Naomi Chi (Graduate School of Public Policy, HokkadioUniv.)

March 19, 2015

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*Political Science as a discipline

*Social science discipline that deals with systems of government and the analysis of political activity and political behavior

*Deals with the theory and practice of politics which is commonly thought of as the determining of the distribution of power and resources.

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*Political scientists study matters

concerning the allocation and

transfer of power in decision making,

the roles and systems of governance

including governments and

international organizations, political

behavior and public policies.

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*

*"all processes of governing, whether

undertaken by a government, market

or network, whether over a family,

tribe, formal or informal

organization or territory and whether

through laws, norms, power or

language.” (Bevir, 2013)

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*"the processes of interaction and

decision-making among the actors

involved in a collective problem that

lead to the creation, reinforcement,

or reproduction of social norms and

institutions.“ (Hufty, 2011).

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*

*Government: formal body invested with the

authority to make decisions in a given political

system.

⇒In this case the governance process, which

includes all the actors involved in influencing

the decision-making process (such as lobbies,

parties, medias), is centered on the relevant

"governing body".

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*

*Governance derives from the Greek verb

κυβερνάω [kubernáo] (meaning to steer, the

metaphorical sense first being attested in

Plato)

*Its use in English can be traced to Charles

Plummer’s 'The Governance of England' (1885)

*In recent years, in the 1990s by economists and

political scientists, and disseminated by

institutions such as the UN, IMF and World Bank.

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*

*Governance is a very general concept that

can refer to all manner of organizations

*particular 'level' of governance

associated with a type of organization

*a particular 'field' of governance

associated with a type of activity or

outcome

*particular 'model' of governance, often

derived as an empirical or normative

theory

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*

*Global governance is defined as "the complex

of formal and informal institutions,

mechanisms, relationships, and processes

between and among states, markets, citizens

and organizations, both inter- and non-

governmental, through which collective

interests on the global plane are articulated,

right and obligations are established, and

differences are mediated.” (Ramesh, 2006)

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* In contrast to the traditional meaning of

"governance", some authors like James Rosenau

have used the term "global governance" to denote

the regulation of interdependent relations in the

absence of an overarching political authority.

*The best example of this is the international system

or relationships between independent states. The

term, however, can apply wherever a group of free

equals needs to form a regular relationship.

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*

*advocates sustainability (sustainable

development) as the supreme consideration for

managing all human activities—political, social

and economic.

*Governance includes government, business and

civil society, and emphasizes whole system

management.

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*It views natural resources and the environment

as global public goods, belonging to the

category of goods that are not diminished when

they are shared

*This means that everyone benefits from for

example, a breathable atmosphere, stable

climate and stable biodiversity

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*

*In 1996, the Ottawa Declaration formally

established the Arctic Council as a high-level

intergovernmental forum to provide a means

for promoting cooperation, coordination and

interaction among the Arctic States, with the

involvement of the Arctic Indigenous

communities and other Arctic inhabitants on

common Arctic issues; in particular, issues of

sustainable development and environmental

protection in the Arctic.

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*Arctic Council Member States are Canada,

Denmark (including Greenland and the Faroe

Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russian

Federation, Sweden, and the United States of

America.

*In addition to the Member States, the Arctic

Council has the category of Permanent

Participants.

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* Arctic Council Chairmanship

* The Chairmanship of the Arctic Council rotates every two years between the eight member states.

* Canada: Inauguration of Arctic Council - 1998 (Ministerial Meeting held in Iqaluit, Canada 1998)

* United States of America: 1998 - 2000 (Ministerial Meeting held in Barrow, Alaska 2000)

* Finland: 2000-2002 (Ministerial Meeting held in Inari, Finland 2002)

* Iceland: 2002-2004 (Ministerial Meeting held in Reykjavik, Iceland 2004)

* Russian Federation: 2004-2006 (Ministerial Meeting held in Salekhard, Russian Federation, 2006)

* Norway: 2006-March 2009 (Ministerial Meeting held in Tromsø, Norway 2009)

* Denmark: 2009-2011 (Ministerial Meeting held in Nuuk, Greenland 2011)

* Sweden: 2011-2013 (Ministerial Meeting held in Kiruna, Sweden 2013)

* Canada: 2013-2015 (Assumed Chairmanship 15 May 2013)

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* The following organizations are Permanent Participants of the Arctic Council:

* Arctic Athabaskan Council (AAC)

* Aleut International Association (AIA)

* Gwich'in Council International (GCI)

* Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC)

* Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON)

* Saami Council (SC)

* This category is open equally to Arctic organizations of Indigenous peoples with a majority of Arctic Indigenous constituency representing: a single Indigenous people resident in more than one Arctic State; or more than one Arctic Indigenous people resident in a single Arctic State.

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*

*Observer status in the Arctic Council is open to:

-non-arctic states,

-inter-governmental and inter-parliamentary organizations, global and regional,

-non-governmental organizations.

Currently 12 states, 9 intergovernmental and parliamentary organizations, 11 NGOS as observers

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*

*The Arctic Council Secretariat (ACS) supports

the Chair of the Arctic Council. In the past, the

location of the Secretariat was rotated

biennially with the Chairmanship of the Arctic

Council

*Administrative and organizational support;

communication and outreach

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*

*The Council's activities are conducted in six

working groups. The working groups are

composed of:

-representatives at expert level from sectoral

ministries,

-government agencies and

-researchers.

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*1.Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP)

*2.Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme

(AMAP)

*3.Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)

*4.Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and

Response (EPPR)

*5.Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment

(PAME)

*6.Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG)

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*Each Working Group:

*has a specific mandate under which it operates

*has a Chair

*has and Management Board or Steering

Committee, and

*is supported by a Secretariat.

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*Environment and Climate Change

*Biodiversity

*Oceans

*Arctic peoples

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*

*The evidence of global warming is in no place

more obvious than in the Arctic region. The

Arctic has warmed rapidly during the last four

decades. The magnitude of temperature

increase in the Arctic is twice as large as the

global increase. The effect of Arctic climate

change will have profound local, regional and

global implications.

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*

*The Arctic is today the "Global Barometer" regarding the trends and effects of climate change and long-range transported pollutants.

*The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme(AMAP) has over the past two-years presented several high-level reports that document the trends and effects of climate change and pollution both at local and regional scales within the Arctic, as well as how feedback from the Arctic may affect global systems.

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*The Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP) working group addresses on-going environmental challenges such as contamination from hazardous chemicals and waste and is responding to new and emerging threats to the Arctic, such as short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs).

* In 2010 ACAP created three new Project Steering Groups (PSGs) to develop an integrated hazardous waste management strategy in Russia (IHWMS), mitigation measures for short-lived climate forcers (SLCF) and involvement of indigenous people (IPCAP) in environmental projects in the Arctic:

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*

*The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna

(CAFF) is the biodiversity working group of the

Arctic Council, and conducts monitoring,

assessments and additional projects to identify

how climate change affects Arctic wildlife, and

the implications on the peoples of the Arctic.

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*

*The Arctic contains many species not found

elsewhere, and many habitats and ecological

processes and adaptations that are unique.

These include the seasonal bursts of life on

land and in the ocean, the ability of some

plants to survive extreme cold and dryness, the

physiological features that allow mammals to

maintain body heat through an Arctic winter,

and the presence of life within sea ice.

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*Search and rescue

* Emergency preparedness

* Arctic ocean review

* Marine environment

* Shipping

* Oil & Gas

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*Almost four million people live in the Arctic today including distinct indigenous groups that are found only in the Arctic, where they continue traditional activities and adapt to the modern world at the same time

*The Arctic Council promote sustainable development in the Arctic region, including economic and social development, improved health conditions and cultural well-being for Arctic peoples

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*

*The goal of the Sustainable Development

Working Group (SDWG) is to propose and adopt

steps to be taken by the Arctic States to

advance sustainable development in the Arctic,

including opportunities to protect and enhance

the environment and the economies, culture

and health of Indigenous Peoples and Arctic

communities, as well as to improve the

environmental, economic and social conditions

of Arctic communities as a whole

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*“Regional” governance → global governance

*Who are the stakeholders?

*Environmental issue and indigenous issues

*Environment concerns all humankind

* Indigenous issues more complex

*Notion of “good “governance

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