gps and lifestyle physical activity
TRANSCRIPT
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Oli Blake, Sarah Begg and
Stevie Stockton.
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What is GPS?
GPS is a satellite based location system
24 GPS satellites currently orbit the earth
Developed by the US military since 1978
Accessible to the public since 2000
Position ofGPS receiver calculated by triangulation
dGPS uses ground locations to improve the accuracy ofGPS
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Why is it relevant to lifestyle
physical activity?
Accurate measure of speed and distance
No issues with recall
Captures movement throughout the day
Non-invasive and simple to use by participants
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How does GPS work to measure
Energy Expenditure?
A practical but innacurate measure of Energy Expenditure(EE) compared to gold standard direct calorimetry
Measures speed, distance and elevation Speed/Distancealgorithm
When augmented with other measures can produce amore accurate value
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Using GPS to measure EE
2303m course ofvarying grades atslow and fastself-selectedpaces (N=13)
EEGPS comparedagainst EEACT
EEACT representsdata from aPortableMetabolic unit
More accurate
(when comparedto EEACT) for fastpaced (dashedlines) trials
McKenzie
(2007)
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GPS: validationGPS validation limited to controlled conditions.
Compares favourably with chronometry to derive an individualsspeed while:
Walking
Running
Cycling
Schutz and Herren (2000), Le Faucheur et al (2007)
Position ofGPS device potentially influential: overestimation if
on lanyard or waistband while walking. Duncan, et al., (2007)
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GPS: free-living conditions
GPS generally used to augment accelerometer data.
Provides information on location of activity whenintegrated with GIS (Geographic Information Systems).
Identify where people are most active and mostsedentary.
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A dog walk in Loughborough
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GPS and LPA in school children
High schoolstudents (N=79)
GPS andAccelerometer
data integratedwith GIS
Identifiedlocations ofmoderate tovigorous activity
Results:weekdays mainly
in school andneighbourhood,weekends moredisparate
Maddison
etal.,
(2009)
WeekdaysWeekends
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GPS and LPA in school childrenMackett etal., (2007)
Older primary school children (aged 8-11)(N=162)
Investigating movement patterns of childrenwhen accompanied and unaccompanied byadults
Collected GPS and accelerometer data and self
report diaries
Findings:
More likely to visit a friend on the way home iftravelling alone.
Children walked faster and in a more exploratoryway when not accompanied by an adult.
Walking on pavements tended to be morepurposeful and energetic than in other openspaces
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GPS and LPA in school children
Investigated the feasibility of combining GPSand HR monitoring to measure physicalactivity in primary school children (N=39)
Results showed that GPS could discriminate
the velocity of play-related activity and HRcould then be used to quantify EE
Duncan
etal.,
(2008)
Investigated how schoolyard environments
influenced activity patterns in 14 year oldchildren (N=81)
Results showed low activity levels in bothschools investigated but activities inhandball goal area showed the highestmonitored HR (>160 bpm)
Fjrtoftetal.,
(2010)
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The PEACH Project
Investigated the associationbetween time spent outdoorsand physical activity inchildren (N=1,010)
Physical activity measured byaccelerometry and GPS
GPS was also used to recordhow much time was spentoutdoors
Results
GPS-measured time outdoorswas a significant predictor ofchildrens physical activity
Physical activity was morethan 2.5 times higher outdoorsthan indoors
Cooper
etal.,
(2010)
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GPS and Active Commuting
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GPS and Active Commuting
A number of studies have incorporated GPS to assess travel routes in urban environments
This research has shown that GPS can differentiate travel modes such as riding a bike ortravelling by car (Dill 2009, Van Schaick et al., 2008)
Duncan and Mummery (2007) showed that GPS-measured distance compared well withGIS-estimated distance
Investigated cycling behaviour in
166 commuting utility cyclists A disproportionate share of the
cycling occurred on the streetswith cycle lanes, separate paths,or cycle boulevards
Dill(2009)
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Limitations of using GPS
Using GPS effectively in studies requiresaugmentation with other devices(accelerometers, HR monitors)
Awkward, bulky and expensive prevents scalability
Use ofGPS in phones presented as asolution, however:
Poor battery life
Awkward to carry when doing high intensityphysical activities
Specialist unit that integrates GPS, heart rate
monitoring, and accelerometry developed in
Japan. M. Makikawa et al. (2004)
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Limitations of using GPS
Even specialist GPS devices have batterylife of just 11-16 hrs
Requires charging which reducescompliance
Concerns with privacy reverse identifyingpeoples addresses based on GPS data
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Limitations of GPS technology
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Limitations of GPS technology
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Limitations of GPS technology
Indoor measurement is rife with errors
Problems associated with interrupted signal
High rise buildings also cause errors in the signal
Many working days are spent indoors, where GPS does not work
Using GPS therefore questionable in these populations
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A note of caution
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References Schutz Y, Herren R. Assessment of speed of human locomotion using a differential satellite global
positioning system. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2000;32:642646.
Le Faucheur A, AbrahamP, Jaquinandi V, Bouy P, Saumet JL, Noury-Desvaux B. Study of humanoutdoor walking with a low-costGPS and simple spreadsheet analysis. Medicine and Science inSports and Exercise. 2007;39:15701578.
Duncan MJ, Mummery KW, Dascombe BJ. Utility ofGlobal Positioning System to measure activetransport in urban areas. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2007;39:18511857.
Maddison R, Exeter D, Hoorn S Vander, Jiang Y, Ni Mhurchu C, Dorey E, Bullen C, Utter J. DescribingPatterns ofPhysical Activity in Adolescents using Global Positioning Systems andAccelerometry.Pediatric Exercise Science. 2009.
Mackett R, Brown B,Gong Y, Kitazawa K, Paskins J. Built Environment. Children's independentmovement in the local environment. 2007;33:458468.
Duncan JS, Badland HM, Schofield G. Combining GPS with heart rate monitoring to measurephysical activity in children: A feasibility study.Journal of Science in Medicine andSport.2008;12:583585.
Dill J. Bicycling for transportation and health: The role of infrastructure.Journal of
Public Healt
hPolicy. 2009;30:S95S110.
Van Schaick J, Van Der Spek SC. In: Urbanism on Track: Application of Tracking Technologies inUrbanism. Van Schaick J, Van Der Spek SC, editor. New IOS Press; 2008.
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References
Fjrtoft, I. Lfman, O. and Thorn, K.H. SchoolyardPhysical Activity in 14 years old Adolescents
assessed by Mobile GPS and Heart rate monitoring analysed in GIS Scandinavian Journal ofPublic
Health. 2010
A.R. Cooper, A.S. Page, B.W. Wheeler, M. Hillsdon, P. Griew and R. Jago, Patterns ofGPS measured
time outdoors after school and objective physical activity in English children: the PEACH project, Int.
J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 7 2010, p. 31.
Duncan M, Mummery WK. GIS or GPS? A comparison of two methods for assessing route taken
during active transport.American Journal ofPreventive Medicine. 2007;33:5153.
Makikawa M, Isaka T, Iida T, Asajima S, Tsukise K, Shiozawa N, Nishiyama K, Wada S, Nakayama K,
Horiguchi M, Torimoto H. Jogging support system with portable monitoring device and health
manage software. Medinfo. 2004;11:12601263.
McKenzie JM. The Use ofGPS to Predict Energy Expenditure for Outdoor Walking. MS Montana
State University. 2007.