gok - 14 feb 13 - dml study report - final version

8/13/2019 Gok - 14 Feb 13 - Dml Study Report - Final Version

1/60

[Type text]

Domestic

Advisor to th

Consultant t

In the

Labour

An Aut

[Type text]

igrant Labour i

D NarayanaC S Venkiteswaran

with

M. P. Joseph IAS (R)e Minister of Labour and Rehabilitation on Labour Reforms

Government on Industrial Relations and Project Financing

Status of Additional Chief Secretary to Government

Submitted to

and Rehabilitation Departmen

Government of Kerala

onomous Institution of Government of Kerala

15 February 2013

[Type text]

Kerala


2/60

Preface

1.Introduction

2.Estimation of Stock and Flo

.! Met"od of Estimation

. Estimates of Stock of #

.3 Some &"aracteristics of

.4 'ork arrangement

.( Li)ing &onditions of t"

3.Life and 'ork En)ironment

3.! '"at triggered t"e migr

3. +ousign and ,ccomod

3.3 Em-loment

3.4 'ages

3.( Leisure

3./ 0"e Migrants and t"e L

3.1 #emogra-"ic2ender

3.8 0"e Economics of Sub

3. Formalising Migrant La

4. &ase Studies

4.! Migrant Li)ing

4. &ase Studies 5 Migrant

5. 6ecommendations

6eferences

,--endi7 ! 5 uestionnaire

,--endi7 5 Statitical Esti

Domestic Migran

Contents

s of Migrant Labour

ML in $erala

#omestic Migrant Labour in $erala

e #ML

of Migrant Labour

ation to $erala*.....................................................

tion

cals

imensions

&ontracting

our 5 Emerging &"alenges

i)es

s

ation Proceedure

t Labour in Kerala

2

. 3

4

. 8

. !%

.. !

.. !4

... !8

!

................... %

... !

... 4

. /

.... 1

... 8

3%

... 3!

................. 34

. 3(

3(

. 4!

. 4/

. (!

. (

.. (8


3/60

'it" t"e 9uickl growing -r

Labour #e-artment of t"e oand 6e"abilitation Mr. S"ibu

t"at t"e State needs to take t

-rotection under t"e labour l

+owe)er one of t"e main c

economic and social securit c

absence of aut"entic data and

state and to t"e socio@economi

Mr. S"ibu >ab ?o"n "a)ing m

,d)isor and &onsultant to broadl t"e numbers of #om

understanding of t"eir socio@ec

, meeting wit" Mr. S"ibu >

Institute of Finance and 0a7at

it was decided t"at t"e best

economic conte7t of t"e #ML

labour< w"o were coming in a

and t"e inauguration of t"e traimade t"is c"allenging stud -o

0"e arduous task of coordinati

b Mr. 6aAes" $umar. +e -la

0"e sur)es and t"e count of

in Social 'ork :MS'; #e-a

&ollege< ,ngamali. 0"anks ar

Calaam< $oD"ikode #istrict f

Ms. S"eeAa . took u- t"e tasentr o-erators. S"e generated

Thiruvananthapuram7 February 2013

Domestic Migran

Preface

sence of #omestic Migrant Labour :#ML

)ernment of $erala< led b t"e +on=ble Minab ?o"n "as been gi)ing some serious t"o

ensure t"at t"e #omestic Migrant Labour

aws and to an a--ro-riate minimum soci

nstraints t"at t"e state faced in res-ondin

ncerns of t"e #ML and in framing -olicies f

information on t"e numbers and e7tent of

conditions in w"ic" t"e were li)ing.

ade t"is one of "is -riorities< tasked Mr. M. P.

)ernment to delineate t"e contours of a stustic Migrant Labour in t"e state< as well as

onomic situation etc.

b ?o"n< arranged b Mr. M. P. ?ose-" le

on :IF0; taking u- t"is stud. ,fter detail

et"odolog for understanding t"e number

in $erala was to conduct train@based sur)e

nd going out of t"e state. 0"e guidance< t"e

n@based sur)e at t"e $ollam 6ailwa Statiosible. 'e e7-ress our dee- sense of gratitude

g t"e train sur)es and monitoring it effecti)

d an im-ortant role in t"e final -roduction o

ML in t"e trains were conducted b t"e stu

rtments of #on >osco &ollege< $annur a

e also due to t"e Prana)am Educational B

r facilitating t"e enumeration of #ML in trai

k of scrutin of t"e data t"at was entered ball t"e tables at 9uick notice.

Dr. D. Narayan #irector< IF0

t Labour in Kerala

3

in $erala< t"e

ister for Labourg"t to t"e ste-s

"as recourse to

l securit floor.

g to t"e socio@

r t"em< was t"e

t"e #ML in t"e

. ?ose-" I,S :6;

d to determinerri)e at a broad

d to t"e ulati

d consultationset

includes @ reece< Portugalut in se

@ decades of migration "a)e moderated -o)e

een t"ese two e7tremes lies a t"ird grou-

6ussia etc. @ w"ere li)ing standards "a)e

ed. 0"ere is little e)idence of causalit in s

to draw uni)ersal conclusions.

-o)ert dri)es -eo-le to searc" for better

e -oorest countries mo)e to de)elo-ed cou

t wealt"< de)elo-ed countries still "a)e

ntriesH :0erraDas< %!! -./;. 0"us< de)elo

nts.

t Labour in Kerala

4

Chapter I

a more secure

t"e li)es of t"e

ormation in t"e

t migration was

t as an antidote

&aribbean and

of migration in

t "as also been

-ers-ecti)e and

e-l ambiguous.

e7am-le< @ out

eral ot"ers suc"

rt but "a)e not

f countries t"at

im-ro)ed and

ccess stories or

conditions. >ut

tries. ,s ,aron

ig"er le)els of

ed regions bot"


5/60

,ccording to igel +arris< G0"

national entit< t"at t"e distrib

tem-orar anomalies now occu

t"e siDe and com-osition of t"

no e7c"anges. In -ractice< worlso t"at in future it is going to

t"e 9uestion Jw"ere are ou f

! - /8;.

In man was< migration "as

debate in international migra

countries. ,long wit" migratio

it "as o)ertaken e7ternal aid a

rig"ts issues and labour rig"ts)isibilit of international migr

migration is muc" larger bot" i

estimate t"at internal migratio

of -eo-le li)ing outside t"eir c

India is t"e largest reci-ient o

were classified as remittances t

t"e Indian "ouse"old remitta

international migration w"erea

countr< it is o)er ten times t

large international migrationengal< ,ssam and elsew"ere

Indian railwa< for w"ic" $eral

to arri)e in $erala or to )isi

t"erefore came u- wit" a uni9

migration into t"e state to gen

is gi)en in t"e tec"nical a--enwere not a terminal -oint for t

met"od of estimation.

Domestic Migran

d "lo#s of Migrant Labour

in $erala is not an eas task and some of

n sam-le sur)es are not of muc" "el- in t"

e of not "a)ing a -ro-er sam-ling frame. 0

blem would "a)e re9uired a detailed listing

of administrati)e units to build a sam-ling fr

n to t"e massi)e decennial -o-ulation censu

and considerable time a different a--ro

for t"e -resent -ur-ose is t"e uni9ue fea

t"at t"e migrants are from far awa ttar

and t"e onl mode of tra)el a)ailable to t

a is t"e 0ermimus t"e #ML get into t"e lon

"ome and come back in t"ese trains. 0"

e met"od of estimation e7-loiting t"is e7ce-

rate robust estimates of #ML :t"e statistical

di7;. 0"is met"od would not "a)e been sui"e long distance trains. 0"e c"a-ter begins

t Labour in Kerala

8

Chapter II

t"e well known

e conte7t of t"e

"e con)entional

of t"e -laces of

me< selection of

s. ,s t"is would

ac" "ad to be

ure of domestic

Prades"< >i"arengal. 6elati)es and ot"

t"e w"ole< it is friends and rel

labour from far distant -arts of

Domestic Migran

! by )tate $( *ri+in an# e%i+i$n

e%i+i$n

u"%im Chri"tian N$t rep$rt

!/.(! %. %.

4(./1 !./% !.(1

48.8 !.3/ .%4

/.11 !.(% 3.%!

/.! %.4! %

1./( .3( 3.(3

3.(4 4.1/ .!8

s grou- w"ic" "as to be added to get t"e row total of

-era%a0"e 9uestion regarding t"e durati

t unanswered b about 38K of all t"e res-o

ages for duration below one ear< !@ ear

ds to be noted t"at t"is is not t"e total dura

ssed below. 0"at could also be t"e reason

ding to t"is 9uestion.

obilit of #ML is t"at t"e mo)e around 9

random in ,lu)a mig"t "a)e worked earr< or $ottaam. Similarl< a worker -icke

would "a)e worked at $adalundi< $al

-uram. 0"at is -robabl t"e reason onl a

e current -lace of residence for 3 or more e

oricall contractors "a)e -laed an im-orta

annel t"roug" w"ic" t"e #ML arri)e in $er

"ad used suc" c"annels to migrate to $eral

>engal and >i"ar at close to 33K and loim-ortant c"annel is a friend wit" o)er (%K

ur from ttar Prades" at /(K and lower in t

ers come wa below at around !%K and (K

ati)es w"o are instrumental in c"anneling a

India.

t Labour in Kerala

13

T$ta%e#

!%%

!%%

!%%

!%%

!%%

!%%Q

!%%

!%%.

n of sta in t"e

dents. 0"e rest

< @3 ears and

ion of t"eir sta

for suc" a "ig"

ite a lot wit"in

lier at $annur"utan befor

e "ad information from friends and relati)e

offers more -ros-ects w"ic" took t"em "er

tra't" ,s mentioned earlier t"e informatio

t"roug" friends and to a smaller e7tent tla t"e bulk of t"em ://K; work under con

r Prades" and >i"ar and significantl lower

r seem to be largel on t"eir own :0able 4;.

:$r& ,rran+ement an# by )tate $( *ri+in

:$r&in+ ith

C$ntra't$rCa"ua%

mp%$yerN$t rep$rte

11.%/ !.!% !.

/(.3( 8.3( /./.( 3./( 4.

1.!8 3.3! 4.

38.18 ((.!% /.

//.41 1./( (.

//./ 8.84 4.

t Labour in Kerala

14

T$ta%

#

.1( !%%.%%

.(1 !%%.%%

./8 !%%.%%

.1( !%%.%%

.%8 !%%.%%

.!8 !%%.%%

.(% !%%.%%

of em-loment

and >i"ar "ad

for #ML from

out !3K of t"e

t"e decided to

t"at t"e $erala

.

flow about t"e

roug" relati)es.tractors. 0"is is

wit" regard to

T$ta%

83 !%%.%%

3% !%%.%%1/ !%%.%%

(! !%%.%%

! !%%.%%

88 !%%.%%

% !%%.%%


15/60

)e't$r" $( mp%$yment 0"e

to fill almost all occu-ations

obser)ation t"at almost all cel

o)er two weeks< a small windo

concentration is in t"e boomi+otel and 6estaurants and 0

agriculture "as also become

multitude of sectors. 0"us< $er

Tab%e 5. Di"tributi$n $( D! b

*''upati$n ,griculture

&onstctio

&ar-enter @ %.(4

Electrician @ @

Mason2Flooring

@ 3.(4

Sales -erson %.!4 %.1

0ailoring @ @

Skilled work %.!4 !%./

nskilled work .%4 43.4

t"ers @ 4.!

ot re-orted @ %.1

0otal .3! /%.%

'"ile t"e largest concentratio

confined to it. 0"e ne7t larges

manufacturing or "otels and r

seen t"eir entr :0able (;. n

sectors in $erala.

;nemp%$yment an# ;n#e

number of das of em-lome

em-loment amongst t"e #M

week. ,not"er !!K re-orted

em-loment for less t"an four

Domestic Migran

striking as-ect of t"e #ML in $erala is t"at

and sectors of t"e econom. , look at

s "a)e entries is enoug" to substantiate it.

to t"e world of #ML< was enoug" to testif

g construction sector wit" /%K re-orting it.rade too re-ort substanti)e numbers. Inte

e-endent on migrant labour. 0"e ot"ers g

ala econom is dri)en b t"e large #ML.

*''upati$n an# )e't$r $( mp%$yment

)e't$r $( mp%$yment

ru

+otel and6estaurant

Manufacturing

0rade ot"ers

@ %.!4 %.!4 %.8!

%.!4 @ @ %.4!

@ @ @ @

%.!4 @ %.!4 @

@ %.!4 @ %.1

%.(4 3.!3 %.!4 3./1

(.44 4. !.3/ !!.(/

%.(4 %./1 @ %.!(

%.!4 %.!4 @ %./8

/.4 8.3% !.11 !1.((

n of #ML is among t"e unskilled work< t

t categor is t"at of skilled work w"et"er it

estaurants. Masonr< car-entr and electrical

t"e w"ole< t"e #ML "a)e begun entering

mp%$yment ,m$n+"t D! Furt"erut wages differ from sector

labour< and market demands.

reser)e arm of labour for )ariwages and demand for suc" leg

,lmost e)erone confirmed t"

reason t"at makes $erala an at

Domestic Migran

common for t"em to s"ift from one firm

fted residence and to casual work in t"e con

of fidelit to a -articular firm also became a

on casual2dail wage basis -er-etuall.

rts to register t"em under Em-loees Stat

"e refused to get registered. 0"e attem-t

et wit" )er limited success t"e were able

,ccording to t"e mill owners< t"e migrant l

as t"e do en)ision t"eir settling "ere for g

to one em-loer for long< t"e mill owners

s. G,fter registering wit" t"e go)ernment as

certifing t"at< if t"e lea)e m factor and

aid one of t"e mill owners.

-roblems to t"e +ealt" #e-artment< w"oable diseases. nce t"e disease is identified

ot come back. , few ,I#S and 0> cases

es are being followed u- wit" great difficult.

e attraction of $erala as a Aob destination i

t"e states of origin of #ML. For instance on

orking in construction sector in 0"iru)ana

r -laces in India< describes it t"us GI am (

ars. #uring t"e last 8 ears I was working inand $olkata. '"at I find attracti)e about $

te are similar to ours< t"e -eo-le "ere are fri

c"< t"e fellow workers from $erala are coo-

< we are -aid t"e -romised wages at t"e

as an assistant and I get 6s 3(%@4%% a da -lu

to sector< -rofession to -rofession< le)el o

igrant labour being a -o-ulation in flu7 and

us -roducti)e sectors< t"e le)el of awarenessal rig"ts are non@e7istent.

at wage rates were muc" lower in t"eir states

racti)e destination for t"em.

t Labour in Kerala

26

to anot"er< and

struction sector.

n e7cuse for t"e

ne Mill owner

Insurance and

of t"e Labour

to register onl

bourers are not

od. ,nd as t"e

ere not read to

m-loees in m

engage in some

are not able to< and medicines

ere re-orted in

s t"e "ig" wage

e of t"e migrant

t"a-uram nowut for suc" )er

de-ri)ed of an kind of cultur

stas lengt"en< t"ese communi

seeking s-aces and asserting --o-ulace.

(%1 T'e Migrants and t'e Lo

ne of t"e most striking c"ar

from t"e local -o-ulation. 0"o

make -ossible infrastructure d

agriculture and ser)ices sectors

lot of a--re"ensions 5 more

anonmit of t"ese workers G

residential area are filled wit" tG'"o knows w"o t"e areut for suc" rare instances< t"e

In almost all t"e -laces t"e 0e

to law and order in t"e localit.

certain -laces< t"e were e7ce

"ealt" t"reat due to t"eir un"

and ot"er contagious diseases.

,ccording to t"e LS aut"orit

do not -ause an securit t"rea

a; ,lmost all of t"em carrlocal rama Panc"aat

b;0"e come and sta int"em known to t"e land

c; Most of t"e settlemenreligion< and so< t"e

entertained< unless t"e

Domestic Migran

t"e are a s"ifting -o-ulation< and t"e local

of suc" acti)ities or conscientisation about t

t"e class barriers are language barrier

cult.

f integration of migrants into t"e local -olince b t"e grass root le)el of go)ernment kee-ing a labour f

fre9uent rotation2c"and; From t"e burden of "a

to labour laws and ot"e

0"e seasonal nature of migr

demand for labour at t"eir "o

contractor as well as t"e em-l

Domestic Migran

-ers-ecti)e< anot"er -otential area of conc

demogra-"ic -rofiles of t"e "ost and migra

rofile of $erala< due to )arious inter)ent

tors like out migration to ulf and ot"

"e older age categories< and in anot"er ten So< in t"e near future< a )er e7-losi)e demo

maAorit of t"e "ost -o-ulation will belong

lation will dominate t"e ot"er segment of t"

ntracting

docile and eas to manage< work long "our

toda and in anot"er tomorrow. Parado7ic

)er Jformal= but labour intensi)e

d manufacturing industries like wood. 0

rs @ "os-italit< beaut -arlours etc.

are -rocured and su--lied b labour con

ction firms< most of w"ic" are )er re

r< t"e are broug"t in batc"es< almost in)

g to t"e same communit2religion< artisanal

are from t"e regions from w"ic" t"e re

rs. '"at t"ese labour contractors assure t"e

manufacturing sectors is t"e uninterru-tednd e7-erience. It is a kind of -ackage d

eneficial to t"e em-loers as it relie)es t"em

tifing and recruiting labourers w"en in need

ages

orce J-ermanentl tem-orar= t"roug" will

e of Aobsing to em-lo workers on a -ermanent basis

mandator welfare sc"emes

tion< w"ose ebb and tides are influenced

meland and in $erala< works to t"e ad)anta

oer. Most im-ortantl< t"e manufacturing

t Labour in Kerala

31

ern is t"e stark

nt -o-ulation in

ions like famil

er countries< is

ears< maAorit ofra-"ic situation

to t"e older age

-o-ulation t"at

s and are "ig"l

ll< most of t"e

sectors like

"e also figure

tractors< w"o in

uted and e)en

riabl from t"e

rou- etc. ,gain

ruit labour< are

m-loers in t"e

u--l of laboural between t"e

ul attrition and

and t"us ad"ere

b t"e seasonal

e of t"e labour

irms are able to


32/60

draw from t"is reser)e arm o

demand for labour< w"ic" in

-roduction deadlines.

0"e economic im-erati)es are

intensi)e economic sectors do

t"ese sectors include dowfle7ibilisation of em-lomentut if one looks into t"eir -atterns

nd also attrition< nouns suc" as Jinformal= Jca

ct Jinformalised= or Jcasualised= to suit t"e in

s t"em. n t"e one "and< t"eir Janon

tegration to "ost -olities "el- to insti

are )er well integrated into t"e "ost econ

ic" means t"e are often deliberatel ke-t at

sularit but also to disem-ower t"em fro

rs. 0"is sstematic e7clusion works to t"e

t Labour in Kerala

32

rise and fall in

abroad and to

anies and labor@

6es-onses in

regulation andasures and sub@

e e7-anded t"e

ed to as t"e 3@#

rtin< %%3 - 4;

categorise #ML

of em-lomentengal< dis"a and ,s

interacted did not feel an inco

regarding waste dis-osal and "

-er room. 0"e migrant labour

clear w"et"er t"e were unma

and families be"ind. In some o

In most cottages t"e migrants

to 1%% -er mont". In t"e mu

"ead. In t"e s"eeted structure

cottages< cooking is common b

some "otels in t"e )icinit w>engali migrants< women fro

"ouse"old c"ores.

In a settlement called ManA

Perumba)ur town< t"e rent -e

t"an t"at in ot"er settlements.

Domestic Migran

s-osal. Like an ot"er densel -o-ulated sett

"ouse"old solid waste was near absent.

com-lained t"at t"e waste was dum-ed into

ottages< t"e migrant labourers and< Malaa

usl. In a t"ree storied building of 4 units

es and t"e remaining b t"e domestic migran

am. 0"e Malaali "ousewi)es wit" w"om

n)enience in li)ing in t"ese settlements. 0"e

giene w"ic" t"e blamed on t"e large num

rs staing in all t"e units in t"is building wer

ried< or w"et"er t"e were married< but "a

t"e units t"e "a)e tele)ision and cable con

-a rent indi)iduall or -er "ead w"ic" rang

lti storied buildings an occu-ant is c"arged

t"e rent -er "ead is around 6s. %%@3%%. I

one or two -ersons in turn using $erosene

ic" are run b t"e migrants. In some ot"et"eir )illages are a--ointed for food -re-a

-ett in CaD"akulam Panc"aat w"ic" is

r "ead in t"e single storied s"eeted building

+ere t"e rent -er "ead ranges from 6s. 3(

t Labour in Kerala

36

ement "ere also

an LS ward

earb streams.

li families were

t"ree units were

t labourers from

t"e stud team

"ad issues onl

er of occu-ants

single. It is not

left t"eir wi)es

ections.

s from 6s. 4%%

6s. (%%@1%% -er

n almost all t"e

Sto)e. 0"ere are

r settlements ofation and ot"er

! $ms from

is slig"tl lower

to 6s. (%%. In


37/60

one settlement se)en units ar

in"abitants in t"is site are fro

cement godown. 0"e migrants

owner and t"e local -eo-le. 0

t"eir dwelling -lace. In caseut "e e7-res

nt times for t"e small cottages w"ic" "as ailies li)ing in rented "ouses wit" limited i

feel muc" burden as !%@! -eo-le s"are a

dable.

a maAorit of t"e rooms were occu-ied b t"

nstruction workers and some ot"ers working

e la out of t"e building is same as in ot"er

om< wit" t"e owner is c"arging 6s. 4%% from

migrant settlements inside t"e -lwood an

-lwood factories also "a)e t"e same la o

bat" room t"e "a)e constructed a bat"ing a

und t"e tank. +ere also a large number is a

t Labour in Kerala

37

uilding. ,ll t"e

s and a railwa

ol of t"e "ouse

to -la cards in

are immediateld "as a "all and

slee- on -lastic

e small room is

on t"e ground.

t"e in"abitants.

migrants in t"is

sed "is concern

)ersel affectedncome. For t"e

nit. >ut for t"e

e migrants from

in t"e -ackaged

laces. +ere also

eac" indi)idual.

)eneer making

t seen in ot"er

ea wit" an o-en

commodated in


38/60

eac" unit. In some of t"e fa

common area. In t"e well@est

food to t"e workers to -re)ent

In t"e construction sector< t"e

t"e site for t"e workers. 0"is "accommodated in t"e -artiall

Chava#imu&&u< Thiruvanan

0"e li)ing conditions of mig

contractors were studied in

&or-oration. &ontractors in

tem-orar s"eds in t"e site

accommodation is a means to

com-le7es< enoug" s-ace willbuilding. So t"e tem-orar s"e

com-leted and t"e builing i

accommodate t"e workers afte

of workers in t"e site< differe

grou-s broug"t b different la

food toget"er at t"e site. en

food including breakfast lunc"

t"e same )illage and some of

contributes dail for t"e -urcaccount are done in t"e wee

weekend.

In sites w"ere flats are constru

-eriod onl. 0"ereafter w"en

-ortion of t"e flats w"ose su-

t"e tem-orar s"eds are remo)

0"ree or four tem-orar toilet

man of t"e sites is in t"e omaterials. 0"e s"eds are set u-

articles are stored in t"e same s

is in t"e o-en or under a tem

cooking in t"is kind of settle

s"uttering and wooden remains

Domestic Migran

ctories t"e "a)e -ro)ided 0C and cable

blis"ed industries t"e "a)e recentl starte

a large turno)er of em-loees.

contractors in maAor work sites -ro)ide te

l-s to reduce wages. '"en t"e s"eds are fullat"in

en and in a few -laces cubicles are madewit" tin s"eets and wit" minimum )entilation

-ace w"ic" is used for slee-ing. &ooking in

orar roof. >ot" $erosene sto)e and firew

ents. >roken -arts of wooden -lanks and r

of t"e car-entr wok a)ailable in t"e site is u

t Labour in Kerala

38

onnection in a

-ro)iding free

-orar s"eds in

t"e workers are

nd under large

)anant"a-uram

d flats< set u-

e -ro)ision of

f sites for office

marked for t"entil t"e work is

also is used to

are )arious sets

and ot"erwise

ide and -re-are

ns -re-ares t"e

nerall are from

ader. Eac" one

d settlement ofe settled at t"e

sed for a certain

modated in t"at

ork -rogresses

ng in -rogress.

arrangement in

of construction. Food and food

an settlements

od are used for

unners used for

sed as firewood.


39/60

,s kerosene is )er e7-ensi)e

wooden waste a)ailable at t"e s

'"en t"e work sto-s due to s

t"e migrants to go for ot"er ca

Aoin back "is work on demand.week if work is a)ailable.

Thiruma%a< Thiruvananthap

0"irumala is one of t"e settle

work as casual labourers sta.

-er "ead basis. 0"ere are a nu

settlement at 0"irumala w"ic"

man causal workers from r

com-le7. Fi)e to se)en -eo-le

are 4 suc" rooms in t"is set

constructed at t"e back -ortio

>engal li)e in t"ese settlement

clusters. ut of t"e 4 room

car-enter wit" wife and t"ree

grou-< but t"e seldom attend

w"o are single. nl 4 room

toilets and 3 bat"rooms for t"e

0"ere is no se-arate s-ace for

and corners of t"e building u

rarel de-end on "otel for t"e

-re-are breakfast< lunc" and s

w"ile going for work. 0"e b

sta under "is close su-er)isi

-remises are littered wit" -an

mont"l rent of 6s. 1%% in ad)

nlike workers at work sites< g

used to )isit and"i Park in E

w"ere t"e used to meet t"eir

t"e restrictions im-osed b t"

and"i Park< t"e are forced

Museum< Celi beac" etc. to m

Domestic Migran

in t"e o-en market< t"e migrant labourers

ite for cooking to t"e ma7imum -ossible e7te

arcit of sand or for an ot"er reason< t"e co

ual em-loment w"ile staing in t"ese s"eds.

0"e migrants sta in t"e work sites works u

ram Di"tri't

ents in 0"iru)anant"a-uram suburbs< w"e

ere< t"e occu- rooms and "ouses on -a

mber of suc" settlements in )arious -arts o

is wit"in 0"iru)anant"a-uram &or-orationut due to

stic migrants in

mug"am >eac"engal and car-enters from >

w"ic" add to t"e un"gienic c

staircase.

amantha%i< -annur Di"tri't

0"e situation in t"e &onstru

#istrict was )er different. 0

some b t"eir sub@contractor

contractors for w"ic" t"e cons

-er working da. 0"e migran

structures. 0"ere are t"ree t-e

of t"e unskilled labourers in t"t"eir families including c"ildre

t"e workers in car-entr and b

,ll t"e famil members work i

-iece rate and out-ut basis.

-ermitted to enter t"e site bei

and li)ing conditions of t"es

&entre :P+&; to get treatment

0"e P+& aut"orities -ro)ide

information t"e situation of t

bad. It is re-orted t"at t"e ar

recei)e a -ortion of -ament in

,dditional re9uirement of uns

t"roug" labour su--liers. 0"e

Domestic Migran

s of )iolence in)ol)ing domestic migrants. 0

restrictions u-on t"e #MLs due to -rotest fr

s< t"e migrants in t"is settlement said t"at t"

me of t"e rooms in t"ese settlements. 0"ese been staing "ere for a long time. 0"e -eo-

"e neig"boring rooms to watc" t"e -rog

to sta back in t"e room watc"ing 0C e)en

re are below 3% ears. 0"ere are some ma

i"ar abo)e t"is age. ,lmost all t"e inmates

onditions as t"e s-it on t"e corners of t"e

tion site of t"e a)al ,cadem in 6aman

e construction "ere is b large construction

. 0"e workers are arranged t"roug" Jtekk

truction com-anies -a commission to t"ese

ts are -ro)ided accommodation in t"e te

s of workers recruited "ere from outside t"e

e settlement are from ,nd"ra Prades" w"o c . , maAorit of t"e masons in t"is site are f

r bending are from west >engal.

n t"e site for u-to !@!( "ours< t"e -amen

"e local ram Panc"aat and t"e "ealt" au

g a defense area. So t"e are not 9uite awar

workers. 0"e workers a--roac" t"e local

for ailments< as ot"er "ealt" care facilities ar

ealt" care ser)ices to t"em free of cost. ,

e unskilled workers broug"t b t"e labour s

not -ermitted to go "ome before t"e agree

ad)ance before migrating from t"eir )illage.

killed workers is met from Malda" district

unskilled workers are recruited t"roug" t"e l

t Labour in Kerala

40

oug" t"e -olice

om "uman rig"t

are "esitant to

e tele)isions aree residing in t"e

ammes in t"eir

on Sundas as it

sons from west

use -an masala

-ara-et and t"e

t"ali in $annur

com-anies and

dars= or labour

labour su--liers

-orar s"eeted

state. , maAorit

mes along wit"om dis"a< and

being made on

t"orities are not

of t"e working

Primar +ealt"

not affordable.

cording to local

u--liers is 9uite

d -eriod as t"e

of 'est >engal

ocal Panc"aats


41/60

in Malda". Eac" batc" of mig

t"e are re-laced b anot"er gr

Entr to t"e defence academ i

t"e location of t"e settlement

known as J,nd"ra &olon=. 0"-oint out t"at t"e li)ing condit

, few mont"s ago< following

settlements< a team of officia

re-orts< t"e returned satisfi

conditions.

*%$ Case tudies 9 Migrant

),< >r$'ery )h$p *nere

s"o- w"ile "is fat"er in@law is in t"e beedi

all "is customers including t"e local Malaali

e locals.

t Labour in Kerala

41

t"e )illage< and

not"er /% das.

ermitted to )isit

one of w"ic" is

t t"e settlementwas de-lorable.

d labour= in t"e

. ,ccording to

ing t"eir li)ing

ct< 'est >engal.

t"er and mot"er

, studied u- to

o was struggling

lture caused b

s t"ere is little

ferred to searc"

! and came to

r.

for o)er eig"t

labour< "e used

odation b t"e

ted working as a

an t"e work in

erumba)ur. S,

to deal wit" t"e

ad w"ose fat"er

nd beedi to t"e

alakkattut"aD"e

gal and ,ssam.

usiness. S, "as

families. +e "as


42/60

S,=s wife li)es in "is ancestral

4 times a ear. #uring "i

Murs"idabad brand beedi for s

S, e7-lained t"at "is e7-erien

+owe)er< "e added t"at t"erebusinesses in Perumba)ur and

"otel :mess and a lig"t refres"

same )illage. FL is li)ing in a

studing in t"e ndstandard an

in Perumba)ur. FL "as broug"

in "is s"o- and to cook at t"e J

))< r$#u'ti$n ana+er"adrak distri

and a sister. +is fat"er and m

bad financial situation of "is fa

standard. n com-leting "is "

centre for t"ree mont"s to lear

,fter t"is s"ort term course< w

"is relati)es was working in

remained t"ere for about a ea

wages t"e recei)ed in Msore

food and accommodation. S

em-loment following t"e ad

t"e Aob o--ortunities in Perum

SS started to work in a )en

accommodation in t"e worker

colleagues w"o came to $erala

Aoined t"e construction sector."a-- wit" t"e facilities t"ere

lesser t"an in t"e constructio

increase in wages. ow "e is

one of t"e oldest -lwood

facilities in t"is factor are muc

Domestic Migran

ouse wit" t"eir two ear old girl c"ild. S, )

s return Aourne "e brings local commo

le.

e in t"e fruit stall as a sales bo "as "el-ed

re man ot"ers from Murs"idabad and Mald,lu)a. +e also took our team to a nearb gr

ment centre; w"ic" was run b Mr. FL< "is

cottage wit" "is wife and two c"ildren. +i

t"e daug"ter in $ in an Englis" mediu

t two -ersons from Murs"idabad including a

mess=.

%y$$# ;nit< erumbavur

t in dis"a< came to Perumba)ur in %%!.

t"er are working in a brick kiln for a low

mil< "e was not able to continue "is educati

ig"er secondar education< SS attended an i

tool molding work.

"en "e was !8 ears old "e migrated to Mso

n industr. SS managed to get a Aob in t

and s"ifted to $erala along wit" some of "is

was low< and in addition t"ere was a "uge

t"e mo)ed to $erala in searc" of b

ice of "is colleagues from ,ssam w"o info

a)ur.

er factor as a "el-er under a work cont

cottage t"at was attac"ed to t"e factor. L

wit" "im left -lwood industr in searc" of

>ut SS felt comfortable working in -lwoodmoreo)er / das work is assured e)en t"ou

n sector. +e was -romoted as a work su

orking as a -roduction manager in t"e same

actories in Perumba)ur. SS sas t"at t"e

" better com-ared to ot"er factories in t"is lo

t Labour in Kerala

42

isits "is "ome 3@

dities including

un "is business.

" doing )ariouscer s"o- and a

friend from t"e

s elder son was

unaided sc"ool

woman to work

e "as a brot"er

age. #ue to t"e

on after t"e !t"

dustrial training

re< w"ere one of

is industr. +e

colleagues. 0"e

ut in wages for

tter wages and

med "im about

actor. +e got

ter man of "is

etter wages and

factor as "e is" t"e wage was

er)isor wit" an

factor w"ic" is

accommodation

calit.


43/60

Four ears ago< SS got marri

cottage rent near "is -lace of w

back "ome w"en s"e became -

-arents and t"eir t"ree ear old

to $erala as t"e cost of li)incottage. In t"eir )illage< t"e -

t"eir own land. +ere< t"e nee

accommodation. +owe)er SS

from dis"a "a)e gone back"adrak d

6s. 3%% for t"e "ar)esting work in t"is seas

seasonal wage "as increased in >"adrak a

ng season due to large scale migration of

nd "e regularl goes to watc" ria film-riDe of (% Lak"s and a Maruti Swift #eDire

"e car and settled all t"e debt of "is famil in

ontractor for managing t"e -roduction and

of "is )illagers "a)e reac"ed Perumba)ur wi

in t"e same factor under "is su-er)ision.

% once in two mont"s to "is famil. Most

ank account< w"o gi)es a -ortion to "is wif

"as an account in t"e State >ank of India. ,-bank account. n s-ecial occasions< "e will

"ic" it can be wit"drawn b "is wife from t

se accounts< SS "as o-ened a bank account

De mone.

g mone in t"e >ank ,ccount is a tedious tas

ge 9ueue for de-ositing cas" for t"e ot"er

e 9ueue b %8.%% am to remit t"e cas". Man

g t"e remittance. 0"e bank will acce-t remi

-erson. 0"erefore to a)oid loss of one dane -erson to t"e bank for cas" remittance

ses. SS feels t"e drudger of sending mone

urers in Perumba)ur. +e feels it would be g

e #omestic Migrant Labourers in Perumb

ttance.

t Labour in Kerala

43

ting a se-arate

ears. S"e went

"adrak wit" "er

bring "is famil

single bedroomfor a famil in

rent for famil

of t"e workers

uring "ar)esting

n. Earlier it was

t"ere is se)ere

out" from t"is

in t"eatres inar in t"e $erala

"is nati)e -lace.

labourers from

" t"e "el- of SS

of t"e time "e

w"o is residing

rt from t"is s"ee-osit mone in

"e ,0Ms at t"e

in Perumba)ur

k and is one full

branc" account

times t"e "a)e

tance onl u-to

wage t"ere isb s"aring wage

ome as a maAor

od if S>I could

a)ur wit" more


44/60

)< Ca"ua% !ab$urer< eru

6S from Murs"idabad of 'es

working in Permba)oor and n

and mot"er are agricultural lab

ancestral "ouse. +e "as a bro

and "is wife are doing t"eir -o

stud.

6S came to Perumba)ur wit"

Aoined as a casual labour unde

t"ere nearl for a ear and lat

Aoined a sand mining grou- in

ot"er work a)ailable in t"is re

raids against sand mining< forcement in a railwa godown. I

on t"e number of bags "e load

de-osits w"ate)er "e can sa)e

famil and also for t"e stud o

6S is staing in one of t

Panc"aat near Perumba)ur.

kitc"en and a common toil

including "imself and all ar"a)e to -a t"e building

accommodation in t"e small

N< :$r&er< $tt%in+ %a

M migrated four ears ago a

meager turno)er and insuffici

district in ,ssam. +is fat"er a

too. +is fat"er culti)ates rice

ears old< "as studied u- to t"ewife and si7 ear old bo are

attend t"e sc"ool and M "as

M was running a small te7

started to s"o- a--arel items

diminis" and in soon t"e turn

Domestic Migran

mbavur

t >engal state left "is )illage w"en "e was

arb areas as a casual worker for t"e last !%

urers. +is famil owns 33 cents of land in w

t"er and a sister bot" elder to "im and marr

st@graduation< and 6S is -ro)iding financial

one of "is relati)es working in a -lwood

r a work contractor in a )eneer making fac

r s"ifted to t"e construction sector. Later f

Perumba)ur and nearb areas. It is more lu

ion. ,s t"e district aut"orities and t"e -olic

t"e last one ear "e is engaged in loading a"is -resent work 6S is earning 6s. 4%%@/%%

s2unloads. 6S occasionall )isits "is )illage.

in to t"e bank account of "is fat"er in orde

"is elder brot"er and sister in law.

e migrant settlements in ManAa-ett i

+e is residing in a single bedroom cluste

t outside t"e room. 0"ere are !% -erso

from Murs"idabad. 0"ose renting t"eowner indi)iduall. +e is -aing 6s

"all.

t< ,%uva

ter t"e business "e ran in "is )illage became

nt -rofits. +e belongs to +oswaragoan )ill

d mot"er are marginal farmers and are agric

nd )egetables in t"e !( >ig"a land owned

!%t"

standard. +e "as built a "ouse in "is anresiding in t"is "ouse. +is bo c"ild "as n

ot et -lanned t"e c"ild=s sc"ooling.

ile s"o- in +oswaragoan )illage centre.

rom bigger te7tile s"o-s in t"e cities< "is bu

)er became inade9uate to meet "is wage an

t Labour in Kerala

44

4. +e "as been

ears. +is fat"er

ic" t"e "ad an

ied. +is brot"er

u--ort for t"eir

factor. +e also

or. +e worked

r some time "e

crati)e t"an an

"a)e increased

d unloading ofa da de-ending

)er mont" "e

r to su--ort "is

n CaD"akulam

cottage wit" a

s in "is room

ccommodation. 4%% for "is

un)iable due to

ge in Morigoan

ltural labourers

"im. M< 38

cestral land. +ist et started to

"en t"e -eo-le

siness started to

d room rent. In


45/60


46/60

:ecommendations

From t"e results emerging fro

issues urgentl

!. , )oluntar registratiocon)erge.

. Im-ro)ing +ousing and3. Social Securit and +eal4. Em-loment Issues.(. Sustaining good relation/. +el- 5 line in different l

It is t"erefore suggested t"at

ste-s and if found a--ro-riate

1. 4e+i"trati$n $n ,rriva% i!.!0"e issue of #omestic Mi

man #e-artments of o

Education and Local Self

of all go)ernment benefiv$%untary re+i"trati$n "y

e7-editiousl -ut in -lace

t"e #omestic Migrant Lab

!.0"e -rocedure for t"is )olwit" a registration form

Domestic Migran

m t"e Stud< t"ere is clearl a need to addre

of #ML based on w"ic" all benefits to

Li)ing &onditions of t"e #ML.

t" issues.

s between t"e #ML and t"e local -o-ulation

anguages.

o)ernment ma be -leased to consider taki

nd feasible take measures to im-lement t"e

-era%a

grant Labour concerns t"e domain areas an

ernment including t"e Labour< +ealt"< Social

o)ernments. It is t"erefore im-ortant to li

ts to #ML t"roug" a '$mm$n "in+%etem. It is t"erefore recommended t"at t"e

a com-uteriDed common sstem of )oluntar

our in $erala.

untar registration would necessaril "a)e to

"at can be filled u- in a few minutes. nl

t Labour in Kerala

46

Chapter I=

ss t"e following

t"e #ML will

in $erala.

g t"e following

e7-editiousl.

Aurisdictions of

'elfare< Policeoards

egister as -er

-orted cases ofug"t under t"e

$?ana 4)50

so.

are earning in

tate do not fall

o)ernment of

targeting #ML$$# e%ati$(.!'"ile as noted in t"e Se

between t"e local -o-ulati

relations"i- is sustained o)

wit" t"e local -o-ulation

cultural e7c"ange -rogram

cultural de)elo-ment of

wit" t"e acti)e in)ol)ement

(.It is also im-ortant for t"e(ee% e%'$me< wanted and

#e-artment of Public 6e

#e-artment of Labour to

>engali< ,ssamese< diaand encourage t"em to get

registered as -er abo)e.

(.3Similarl< ad)ertisements asustain t"e good relations"i

Domestic Migran

f e7-loitation of #ML b em-loers are re

ken to make em-loers and t"e #ML awar

res-onsibilities. 0owards t"is it is suggeste

arene"" pr$+ramme" b$th am$n+"t the

tter in t"eir languages. 0"e State o)ernme

gin of t"e #ML in t"ese awareness cam-aign

of wages below t"e Minimum 'ages "a)

t o)er@time etc. are gi)en for work o)er 8 "ou

cases of serious accidents at t"e work@-lace

s need to be taken to ensure sufficient mi

e $r&p%a'e $( the D!. 0"is ma also "a

t" t"e em-loers and t"e #ML and later as

be informed t"at t"e s"ould restrict em-

"emsel)es as abo)e.

"hip" beteen the !$'a% $pu%ati$n an#

tions abo)e< t"ere is at t"e moment fairl

n in $erala and t"e #ML< it is im-ortant

er time. 0owards t"is it is im-ortant to inte

b de)elo-ing common -latforms of inte

es< s-ecific sc"emes dedicated to t"e socio

ML -o-ulation t"is needs to be a -artici-a

of -eer leaders2acti)ists from amongst t"em.

o)ernment and t"e -eo-le of t"e state to

at "ome in t"e State. It is recommended t

ations of t"e State o)ernment in conAu

ut out ad)ertisements in -a-ers< local 0C c"

tc. 0C &"annels t"at e7-lain t"e State=s Sct"e Identit &ards mentioned in ! abo)e an

d -rogrammes targeting t"e local -o-ulatio

-s t"at t"e "a)e wit" t"e #ML ma also be

t Labour in Kerala

49

-orted< it is still

of t"e Labour

d t"at t"e State

emp%$yer" an#

nt ma seek t"e

s.

been re-ortedell< M. and Mu"idin< S. %%

#e)elo-ment 6esearc" Pa-ererger< ?o"n and Mo"r ?ean< , S

&Daika< Mat"ias.%!!.Internal an

Some E)idence from India. Pr

>erlin %!!< o.!

#es"ingkar< P. and S)en rimm.

+arris igel< 0"e Freedom to

aret" #ale and Mike &ole< >erga

>ank.

abour in t"e ew lobal Econom< Wed >ooks who are $irst time entrants into 6erala

f Sam)le Individual

2. Sex: Male/emale

8. )ompleted 3ears o$ ?du+ation:

9. 0istri+t:. ;illage:1


55/60


56/60

Migrant Labour

For those

I( !escri)tive Identificati1. Name:

!. "ge:

5. 0o you hae an 0 )ard 7 3e

&. State/#T o$ %rigin:'. Tehsil/Town o$ %rigin:11.(eligion:1!.ow o$ten do you isit ho%n+e in three years/ on+e in tw

year/twi+e a year/other 4spe+i$

II( Place of Residence in1. Name o$ la+e:!. 0istri+t:5. Nature o$ 0welling la+e: &. Number o$ persons per roo'. $ +ommon only your langu

3es/No

11.(ent per month 4(s:1!.ae you stayed in 6erala

15. "re you residing in a wor,

Domestic Migran

Survey, Kerala, 2012

ur.ey ;uestionnaire ; (

ML "ho "ill be surveyed in #erala locations'

on of Sam)le Individual

2. Sex: Male/emale

8. )ompleted years o$ edu+ation:

s / No 9. Type o$ )ard :

. 0istri+t o$ %rigin:1


57/60

III( Channels of Migration1. rom whom did you +ome

possible employment in 6e

(elatie/ riend/)ontra+to

4spe+i$y

5. 0id you repay the loan7 3e9. ow did you repay the loa

)ut $rom wages/repay on t

other 4Spe+i$y

I*( Family Si+e and com)o1. Number o$ members in yo

home:

!. ow many hae migrated $employment7

"dult Male: "dult em

)hildren:

5. ow many $amily member+urrent pla+e o$ wor,7

*( ,m)loyment and -ag1. "re you wor,ing under a +o

+asual employer7

!. ow many days in the weeemployment7

5. Nature o$ present employ(egular +ontra+t/ +asual

&. resent %++upation: uns,illwor, 4spe+i$y

'. ow many times did you shome during the last 12 m

11.=hen was the amount rem

0ate:

Domestic Migran

o ,now o$ the

rala7

/ any other

2. 0id you borrow money $!. $ yes $rom whom7

arent/(elatie/riends/

8. ow mu+h7/No

7

he next isit/

&. ae you stayed away $r3es/No

. $ 3es =hen where andsition

r $amily 4ba+, 2. Male: emale:or

le:

8. ow many are with you i"dult Male: "dult

)hildren:

wor, in your "dult Male: "dult e

)hildren:

s

ntra+tor or 2. s the +ontra+tor $rom yo6erala7

, do you get 8. =hat is your wage in (s7er month/wee,/daily

ent +ontra+t: 9. Se+tor o$ resent ?mploy)onstru+tion/trade/manure/ hotel and restauran

4spe+i$y

ed wor,/s,illed . ow o$ten do you send?ery month/ on+e in tw

%++asionally

nd money

nths7

1


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