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GOVERNANCE & TRANSPARENCYPRESENTED BY NITHIL.P.PRAHUL KRISHNANKUTTYANJU DONY

Good governanceGood governance is an indeterminate term used to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources. "the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented)".The term governance can apply to corporate, international, national, local governance or to the interactions between other sectors of society.legitimate, accountable, and effective ways of obtaining and using public power and resources in the pursuit of widely-accepted social goalsGood governance day in India ??

Good governance in relation to economyGovernance provides a united goal, giving everyone have a clear sense of what they are collectively trying to achieve. Without clarity of direction and funding, businesses are less likely to invest and make a long-term commitment local areas.easy to understand for the public, making economic development plans more accessible and transparent. This could help to build a consensus for otherwise controversial projects and developments.

Key Issues and ChallengesAvoid excessive legislation and regulation.politics is a part of good governance.support for reform.attention to incentives.Public opinion checks and balances.opposition to reform.regional terms.long term focus

Successful stories of good governanceBangaloreBotswanaMexicoNew Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD)Ukraine

Good governance as stated by UNThe UN emphasizes reform through human development and political institution reform. Good governance isConsensus OrientedParticipatoryfollowing the Rule of LawEffective and EfficientAccountableTransparentResponsiveEquitable and Inclusive

RULE OF LAWThe rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officialsRule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves.Against the divine right principle

RULE OF LAW IN ECONOMYThe modern economist F. A. Hayek analyzed how the Rule of Law might be beneficial to the free market. Hayek proposed that under the Rule of Law individuals would be able to make wise investments and future plans with some confidence in a successful return on investment he stated: "under the Rule of Law the government is prevented from stultifying individual efforts by ad hoc action. Within the known rules of the game the individual is free to pursue his personal ends and desires, certain that the powers of government will not be used deliberately to frustrate his efforts.

For the UN, the Secretary-General defines the rule of law as a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards. It requires, as well, measures to ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separation of powers, participation in decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency." (Report of the Secretary-General: The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies (2004))

transparencyTransparency, as used in science, engineering, business , the humanities and in other social contexts, implies openness, communication, and accountability. Transparency is operating in such a way that it is easy for others to see what actions are performed. It has been defined simply as "the perceived quality of intentionally shared information from a sender

Transparency in management conceptthree primary aspects of transparency relevant to management practice: information disclosure, clarity, and accuracy. To increase transparency, managers actively infuse greater disclosure, clarity, and accuracy into their communications with stakeholders2typesRadical transparencyCorporate transparency

Transparency in businessbusiness transparency means clear, unhindered honesty in the way that s/he does business. lack of hidden agendas or conditions, accompanied by the availability of full information required for collaboration, cooperation, and collective decision makingessential condition for a free and open exchange whereby the rules and reasons behind regulatory measures are fair and clear to all participants.the full, accurate, and timely disclosure of information.

Transparency In Organization

According to BUSINESS GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY by John F Steiner & George A Steiner, Transparency is the state in which companys social policies, processes and actions are visible to external observers.Opposite of transparency is opacity .i.e. the inability to see inside the organization to know how it works or acts. Openness is increasingly necessary to protect a firms reputation and establish trust with stakeholders.

accountabilitythe obligation of an individual or organization to account for its activities, accept responsibility for them, and to disclose the results in a transparent manneraccountability exists when there is a relationship where an individual or body, and the performance of tasks or functions by that individual or body, are subject to anothers oversight, direction or request that they provide information or justification for their actions.

Accountability in business termsNo accountability, person totally unaware of failures.Use blame and complain in lieu of accepting accountability. People deliver excuses rather than resultWait and hope for a miracleAccountability starts by acknowledging reality.The next step is to accept ownership and responsibilityApply known solutions to predictable tasks and challengesaccept total accountability and make it happen.

FREEDOM OF INFORMATIONThe Freedom of Information Act is a federal freedom of information law that sanctions the full or restricted disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the governmentThe worlds first Freedom of Information Act was adopted in the Kingdom of Sweden in 1766.

Benefits of foiWorld Bank said that more transparent governments govern better for a wide variety of governance indicators wide range of benefits to citizens and governments alike.

Improved Democratic Participation and UnderstandingGovernment Decision-Making Less Likely to be Driven by Questionable MotivationsAbuse of Power by Past Leaders More Likely to be ConfrontedDiminished Opportunity for Corrupt PracticesImproved Government EfficiencyGovernment Records Better Managed and More AccurateDecreased Need for Regulatory Laws and Improved Public SafetyIncreased Transparency

Users of foiIndividualsCivil societyMediaCompaniesOpposition parties

Foi lawStatement of purpose:the statement of purpose should specify that the default is to disclose information and that any non-disclosure should be exceptional, limited in scope and temporary. It should also reference any constitutional provisions on FOI.Access under typical FOI laws is available to all individuals, corporations and organizations. A minority of laws restrict access only to citizens and residents of the country, but most laws enacted in the last 10 years do not require this.accept electronic and faxed requests.

Foi lawMost FOI laws focus primarily on the administrative and executive bodies that comprise the modern bureaucratic state, including ministries or agencies at national level and related local bodiesInstitutions foi encompassesInternational bodiesSubnational govtsNon govermental bodies

Foi lawThe amount of time that government bodies are given before they must respond to a request varies among countriesOlder laws tend to refer to the right to access records, documents or files, while newer laws refer to a right to information.Many FOI laws authorize government bodies to demand a fee.

Fee typesApplication feeSearch and Processing Fees.Copying and Postage.Appeals.Fees are also waived in many jurisdictions for those who show that they are on public assistance or cannot otherwise afford it.

exemptionsAll freedom of information laws recognize that there are circumstances under which information should not be released because it would harm public or private interests.Partial disclosureHarm testDurationPublic interest test

Appeals and oversightsInternal reviewExternal reviewCourtsOmbudsmanCommissioner

Affirmative publicationA common feature in most FOI laws is the duty of government agencies to routinely release certain categories of information. This can reduce the administrative burden of answering routine requests.Recommended categories of information include:Structural InformationBudget DocumentsReportsTenders and ContractsRecord SystemsCommonly Requested Documents

implementationFunctions of the central bodyGuidanceTrainingOversightNetworks

A popular Government without popular information or the means of acquiring it, is but a Prologue to a Farce or a Tragedy or perhaps both. Knowledge will forever govern ignorance, and a people who mean to be their own Governors, must arm themselves with the power knowledge gives. James Madison

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