good agricultural practices for ipm in protected cultivation · · 2011-03-25good agricultural...

Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation 15

Technical Bulletin No. 23

Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation

Naved Sabir, Balraj Singh*, M. Hasan*, R. Sumitha,Sikha Deka, R.K. Tanwar, D.B. Ahuja , B.S. Tomar**,

O.M. Bambawale & E.M. Khah†

National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (ICAR),

LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012

*Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology,

I.A.R.I., New Delhi - 110012

**Div. of Seed Science, I.A.R.I., New Delhi - 110012

†Lab. of Genetics & Plant Breeding,

Univ. of Thessaly, Volos, Greece

National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (ICAR),LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110 012

Printed : July, 2010

Citation : Sabir et al. (2010): Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)

for IPM in Protected Cultivation,

Tech. Bull. No. 23,

National Centre for Integrated Pest Management,

New Delhi-110 012 INDIA, July 2010, P. 16

Cover Page Photos : Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology,

IARI, New Delhi - 110012 INDIA

Published by : Dr. O.M. Bambawale,

Director,

National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (ICAR),

LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012

Tel.: +91-11-25843935-36, 25740951-52, 25843985

Fax: +91-11-25841472

E-mail: [email protected]

Website: http://www.ncipm.org.in

Numbers : 500 copies

Year of Publication : 2010


Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)for IPM in Protected Cultivation

Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) are “practices that address environmental,economic and social sustainability for on-farm processes, and result in safe andquality food and non-food agricultural products” (FAO COAG 2003 GAP paper).GAP primarily involve the application of good management practices to maintainthe consumer confidence in food quality and food safety by taking into accountthe optimal use of inputs to ensure worker health and minimizing detrimentalenvironmental impacts on farming operations. To set standards for the certificationof agricultural products around the globe, Euro-Retailer Produce Working Group(EUREPGAP) was initiated during 1997 and which later evolved intoGLOBALGAP.

GLOBALGAP is a private sector body that aims to establish ONE standard forGAP with different product applications capable of fitting to the whole of globalagriculture. It is a pre-farm-gate standard, which means that the certificate coversthe process of the certified product from farm inputs like feed or seedlings andall the farming activities until the product leaves the farm. GLOBALGAP is abusiness-to-business label and is therefore not directly visible to consumers.

Its certification is carried out by more than 100 independent and accreditedcertification bodies in more than 100 countries. It is open to all producersworldwide.

It includes annual inspections of the producers and additional unannouncedinspections. It consists of a set of normative documents. These documents coverthe GLOBALGAP General Regulations, the GLOBALGAP Control Points andCompliance Criteria and the GLOBALGAP Checklist. It has now been establishedas a key reference for GAP in the global market place, by translating consumerrequirements into agricultural production in a rapidly growing list of countries –currently more than 100 from every continent.

Food safety becomes a joint responsibility of all organizations within the foodchain including producers, manufacturers, transport & storage operators, subcontractors, retail and food service outlets and service providers. The Bureau of


Indian Standards (BIS) has launched Food Safety Management Systems (FSMS)Certification IS/ISO 22000:2005 scheme which envisages grant of FSMSCertification licence to organizations according to IS/ISO 22000.

A multiplicity of GAP codes, standards and regulations have been developed inrecent years, not only by the food industry and producers’ organizations, butalso by governments and NGOs, aiming to codify agricultural practices at farmlevel for a range of commodities. Their purpose varies from fulfilment of tradeand government regulatory requirements (in particular with regard to food safetyand quality), to more specific requirements of speciality or niche markets. Theobjective of these GAP codes, standards and regulations include, to a varyingdegree:

• Ensuring safety and quality ofproduce in the food chain,

• Capturing new market advantages bymodifying supply chain governance,

• Improving natural resources use, workers’health and working conditions, and/or

• Creating new market opportunities forfarmers and exporters indeveloping countries.

Four Pillars of GAP:

• Economic Viability

• Environmental Sustainability

• Social Acceptability

• Food Quality and safety

In India, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has taken initiatives to develop itsown standards to be followed by institutions and companies, etc. The draft IndianStandard Good Agricultural Practices – IndiaGAP (Part 1- Crop Base) takes intoaccount not only the quality and quantity of the crop obtained from a unit areabut also the care and attention gone into integrating pre-harvest practices likesoil & water management, nutrient management and pest management,harvesting, post harvest handling and other logistics (Anon., 2008). The objectiveis to ensure food safety, occupational health/safety/welfare, and whereverpossible, animal welfare. The entire operation is intended to make farmingpractices environment friendly. For the purpose of verification, a graded patterngiven below (Table 1) shall be followed for grant of IndiaGAP licence:

BIS India GAP certification shall be as prescribed under the provisions of Bureauof Indian Standards Act, 1986 and Rules and Regulations framed thereunder.The details of the conditions under which the licence may be granted to producer(individual grower and/or member of a grower group) may be obtained from the

Major Principles of GAP

1. Traceability2. Record keeping and self

inspection3. Varieties and rootstocks4. Site history and site

management5. Soil and substrate

management6. Fertilizer use7. Irrigation/Fertigation8. Crop protection9. Harvesting10. Produce handling11. Waste & pollution

management,recycling & re-use

12. Worker health, safetyand welfare

13. Environment issues14. Complaint form


Bureau of IndianStandards. Food andAgriculture Department ofBureau of IndianStandards has formulatedvarious standards sinceinception and has so fardeveloped around 1800standards in the followingareas including –pesticides, sugar, apiary, tobacco, livestock feeds, equipment, stimulant foods,soil quality and fertilizers, food additives, spices and condiments, processedfruit and vegetable, agricultural tractors, fish and fisheries products, oil andoilseeds, drinks and carbonated beverages, food hygiene, safety managementfood grains, starches and ready to eat foods, irrigation systems, farm implements,slaughter house and meat, dairy products and equipments, agriculture and foodprocessing equipments, agriculture management and systems, biotechnologyand specialized products. These standards are for products, methods of test,code of practice, terminology, symbols and systems. However, the BIS - IndiaGAPdraft document still needs to be finalized before if could he used as standard.

GAP and Protected Cultivation

Protected cultivation including greenhouse production systems require adherenceto GAP protocols because intensive cultivation in greenhouses often involvesexcessive use of chemicals since the stakes are high due to intensive inputsand high expectations on quality front. Therefore, perennial production coupledwith indiscriminate chemcalization leads to severe pest infestation andconsequent high levels of pesticide residues. Older greenhouses often face moresevere pest situations and hence maintaining economic profitability of farms isdifficult without high chemical inputs as pest multiplication is much faster –compelling growers to resort to excessive chemical use. Therefore, greenhouseproduction systems require even stricter adherence to GAP protocols.

GAP for Protected Cultivation Farms– Summary Recommendations

Water management

• Ensure clean uncontaminated water from safe source

- Water storage tank should be kept clean and covered

- Minimize access to stored water by erecting fences

- Disposal of waste such that water doesn’t get contaminated

• Use of water for all foliar applications should be from a pathogen freesource

Table 1 : Proposed Graded Pattern for verificationunder BIS IndiaGAP

Category of Major MajorLicence compliances compliances

lndiaGAP - A 100% 90%

IndiaGAP - B 100% 80%

lndiaGAP - C 100% 75%


Primary Filtration

Automatic Fertigation Control

Clean and filtered water supply

Proper Water Drainage from Polyhouses


• Water for irrigation must be tested at least once/year for microbial,chemical and mineral pollution as well as for its pH, electrical conductivity,TDS, etc.

Where water quality is unknown, proper practices that minimize the contact ofwater with edible portions should be followed:

• Maintain water bodies toprevent surface run-off fromcontaminating water supply

• Run-offs may be managedproperly and undesired run-off may be diverted awayfrom the farms while thedesirable run-off water maybe stored properly forincreasing water useefficiency

• Thorough cleaning of waterreservoirs at least onceannually

• Adopt water management plan to optimize water usage and reducewastage by reusing the system by maintaining irrigation equipment toascertain efficient operation

• Adopt minimum energy utilization techniques including zero energy dripirrigation system

Greenhouse Structures and their Maintenance

• Remove debris materials that might harbour or provide habitat forpest multiplication on the site of the greenhouses or inside them

• Avoid fumigation of soils by chemicals wherever possible• Sterilize soil by –

- Soil solarizationpreferably withp o l y t h e n emulch

- Explore anda d o p ta l t e r n a t i v etechniques ofchemical soilf u m i g a t i o n(such asD a z o m e t )taking propercare of waitingperiod beforetransplantation

Zero energy drip irrigation

Use insect-proof screens in the side vents &avoid growing susceptible crops near protected

structures to avoid pests. Inset photo (nematodeinfected plant)


• Bed preparation by building up rich flora of biological control agents,e.g.: Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Paecilomyceslilacinus etc, for the management of soil borne pathogens especiallynematodes – as the required levels of natural enemies andbioagents maintain a healthy ecosystem in greenhouses. Oncethis system disturbs the natural means to control, natural controloptions are virtually exhausted and the pests multiply uncheckedin the absence of natural forces of suppression. Additionally oneshould follow following precautions:

• Avoid/ repair faulty greenhouse structures which help in the entryof insect-pests

• Always use insect-proof net screens

• Greenhouses along with workers/visitors should have double entrygates so as to minimize the risk of pest entry

Manure and Fertilizer Application

• Avoid use of untreated manure and apply only properly compostedor adequately aged manure from genuine compost suppliers beforeplanting. Also, the compost may be mixed with the consortium ofbioagents for proper mineralization as well as the multiplier effectof bioagents for effective control of soil borne pathogens

• Clean equipment that comes in contact with untreated manure

• Proper analysis of manure for heavy metals must be carried outbefore application

• Always cover the manure and keep it away from garbage-contamination by pests

• Do not apply manure when the produce is nearing maturity or beingharvested

• Store manure and fertilizer in a clean, dry location, separated frompesticides, and properly labelled to reduce the risk of environmentcontamination

• Apply fertilizer based on crop nutrient requirements and availablenutrients in soil

• All fertilizer applications must be recorded

Crop Protection

Maintenance of crop health is essential for successful farming for both yieldand quality of produce. Pest Monitoring measures such as sticky traps shouldalways be in place for timely action. Unwanted visitors should be discouragedfrom entering the greenhouse.


Soft compounds for Plant Protection in GAP programme

• Organic compounds or botanicals such as neem/products & theirformulations, pyrethrins, garlic extract etc.

• Horticultural/mineral oils.

• Mineral compounds

• Oils, talc, copper

• Ecological detergents e.g Zohar-Lq 215 (registered in Israel asfungicide against powdery mildew), herbicidal soaps, fatty acidsoaps etc.

• Bt, abamectins etc.

Cultural Control Measures

• Plastic covers– using UV absorbing sheets

• Insect proof nets

• Enriched / Fortified/ Suppressivecompost

• Color traps for pestmonitoring:

♦ Yellow for white fly

♦ Blue for thrips

♦ Silver for aphids

• Sanitation – cleanarea aroundgreenhouses

• Water heat system& good ventilationsystems

• Resistant varieties

• Grafting – using pest resistant root-stocks

Pesticide application

• Encourage Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies.

• Justify the treatment of planting material

• Use only registered pesticides and avoid sub-standard ones.

• Use minimum chemical pesticides.

• Avoid indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides.

Yellow sticky traps for monitoring sucking pests


• Apply pesticides only when pest populations are large enough tocause economic losses

• Apply pesticides according to label directions in terms ofdosage, crop, canopy, time of application, waiting period etc.

• Use right kind of spray depending upon the pest and cropcanopy

• Dispose the pesticide container and polythene safely by burying

• Do not use damaged containers

• Avoid wrong disposal of left over pesticides

• Maintain records of all pesticide applications properly

• Persons applying pesticides must read the instructions carefullyand comply with it

• Use protective clothing while applying pesticides

• Avoid repeating the same group of chemicals again and again,hence different chamicals may be rotated so that the insect pestsdo not develop resistance

Farm Health

• Encourage understanding of farmers about the impact of theiractivities on environment

• Create awareness of clean handling of farm equipments:

- with posters

- by practical demonstrations

• Train farmers for scientific management of healthy nurseryproduction, preferably involving beneficial pathogens such asTrichoderma spp. / Pseudomonas fluorescens, which, when appliedat nursery level, may multiply and provide much better resistanceand survival opportunities to the transplanted nursery, giving a boostto growth through their multiplier effect

Grow healthy nursery


• Purchase officially certified nursery stock

• Proper record keeping and maintaining waiting period

• Recycle organic wastes and inorganic materials

• Maintain overall good health of farm, expecially the soilenvironment in which helps balance the beneficial organisms andnutritional status of soil etc.

Harvest and On-farm Processing and Storage

• Ensure product quality by implementation of acceptable protocolsfor harvesting, storage, and processing of farm products

• Store food produce under appropriate conditions of temperatureand humidity

• Ensure clean and safe handling for on-farm processing of products

• Pack food produce for transport from the farm in clean and

appropriate containers

Workers’ Health

• Maintain worker hygiene by following good hygiene practices

such as

- hand washing

- clean toilet facilities

- personal hygiène

• Farm workers must be aware of microbial food safety risk

• Persons handling manure should be vaccinated against tetanusand must not handle manure with open wounds

• Farm supervisors must be familiar with signs/ symptoms ofinfectious diseases

• Make first-aid kit available for accident and emergency

Consumers’ Health

• Do not harvest any produce before prescribed waiting period

• Edible portion of crop must not be in contact with contaminatedwater


• Produce contact surfaces are cleaned and sanitized to ensure thesafety of the produce

• Proper labelling of the produce may be done before reaching theconsumer

Advantages of Adopting GAP

• Development of basic infrastructure at the field level

• Build up the culture of following good agricultural practices by the

farmers

• Uniform approach across farms regardless of their sizes

• Increased awareness among the farmers

• Traceability through complete integration of food chain i.e. from farm to

fork, the produce must be traceable for its origin including all inputs

• Improvement in the environment as well as soil fertility

• Worker safety and welfare

• Reputation in the international market as a producer of good quality

and safe produce

• Removal of Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs) faced by exporters ofagro products


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General IPM Module Including GAP forProtected Cultivation

1. Construction and Maintenance of greenhouses

a. The site selection of greenhouse should be preferably disease and pestfree. It should be oriented in North-South direction. Choose a site awayfrom existing agriculture production areas to reduce pest incidence. It shouldbe accessible for easy transport of inputs/produce

b. Fabrication of the green house should be proper with double doors, provisionof insect-proof screens, maintaining strict hygiene and restricting the entryof unwanted visitors

2. Preventive Measures

• Soil solarization and sanitation

• Augment bioagents vide fortified FYM (Store FYM under shade, mixbioagents such as Trichoderma harzianum culture (c.f.u. 2X 109/g) @ 1kg/500 kg of FYM and/or Pseudomonas fluorescens (c.f.u. 2 X 1012

cells/ml) 1 L/500 kg FYM and mix it with FYM one month before bedpreparation. Such enriched FYM may be used at the time of preparingplanting beds.

• Implement GAP protocols as discussed in the manuscript especially

− Use of clean, uncontaminated water for irrigation from safe source

− Proper disposing of polythenes by burying

− Only need-based pesticide application

− Maintenance of worker hygiene

− Soil treatment/ drenching with carbofuran 3G @ 6 g/sq. m or captan2 g/L of water

• Adoption of grafting technology (use of resistant root stock with suitablegreenhouse varieties)

• Use of resistant varieties suitable for greenhouses

• Maintain weed free structures and remove all crop waste, especiallydiseased plant parts

3. Monitoring of Pests: Pests should be monitored regularly, especiallysucking pests which multiply rapidly, through blue sticky traps (thrips), silver/yellow sticky traps (aphids/whiteflies) and pheromone traps with lures formoths of caterpillars. Monitoring is done to take timely action against pests


pathogensincludingRoot-knotnematode

References:

1. Nicholas, M. (2007). Good Agricultural Practises (GAP) and Greenhouse Crops.Proc. Int. Conf. & Exhibition on Soilless Culture (Ed. K.K. Chow) Acta Hort.742, 135-138 pp.

2. Anon. (2008). Draft Indian Standard- REQUIREMENTS FOR GOODAGRICULTURAL PRACTICES - IndiaGAP (only preparatory draft document)http://www.big.org.in/sf/fad/FAD22(1949)C.pdf P. 28

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Agricultural_Practices

4. http://www.eurepgap.org/Languages/English/about.html

mildew

Key Components of IPM

Mites ♦♦♦♦♦ Bringing down green house temperature by frequentwatering/ misting and increasing the humidity to 50% byspraying plain water.

♦♦♦♦♦ Apply calmite @ 2 ml/L, difocol @ 1.5 ml/L.

♦♦♦♦♦ Apply abamectin @ 0.5 ml/L as last resort.

Thrips ♦♦♦♦♦ Apply imidacloprid @ 0.4 g/L or Exodus @ 5 ml/L

Whiteflies ♦♦♦♦♦ Apply acephate @ 1g/L, acetameprid @ 0.2 g/L.

♦♦♦♦♦ Spray with entomo pathogenic fungi likeVerticillium lecanii.

♦♦♦♦♦ Use predator Chrysoperla spp.@ 10/ m2

Leaf miner ♦♦♦♦♦ Apply spinosad @ 0.3 ml/L and abamectin @ 0.5 ml/L

Caterpillars ♦♦♦♦♦ Mechanical destruction of caterpillars and their egg masses

♦♦♦♦♦ Use of NPV sprays 10 days after observing moth catches inpheromone traps

Powdery ♦♦♦♦♦ Apply sulphur dust @ 25 kg/ha or spraying wettable sulphur @0.3% or sulphur suspension @ 0.6%.

♦♦♦♦♦ Apply thiophenate methyl @ 1.5 g/L, fenarimol @ 0.35 ml/L orcopper oxychloride @ 1.5 g/L as the first symptoms appear

Soil-borne ♦♦♦♦♦ Take preventive measures as described above

♦♦♦♦♦ Drenching with metalaxyl / copper-oxychloride /mancozeb @ 1g/L for fungal pathogens

♦♦♦♦♦ Use of resistant/ tolerant varieties or rootstock orgrafting with resistant rootstock for nematodes andother soil borne pests

♦♦♦♦♦ Following crop rotation/ fallow

♦♦♦♦♦ Avoid growing nematode susceptible crops/ plantsnear greenhouses

- Use neem products and horticultural oil to control inect-pests

- Refer to the Table2 for bio-agent applications


Grafting for Resistance against Soil-Borne Pathogens

Grafting as a technique is gaining wide attentionthrough out the world, especially for greenhousecultivation of vegetable crops, mainly thesolanaceous and cucurbitaceous ones, from theview point of resistance against the soil-bornepathogens in addition to obtaining better yieldand quality. It is highly successful in cucurbitslike melons for resistance against diseases.Grafting involves the union of suitable varietiesof greenhouse crops used as scions over theresistant rootstocks usually from the samefamily. Centre has conducted trials on graftingof tomato seedlings over the available rootstocksfrom different families. Although, the successhas been achieved in grafting of greenhousetomato over interfamilial plants, however, tomato and cucurbits only gave goodresults. Technology is underway and is proving to be promising for greenhousecultivation in India.

The grafted seedlings are conditioned(hardened) in the dark and cool shednets prepared specially for the purposebefore planting in seedling trays andfinally their transplantation in thegreenhouses. Grafting robots are beingincreasingly used for the commercial

production of healthy nursery.

Grafted Tomato Seedling

Grafted Seedlings with Staking forSupport

Hardening of Seedlings under SpecifiedConditions

Grafting Robot

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