SYNT.A}iOF

THE MOODS AND TENSESOF

THE GREEK VERB

BY

WILLIAM WATSON GOODWIN, LL.D., D.C.L.ELIOT PROFESSOR OF GREEK LITERATURE IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY

REWRITTEN .AND ENLARGED

GINN AND COMPANYBOSTONATLANTA

NEW YOHKDALLAS

CHICAGO

LONVO:>'

COLUMBCS

SAN J: &v in Appendix IV., for the benefit of those who have not Weber's book at hand, or want the patience to follow his elaborate historical statements. Monro's Homeric Grammar is one of the best results of recent English scholarship, and for the study of Homeric usages in the moods it is invaluable. I regret that the new edition of this book, soon to be published, has not come in time to benefit the present work. It seems a mere form to acknowledge my obligations to the standard Grammars; but I must repeat my former expression of thanks to Madvig, Kriiger, and Kiihner, not to mention a host of others. To Madvig I am indebted for the first conviction that the syntax of the Greek moods belonged

Vlll

PREFACE

to the realm of common sense. To Kriiger I have been indebted in the study of every construction; and I have still retained most of the remarks on the tenses of the indicative which were originally borrowed from him. The revised edition of Kiihner's Griechische Grammatik has supplied a large store of examples, to which I have frequently had recourse. I am under especial obligation to him for many of the examples which illustrate the uses of the Supplementary Participle, and the corresponding uses of the infinitive with many of the same verbs. Frequent references are made in the notes to the authorities which I have mentioned, and to many others. It is with pride and pleasure that I acknowledge my deepest indebtedness to an American scholar, whose writings have thrown light upon most of the dark places in Greek syntax. I need not say that I refer to my friend, Professor Gildersleeve of Baltimore. As editor of the American Journal of Philology he has discussed almost every construction of the Greek moods, and he has always left his mark. His two reviews of Weber's work on the Final Sentence in vols. iv. and vi. of his Journal may well save many scholars the trouble of reading the book itself, while they contain much new matter' which is valuable to every one. The acute observation, that the use of liv and ~ee in final constructions depends on the force of cJs-, o1rws-, and 5cf>pa as conditional relative or temporal adverbs, explains much which before seemed inexplicable. His article on 1rptv in vol. ii. stated important principles of classic usage which were confirmed by Sturm's statistics; and this, with the later review of Sturm's volume, has done much to correct current errors and to establish sounder views about 1rptv. His articles on the Articular Infinitive in the Transactions of the American Philological Association for 1878 and in the third volume of his Journal practically anticipated the results of Birklein's statistics. I can mention further only his article in vol. vii. of the Journal on the ConsecutiveSentence, which gives (it seems to me) the clearest state-

ment ever made of the relations of wuTE with the infimtive to wuTE with the finite moods. I have expressed my

PREFACE

lX

indebtedness to these and other writings of Gildersleeve as occasion has required; but I have also often referred to his articles in his Journal by the simple mention of that periodicaL I have sometimes omitted a reference where one might seem proper, lest I should appear to make him responsible for what he might deem some dangerous heresy. I am also under the greatest obligation to my friends and colleagues in Harvard University, Professors Allen, Greenough, Lane, Lanman, White, and Wright, and Dr. Morgan, for valuable suggestions, and to most of them for important help in revising and proof-reading. I regret that I have not had the advantage of their aid in reading the proofs of the last two-thirds of the work. To my friendship of twenty-one years with Dr. Henry Jackson, of Trinity College, Cambridge, I am indebted for some of the most important suggestions which I have received since the publication of the former editions. The Index to the Examples includes all of the more than 4800 examples quoted or cited in the main body of the work, but not those in the Appendix nor those which a,re given in the classified lists in the footnotes on pp. 92, 115, 152, 172, and 290. It may seem useless to index many examples which merely illustrate a common principle, like those of a simple aorist infinitive or present indicative; but it would be difficult to discriminate here, and one seldom knows what may make an example useful to another. The same consideration has induced me to give as great a variety of examples as possible, from authors of different classes, illustrating many constructions which apparently need no such aid. Every teacher will see that many parts of this work, in its present enlarged form, are not adapted to the ordinary uses of a grammatical text-book for the recitation room. On the other hand, it is hoped that the increased fulness and the greater space given to discussions will make the work more useful for private study and for reference. The Dramatists are cited by Dindorf's lines; except the tragic fragments, which follow Nauck's edition, and the

X

PREFACE

comic fragments, which follow Kock. The lyric fragments follow Bergk's Poetae Lyriei. Plato is cited by the pages and letters of Stephanus, and the Orators by the numbers of the orations and the sections now in universal use. The other citations will be easily understood. In conclusion, I must express my grateful thanks to the University Libraries of Heidelberg and Leyden, and to the Royal Library at The Hague, for the hospitality which was kindly shown me while I was correcting the proofs.W. W. GOODWIN.p ALLANZA,LAGO MAGGIORE,

24th September 1889.

In the impression of 1897 many errors have been corrected, some forms of expression have been changed, and some new examples have been added. The most imp?rtant change is that in 572 and 573; this is further explained in the new Appendix VI., page 411. A list of the new examples is given on page 440, omitting those which have been inserted in the regular Index.RoME, November 1896.

CONTENTS.CHAPTER I.GENERAL VIEW OF THE MOODS.SECTION l>A.GE

1. The four Moods, the Infinitive, the Participle, and the Verbal in -n!os 2-5. I. Uses of the Indicative 6-11. II. Uses of the Subjunctive 12-17. Ill. Uses of the Optative 18. IV. Uses of the Imperative

1 1, 2

3, 44-6 6

CHAPTER II.THE TENSES. 19, 20. The seven Tenses 21. Primary and Secondary Tenses . 22. Relative and absolute time of the Tenses I. TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE.PRESENT.

7 77, 8

23. Meaning of the Present 24-32. Various uses of the Present Indicative 33. Historic PresentIMPERFECT.

8 9-11 11

34. Meaning of the Imperfect 35. Relations of the Imperfect to other Tenses 86-41. Various uses of the Imperfect ,PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT.

11 11, 1.2

12, 13

42. Meaning of the Perfect 43. Meaning of the Pluperfect.

13

IS

xiiSECTION

CONTENTSPAGB

44-52. Uses of Perfect and Pluperfect, and compound forms with El}kl and fxwAoRIST.

13-16

63-55. Meaning of the Aorist 56, 57. Relation of Aorist to Imperfect 58-62. Various uses of the AoristFUTURE.

16 16, 1718

63. 64-72. 73-75. 76.

Meaning of the Future Various uses of the Future Periphrastic Future with pJ'J,),.w Past Future with tu'XhwFUTURE PERFECT.

18, 19 19, 20 20 20, 21

77. Meaning of the Future Perfect 78-84. Various uses and forms of tl1e Future Perfect,

21 21, 22

II. TENSES OF THE DEPENDENT MOODS.

85. Distinction of Tenses in the Dependent MoodsA. NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE,

22

86. General PrinciplesPRESENT AND AoRIST.

22

87, 88. Distinction of Present and Aorist here 89-93. Present and Aorist Subjunctive and Imperative 94, 95. Present and Aorist Optative , 96-101. Present and Aorist Infinitive .PERFECT,

22, 23 23-27 27, 28 28-31

102. 103, 104. 105-108. 109, 110.

Use of Perfect in the Dependent Moods . Perfect Subjunctive and Optative Perfect Imperative Perfect InfinitiveFUTURE.

31, 32 32, 33 33, 34

34, 35

ll1, 112. Future seldom used except in Indirect Discourse

113. Exceptional uses of Future Infinitive elsewhere ll4. Future Perfect Infinitive used only in Indirect DiscourseB.

35, 36 36 37

OPTATIVE AND INFINITIVE OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

J.l5. GeneraJI>rinciples of this Construction

37

CONTENTSSECTION

xiiiPAGE

116. (1-4.) Four uses of Present Optative 117, 118. Present Infinitive as Prese11t. 119, 120. Present Infinitive as Imperfect 121. (1, 2.) Two uses of Perfect Optative 122. Perfect Infinitive as Perfect 123. Perfect Infinitive as Pluperfect 124 (1-3), 125. Three uses of Aorist Optative 126, 127. Aorist Infinitive 128-134. Fu tme Optative 135, 136. Future Infinitive . 137. Future Perfect Infinitive

37, 38 38 38-40 40 40, 41 41 41, 42 42, 43 43-45 45, 46 47

IlL TENSES OF THE PARTICIPLE.138. 139-141. 142. 143. 144-147.

Geueral Priuciple . Present Participle as Present and Imperfect Perfect .Participle . Ordinary use of Aorist Participle Aorist Participle (generally not past in time) with "Aa.vlhivw, rvyxavw, and cp!Javw 148-152. Other peculiar uses of Aorist Participle . 153. Future Participle . GNOMIC AND ITERATIVE TENSES.GNOMIC AORIST AND PERFECT.

47 47, 48 48 48, 49 49-51 51-53 53

154-158. 159, 160. 161. 162. 163, 164.

In the Indicative . Gnomic tenses in Optative, Infinitive, and Participle Imperfect not a Gnomic Tense Iterative Imperfect and Aorist with "Av Ionic Iterative Forms in -atqKW1' ~Y+ -rop> 'JO~ J-LE8ovns, i.e. they an not, as I once irnagined. Od. xiii. 209. OvK apa fLOVVOV EYJV lp[owv yvoLUPERFECT INDICATIVE

15

fW'ipav JLera.\af3wv iixE nvd. Id. Bacch. 302. 2:ov 8avJLd.rras 768E. SoPH. Ph. 1362; so PLAT. Phaedr. 257 C (in poetic language). Oiri JLOL {3Ej:3ovAEvKws iixo. SorH. 0. T. 701 (after rrTfJrras i!xas " I o ~I in 699). "0 rrnr; y> XE JLOV 'C .,ap7rarrar; TO 1rawwv, whoever 7 w,~

exw

snatched away (though here EX! may mean lceeps). AR. Th. 706. 'E y K.\1) rrarr' lixa .,a, rrtT[a. Id. Eccl. 355. 'Y1r'Ep TWV 'E,\.\1)vwv Tov> rrv oovAu)rras i!xn>, Le. whom you hold in slavery or whom you 'A -1 > \ l d have ensa.v~. H DT. : "'' , fLp~rEpo;v fLE rovrwv a,7r~KA"J~O'~. Id. 1. 37; so J. 41. AAaCovt E7rtrpEfavn> 17fLWS avrov

20

THE TENSES

[71

Tovrov rov 8piKa, Kat p.~ f3ovA~tJ"HT8 d8vat, K.T.A., if you follow rny advice, hold fast to this secU1ity (69), and do not wish to know, etc. DgM. xxiii. 117. 'Ectv 8~ EfJ q>poFljn, Kat J!VVL TOVTO KaKo1Ta8ofwrwF, Er YE 1THl''JtJ"OVIJ"t Kat 8tf~IJ"OVIJ"t Kd /Hy~&ot>IJ"t Ka2 d.ypv1TJ'{JtJ"OVIJ"t; if they aTe to endun hunge1 and thint, etc. XEN. l\Iem. ii. 1, 17. (Here El p.f:A.A.ovtJ"t 1THJ'ljv Kat ou{ljF, etc., would be more common, as in the last example under 7 3.) Aip 1T AljKTpoJI, El p.a X Er, mise youT spur, if you are going to fight. AR. Av. 759, The distinction between this and the ordinary future (63) is important in conditional sentences (see 407).72. A still more emphatic reference to a present intention is found in the question r Ae~Et>; what do you mean to say? often found in tragedy; as 6\p.ot, r{ A.f: ~Et>; ?j ycip yyvdrn 1rov; Eun. Hec. 1124. So Hec. 511, 712; Hipp. 353; Ion. 1113; SOPH. Ph. 1233. For the future in 11rota~is, see 44 7 and 407 ; in relative clauses expressing a purpose, 565; wit.h &1', 196; with ov 1'-'J, 294-301.

73. (M~:\A,w with tkc Infinitive.) A periphrastic future is formed by fLEA-'Aw aml the present or future (seldom the aorist) infinitive. This form sometimes denotes mere futurity, and sometimes intention, expectation, or necessity. E.g. J\HA.AH rovro 1T(HtTnw (or 1rpa~w'), he is abott to do this, or he intendsto do this. So in Latin, jacturus est for faciet. Mf:A.A.w 1',flJ1s ot8a~HJI Mhv J'-0' 'l owf3oA1J yyoJ!. PLAT. Ap. 21 B. OvKOVJ! OE'iJrTEt TOV TOtoiiTov TtvO~ de2 i11urrci:rov, el JL~AAEL ~ 7roAt.TEa cr0(Ecr8at; if the constitution is to be pTeserved. PLAT. Rep. 412 A. (See 71.)

74. Although tl1e present and tl1e future infinitive were preferred with p.f.A.A.w (7 3), the aorist was still used by some writers, as by Euripides. See AE~CH. Prom. 625 (fLEAAw 1Ta~O,r:v); Eun. Ion. 80 (p.f.A.A.w TVXEZv), 760 (8a.VEtJI p.EAAw), El. 17 (fLEAAOJ!Ta 8aJIEtJ1), Phoen. 300 (p.EAAH> OtyEZJ!) ;-where the metre allows no change.75. The future infinitive with p.EAAw forms the only regular exception to the general principle which restricts the use of the future infinitive to indirect discourse (see 86 ; 112). 76. The imperfect (seldom the aorist) of p.f:AA.w with the infinitive expres:;es past intention, expectation, or necessity. E.g.

.82].a fL-yunos dEpyETYJS 1Tap' EJLOL d V arE y p a if; u, you will have been emolled as my greatest benefactor. PLAT. Gorg. 506 0. ''Hv o fLry Y~V1)Tat, fLUT1)JI EfLOL KEKAava-ETat, U"V 8' iyxavwJ' TE()v,)~Et>, I shall then have had my whippings joT nothing, and you will have died g1inning. AR. Nub. 143 5.

78. The future perfect often denotes the continuance of an action, or the permanence of its results, in future time. E.g.

1f er a,, pou;m,THUC. ii. 64.

!J.,)va.fLtV,

lJS

s d8wv Tofs E7rtytyvofLEl'OtS fLVfJfL') KaT a AE Ad-

the nwlnoTy of which will be left to ou1 posterity jo1 eve1. (Compare 105.)

79. The future perfect sometimes denotes certainty_or likelihood that an aetion will immediately take place, whid1 idea is still more vividly expressed by the perfect (51). E.g. El. 0~ 1TapAf)o)v [.,; OU'TtU'O;-;V OVJIO.tTO otOJ.~at, r.as 0 r.apwv 6f3o>AEA.VU"ETat, all the present feaT will be at once dispelled. DE~!. xiv. 2. (Here the inferior Mss. have AEAvTat, which would be like oAwAa, quoted in 51.) 'Ppa(E, J 1w.l Aoywv fLO.Ta[wv ct7r1)AAay/Lvot, we shall have al1eady 1esolved to do our duty and shall /wve been j1eed j1om vain 1epoTts. DEM. iv. 50. (See 45 and 831.)

81. A similar circumlocution with the aorist participle ana EU'OfLat is sometimes found, especially in the poets. E.g. Ov U'tw1Tf]U"as f.U"tt.; SoP H. o. T. 1146. Avr.ve.t, U"tt. SorH. o. 0. 816. (See 47 and 831.)82. \Vhen the perfect is used in the sense of a 1)resent (49), the

22

THE TENSES

[83

future perfect is its regular future; as KEKA~rrof"a, f"EfLV~fTOf"a, dcpEO"T~~w, I shall be named, I shall1emember, I shall withdraw, etc. 83. In many other verbs, the future perfect differs very slightly, if at all, from an ordinary future. Thus 7r7rpdrrop.at is the regular future passive of 7rt7rpdrrKw. Still, where there is another future, the future perfect is generally more emphatic. 84. It must be remembered that, in most caseR in which the Latin or the English would use a future perfect in a dependent clause, the Greek uses an aorist or even a perfect subjunctive. (See 90 and 103, with the examples.)

II. TENSES OF THE DEPENDENT MOODS.

85. Tl1e distinctions of time which mark the various tenses in the indicative are retained when the optative and infinitive represent the indicative in indirect discourse, and usually in the participle. But in other constructions these distinctions of time disappear in the dependent moods, and the tenses here differ only in their other character of denoting the continuance, the completion, or simply the occurrence of an action (20). The infinitive with av is not included in this statement (see, Chap. III.) The tenses in these two uses must, therefore, be discussed separately.A. NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

86. In the subj'unctive and imperative, and also in the optative and infinitive not in indirect discourse (666; 684), the tenses chiefly used are the present and the aorist. The perfect is used here only when the completion of the action is to be emphasized (see 102-110). For the occasional future, see 111-113; 130-132.PRESENT AND .AORIST.

87. The present and aorist here differ only in this, that the present expresses an action in its du,ndion, that is, as going on or 1epeated, while the aorist expresses simply its occu?'?'ence, the time of both tenses being otherwjse precisely the same. E.g.'Ectv 1r o 'ii 'TOvTo, if he shall be doing this, or if he shall do this (habitually); Jav 7rO t~rrv TOvTo, (simply) if he shall do this; El 1r o to { T) TOVTo, if he should be doing this, or if he should do this (habitu-

89]

PRESENT AND AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE

23

ally) . Et 71"0 t~w; -r 0p w; what shall I say ? what shall I do ? ITws ovv 7rpt TOVTWV 7r 0 LwfLEV; how then shall we act about this? PLAT. Phil. 6:3 A. 'A vu A.o y Lof3e'iTo fJ-?J TOVTo 7rOt.o'iev, he feared lest they should do this (ha.bitually). t:.fjA.os >jv E7r~fJVjJ,WV apxew, b7rWS 7rAdw AajJ,f3 6. vo ~, E7r~eVjJ,WV 8 Ttfl,acrea~, rva 7rAdw Kepoa{vo~. Aoa[vt0'8at, and 7rpaTntv belong here ; but lvat in both cases is in indirect discourse, 117.) Ov 1rAWVE~as EJIEKEJI TavT' E7rpa~tv, dA.,\d. "P OtKat6npa TO VS' 8r;f3aovs ~ VfLUS dEw v v, he did this not from lore of gain, but becanse of the Thebans ?naking juster dema1llls than you. Id. vi. 13. 'EntxBHpofLivovs, d.\,\d. To{;s T c/>n!yovms ~vva.\A.ri~aL (]'q>[crt Kac TCJv Twv f3apf3dpwv 7r6AEfJ.OV KaTaXv(]'at, asking them not to allow them to be dest?oyed, bnt to bring their exices to tmms 'with them, and to put an end io the uwua?ians' wa,r. Tnuc. i. 24. T0 yap yvwvaL E7rl 0 q)tSf3o> di], they leamed that their fear was groundless (i.e. they learned KV6). XEN. An. ii. 2, 21. 'E1fvv8dvero L olKOLTO 1) xt!Jpa, he asked whetheT the country was inhabited (i.e. he asked the question OLKLTat 1) xt!Jpa ;). XEN. Cyr. iv. 4, 4.

2. The present indicative or subjunctive of a dependent verb. E.,q. Et1fV on av8pa ayo 3v /[p~a OEO t, he said that he was b?inginga 1nan whom it was necessaTy to confine (he saicl livopa li yw 8v Eipgat 0t:). XEN. Hell. V. 4, 8. 'H YELTO a1faV 1fOOJCTHV aVTUJI 1: TwKEa> 81)(3awv ~ CI.>A.t7T7TOV Vf'-fiJV Kpanl:v T~ 7roAEf'-'f; do yo1t think that the superiority of the Phocians over t!M Thebans oT that of Philip oveT you was the greater in the war (the war being then past) 1 DEM. xix. 148. (Here the direct discourse would be JKp6.Tovv and JKp6.TEt.) Ilw> yfip otECT()E ovCTxpws iK o H v 'OA.vv8ovs, Er T[s n A.eyot KfLTa CI.>tAt7T7TOV KaT' EKvovs TOVS xp6vovs iJT' 'Av8Ef'-OVVTa aVTOt> a TotaVTa ' ,, .. " ,, \ ' '1''(3 \ \ 7rLCTU" () at (se. ouCT () ) ; ap' OLEO" () E, OT TOV!> Tvp.avvov> " aAA, (ToV> 8ETTaAoVs) 7rpOCTOOKav, K.T.A.; for how unwillingly do you think the Olynthians used to hear it, if any one said anything against Philip in those tirnes when he was ceding Anthernus to thern, etc. 1 Do you think they were expecting to sujfeT such things ? Do you think that the Thessalians, when he was expelling the despots, were expecting, etc. 1 DEM. vi. 20 and 22. (The direct questions were 7rwS ~Kovov d Aeyot; and 7rpoCTECOKwv ;) Kai yap ToVs E7Tt Twv 1rpoy6vwv ~f'-WV A.eyovTa> UKOVW TOVT'f T'i e8H XP0CT8at, I heaT that they used to follow this custorn. DEM. iii. 21. Ta f'-EV 7rp0 "EAA1JVOS ovof. ElVat ~ E'lr[KA1)U"ttA[TrTrov TropEVOf'-EV'f, Kat f'-ET' avTov yvvaw Kat 7rat06.pta (3ao(ov,for he said that he had rnet (aor.) Atrestidas earning frorn Philip, and that there weTe walking with hirn (impf.), etc. DEM. xix. 305. Tovi' Jyw 1Jf'-L odv ~f'-E f'-1J Aa8E'iv, I say that this ought not to have escaped rny notice. DEM. xviii. 190. (The direct form was Tovi' EOH Ef'-E !'-~ ,\a8EZv, 415.) The imperfect infinitive is found even in Homer; as Kat CTe, yepov, TO 7rptv f'-EV aKOVOf'-V tJA.(:Jwv dvat, we heaT that you were once prorperous. IL xxiv. 543. SoIl. v. 639; Od. viii. 181, 516. For the imperfect participle, see 140.

v

120. This use of the present infinitive as an imperfect mu&t be carefully distinguished from its ordinary use after past tenses, where we translate it by the imperfect, as in f.~(]'H Toiho 71"1/"paxhat, he will say that he has done this (the direct form in each case being

124]

AORIST OPTATIVE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE

41

'fr{rrpaxa). ''ErpYJ XP~f1-a.8' ~a:vrcjl rov~ 8YJf3a[ovs t7rLKEKYJPVXEJ'at,he said that the Thebans had offered a rewaTd for his seizuTe. DEM. xix. 21. In An. Nub. 1277, 7rpoa-KEKAfja-8a{ fl-OL ooKe'is (according to Mss. Rav. and V en.), you seem to nw to be suTe to be summoned to couTt (to be as good as alTeady summoned), the infinitive represents a perfect indicative referring to the future (51). There is probably a regard to the perfect of the preceding verse, a-ea-e'i:a-8cd fl-OL ooKe'is. So TRue. ii. 8 : iv ro-6r'f re KEKwAva-8at iMKn ~Kaa-r'f rd. 1rpayfl-ara r6s 1rap~rrrat, and each man thought that things were the same as stopped in that matteT in which he was not himself to tcdce paTt. After a verb of swea1ing: IJtJ-vve fl-YJO~v elpYJKEvat 1repl ai>Tov avA.ov, DEM. xxi 119. After JA.1rCw: f.A.rrCwv rov A.e0v rerpva-8a,, HDT. i. 22 (see liS, above).

123. The perfect infinitive rarely represents a pluperfect of the direct fcrm. E.g. A~yerat llvopa EK7rE7rA1)x8at 7roA-6v TLVa xpovov r.l r..: a 7Tapos OV7TOTE ~A7TtBe rw~ OVTWV Ell Xeppov~, all who happened to have thus come out together. THuc. iii. 111.. EZ -r 1rov alywv -rrEpt..\Hcp8ev -r{;yxavE yevos, if any race of goats happened to have been left. PLAT. Leg. 677 E. , Aptcr-ray6pYJ 0~ CTVVETrtTrTE 'TOV avTOV xpovov TrttV'Ta CTV VE ,.\ 86 V'T a, and it was the fortune of A. that all these came to him at the same time. HDT. v. 36. (Here it is difficult to distinguish the doubly past time; but the analogy of the other examples, and the difficulty of conceiving an imperfect and aorist as coincident in time, seem decisive.) 'Op8ws crept ~ cp~fh'f) uvve(JawE Bovua, rightly, as it happened, had the report come to them. Id. ix. 101. Just below: T~S av'T~S ~fhEPYJ> crvv(3awE yvEu8at, i.e. they (the battles of Plataea and Mycale) happened to fall on the same day. In LYB. xii. 27 we have the aorist and perfect participles together with i'T{;yxav, each expressing its own time: ocrns civTHTrWV YE E'T{;yxavE Kat yvWfh'f)V cl'll'oOEOtty}Lhos, who chanced to have spoken in opposition and to. have shoum his opinion. It appears from these examples that the aorist participle can coincide in its time only with forms which have a similar aoristic or complexive meaning, while in other cases the verb and participle are distinct in time . 1 For the examples of Tll/'xavw here given I am indebted to an unpublished

u...

paper on this construction by Dr. James R. Wheeler, in which notice of this peculiarity is taken for the first time (so far as I am aware).

148]

AORIST PARTICIPLE

51

147. l. The perfect participle can always be used with the verbs of 144 to denote an action which is completed at the time of the leading verb. This is the most common way of expressing past time in the participle here. E.g. 'ETvyxavov apn 1T'apetAT)6TeEA~O'at). See also THUC. vi. 66; viii. 25 and 71; and PLAT. Orit. 53 D; Orat. 391 A. LxoA.fi 1ro8' ?J~Hv ovp' ltv E~'Y)v xovv eyw, I decltLred that I should be very slow to come hither again. SoPH. Ant. 390. (Here the colloquial style may account for 0~ Kctv fl-.ev8epov t>v o~K li v iKavo> olp,at Etvat o{(-r' av A.ov at, l8wf-J'a[ Kv en y&p K TOTros, as 'one would say roTros. 0) AR. Av. 180. The cases cited from Attic prose are now generally admitted to be corrupt. See Kriiger, ii. 54, 3, Anm. 8.~unv

II.

POTENTIAL INDICATIVE.

243. As the potential optative represents a future act as dependent on future circumstances (234), so the potential indicative originally represents a past act as dependent on past circumstances. Therefore, while ?jAOEv means he went, .fjA.OEv ;!,v means he wou.ld have gone (under some past circu.mstances). It is probable that no definite limiting circumstances were present to the mind when this form first came into use, so that 1jA0Ev av naturally signified merely that it was likely, possible, or probable that he went or (as we express it) that he mi,qht have gone or wonld hnve been likely to go, sometimes that he mu.st lwve gone. In this sense it appears as a past form of the potential optative, e.g. of in the sense he might perchance go or he wou.ld be likely to go (in the future). The same relation appears in Latin, where credas, pnte.>, cemas, dicas, you would be likely to believe, think, etc., are transferred to past time as e1ederes, putaTes, cerneres, diceres, you. wou.ld have believed, tlwught, etc. 1 Here putet and

neo, av

1 We are probably justified in assuming that the past meaning w hi eh here appears in crederes, etc. is the original meaning of the Latin imperfect sub. junctive in this use, as it cert11inly i; that of the Greek imperfect iudicative with 6.v. Sec 43:i.

G

82

THE POTENTIAL OPTATIVE AND INDICATIVE

[244

putaret are precisely equivalent to ofot'TO :iv, he would be likely to think, and ~E'To :lv, he would have been likely to think. 244. We find the potential indicative in its simplest use (last mentioned)-with no reference to any definite condition, but merely expressing past possibility, probability, or necessityin all classes of Greek writers. E.g.Ovo' &v ~n pdottwv 7rep dv~p '2:ap7r'Y)06va oZov ~yvw, no longer would even a shrewd man have known Sarpedon. Il. xvi. 638. 'Y1r6 KEV 'TaAarrlpova 7rEp oeos e TA.ev, fear ?rvight have 'seized even a man of stout heart. Il. iv. 421. See other Homeric examples below. 'AA.X :q A E JLEV 0~ 'TOVTO rollvetoos 'Td x' &V 6pyfl f3 tarr8ev ttfiA.A.ov ~ yvWJLU pevwv, but this repToach may pe1haps have come from violence of wrath, etc. SoPH. 0. T. 523. (Here TaX: &v :qA.8e expresses past possibility, with no reference to any definite condition, unfulfilled or otherwise.) 8eo/:s yap :qv ovrw A.ov Tax' d. v n JL'YJV{ovrrw Els yevos 7raAat, for perchance it may have been thus pleasing to Gods who of old bore some wrath against onr race. Id. 0. C. 964. (According to the common punctuation Tax' &v would be taken with JL'YJVovrrw, = oi' rdx' d.v 1't (pryvwv, who may perch111nce have bome some wrath, see PLAT. Phaedr. 265 B, below; but the analogy of 0. T. 523 favours the other interpretation.) Ilpos 7r'OLOV &v r6vo' avr6s OVOVtT