Golden Lion TamarinsGolden Lion Tamarins((Leontopithecus rosalia Leontopithecus rosalia

rosaliarosalia))

Some General Info…Some General Info… DistributionDistribution : Atlantic forest of Brazil in the closed canopy 3-10 : Atlantic forest of Brazil in the closed canopy 3-10

feet off the ground.feet off the ground.

Social groupsSocial groups : Family groups of 4 to 11 individuals. Only one : Family groups of 4 to 11 individuals. Only one breeding pair in a group. Golden Lion Tamarins are territorial breeding pair in a group. Golden Lion Tamarins are territorial and defend their territory with scent marking and vocalized and defend their territory with scent marking and vocalized threats.threats.

LifespanLifespan : 15 years : 15 years

LengthLength : : Head + Body : 7.8 - 13.3 inches (200-340mm)Head + Body : 7.8 - 13.3 inches (200-340mm) Tail : 12.3 - 15.6 inches (315-400mm)Tail : 12.3 - 15.6 inches (315-400mm)

WeightWeight : 12.7-25 ounces (360 to 710g) : 12.7-25 ounces (360 to 710g)

Continued…Continued… Diet Diet : insects, fruit, flowers, frogs and small lizards : insects, fruit, flowers, frogs and small lizards

ReproductionReproduction : : Gestation is 125 to 130 days with a litter of two. Gestation is 125 to 130 days with a litter of two.

Infants are carried by the mother for the first week, then the father Infants are carried by the mother for the first week, then the father takes over. The babies are transferred to the mother for feedings.takes over. The babies are transferred to the mother for feedings.

Weaned: 3 monthsWeaned: 3 months

Independent at 4 monthsIndependent at 4 months

Maturity at 1 yearMaturity at 1 year

One of the most endangered of all primates! One of the most endangered of all primates! About 1,200 Golden Lion Tamarins live in the wild, most in or near the About 1,200 Golden Lion Tamarins live in the wild, most in or near the

Reserva Biologica in the state of Rio de Janeiro. About 450 live in Reserva Biologica in the state of Rio de Janeiro. About 450 live in zoos worldwide.zoos worldwide.

Primate InfoPrimate Info

Tamarins are considered New World Primates Tamarins are considered New World Primates (Platyrrhines). This means:(Platyrrhines). This means:

They have a broad nose with nostrils that point off to the side.They have a broad nose with nostrils that point off to the side.

They require vitamin D3They require vitamin D3

Some have a prehensile tailSome have a prehensile tail

They don’t have “butt pads” \ no swelling of the sex skinThey don’t have “butt pads” \ no swelling of the sex skin

They have no opposable thumbsThey have no opposable thumbs

Lack cheek pouchesLack cheek pouches

What Skin?!What Skin?!

Red swelling to Red swelling to attract males attract males during ovulation, during ovulation, when female is when female is most fertile.most fertile.

Common in Old Common in Old world species due world species due to lack of smell, to lack of smell, sight is more sight is more important than important than pheromones. pheromones.

Primates in CaptivityPrimates in Captivity

Are more intelligent creaturesAre more intelligent creatures Some are able to problem solve, put together Some are able to problem solve, put together

puzzlespuzzles Can suffer psychological damage and exhibit Can suffer psychological damage and exhibit

stereotypic behaviors if environment is not stereotypic behaviors if environment is not suitable.suitable.

In order to keep a healthy primate, In order to keep a healthy primate, environmental enrichment is key!environmental enrichment is key!

Environmental EnrichmentEnvironmental Enrichment

Should simulate a primates natural Should simulate a primates natural environment as much as possible….environment as much as possible…. Trees, branches, vines for climbing\swingingTrees, branches, vines for climbing\swinging Proper temperature\humidity\space Proper temperature\humidity\space

requirements for specific primaterequirements for specific primate Toys that encourage foraging and working for Toys that encourage foraging and working for

foodfood Perches\hutches for sleepingPerches\hutches for sleeping If a social primate, then be sure to house with If a social primate, then be sure to house with

othersothers

Primates in captivityPrimates in captivity

Primates and Humans can share Primates and Humans can share diseases, therefore a rigorous quarantine\diseases, therefore a rigorous quarantine\testing protocol must be in place when testing protocol must be in place when handling these animals.handling these animals.

One major diseases Primates and One major diseases Primates and Humans can share is:Humans can share is: TuberculosisTuberculosis

TBTB In 1972 over 800 cases of TB in monkeys In 1972 over 800 cases of TB in monkeys

reported to the CDCreported to the CDC Caused by a Mycobacterium TuberculosisCaused by a Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Signs includeSigns include

Sudden death in an otherwise seemingly healthy Sudden death in an otherwise seemingly healthy animalanimal

Tires quicklyTires quickly Lethargy Lethargy DiarrheaDiarrhea Skin ulcerationsSkin ulcerations Enlarged nodules on liver and spleenEnlarged nodules on liver and spleen

TBTB DiagnosisDiagnosis

Tracheal washTracheal wash TB testTB test

The Mantoux skin test uses TB antigens called purified The Mantoux skin test uses TB antigens called purified protein derivative (PPD). The test cannot tell if the infection protein derivative (PPD). The test cannot tell if the infection is active or inactive (radiographs). The PPD is the test used is active or inactive (radiographs). The PPD is the test used when testing humans.when testing humans.

TB test in primates is a ID injection of .1mL mammalian TB test in primates is a ID injection of .1mL mammalian tuberculin into the eyelid or stomach. This makes reading tuberculin into the eyelid or stomach. This makes reading results easy.results easy.

A positive result is marked by extensive swelling and redness A positive result is marked by extensive swelling and redness around the injection site that lasts for 72 hours or more.around the injection site that lasts for 72 hours or more.

PreventionPrevention

Always wear protective gear, don’t take chances!Always wear protective gear, don’t take chances!

All incoming primates should have a physical exam, be TB All incoming primates should have a physical exam, be TB tested and quarantinedtested and quarantined

Quarantine TB testing should be 1 test on alternating Quarantine TB testing should be 1 test on alternating eyelids given at 2 week intervals for 3 consecutive weeks eyelids given at 2 week intervals for 3 consecutive weeks so a minimum of 6 weeks in quarantineso a minimum of 6 weeks in quarantine

If positive while in quarantine, must be moved to isolation If positive while in quarantine, must be moved to isolation until problem has resolved, then can be re-released back until problem has resolved, then can be re-released back into quarantine into quarantine

Prevention cont’d….Prevention cont’d….

In a closed colony (no movement of In a closed colony (no movement of monkeys in and out of the colony)monkeys in and out of the colony) Humans should be tested 1x\yearHumans should be tested 1x\year Primates tested 2x\yearPrimates tested 2x\year

In an open colony (monkeys come and go)In an open colony (monkeys come and go) Humans tested 2x\yearHumans tested 2x\year Primates tested 4x\yearPrimates tested 4x\year

Physical ExamPhysical Exam

Should consist of:Should consist of: Radiographs – looking for any signs of active Radiographs – looking for any signs of active

active TB in the lungsactive TB in the lungs Oral inspection – looking for Herpes B lesionsOral inspection – looking for Herpes B lesions TattooingTattooing Interdigital rectal palpation – to assess Interdigital rectal palpation – to assess

reproductive statusreproductive status Fecal checkFecal check Abdominal palpationAbdominal palpation

Chemical RestraintChemical Restraint

Used very often for primates especially in Used very often for primates especially in Research and zoo settings.Research and zoo settings.

Common drugs used are:Common drugs used are: Ketamine (5-25mg\kg) – Ketamine (5-25mg\kg) –

• Most commonly usedMost commonly used• Controlled substanceControlled substance• Dissociative anestheticDissociative anesthetic

Stimulates reticular activating system Stimulates reticular activating system

• Administered through IM injection.Administered through IM injection.• Minimal cardiovascular effectsMinimal cardiovascular effects• Doesn’t provide good analgesia or muscle relaxation so it Doesn’t provide good analgesia or muscle relaxation so it

can be paired with Xylazine (Ketamine\Xylazine – can be paired with Xylazine (Ketamine\Xylazine – 5-10mg/kg/1-2mg/kg)5-10mg/kg/1-2mg/kg)

Chemical Restraint Cont’d….Chemical Restraint Cont’d….

Tiletamine\zolazepam:Tiletamine\zolazepam: Combo dissociative anesthetic and Combo dissociative anesthetic and

tranquilizer – muscle relaxation, no analgesiatranquilizer – muscle relaxation, no analgesia Controlled substanceControlled substance Longer duration of effect than Ketamine in Longer duration of effect than Ketamine in

larger primateslarger primates Most often used instead of ketamine for Most often used instead of ketamine for

chemical restraint and short procedures on chemical restraint and short procedures on smaller primates like tamarins.smaller primates like tamarins.

AnesthesiaAnesthesia Pre-anestheticsPre-anesthetics

Atropine (.05mg/kg IM)Atropine (.05mg/kg IM)• Increase heart rateIncrease heart rate• Minimize saliva productionMinimize saliva production

Glycopyrrolate (.005-.01mg/kg IM)Glycopyrrolate (.005-.01mg/kg IM)• Longer last than atropine, same effectsLonger last than atropine, same effects

TranquilizersTranquilizers• Diazepam (ket\val – 5mg/kg/1mg/kg IM)Diazepam (ket\val – 5mg/kg/1mg/kg IM)• MidazolamMidazolam• Provide muscle relaxation, no analgesia, may decrease heart and Provide muscle relaxation, no analgesia, may decrease heart and

respiratory ratesrespiratory rates SedativesSedatives

• Xylazine (with ketamine 5-10mg/kg/1-2mg/kg) Xylazine (with ketamine 5-10mg/kg/1-2mg/kg) • Medetomidine (100mcg/kg + Ketamine 5mg/kg IM – baboons)Medetomidine (100mcg/kg + Ketamine 5mg/kg IM – baboons)• Provide sedation, muscle relaxation, and analgesia. Lower heart Provide sedation, muscle relaxation, and analgesia. Lower heart

rate and BP and can cause vasoconstrictionrate and BP and can cause vasoconstriction• Can be reversed with Yohimbine, and AtipamazoleCan be reversed with Yohimbine, and Atipamazole

Other Drugs….Other Drugs…. Drugs used for induction include:Drugs used for induction include:

Barbituates Barbituates • Thiopental (15-20 mg/kg IV bolus to effect)Thiopental (15-20 mg/kg IV bolus to effect)• Pentobarbital (5-15 mg/kg IV) – not used often due to Pentobarbital (5-15 mg/kg IV) – not used often due to

complications such ascomplications such as Dose dependent cardiovascular depressionDose dependent cardiovascular depression Violent recoveriesViolent recoveries

PropofolPropofol• In Rhesus monkeys – 2.5-10mg/kg IV bolusIn Rhesus monkeys – 2.5-10mg/kg IV bolus• In Baboons – 5mg\kg IV bolus In Baboons – 5mg\kg IV bolus • 0.4-0.6 mg/kg/min for maintenance of continuous IV0.4-0.6 mg/kg/min for maintenance of continuous IV• Minimal analgesic effects, can pair with FentanylMinimal analgesic effects, can pair with Fentanyl• Given IV as bolus or constant infusionGiven IV as bolus or constant infusion• APNEA!APNEA!

Inhalant Anesthetic AgentsInhalant Anesthetic Agents HalothaneHalothane

Requires precision vaporizerRequires precision vaporizer Reaching desired depth takes longer than with Reaching desired depth takes longer than with

IsofluraneIsoflurane Sensitizes heart to epinephrine = arrhythmiasSensitizes heart to epinephrine = arrhythmias Increase intracranial pressure due to Increase intracranial pressure due to

increased cerebral blood flowincreased cerebral blood flow IsofluraneIsoflurane

Requires precision vaporizerRequires precision vaporizer Depth of anesthesia quickly adjusted – Depth of anesthesia quickly adjusted –

elimination of drug occurs almost entirely elimination of drug occurs almost entirely through the lungsthrough the lungs

Minimal cardiovascular effectsMinimal cardiovascular effects

Inhalant Anesthetic AgentsInhalant Anesthetic Agents

Nitrous OxideNitrous Oxide Only used to reduce amount of Only used to reduce amount of

other inhalants in order to other inhalants in order to reduce their negative effectsreduce their negative effects

Minimal respiratory depressionMinimal respiratory depression Produces less anesthesia in Produces less anesthesia in

primates than in humans – so primates than in humans – so it can never be used aloneit can never be used alone

Anesthesia cont’dAnesthesia cont’d

Remember to alwaysRemember to always Intubate and inflate cuffIntubate and inflate cuff Provide eye lubricantProvide eye lubricant Take the primates temperature and provide a Take the primates temperature and provide a

heat source to avoid hypothermiaheat source to avoid hypothermia Monitor vitalsMonitor vitals

• Blood pressureBlood pressure• Pulse ratePulse rate• ReflexesReflexes

Any Questions?Any Questions?

BibliographyBibliography http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/willis/index.phphttp://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/willis/index.php

http://nationalzoo.si.edu/ConservationAndScienchttp://nationalzoo.si.edu/ConservationAndScience/EndangeredSpecies/GLTProgram/e/EndangeredSpecies/GLTProgram/

http://www.rogerwilliamsparkzoo.org/what_to_sehttp://www.rogerwilliamsparkzoo.org/what_to_see/tropical_america/tropamerica_gltamarin.cfme/tropical_america/tropamerica_gltamarin.cfm

The Laboratory Nonhuman PrimateThe Laboratory Nonhuman Primate Jeffrey D. FortmanJeffrey D. Fortman Terry A. HewittTerry A. Hewitt B. Taylor BennettB. Taylor Bennett