjf{rg Joj:yfkg c+u .

k|fl1s ;+:yf .

k|hftGq :yfkgf / ljsf;df sfo{/t cGo ;+:yf .

272

OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofsf ;b:o

o;sf ;b:o k|hftflGqs /fi6«x¿ 5g\ . ltgn] cGo ul/a b]zx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts / cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg ub{5g\ .

;b:o /fi6«x¿ M

c:6«]lnof, 8]gdfs{ , gj]{, af/a]8;, lkmgNofG8, k]?, a]lNhod, hd{gL, kf]r'{un, af]6:Jffcfgf, ef/t, blIf0f clk|msf, Sofgf8f, dl/;;, :k]g, s]k e8]{, d]lS;sf], :jL8]g, lrnL, gfldlaof l:j6\h/NofG8, sf]:6fl/sf, g]b/NofG8, p?Uj] / 3fgf . hfkfgsf] ko{j]Ifssf] :yfg 5 .

OG6/g];gn cfOl8of, blIf0f Pl;of sfo{qmd, g]kfn

@))^ df cfkm\gf] g]kfn sfof{no :yfkgf ug'{eGbf w]/} cufl8b]lv OG6/g];gn cfOl8ofn] g]kfndf sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . !((& df o;n] ev{/} x's{+b} u/]sf] g]kfnL k|hftGqn] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tLx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf u/]sf] lyof] . @))$ df o;n] ;+j}wflgs k|lqmofx?df ax; ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . clxn], g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs k|lqmofnfO{ ;3fpg] p2]Zon] ;'? ul/Psf] kl/of]hgfcGtu{t o;n] /fli6«o ;fem]bf/x¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg] / ;|f]t–;fd|uL pknAw u/fpg] sfdsf ;fy} zflGtk"0f{, ;fd]nL / ;xeflutfd"ns ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ tof/ kfg{ pgLx¿;“u ldn]/ /fhgLlts ax; ;~rfng ug]{ sfd o;n] ul//x]sf] 5 .

goff ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f m g]kfnl hgtfsf nflu dfu{bz{g...s[t1tf of] k':ts ljlzi6 ljåfg\x¿alr...

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