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EN BANC

G.R. No. 205728 January 21, 2015

 THE DIOCESE OF BACOLOD, RERESENTED B! THE "OST RE#. BISHO #ICENTE ".NA#ARRA an$ THE BISHO HI"SELF IN HIS ERSONAL CAACIT!, %&'&'on%r(,

)(.CO""ISSION ON ELECTIONS AND THE ELECTION OFFICER OF BACOLOD CIT!, ATT!."A#IL #. "AJAR*CON, R%(+on$%n&(.

D E C I S I O N

LEONEN, J.

-T% '/'++'n%( '( a $%ora&' an$ r%+u/'an S&a&%. So)%r%'3n&y r%('$%( 'n &%+%o+/% an$ a// 3o)%rn%n& au&or'&y %ana&%( 4ro &%.- Ar&'/% II, S%&'on 1,Con(&'&u&'on

A// 3o)%rn%n&a/ au&or'&y %ana&%( 4ro our +%o+/%. No unr%a(ona/% r%(&r'&'on(o4 &% 4un$a%n&a/ an$ +r%4%rr%$ r'3& &o %6+r%(('on o4 &% %/%&ora&% $ur'n3+o/'&'a/ on&%(&( no a&&%r o (%%'n3/y %n'3n '// % &o/%ra&%$.

 T'( a(% $%n%( &% %6&%n& &a& our +%o+/% ay (a+% &% $%a&%( $ur'n3%/%&'on(. I& '( ('3n'an& an$ o4 r(& '+r%(('on. 9% ar% a(:%$ &o $%'$% %&%r&% Co'(('on on E/%&'on( ;CO"ELEC< a( &% o+%&%n% &o /''& %6+r%(('on(a$% y &% '&'=%n( > o ar% no& an$'$a&%( > $ur'n3 %/%&'on(.

B%4or% u( '( a (+%'a/ ')'/ a&'on 4or %r&'orar' an$ +ro''&'on '& a++/'a&'on 4or+r%/''nary 'n?un&'on an$ &%+orary r%(&ra'n'n3 or$%r1 un$%r Ru/% @5 o4 &% Ru/%(o4 Cour& (%%:'n3 &o nu//'4y CO"ELEC( No&'% &o R%o)% Ca+a'3n "a&%r'a/(2 $a&%$F%ruary 22, 201 an$ /%&&%r '((u%$ on F%ruary 27, 201.

 T% 4a&( ar% no& $'(+u&%$.

On F%ruary 21, 201, +%&'&'on%r( +o(&%$ &o ;2< &ar+au/'n( '&'n a +r')a&%o+oun$ ou('n3 &% San S%a(&'an Ca&%$ra/ o4 Bao/o$. Ea &ar+au/'n a(a++ro6'a&%/y ('6 4%%& ;@< y &%n 4%%& ;10< 'n ('=%. T%y %r% +o(&%$ on &% 4ron&a//( o4 &% a&%$ra/ '&'n +u/' )'%. T% r(& &ar+au/'n on&a'n( &% %((a3%-IBAS*RA RH La- r%4%rr'n3 &o &% R%+ro$u&')% H%a/& La o4 2012 or R%+u/' A&No. 105. T% (%on$ &ar+au/'n '( &% (u?%& o4 &% +r%(%n& a(%. T'( &ar+au/'non&a'n( &% %a$'n3 -Con('%n% #o&%- an$ /'(&( an$'$a&%( a( %'&%r -;An&'RH<

 T%a Buay- '& a %: ar:, or -;roRH< T%a a&ay- '& an -- ar:.5 T%%/%&ora/ an$'$a&%( %r% /a(('%$ aor$'n3 &o &%'r )o&% on &% a$o+&'on o4R%+u/' A& No. 105, o&%r'(% :non a( &% RH La.@ To(% o )o&%$ 4or &%+a(('n3 o4 &% /a %r% /a(('%$ y +%&'&'on%r( a( o+r'('n3 -T%a a&ay,- '/%&o(% o )o&%$ a3a'n(& '& 4or -T%a Buay-7

 TEA" B*HA!TEA" ATA!E(&ra$a, J# An3ara, Juan E$3ar$oHona(an, Gr%3or'o Ca('o, T%$$y

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"a3(ay(ay, "'&o( Cay%&ano, A/an %&%r'%n&%/, o:o Enr'/%, Ja:'%

 Tr'//an%(, An&on'o E(u$%ro, Fran'(#'//ar, Cyn&'a Hon&')%ro(, R'(aar&y L'(& Buay L%3ar$a, Lor%nar&y L'(& An3 a'/ya ar&y L'(& Gar'%/a

  ar&y L'(& A:ayan  ar&y L'(& Bayan "una  ar&y L'(& Ana: a'(Dur'n3 ora/ ar3u%n&(, r%(+on$%n&( on%$%$ &a& &% &ar+au/'n a( n%'&%r(+on(or%$ nor +a'$ 4or y any an$'$a&%. %&'&'on%r( a/(o on%$%$ &a& &%&ar+au/'n on&a'n( na%( o4an$'$a&%( 4or &% 201 %/%&'on(, u& no& o4 +o/'&''an(o %/+%$ 'n &% +a((a3% o4 &% RH La u& %r% no& an$'$a&%( 4or &a& %/%&'on.

On F%ruary 22, 201, r%(+on$%n& A&&y. "a)'/ #. "a?aruon, 'n %r a+a'&y a(E/%&'on O%r o4 Bao/o$ C'&y, '((u%$ a No&'% &o R%o)% Ca+a'3n "a&%r'a/(8a$$r%((%$ &o +%&'&'on%r "o(& R%). B'(o+ #'%n&% ". Na)arra. T% %/%&'on o%ror$%r%$ &% &ar+au/'n( r%o)a/ '&'n &r%% ;< $ay( 4ro r%%'+& 4or %'n3

o)%r('=%$. CO"ELEC R%(o/u&'on No. @15 +ro)'$%( 4or &% ('=% r%Ku'r%%n& o4 &o4%%& ;2< y &r%% 4%%& ;

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OF THE DIOCESE OF BACOLOD CIT!

 T% &r%% ;< $ay no&'% %6+'r%$ on F%ruary 25, 201.

Con('$%r'n3 &a& &% ao)%%n&'on%$ a&%r'a/ '( 4oun$ &o % 'n )'o/a&'on o4Co%/% R%(o/u&'on No. @15 +rou/3a&%$ on January 15, 201 +ar&'u/ar/y on &%

('=% ;%)%n '& &% (u(%Ku%n& $')'('on o4 &% (a'$ &ar+au/'n 'n&o &o

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I.

9HETHER THE 22 FEBR*AR! 201 NOTICEORDER B! ELECTION OFFICER"AJAR*CON AND THE 27 FEBR*AR! 201 ORDER B! THE CO"ELEC LA9DEART"ENT ARE CONSIDERED J*DG"ENTSFINAL ORDERSRESOL*TIONS OF THE

CO"ELEC 9HICH 9O*LD 9ARRANT A RE#IE9 OF THIS CO*RT #IA R*LE @5ETITIONPQ

A. 9HETHER ETITIONERS #IOLATED THE HIERARCH! OF CO*RTS DOCTRINE AND J*RISR*DENTIAL R*LES GO#ERNING AEALS FRO" CO"ELEC DECISIONS

B. ASS*"ING ARG*ENDO THAT THE AFORE"ENTIONED ORDERS ARE NOTCONSIDERED J*DG"ENTSFINAL ORDERSRESOL*TIONS OF THE CO"ELEC,9HETHER THERE ARE ECETIONAL CIRC*"STANCES 9HICH 9O*LD ALLO9 THISCO*RT TO TAE COGNIANCE OF THE CASEPQ

II.

9HETHER IT IS RELE#ANT TODETER"INE 9HETHER THE TARA*LINS ARE-OLITICAL AD#ERTISE"ENT- OR -ELECTION ROAGANDA- CONSIDERING THATETITIONER IS NOT A OLITICAL CANDIDATEPQ

III.

9HETHER THE TARA*LINS ARE A FOR" OR ERESSION ;ROTECTED SEECH

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 T'( our&( ?ur'($'&'on o)%r CO"ELEC a(%(

R%(+on$%n&( a(: &a& &'( +%&'&'on % $'('((%$ on &% 3roun$ &a& &% no&'% an$/%&&%r ar% no& na/ or$%r(, $%'('on(, ru/'n3(, or ?u$3%n&( o4 &% CO"ELEC En Ban'((u%$ 'n &% %6%r'(% o4 '&( a$?u$'a&ory +o%r(, r%)'%a/% )'a Ru/% @ o4 &% Ru/%(o4 Cour&.21

Ru/% @ '( no& &% %6/u(')% r%%$y 4or a// a&( o4 &% CO"ELEC. Ru/% @5 '(a++/'a/% %(+%'a//y &o ra'(% o?%&'on( r%/a&'n3 &o a 3ra)% au(% o4 $'(r%&'onr%(u/&'n3 'n &% ou(&%r o4 ?ur'($'&'on.22 A( a (+%'a/ ')'/ a&'on, &%r% u(& a/(o %a (o'n3 &a& &%r% % no +/a'n, (+%%$y, an$ a$%Kua&% r%%$y 'n &% or$'naryour(% o4 &% /a.

R%(+on$%n&( on&%n$ &a& &% a((a'/%$ no&'% an$ /%&&%r ar% no& (u?%& &o r%)'% y&'( our&, o(% +o%r &o r%)'% '( -/''&%$ on/y &o na/ $%'('on(, ru/'n3( an$or$%r( o4 &% CO"ELEC En Ban r%n$%r%$ 'n &% %6%r'(% o4 '&( a$?u$'a&ory or Kua('

 ?u$''a/ +o%r.-2 In(&%a$, r%(+on$%n&( /a' &a& &% a((a'/%$ no&'% an$ /%&&%r ar%r%)'%a/% on/y y CO"ELEC '&(%/4 +ur(uan& &o Ar&'/% IC, S%&'on 2;< o4 &%

Con(&'&u&'on2 on CO"ELEC( +o%r &o $%'$% a// Ku%(&'on( aM%&'n3 %/%&'on(.25R%(+on$%n&( 'n)o:% &% a(%( o4 A'/, Jr. ). CO"ELEC,2@ R%+o/ ). CO"ELEC,27Sor'ano, Jr. ). CO"ELEC,28 B/ano ). CO"ELEC,2 an$ Cay%&ano ). CO"ELEC,0 &o'//u(&ra&% o ?u$''a/'n&%r)%n&'on '( /''&%$ &o na/ $%'('on(, or$%r(, ru/'n3( an$

 ?u$3%n&( o4 &% CO"ELEC En Ban.1

 T%(% a(%( ar% no& a++/'a/%.

In A'/, Jr. ). CO"ELEC, &% /o('n3 +ar&y 'n &% 3u%rna&or'a/ ra% o4 Ea(&%rn Saar/%$ &% %/%&'on +ro&%(&.2 A& '((u% a( &% )a/'$'&y o4 &% +rou/3a&'on o4 aCO"ELEC D')'('on r%(o/u&'on. No o&'on 4or r%on('$%ra&'on a( /%$ &o ra'(% &'('((u% %4or% &% CO"ELEC En Ban. T'( our& $%/ar%$ &a& '& $'$ no& a)%

 ?ur'($'&'on an$ /ar'%$

9% a)% 'n&%r+r%&%$ PS%&'on 7, Ar&'/% IA o4 &% Con(&'&u&'onQ &o %an na/or$%r(, ru/'n3( an$ $%'('on(o4 &% CO"ELEC r%n$%r%$ 'n &% %6%r'(% o4 '&(a$?u$'a&ory or Kua('?u$''a/ +o%r(.- T'( $%'('on u(& % a na/ $%'('on orr%(o/u&'on o4 &% Co%/% %n an, no& o4 a $')'('on, %r&a'n/y no& an 'n&%r/ou&oryor$%r o4 a $')'('on.T% Su+r%% Cour& a( no +o%r &o r%)'% )'a%r&'orar', an'n&%r/ou&ory or$%r or %)%n a na/ r%(o/u&'on o4 a D')'('on o4 &% Co'(('on onE/%&'on(.5 ;E+a('( 'n &% or'3'na/, '&a&'on( o'&&%$<

Ho%)%r, 'n &% n%6& a(% '&%$ y r%(+on$%n&(, R%+o/ ). CO"ELEC, &'( our&+ro)'$%$ %6%+&'on( &o &'( 3%n%ra/ ru/%. R%+o/a( ano&%r %/%&'on +ro&%(& a(%,'n)o/)'n3 &% ayora/&y %/%&'on( 'n a3(an3an, Saar.@ T'( &'%, &% a(% a(rou3& &o &'( our& %au(% &% CO"ELEC F'r(& D')'('on '((u%$ a (&a&u( Kuo an&%or$%r a3a'n(& &% R%3'ona/ Tr'a/ Cour& %6%u&'n3 '&( $%'('on +%n$'n3 a++%a/.7 T'(our&( +on%n'a $'(u((%$ &% 3%n%ra/ ru/% %nun'a&%$ 'n A'/, Jr. &a& '& anno&&a:% ?ur'($'&'on &o r%)'% 'n&%r/ou&ory or$%r( o4 a CO"ELEC D')'('on.8 Ho%)%r,on('(&%n& '& ABSCBN Broa$a(&'n3 Cor+ora&'on ). CO"ELEC, '& /ar'%$ &%%6%+&'on

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 T'( Cour&, o%)%r, a( ru/%$ 'n &% +a(& &a& &'( +ro%$ura/ r%Ku'r%%n& Po4 /'n3a o&'on 4or r%on('$%ra&'onQ ay % 3/o((%$ o)%r &o +r%)%n& '(arr'a3% o4 ?u(&'%,%n &% '((u% 'n)o/)%( &% +r'n'+/% o4 (o'a/ ?u(&'% or &% +ro&%&'on o4 /aor,%n &% $%'('on or r%(o/u&'on (ou3& &o % (%& a('$% '( a nu//'&y, or %n &% n%%$4or r%/'%4 '( %6&r%%/y ur3%n& an$ %r&'orar' '( &% on/y a$%Kua&% an$ (+%%$y r%%$ya)a'/a/%.0

Ba(%$ on ABSCBN, &'( our& ou/$ r%)'% or$%r( an$ $%'('on( o4 CO"ELEC > 'n%/%&ora/ on&%(&( > $%(+'&% no& %'n3 r%)'%%$ y &% CO"ELEC En Ban, '4

1< I& '// +r%)%n& &% '(arr'a3% o4 ?u(&'%

2< T% '((u% 'n)o/)%( a +r'n'+/% o4 (o'a/ ?u(&'%

< T% '((u% 'n)o/)%( &% +ro&%&'on o4 /aor

< T% $%'('on or r%(o/u&'on (ou3& &o% (%& a('$% '( a nu//'&y or

5< T% n%%$ 4or r%/'%4 '( %6&r%%/y ur3%n& an$ %r&'orar' '( &% on/y a$%Kua&% an$(+%%$y r%%$y a)a'/a/%.

*/&'a&%/y, &'( our& &oo: ?ur'($'&'on 'n R%+o/an$ $%'$%$ &a& &% (&a&u( Kuoan&%or$%r '((u%$ y &% CO"ELEC D')'('on a( unon(&'&u&'ona/.

R%(+on$%n&( a/(o '&% Sor'ano, Jr. ). CO"ELEC.T'( a(% a( a/(o an %/%&'on +ro&%(&a(% 'n)o/)'n3 an$'$a&%( 4or &% '&y oun'/ o4 "un&'n/u+a C'&y.1 %&'&'on%r( 'nSor'ano, Jr./%$ %4or% &'( our& a +%&'&'on 4or %r&'orar' a3a'n(& an 'n&%r/ou&oryor$%r o4 &% CO"ELEC F'r(&

D')'('on.2 9'/% &% +%&'&'on a( +%n$'n3 'n &'( our&, &% CO"ELEC F'r(& D')'('on$'('((%$ &% a'n %/%&'on +ro&%(& a(%. Sor'anoa++/'%$ &% 3%n%ra/ ru/% &a&on/y na/ or$%r( (ou/$ % Ku%(&'on%$ '& &'( our&. T% +on%n'a 4or &'( our&,o%)%r, a:no/%$3%$ &% %6%+&'on( &o &% 3%n%ra/ ru/% 'n ABSCBN.

B/ano ). CO"ELEC, ano&%r a(% '&%$ y r%(+on$%n&(, a( a $'(Kua/'a&'on a(%o4 on% o4 &% ayora/&y an$'$a&%( o4 "%yauayan, Bu/aan.5 T% CO"ELECS%on$ D')'('on ru/%$ &a& +%&'&'on%r ou/$ no& Kua/'4y 4or &% 2007 %/%&'on( $u% &o&% n$'n3( 'n an a$'n'(&ra&')% a(% &a& % %n3a3%$ 'n )o&% uy'n3 'n &% 15%/%&'on(.@ No o&'on 4or r%on('$%ra&'on a( /%$ %4or% &% CO"ELEC En Ban.

 T'( our&, o%)%r, &oo: o3n'=an% o4 &'( a(% a++/y'n3 on% o4 &% %6%+&'on( 'nABSCBN T% a((a'/%$ r%(o/u&'on a( a nu//'&y.7

F'na//y, r%(+on$%n&( '&%$ Cay%&ano ). CO"ELEC, a r%%n& %/%&'on +ro&%(& a(%'n)o/)'n3 &% ayora/&y an$'$a&%( o4 Ta3u'3 C'&y.8 %&'&'on%r a((a'/%$ a r%(o/u&'ono4 &% CO"ELEC $%ny'n3 %r o&'on 4or r%on('$%ra&'on &o $'('(( &% %/%&'on+ro&%(& +%&'&'on 4or /a: o4 4or an$ (u(&an%. T'( our& /ar'%$ &% 3%n%ra/ru/% an$ r%4u(%$ &o &a:% o3n'=an% o4 &% r%)'% o4 &% CO"ELEC or$%r. 9'/%r%o3n'='n3 &% %6%+&'on( 'n ABSCBN, &'( our& ru/%$ &a& &%(% %6%+&'on( $'$no& a++/y.50

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A'/, Jr., R%+o/, Sor'ano, Jr., B/ano, an$ Cay%&ano '&%$ y r%(+on$%n&( $o no&o+%ra&% a( +r%%$%n&( &o ou(& &'( our& 4ro &a:'n3 ?ur'($'&'on o)%r &'( a(%. A//&%(% a(%( '&%$ 'n)o/)% %/%&'on +ro&%(&( or $'(Kua/'a&'on a(%( /%$ y &%/o('n3 an$'$a&% a3a'n(& &% 'nn'n3 an$'$a&%.

In &% +r%(%n& a(%, +%&'&'on%r( ar% no& an$'$a&%( (%%:'n3 4or +u/' o%. T%'r

+%&'&'on '( /%$ &o a((%r& &%'r 4un$a%n&a/ r'3& &o %6+r%(('on.

Fur&%ror%, a// &%(% a(%( '&%$ y r%(+on$%n&( +%r&a'n%$ &o CO"ELEC( %6%r'(%o4 '&( a$?u$'a&ory or Kua('?u$''a/ +o%r. T'( a(% +%r&a'n( &o a&( o4 CO"ELEC 'n&% '+/%%n&a&'on o4 '&( r%3u/a&ory +o%r(. 9%n '& '((u%$ &% no&'% an$ /%&&%r,&% CO"ELEC a( a//%3%$/y %n4or'n3%/%&'on /a(.

I.B

Ru/% @5, 3ra)% au(% o4 $'(r%&'on,

an$ /''&a&'on( on +o/'&'a/ (+%%

 T% a'n (u?%& o4 &'(a(% '( an a//%3%$ on(&'&u&'ona/ )'o/a&'on &% 'n4r'n3%%n&on (+%% an$ &% -'//'n3 %M%&- au(%$ y r%(+on$%n& CO"ELEC( no&'% an$/%&&%r.

%&'&'on%r( a//%3% &a& r%(+on$%n&( o'&&%$ 3ra)% au(% o4 $'(r%&'on aoun&'n3&o /a: or %6%(( o4 ?ur'($'&'on 'n '((u'n3 &% no&'%51 $a&%$ F%ruary 22,201 an$/%&&%r52 $a&%$ F%ruary 27, 201 or$%r'n3 &% r%o)a/ o4 &% &ar+au/'n.5 I& '( &%'r+o('&'on &a& &%(% 'n4r'n3% on &%'r 4un$a%n&a/ r'3& &o 4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('on an$)'o/a&% &% +r'n'+/% o4 (%+ara&'on o4 ur an$ (&a&% an$, &u(, ar%unon(&'&u&'ona/.5

 T% ?ur'($'&'on o4 &'( our& o)%r &% (u?%& a&&%r '( $%&%r'n%$ 4ro &%a//%3a&'on( 'n &% +%&'&'on. Su?%& a&&%r ?ur'($'&'on '( $%n%$ a( &% au&or'&y -&o%ar an$ $%&%r'n% a(%( o4 &% 3%n%ra/ /a(( &o ' &% +ro%%$'n3( 'n Ku%(&'on%/on3 an$ '( on4%rr%$ y &% (o)%r%'3n au&or'&y ' or3an'=%( &% our& an$$%n%( '&( +o%r(.-55 D%n'&%/y, &% (u?%& a&&%r 'n &'( a(% '( $'M%r%n& 4ro &%a(%( '&%$ y r%(+on$%n&(.

No&'n3 /%(( &an &% %/%&ora&%( +o/'&'a/ (+%% '// % aM%&%$ y &% r%(&r'&'on('+o(%$ y CO"ELEC. o/'&'a/ (+%% '( o&')a&%$ y &% $%('r% &o % %ar$ an$un$%r(&oo$, &o o)% +%o+/% &o a&'on. I& '( on%rn%$ '& &% (o)%r%'3n r'3& &oan3% &% on&our( o4 +o%r %&%r &rou3 &% %/%&'on o4 r%+r%(%n&a&')%( 'n ar%+u/'an 3o)%rn%n& or &% r%)'('on o4 &% a(' &%6& o4 &% Con(&'&u&'on. T% =%a/'& ' % +ro&%& &'( :'n$ o4 (+%% $o%( no& $%+%n$ on our %)a/ua&'on o4 &%o3%ny o4 &% %((a3%. N%'&%r $o % a((%(( %&%r % (ou/$ +ro&%& (+%%a(%$ on &% o&')%( o4 CO"ELEC. 9% %)a/ua&% r%(&r'&'on( on 4r%%$o o4%6+r%(('on 4ro &%'r %M%&(. 9% +ro&%& o& (+%% an$ %$'u %au(% &%Kua/'&y o4 &'( 4r%%$o 'n +ra&'% '// $%n% &% Kua/'&y o4 $%/'%ra&'on 'n our$%ora&' (o'%&y.

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CO"ELEC( no&'% an$ /%&&%r aM%& +r%4%rr%$ (+%%. R%(+on$%n&( a&( ar% a+a/%o4 r%+%&'&'on. *n$%r &% on$'&'on( 'n ' '& a( '((u%$ an$ 'n )'% o4 &% no)%/&yo4 &'( a(%,'& ou/$ r%(u/& 'n a -'//'n3 %M%&- &a& ou/$ aM%& o&%r '&'=%n( oan& &%'r )o'%( %ar$ on '((u%( $ur'n3 &% %/%&'on(. O&%r '&'=%n( o '( &o%6+r%(( &%'r )'%( r%3ar$'n3 &% %/%&'on an$ o&%r r%/a&%$ '((u%( ay oo(% no&&o, 4or 4%ar o4 r%+r'(a/ or (an&'on y &% CO"ELEC. D'r%& r%(or& &o &'( our& '(

a//o%$ &o a)o'$ (u +ro(r'%$ on$'&'on(. Ru/% @5 '( a/(o &% +ro%$ura/ +/a&4or4or ra'('n3 3ra)% au(% o4 $'(r%&'on.

Bo& +ar&'%( +o'n& &o on(&'&u&'ona/ +ro)'('on( on ?ur'($'&'on. For +%&'&'on%r(, '&r%4%rr%$ &o &'( our&( %6+an$%$ %6%r'(% o4 %r&'orar' a( +ro)'$%$ y &%Con(&'&u&'on a( 4o//o(

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S%. 2. T% Co'(('on on E/%&'on( (a// %6%r'(% &% 4o//o'n3 +o%r( an$4un&'on(

. . . .

;< D%'$%, %6%+& &o(% 'n)o/)'n3 &% r'3& &o )o&%, a// Ku%(&'on( aM%&'n3 %/%&'on(,'n/u$'n3 $%&%r'na&'on o4 &% nu%r an$ /oa&'on o4 +o//'n3 +/a%(, a++o'n&%n&o4 %/%&'on o'a/( an$ 'n(+%&or(, an$ r%3'(&ra&'on o4 )o&%r(.

R%(+on$%n&( r%/'an% on &'( +ro)'('on '( '(+/a%$.

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 T% or% r%/%)an& +ro)'('on 4or ?ur'($'&'on 'n &'( a(% '( Ar&'/% #III, S%&'on 5;1< o4&% Con(&'&u&'on.T'( +ro)'('on +ro)'$%( 4or &'( our&( or'3'na/ ?ur'($'&'on o)%r+%&'&'on( 4or %r&'orar' an$ +ro''&'on. T'( (ou/$ % r%a$ a/on3('$% &% %6+an$%$

 ?ur'($'&'on o4 &% our& 'n Ar&'/% #III, S%&'on 1 o4 &% Con(&'&u&'on.

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C%r&a'n/y, a r%a o4 &% 4un$a%n&a/ r'3& o4 %6+r%(('on y CO"ELEC '( 3ra)%au(% o4 $'(r%&'on. Tu(, &% on(&'&u&'ona/'&y o4 &% no&'% an$ /%&&%r o'n3 4roCO"ELEC '( '&'n &'( our&( +o%r &o r%)'%.

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ran or 'n(&ru%n&a/'&y. T'( 'n/u$%( a&'on( y &% CO"ELEC. Fur&%ror%, '& '(&'( our&( on(&'&u&'ona/ an$a&% &o +ro&%& &% +%o+/% a3a'n(& 3o)%rn%n&('n4r'n3%%n& o4 &%'r 4un$a%n&a/ r'3&(. T'( on(&'&u&'ona/ an$a&% ou& %'3(&% ?ur'($'&'on )%(&%$ '& &% CO"ELEC.

I& '//, &u(, % an'4%(& 'n?u(&'% '4 &% our& $o%( no& &a:% ?ur'($'&'on o)%r &'(a(%.

I.C

H'%rary o4 our&(

 T'( r'n3( u( &o &% '((u% o4 %&%r +%&'&'on%r( )'o/a&%$ &% $o&r'n% o4 '%raryo4 our&( 'n $'r%&/y /'n3 &%'r +%&'&'on %4or% &'( our&.

R%(+on$%n&( on&%n$ &a& +%&'&'on%r( 4a'/ur% &o /% &% +ro+%r (u'& '& a /o%rour& o4 onurr%n& ?ur'($'&'on '( (u'%n& 3roun$ 4or &% $'('((a/ o4 &%'r+%&'&'on.57 T%y a$$ &a& o(%r)a&'on o4 &% '%rary o4 our&( '( o+u/(ory,'&'n3 H%'r( o4 B%r&u/$o H'no3 ). "%/'or.58 9'/% r%(+on$%n&( /a' &a& '/% &%r%ar% %6%+&'on( &o &% 3%n%ra/ ru/% on '%rary o4 our&(, non% o4 &%(% ar% +r%(%n&'n &'( a(%.5

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In Ba%=, Jr. ). Con%+'on,@ % %6+/a'n%$ &% n%%(('&y o4 &% a++/'a&'on o4 &%'%rary o4 our&(

 T% Cour& u(& %n?o'n &% o(%r)an% o4 &% +o/'y on &% '%rary o4 our&(, an$no ar( &a& &% +o/'y '( no& &o % '3nor%$ '&ou& (%r'ou( on(%Ku%n%(. T%(&r'&n%(( o4 &% +o/'y '( $%('3n%$ &o ('%/$ &% Cour& 4ro a)'n3 &o $%a/ '&au(%( &a& ar% a/(o %// '&'n &% o+%&%n% o4 &% /o%r our&(, an$ &u( /%a)%&'% &o &% Cour& &o $%a/ '& &% or% 4un$a%n&a/ an$ or% %((%n&'a/ &a(:( &a&&% Con(&'&u&'on a( a(('3n%$ &o '&. T% Cour& ay a& on +%&'&'on( 4or &%%6&raor$'nary r'&( o4 %r&'orar', +ro''&'on an$ an$au( on/y %n a(o/u&%/yn%%((ary or %n (%r'ou( an$ '+or&an& r%a(on( %6'(& &o ?u(&'4y an %6%+&'on &o &%+o/'y.@

In Ba%=, % a/(o %/aora&%$ on &% r%a(on( y /o%r our&( ar% a//o%$ &o '((u%r'&( o4 %r&'orar', +ro''&'on, an$ an$au(, '&'n3 #%r3ara ). Su%/&o@5

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 T% Su+r%% Cour& '( a our& o4 /a(&r%(or&, an$ u(& (o r%a'n '4 '& '( &o(a&'(4a&or'/y +%r4or &% 4un&'on( a(('3n%$ &o '& y &% 4un$a%n&a/ ar&%r an$'%or'a/ &ra$'&'on. I& anno& an$ (ou/$ no& % ur$%n%$ '& &% &a(: o4 $%a/'n3'& au(%( 'n &% r(& 'n(&an%. I&( or'3'na/ ?ur'($'&'on &o '((u% &% (oa//%$%6&raor$'nary r'&( (ou/$ % %6%r'(%$ on/y %r% a(o/u&%/y n%%((ary or %r%(%r'ou( an$ '+or&an& r%a(on( %6'(& &%r%4or%. H%n%, &a& ?ur'($'&'on (ou/$

3%n%ra//y % %6%r'(%$ r%/a&')% &o a&'on( or +ro%%$'n3( %4or% &% Cour& o4A++%a/(, or %4or% on(&'&u&'ona/ or o&%r &r'una/(, o$'%( or a3%n'%( o(% a&(4or (o% r%a(on or ano&%r ar% no& on&ro//a/% y &% Cour& o4 A++%a/(. 9%r% &%'((uan% o4 an %6&raor$'nary r'& '( a/(o '&'n &% o+%&%n% o4 &% Cour& o4A++%a/( or a R%3'ona/ Tr'a/ Cour&, '& '( 'n %'&%r o4 &%(% our&( &a& &% (+%'a&'on 4or &% r'&( +rour%%n& u(& % +r%(%n&%$. T'( '( an$ (ou/$ on&'nu% &o% &% +o/'y 'n &'( r%3ar$, a +o/'y &a& our&( an$ /ay%r( u(& (&r'&/yo(%r)%.@@ ;E+a('( o'&&%$<

 T% $o&r'n% &a& r%Ku'r%( r%(+%& 4or &% '%rary o4 our&( a( r%a&%$ y &'(our& &o %n(ur% &a& %)%ry /%)%/ o4 &% ?u$''ary +%r4or( '&( $%('3na&%$ ro/%( 'n an%M%&')% an$ %'%n& ann%r. Tr'a/ our&( $o no& on/y $%&%r'n% &% 4a&( 4ro &%

%)a/ua&'on o4 &% %)'$%n% +r%(%n&%$ %4or% &%. T%y ar% /':%'(% o+%&%n& &o$%&%r'n% '((u%( o4 /a ' ay 'n/u$% &% )a/'$'&y o4 an or$'nan%, (&a&u&%, or%)%n an %6%u&')% '((uan% 'n r%/a&'on &o &% Con(&'&u&'on.@7 To %M%&')%/y +%r4or&%(% 4un&'on(, &%y ar% &%rr'&or'a//y or3an'=%$ 'n&o r%3'on( an$ &%n 'n&o ran%(.

 T%'r r'&( 3%n%ra//y r%a '&'n &o(% &%rr'&or'a/ oun$ar'%(. N%%((ar'/y, &%yo(&/y +%r4or &% a//'+or&an& &a(: o4 'n4%rr'n3 &% 4a&( 4ro &% %)'$%n% a(&%(% ar% +y('a//y +r%(%n&%$ %4or% &%. In any 'n(&an%(, &% 4a&( our'&'n &%'r &%rr'&or'a/ ?ur'($'&'on, ' +ro+%r/y +r%(%n& &% a&ua/ a(% &a&a:%( r'+% a $%&%r'na&'on o4 &% on(&'&u&'ona/'&y o4 (u a&'on. T%on(%Ku%n%(, o4 our(%, ou/$ % na&'ona/ 'n (o+%. T%r% ar%, o%)%r, (o%a(%( %r% r%(or& &o our&( a& &%'r /%)%/ ou/$ no& % +ra&'a/ on('$%r'n3 &%'r$%'('on( ou/$ (&'// % a++%a/%$ %4or% &% '3%r our&(, (u a( &% Cour& o4A++%a/(.

 T% Cour& o4 A++%a/( '( +r'ar'/y $%('3n%$ a( an a++%//a&% our& &a& r%)'%( &%$%&%r'na&'on o4 4a&( an$ /a a$% y &% &r'a/ our&(. I& '( o//%3'a&% 'n na&ur%.

 T'( na&ur% %n(ur%( or% (&an$+o'n&( 'n &% r%)'% o4 &% a&'on( o4 &% &r'a/ our&.Bu& &% Cour& o4 A++%a/( a/(o a( or'3'na/ ?ur'($'&'on o)%r o(& (+%'a/ ')'/ a&'on(.*n/':% &% &r'a/ our&(, '&( r'&( an a)% a na&'on'$% (o+%. I& '( o+%&%n& &o$%&%r'n% 4a&( an$, '$%a//y, (ou/$ a& on on(&'&u&'ona/ '((u%( &a&ay no&n%%((ar'/y % no)%/ un/%(( &%r% ar% 4a&ua/ Ku%(&'on( &o $%&%r'n%.

 T'( our&, on &% o&%r an$, /%a$( &% ?u$''ary y r%a:'n3 n% 3roun$ or 4ur&%rr%'&%ra&'n3 > 'n &% /'3& o4 n% 'ru(&an%( or 'n &% /'3& o4 (o% on4u('on( o4%n or ar > %6'(&'n3 +r%%$%n&(. Ra&%r &an a our& o4 r(& 'n(&an% or a( ar%+%&'&'on o4 &% a&'on( o4 &% Cour& o4 A++%a/(, &'( our& +rou/3a&%( &%(%$o&r'na/ $%)'%( 'n or$%r &a& '& &ru/y +%r4or( &a& ro/%.

In o&%r or$(, &% Su+r%% Cour&( ro/% &o 'n&%r+r%& &% Con(&'&u&'on an$ a& 'nor$%r &o +ro&%& on(&'&u&'ona/ r'3&( %n &%(% %o% %6'3%n& (ou/$ no& %%a(u/a&%$ y &% $o&r'n% 'n r%(+%& o4 &% '%rary o4 our&(. Ta& a( n%)%r%%n &% +ur+o(% o4 (u $o&r'n%.

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 Tu(, &% $o&r'n% o4 '%rary o4 our&( '( no& an 'ron/a$ ru/%.@8 T'( our& a(-4u// $'(r%&'onary +o%r &o &a:% o3n'=an% an$ a((u% ?ur'($'&'on Po)%rQ (+%'a/')'/ a&'on( 4or %r&'orar' . . ./%$ $'r%&/y '& '& 4or %6%+&'ona//y o+%//'n3r%a(on(@ or '4 arran&%$ y &% na&ur% o4 &% '((u%( /%ar/y an$ (+%'a//y ra'(%$'n &% +%&'&'on.-70 A( orr%&/y +o'n&%$ ou& y +%&'&'on%r(,71 % a)% +ro)'$%$

%6%+&'on( &o &'( $o&r'n%

F'r(&, a $'r%& r%(or& &o &'( our& '( a//o%$ %n &%r% ar% 3%nu'n% '((u%( o4on(&'&u&'ona/'&y &a& u(& % a$$r%((%$ a& &% o(& '%$'a&% &'%. A $'r%& r%(or&&o &'( our& 'n/u$%( a)a'/'n3 o4 &% r%%$'%( o4 %r&'orar' an$ +ro''&'on &oa((a'/&% on(&'&u&'ona/'&y o4 a&'on( o4 o& /%3'(/a&')% an$ %6%u&')% ran%( o4 &%3o)%rn%n&.72

In &'( a(%, &% a((a'/%$ '((uan%( o4 r%(+on$%n&( +r%?u$'% no& on/y +%&'&'on%r(r'3& &o 4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('on 'n &% +r%(%n& a(%, u& a/(o o4 o&%r( 'n 4u&ur%(''/ar a(%(. T% a(% %4or% &'( our& 'n)o/)%( an a&')% %Mor& on &% +ar& o4 &%%/%&ora&% &o r%4or &% +o/'&'a/ /an$(a+%. T'( a( %o% a rar% oa('on %n

+r')a&% '&'=%n( a&')%/y %n3a3% &% +u/' 'n +o/'&'a/ $'(our(%. To Kuo&% an%'n%n& +o/'&'a/ &%or'(&

PTQ% &%ory o4 4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('on 'n)o/)%( or% &an a &%n'Ku% 4or arr')'n3 a&%&&%r (o'a/ ?u$3%n&( &rou3 $%ora&' +ro%$ur%(. I& o+r%%n$( a )'('on o4(o'%&y, a 4a'& an$ a o/% ay o4 /'4%. T% &%ory 3r% ou& o4 an a3% &a& a(aa:%n%$ an$ 'n)'3ora&%$ y &% '$%a o4 n% (o'%&y 'n ' an( 'n$ a( 4r%%,'( 4a&% $%&%r'n%$ y '( on +o%r( o4 r%a(on, an$ '( +ro(+%&( o4 r%a&'n3 ara&'ona/ an$ %n/'3&%n%$ ')'/'=a&'on )'r&ua//y un/''&%$. I& '( +u& 4orar$ a( a+r%(r'+&'on 4or a&&a'n'n3 a r%a&')%, +ro3r%((')%, %6'&'n3 an$ 'n&%//%&ua//y rou(&oun'&y. I& on&%+/a&%( a o$% o4 /'4% &a&, &rou3 %noura3'n3 &o/%ra&'on,(:%+&''(, r%a(on an$ 'n'&'a&')%, '// a//o an &o r%a/'=% '( 4u// +o&%n&'a/'&'%(.I&(+urn( &% a/&%rna&')% o4 a (o'%&y &a& '( &yrann'a/, on4or'(&, 'rra&'ona/ an$(&a3nan&.7

In a $%oray, &% '&'=%n( r'3& &o4r%%/y +ar&''+a&% 'n &% %6an3% o4 '$%a( 'n4ur&%ran% o4 +o/'&'a/ $%'('ona:'n3 '( r%o3n'=%$. I& $%(%r)%( &% '3%(&+ro&%&'on &% our&( ay +ro)'$%, a( +u/' +ar&''+a&'on 'n na&'onu'/$'n3 '(a4un$a%n&a/ +r'n'+/% 'n our Con(&'&u&'on. A( (u, &%'r r'3& &o %n3a3% 'n 4r%%%6+r%(('on o4 '$%a( u(& % 3')%n '%$'a&% +ro&%&'on y &'( our&.

A (%on$ %6%+&'on '( %n &% '((u%('n)o/)%$ ar% o4 &ran(%n$%n&a/ '+or&an%.7In &%(% a(%(, &% ''n%n% an$ /ar'&y o4 &% &r%a& &o 4un$a%n&a/on(&'&u&'ona/ r'3&( ou&%'3 &% n%%(('&y 4or +ru$%n%. T% $o&r'n% r%/a&'n3 &oon(&'&u&'ona/ '((u%( o4 &ran(%n$%n&a/ '+or&an% +r%)%n&( our&( 4ro &%+ara/y('( o4 +ro%$ura/ n'%&'%( %n /%ar/y 4a%$ '& &% n%%$ 4or (u(&an&'a/+ro&%&'on.

In &% a(% %4or% &'( our&, &%r% '( a /%ar &r%a& &o &% +araoun& r'3& o44r%%$o o4 (+%% an$ 4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('on ' arran&( 'n)oa&'on o4 r%/'%44ro &'( our&. T% +r'n'+/%( /a'$ $on 'n &'( $%'('on '// /':%/y 'nu%n% &%$'(our(% o4 4r%%$o o4 (+%% 'n &% 4u&ur%, %(+%'a//y 'n &% on&%6& o4 %/%&'on(.

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 T% r'3& &o (uMra3% no& on/y 'n/u$%( &% r'3& &o )o&% 4or on%( o(%n an$'$a&%,u& a/(o &% r'3& &o )oa/'=% &a& o'% &o &% +u/' 'n 3%n%ra/, 'n &% o+% o4'nu%n'n3 &%'r )o&%(. I& ay % (a'$ &a& 'n an %/%&'on y%ar, &% r'3& &o )o&%n%%((ar'/y 'n/u$%( &% r'3& &o 4r%% (+%% an$ %6+r%(('on. T% +ro&%&'on o4 &%(%4un$a%n&a/ on(&'&u&'ona/ r'3&(, &%r%4or%, a//o( 4or &% '%$'a&% r%(or& &o &'(our&.

 T'r$, a(%( o4 r(& '+r%(('on75 arran& a $'r%& r%(or& &o &'( our&. In a(%( o4r(& '+r%(('on, no ?ur'(+ru$%n% y%& %6'(&( &a& '// 3u'$% &% /o%r our&( on &'(a&&%r. In Go)%rn%n& o4 &% *n'&%$ S&a&%( ). ur3anan,7@ &'( our& &oo:o3n'=an% o4 &% a(% a( a a&&%r o4 r(& '+r%(('on &a& ay 3u'$% &% /o%rour&(

In &% 'n&%r%(& o4 ?u(&'% an$ &o (%&&/% on% an$ 4or a// &% '+or&an& '((u% o4 a'/ 'n%6&ra$'&'on +ro%%$'n3(, % $%% '& %(& &o &a:% o3n'=an% o4 &% +r%(%n& a(%.Su +ro%%$'n3( on(&'&u&% a a&&%r o4 r(& '+r%(('on o)%r ' &%r% '(, a( y%&,no /oa/ ?ur'(+ru$%n% &o 3u'$% /o%r our&(.77

 T'( our& n$( &a& &'( '( 'n$%%$ a a(% o4 r(& '+r%(('on 'n)o/)'n3 a( '& $o%( &%'((u% o4 %&%r &% r'3& o4 (uMra3% 'n/u$%( &% r'3& o4 4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('on.

 T'( '( a Ku%(&'on ' &'( our& a( y%& &o +ro)'$% (u(&an&'a/ an(%r( &o,&rou3 ?ur'(+ru$%n%. Tu(, $'r%& r%(or& &o &'( our& '( a//o%$.

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. . . '& '// % +ru$%n& 4or (u our&(, '4 on/y ou& o4 a %o'n3 o$%(&y, &o $%4%r &o&% '3%r ?u$3%n&o4 &'( Cour& 'n &% on('$%ra&'on o4 '&( )a/'$'&y, ' '( %&&%r$%&%r'n%$ a4&%r a &orou3 $%/'%ra&'on y a o//%3'a&% o$y an$ '& &%onurr%n% o4 &% a?or'&y o4 &o(% o +ar&''+a&%$ 'n '&( $'(u(('on.7 ;C'&a&'ono'&&%$<

In &'( a(%, '& '( &'( our&, '& '&( on(&'&u&'ona//y %n(r'n%$ ?u$''a/ +o%r, &a&an ru/% '& na/'&y on %&%r CO"ELEC o'&&%$ 3ra)% au(% o4 $'(r%&'on or+%r4or%$ a&( on&rary &o &% Con(&'&u&'on &rou3 &% a((a'/%$ '((uan%(.

F'4&, &% &'% %/%%n& +r%(%n&%$ 'n &'( a(% anno& % '3nor%$. T'( a(% a( /%$$ur'n3 &% 201 %/%&'on +%r'o$. A/&ou3 &% %/%&'on( a)% a/r%a$y %%non/u$%$, 4u&ur% a(%( ay % /%$ &a& n%%(('&a&% ur3%ny 'n '&( r%(o/u&'on.E6'3%ny 'n %r&a'n ('&ua&'on( ou/$ Kua/'4y a( an %6%+&'on 4or $'r%& r%(or& &o &'(our&.

S'6&, &% /%$ +%&'&'on r%)'%( &% a& o4 a on(&'&u&'ona/ or3an. CO"ELEC '( aon(&'&u&'ona/ o$y. In A/ano ). Arran=,80 '&%$ y +%&'&'on%r(, &'( our& %/$ &a&-P'Q& '( %a(y &o r%a/'=% &% ao( &a& ou/$ %n(u% '4 &% Cour& o4 F'r(& In(&an%o4%a an$ %)%ry +ro)'n% %r% P&oQ arro3a&% '&(%/4 &% +o%r &o $'(r%3ar$, (u(+%n$,or on&ra$'& any or$%r o4 &% Co'(('on on E/%&'on( &a& on(&'&u&'ona/ o$you/$ % (+%%$'/y r%$u%$ &o '+o&%n%.-81

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In &'( a(%, '4 +%&'&'on%r( (ou3& &o annu/ &% a&'on( o4 CO"ELEC &rou3 +ur(u'n3r%%$'%( '& &% /o%r our&(, any ru/'n3 on &%'r +ar& ou/$ no& a)% %%n'n$'n3 4or o&%r '&'=%n( o r%(+on$%n&( ay +/a% 'n &% (a% ('&ua&'on.B%('$%(, &'(our& aMor$( 3r%a& r%(+%& &o &% Con(&'&u&'on an$ &% +o%r( an$$u&'%( '+o(%$ u+on CO"ELEC. H%n%, a ru/'n3 y &'( our& ou/$ % 'n &% %(&'n&%r%(& o4 r%(+on$%n&(, 'n or$%r &a& &%'r a&'on( ay % 3u'$%$ aor$'n3/y 'n &%

4u&ur%.

S%)%n&, +%&'&'on%r( r'3&/y /a' &a& &%y a$ no o&%r +/a'n, (+%%$y, an$a$%Kua&% r%%$y 'n &% or$'nary our(% o4 /a &a& ou/$ 4r%% &% 4ro &%'n?ur'ou( %M%&( o4 r%(+on$%n&( a&( 'n )'o/a&'on o4 &%'r r'3& &o 4r%%$o o4%6+r%(('on.

In &'( a(%, &% r%+%ru(('on( o4 &% a((a'/%$ '((uan%( on &'( a(' r'3&on(&'&u&% an %6%+&'ona//y o+%//'n3 r%a(on &o ?u(&'4y &% $'r%& r%(or& &o &'(our&. T% /a: o4 o&%r (u'%n& r%%$'%( 'n &% our(% o4 /a a/on% '( (u'%n&3roun$ &o a//o $'r%& r%(or& &o &'( our&.

E'3&, &% +%&'&'on 'n/u$%( Ku%(&'on(&a& ar% -$'&a&%$ y +u/' %/4ar% an$ &%a$)an%%n& o4 +u/' +o/'y, or $%an$%$ y &% roa$%r 'n&%r%(& o4 ?u(&'%, or &%or$%r( o+/a'n%$ o4 %r% 4oun$ &o % +a&%n& nu//'&'%(, or &% a++%a/ a(on('$%r%$a( /%ar/y an 'na++ro+r'a&% r%%$y.-82 In &% +a(&, Ku%(&'on( (''/ar &o&%(% ' &'( our& ru/%$ on '%$'a&%/y $%(+'&% &% $o&r'n% o4 '%rary o4our&( 'n/u$%$ '&'=%n( r'3& &o %ar ar(,8 3o)%rn%n& on&ra&( 'n)o/)'n3o$%rn'=a&'on o4 )o&%r( r%3'(&ra&'on /'(&(,8 an$ &% (&a&u( an$ %6'(&%n% o4 a+u/' o%.85

 T'( a(% a/(o +o(%( a Ku%(&'on o4 (''/ar, '4 no& 3r%a&%r '+or&. H%n%, a $'r%&a&'on &o &'( our& '( +%r'&&%$.

I& '( no&, o%)%r, n%%((ary &a& a// o4 &%(% %6%+&'on( u(& our a& &% (a%&'% &o ?u(&'4y a $'r%& r%(or& &o &'( our&. 9'/% 3%n%ra//y, &% '%rary o4 our&( '(r%(+%&%$, &% +r%(%n& a(% 4a//( un$%r &% r%o3n'=%$ %6%+&'on( an$, a( (u, ay% r%(o/)%$ y &'( our& $'r%&/y.

I.D

 T% on%+& o4 a +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on

R%(+on$%n&( ar3u% 4ur&%r &a& &% ('=% /''&a&'on an$ '&( r%a(ona/%n%(( '( a+o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on, %n% no& '&'n &% a'& o4 &'( our&( +o%r o4 r%)'%. T%y'&% Ju(&'% #'&u3( (%+ara&% o+'n'on 'n O(%a ). CO"ELEC8@ &o (u++or& &%'r+o('&'on

I& '3& % or& %n&'on'n3 &a& S%&'on 2@, Ar&'/% II, o4 &% Con(&'&u&'on a/(o(&a&%( &a& &% -S&a&% (a// 3uaran&%% %Kua/ a%(( &o o++or&un'&'%( 4or +u/'(%r)'%, an$ +ro''& +o/'&'a/ $yna(&'%( a( ay % $%n%$ y /a.- I (%% n%'&%rAr&'/% I ;C

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$%an$( o4 &% Con(&'&u&'on. T% 4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('on on%$%$/y o/$(, '& '( &ru%,a )an&a3% +o'n& 'n '%rary o4 on(&'&u&'ona//y%n(r'n%$ r'3&( u&, /':% a//4un$a%n&a/ r'3&(, '& '( no& '&ou& /''&a&'on(.

 T% a(% '( no& aou& a 3& %&%%n &% -r'- an$ &% -+oor- or %&%%n &%-+o%r4u/- an$ &% -%a:- 'n our (o'%&y u& '& '( &o % a 3%nu'n% a&&%+& on &%

+ar& o4 Con3r%(( an$ &% Co'(('on on E/%&'on( &o %n(ur% &a& a// an$'$a&%( ar%3')%n an %Kua/ an% &o %$'a o)%ra3% an$ &%r%y % %Kua//y +%r%')%$ a(3')'n3 r%a/ /'4% &o &% an$'$a&%( r'3& o4 4r%% %6+r%(('on ra&%r &an %'n3 )'%%$a( an un$u% r%(&r'&'on o4 &a& 4r%%$o. T% '($o 'n &% %na&%n& o4 &% /a,'.%., &a& ' &% /%3'(/a&ur% $%%( &o % %(& 'n 3')'n3 /'4% &o &% Con(&'&u&'ona/an$a&%, '( no& 4or &% Cour& &o Ku%(&'on '& '( a a&&%r &a& /'%( %yon$ &% nora/+r%ro3a&')%( o4 &% Cour& &o +a(( u+on.87

 T'( (%+ara&% o+'n'on '( o3%n& 4or &% +ur+o(% '& a( (a'$. Bu& '& '( no& 'n +o'n& 'n&'( a(%.

 T% +r%(%n& +%&'&'on $o%( no& 'n)o/)% a $'(+u&% %&%%n &% r' an$ +oor, or &%

+o%r4u/ an$ %a:, on &%'r %Kua/ o++or&un'&'%( 4or %$'a o)%ra3% o4 an$'$a&%(an$ &%'r r'3& &o 4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('on. T'( a(% on%rn( &% r'3& o4 +%&'&'on%r(,o ar% nonan$'$a&%(, &o +o(& &% &ar+au/'n 'n &%'r +r')a&% +ro+%r&y, a(an%6%r'(% o4 &%'r r'3& o4 4r%% %6+r%(('on. D%(+'&% &% 'n)oa&'on o4 &% +o/'&'a/Ku%(&'on $o&r'n% y r%(+on$%n&(, &'( our& '( no& +ro(r'%$ 4ro $%'$'n3 on &%%r'&( o4 &'( a(%.

In Taa$a ). Cu%no,88 &'( our& +r%)'ou(/y %/aora&%$ on &% on%+& o4 a&on(&'&u&%( a +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on

9a& '( 3%n%ra//y %an&, %n '& '( (a'$ &a& a Ku%(&'on '( +o/'&'a/, an$ no& ?u$''a/,'( &a& '& '( a a&&%r ' '( &o % %6%r'(%$ y &% +%o+/% 'n &%'r +r'ary +o/'&'a/a+a'&y, or &a& '& a( %%n (+%'a//y $%/%3a&%$ &o (o% o&%r $%+ar&%n& or+ar&'u/ar o%r o4 &% 3o)%rn%n&, '&$'(r%&'onary +o%r &o a&.8 ;E+a('(o'&&%$<

I& '( no& 4or &'( our& &o r%%ar(% an$ r%%na& +o/'&'a/ $%a&%( on a& &% &%6& o4&% /a (ou/$ %. In +o/'&'a/ 4oru(, +ar&'u/ar/y &% /%3'(/a&ur%, &% r%a&'on o4 &%&%6&o4 &% /a '( a(%$ on a 3%n%ra/ $'(u(('on o4 4a&ua/ 'ru(&an%(, roa$/yon(&ru%$ 'n or$%r &o a//o 4or 3%n%ra/ a++/'a&'on y &% %6%u&')% ran. Tu(,&% r%a&'on o4 &% /a '( no& /''&%$ y +ar&'u/ar an$ (+%' 4a&( &a& aM%& &%r'3&( o4 %r&a'n 'n$')'$ua/(, +%r (%.

Cour&(, on &% o&%r an$, ru/% on a$)%r(ar'a/ +o('&'on( a(%$ on %6'(&'n3 4a&(%(&a/'(%$ on a (+%' a(%&oa(% a('(, %r% +ar&'%( aM%&%$ y &% /%3a/+ro)'('on (%%: &% our&( un$%r(&an$'n3 o4 &% /a.

 T% o+/%%n&ary na&ur% o4 &% +o/'&'a/ an$ ?u$''a/ ran%( o4 3o)%rn%n& '(%((%n&'a/ 'n or$%r &o %n(ur% &a& &% r'3&( o4 &% 3%n%ra/ +u/' ar% u+%/$ a& a//&'%(. In or$%r &o +r%(%r)% &'( a/an%, ran%( o4 3o)%rn%n& u(& aMor$ $u%r%(+%&an$ $%4%r%n% 4or &% $u&'%( an$ 4un&'on( on(&'&u&'ona//y $%/%3a&%$ &o &%o&%r. Cour&( anno& ru( &o 'n)a/'$a&% a /a or ru/%. ru$%n% $'&a&%( &a& % ar%

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ar%4u/ no& &o )%&o +o/'&'a/ a&( un/%(( % an ra4& $o&r'n% narro/y &a'/or%$ &o &%'ru(&an%( o4 &% a(%.

 T% a(% %4or% &'( our& $o%( no& a// 4or &% %6%r'(% o4 +ru$%n% or o$%(&y. T%r% '( no +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on. I& an % a&%$ u+on y &'( our& &rou3 &%%6+an$%$ ?ur'($'&'on 3ran&%$ &o &'( our& &rou3 Ar&'/% #III, S%&'on 1 o4 &%

Con(&'&u&'on.

A +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on ar'(%( 'n on(&'&u&'ona/ '((u%( r%/a&'n3 &o &% +o%r( oro+%&%n% o4 $'M%r%n& a3%n'%( an$ $%+ar&%n&( o4 &% %6%u&')% or &o(% o4 &%/%3'(/a&ur%. T% +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on $o&r'n% '( u(%$ a( a $%4%n(% %n &% +%&'&'ona(:( &'( our& &o nu//'4y %r&a'n a&( &a& ar% %6/u(')%/y '&'n &% $oa'n o4 &%'rr%(+%&')% o+%&%n'%(, a( +ro)'$%$ y &% Con(&'&u&'on or &% /a. In (u('&ua&'on, +r%(u+&')%/y, &'( our& (ou/$ a& '& $%4%r%n%. I& '// $%/'n% &o )o'$an a& un/%(( &% %6%r'(% o4 &a& +o%r a( (o a+r''ou( an$ ar'&rary (o a( &oaoun& &o 3ra)% au(% o4 $'(r%&'on.

 T% on%+& o4 a +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on, o%)%r, n%)%r +r%/u$%( ?u$''a/ r%)'% %n

&% a& o4 a on(&'&u&'ona/ or3an 'n4r'n3%( u+on a 4un$a%n&a/ 'n$')'$ua/ oro//%&')% r'3&. E)%n a((u'n3 ar3u%n$o &a& &% CO"ELEC $'$ a)% &% $'(r%&'on&o oo(% &% ann%r o4 r%3u/a&'on o4 &% &ar+au/'n 'n Ku%(&'on, '& anno& $o (o yar'$3'n3 &% 4un$a%n&a/ r'3& &o %6+r%(('on.

"aro( ). "an3/a+u(0 /''&%$ &% u(% o4 &% +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on $o&r'n%

9%n +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on( ar% 'n)o/)%$, &% Con(&'&u&'on /''&( &% $%&%r'na&'on &o%&%r or no& &%r% a( %%n a 3ra)% au(% o4 $'(r%&'on aoun&'n3 &o /a: or%6%(( o4 ?ur'($'&'on on &% +ar& o4 &% o'a/ o(% a&'on '( %'n3 Ku%(&'on%$. I43ra)% au(% '( no& %(&a/'(%$, &% Cour& '// no& (u(&'&u&% '&( ?u$3%n& 4or &a& o4&% o'a/ on%rn%$ an$ $%'$% a a&&%r ' y '&( na&ur% or y /a '( 4or &%/a&&%r a/on% &o $%'$%.1

Ho &'( our& a( o(%n &o a$$r%(( &% +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on $o&r'n% a( un$%r3on%an %)o/u&'on ('n% &% &'%&a& '& a$ %%n r(& 'n)o:%$ 'n "aro( ). "an3/a+u(.Inr%a('n3/y, &'( our& a( &a:%n &% '(&or'a/ an$ (o'a/ on&%6& o4 &% a(% an$&% r%/%)an% o4 +ronoun%%n&( o4 ar%4u//y an$ narro/y &a'/or%$ on(&'&u&'ona/$o&r'n%(. T'( &r%n$ a( 4o//o%$ 'n a(%( (u a( Da=a ). S'n3(on2 an$ Co(%&%n3). "'&ra Jr.

Da=a an$ Co(%&%n3 'n)o/)%$ a Ku%(&'on a( &o &% a++/'a&'on o4 Ar&'/% #I, S%&'on 18o4 &% 187 Con(&'&u&'on 'n)o/)'n3 &% r%o)a/ o4 +%&'&'on%r( 4ro &% Co'(('onon A++o'n&%n&(. In &'%( +a(&, &'( ou/$ a)% 'n)o/)%$ a Ku'n& %((%n&'a//y +o/'&'a/Ku%(&'on a( '& r%/a&%$ &o &% $o'nan% o4 +o/'&'a/ +ar&'%( 'n Con3r%((. Ho%)%r, 'n&%(% a(%(, &'( our& %6%r'(%$ '&( +o%r o4 ?u$''a/ r%)'% no&'n3 &a& &%r%Ku'r%%n& o4 'n&%r+r%&'n3 &% on(&'&u&'ona/ +ro)'('on 'n)o/)%$ &% /%3a/'&y an$ no&&% '($o o4 a ann%r y ' a on(&'&u&'ona/ $u&y or +o%r a( %6%r'(%$. T'(a++roa a( a3a'n r%'&%ra&%$ 'n D%4%n(or San&'a3o ). Gu'n3ona, Jr.

In In&%3ra&%$ Bar o4 &% '/'++'n%( ). aora,5 &'( our& $%/ar%$ a3a'n &a& &%+o(('/% %6'(&%n% o4a +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on $'$ no& ar an %6a'na&'on o4 %&%r &%

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%6%r'(% o4 $'(r%&'on a( $on% '& 3ra)% au(% o4 $'(r%&'on. In &a& a(%, &'(our& ru/%$ on &% Ku%(&'on o4 %&%r &%r% a( 3ra)% au(% o4 $'(r%&'on 'n &%r%('$%n&( u(% o4 '( +o%r &o a// ou& &% ar%$ 4or%( &o +r%)%n& an$ (u++r%((/a/%(( )'o/%n%.

In E(&ra$a ). D%('%r&o,@ &'( our& ru/%$ &a& &% /%3a/ Ku%(&'on a( &o %&%r a

4or%r r%('$%n& r%('3n%$ a( no& a +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on %)%n '4 &% on(%Ku%n%(ou/$ % &o a(%r&a'n &% +o/'&'a/ /%3'&'ay o4 a (u%((or r%('$%n&.

"any on(&'&u&'ona/ a(%( ar'(% 4ro +o/'&'a/ r'(%(. T% a&or( 'n (u r'(%( ayu(% &% r%(o/u&'on o4 on(&'&u&'ona/ '((u%( a( /%)%ra3%. Bu& &% %6+an$%$ ?ur'($'&'ono4 &'( our& no an$a&%( a $u&y 4or '& &o %6%r'(% '&( +o%r o4 ?u$''a/ r%)'%%6+an$'n3 on +r'n'+/%( &a& ay a)%r& a&a(&ro+% or r%(o/)% (o'a/ on'&.

 T'( our&( un$%r(&an$'n3 o4 &% +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on a( no& %%n (&a&' orun%n$'n3. In L/aa( ). E6%u&')% S%r%&ary O(ar Oro(,7 &'( our& %/$

9'/% '& '( &ru% &a& our&( anno& 'nKu'r% 'n&o &% ann%r 'n ' &% r%('$%n&(

$'(r%&'onary +o%r( ar% %6%r'(%$ or 'n&o &% '($o 4or '&( %6%r'(%, '& '( a/(o a(%&&/%$ ru/% &a& %n &% '((u% 'n)o/)%$ on%rn( &% )a/'$'&y o4 (u $'(r%&'onary+o%r( or %&%r (a'$ +o%r( ar% '&'n &% /''&( +r%(r'%$ y &% Con(&'&u&'on,9% '// no& $%/'n% &o %6%r'(% our +o%r o4 ?u$''a/ r%)'%. An$ (u r%)'% $o%(no& on(&'&u&% a o$'a&'on or orr%&'on o4 &% a& o4 &% r%('$%n&, nor $o%( '&on(&'&u&% 'n&%r4%r%n% '& &% 4un&'on( o4 &% r%('$%n&.8

 T% on%+& o4 ?u$''a/ +o%r 'n r%/a&'on &o &% on%+& o4 &% +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on a($'(u((%$ o(& %6&%n(')%/y 'n Fran'(o ). HRET. In &'( a(%, &% Hou(% o4R%+r%(%n&a&')%( ar3u%$&a& &% Ku%(&'on o4 &% )a/'$'&y o4 &% (%on$ '+%a%n&o+/a'n& &a& a( /%$ a3a'n(& 4or%r C'%4 Ju(&'% H'/ar'o Da)'$% a( a +o/'&'a/Ku%(&'on %yon$ &% a'& o4 &'( our&. For%r C'%4 Ju(&'% R%yna&o uno%/aora&%$ on &'( on%+& 'n '( onurr'n3 an$ $'((%n&'n3 o+'n'on

 To % (ur%, &% 4or% &o '+u3n &% ?ur'($'&'on o4 &'( Cour& %o%( or% 4%%/% 'n/'3& o4 &% n% Con(&'&u&'on ' %6+an$%$ &% $%n'&'on o4 ?u$''a/ +o%r a('n/u$'n3 -&% $u&y o4 &% our&( o4 ?u(&'% &o (%&&/% a&ua/ on&ro)%r('%( 'n)o/)'n3r'3&( ' ar% /%3a//y $%an$a/% an$ %n4or%a/%, an$ &o $%&%r'n% %&%r orno& &%r% a( %%n a 3ra)% au(% o4 $'(r%&'on aoun&'n3 &o /a: or %6%(( o4

 ?ur'($'&'on on &% +ar& o4 any ran or 'n(&ru%n&a/'&y o4 &% Go)%rn%n&.- A( %//o(%r)%$ y r%&'r%$ Ju(&'% I(a3an' Cru=, &'( %6+an$%$ $%n'&'on o4 ?u$''a/ +o%ron('$%ra/y on(&r'&%$ &% (o+% o4 +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on. H% o+'n%$ &a& &%/an3ua3% /u'nou(/y (u33%(&( &a& &'( $u&y ;an$ +o%r< '( a)a'/a/% %)%n a3a'n(&&% %6%u&')% an$ /%3'(/a&')% $%+ar&%n&( 'n/u$'n3 &% r%('$%n& an$ &% Con3r%((,'n &% %6%r'(% o4 &%'r $'(r%&'onary +o%r(.100 ;E+a('( 'n &% or'3'na/, '&a&'on(o'&&%$<

Fran'(o a/(o +ro)'$%( &% a(%( ' (o &% %)o/u&'on o4 &% +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on,a( a++/'%$ 'n &% 4o//o'n3 a(%(

In "aro( ). "an3/a+u(, &'( Cour&, (+%a:'n3 &rou3 "a$a% Ju(&'% Ir%n% Cor&%(,%/$ T% +r%(%n& Con(&'&u&'on /''&( r%(or& &o &% +o/'&'a/ Ku%(&'on $o&r'n% an$

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roa$%n( &% (o+% o4 ?u$''a/ 'nKu'ry 'n&o ar%a( ' &% Cour&,un$%r +r%)'ou(on(&'&u&'on(, ou/$ a)% nora//y /%4& &o &% +o/'&'a/ $%+ar&%n&( &o $%'$%. 6 6 6

In B%n3=on ). S%na&% B/u% R'on Co'&&%%, &rou3 Ju(&'% T%o$oro a$'//a, &'(Cour& $%/ar%$

 T% -a//oa&'on o4 on(&'&u&'ona/ oun$ar'%(- '( a &a(: &a& &'( Cour& u(& +%r4orun$%r &% Con(&'&u&'on. "or%o)%r, a( %/$ 'n a r%%n& a(%, -;&

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or$'nary our(% o4 /a.-10 T%y a$$ &a& &% +ro+%r )%nu% &o a((a'/ &% )a/'$'&y o4&% a((a'/%$ '((uan%( a( 'n &% our(% o4 an a$'n'(&ra&')% %ar'n3 &o %on$u&%$ y CO"ELEC.10 In &% %)%n& &a& an %/%&'on oM%n(% '( /%$ a3a'n(&+%&'&'on%r( 4or +o(&'n3 &% &ar+au/'n, &%y /a' &a& +%&'&'on%r( (ou/$ r%(or& &o &%r%%$'%( +r%(r'%$ 'n Ru/% o4 &% CO"ELEC Ru/%( o4 ro%$ur%.105

 T% ar3u%n& on %6au(&'on o4 a$'n'(&ra&')% r%%$'%( '( no& +ro+%r 'n &'( a(%.

D%(+'&% &% a//%3%$ non%6au(&'on o4 a$'n'(&ra&')% r%%$'%(, '& '( /%ar &a& &%on&ro)%r(y '( a/r%a$y r'+% 4or a$?u$'a&'on. R'+%n%(( '( &% -+r%r%Ku'('&% &a&(o%&'n3 a$ y &%n %%n ao+/'(%$ or +%r4or%$ y %'&%r ran Por 'n &'(a(%, or3an o4 3o)%rn%n&Q %4or% a our& ay o% 'n&o &% +'&ur%.-10@

%&'&'on%r( %6%r'(% o4 &%'r r'3&&o (+%%, 3')%n &% %((a3% an$ &%'r %$'u,a$ un$%r(&an$a/% r%/%)an% %(+%'a//y $ur'n3 &% %/%&'on(. CO"ELEC( /%&&%r&r%a&%n'n3 &% /'n3 o4 &% %/%&'on oM%n(% a3a'n(& +%&'&'on%r( '( a/r%a$y ana&'ona/% 'n4r'n3%%n& o4 &'( r'3&. T% '+%n$'n3 &r%a& o4 r''na/ /'&'3a&'on '(%nou3 &o ur&a'/ +%&'&'on%r( (+%%.

In &% on&%6& o4 &'( a(%, %6au(&'on o4 &%'r a$'n'(&ra&')% r%%$'%( a( CO"ELEC(u33%(&%$ 'n &%'r +/%a$'n3( +ro/on3( &% )'o/a&'on o4 &%'r 4r%%$o o4 (+%%.

o/'&'a/ (+%% %n?oy( +r%4%rr%$ +ro&%&'on '&'n our on(&'&u&'ona/ or$%r. InCa)%= ). Gon=a/%(,107 Ju(&'% Car+'o 'n a (%+ara&% o+'n'on %+a('=%$ -P'Q4%)%r&%r% '( a '%rary o4 +ro&%&%$ %6+r%(('on(, +o/'&'a/ %6+r%(('on ou/$ ou+y&% '3%(& ran:, an$ aon3 $'M%r%n& :'n$( o4 +o/'&'a/ %6+r%(('on, &% (u?%& o44a'r an$ on%(& %/%&'on( ou/$ % a& &% &o+.-108 So)%r%'3n&y r%('$%( 'n &%+%o+/%.10 o/'&'a/ (+%% '( a $'r%& %6%r'(% o4 &% (o)%r%'3n&y. T% +r'n'+/% o4%6au(&'on o4 a$'n'(&ra&')% r%%$'%( y'%/$( 'n or$%r &o +ro&%& &'( 4un$a%n&a/r'3&.

E)%n a((u'n3 &a& &% +r'n'+/% o4 %6au(&'on o4 a$'n'(&ra&')% r%%$'%( '(a++/'a/%, &% urr%n& on&ro)%r(y '( '&'n &% %6%+&'on( &o &% +r'n'+/%. In Cua). An3,110 &'( our& %/$

On &% o&%r an$, +r'or %6au(&'on o4 a$'n'(&ra&')% r%%$'%( ay % $'(+%n(%$'& an$ ?u$''a/ a&'on ay % )a/'$/y r%(or&%$ &o '%$'a&%/y ;a< %n &%r% '( a)'o/a&'on o4 $u% +ro%(( ;< %n &% '((u% 'n)o/)%$ '( +ur%/y a /%3a/ Ku%(&'on ;<%n &% a$'n'(&ra&')% a&'on '( +a&%n&/y '//%3a/ aoun&'n3 &o /a: or %6%(( o4

 ?ur'($'&'on ;$< %n &%r% '( %(&o++%/ on &% +ar& o4&% a$'n'(&ra&')% a3%nyon%rn%$ ;%< %n &%r% '( 'rr%+ara/% 'n?ury ;4< %n &% r%(+on$%n& '( a$%+ar&%n& (%r%&ary o(% a&( a( ana/&%r %3o o4 &% r%('$%n& %ar &% '+/'%$an$ a((u%$ a++ro)a/ o4 &% /a&&%r ;3< %n &o r%Ku'r% %6au(&'on o4a$'n'(&ra&')% r%%$'%( ou/$ % unr%a(ona/% ;< %n '& ou/$ aoun& &o anu//'a&'on o4 a /a' ;'< %n &% (u?%& a&&%r '( a +r')a&% /an$ 'n /an$ a(%+ro%%$'n3( ;?< %n&% ru/% $o%( no& +ro)'$% a +/a'n, (+%%$y an$ a$%Kua&%r%%$y or ;:< %n &%r% ar% 'ru(&an%( 'n$'a&'n3 &% ur3%ny o4 ?u$''a/'n&%r)%n&'on.-111 ;E+a('( (u++/'%$, '&a&'on o'&&%$

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 T% 'ru(&an%( %+a('=%$ ar% (Kuar%/y a++/'a/% '& &% +r%(%n& a(%. F'r(&,+%&'&'on%r( a//%3%&a& &% a((a'/%$ '((uan%( )'o/a&%$ &%'r r'3& &o 4r%%$o o4%6+r%(('on an$ &% +r'n'+/% o4 (%+ara&'on o4 ur an$ (&a&%. T'( '( a +ur%/y /%3a/Ku%(&'on. S%on$, &% 'ru(&an%( o4 &% +r%(%n& a(% 'n$'a&% &% ur3%ny o4

 ?u$''a/ 'n&%r)%n&'on on('$%r'n3 &% '((u% &%n on &% RH La a( %// a( &%u+o'n3 %/%&'on(. Tu(, &o r%Ku'r% &% %6au(&'on o4 a$'n'(&ra&')% r%%$'%( 'n

&'( a(% ou/$ % unr%a(ona/%.

 T'% an$ a3a'n, % a)% %/$ &a& &'( our& -a( &% +o%r &o r%/a6 or (u(+%n$ &%ru/%( or &o %6%+& a a(% 4ro &%'r o+%ra&'on %n o+%//'n3 r%a(on( (o arran&,or %n&% +ur+o(% o4 ?u(&'% r%Ku'r%( '&, Pan$ %nQ PQa& on(&'&u&%( Pa(Q 3oo$an$ (u'%n& au(% &a& '// %r'& (u(+%n('on o4 &% ru/%( '( $'(r%&'onary u+on &%our&-.112 C%r&a'n/y, &'( a(% o4 r(& '+r%(('on %r% CO"ELEC a( &r%a&%n%$&o+ro(%u&% +r')a&% +ar&'%( o (%%: &o +ar&''+a&% 'n &% %/%&'on( y a//'n3a&&%n&'on &o '((u%( &%y an& $%a&%$ y &% +u/''n &% ann%r &%y 4%%/ ou/$% %M%&')% '( on% o4 &o(% a(%(.

II

S*BSTANTI#E ISS*ES

II.A

CO"ELEC a$ no /%3a/ a('( &o r%3u/a&% %6+r%(('on( a$% y +r')a&% '&'=%n(

R%(+on$%n&( '&% &% Con(&'&u&'on, /a(, an$ ?ur'(+ru$%n% &o (u++or& &%'r +o('&'on&a& &%y a$ &% +o%r &o r%3u/a&% &% &ar+au/'n.11 Ho%)%r, a// o4 &%(%+ro)'('on( +%r&a'n &o an$'$a&%( an$ +o/'&'a/ +ar&'%(. %&'&'on%r( ar% no& an$'$a&%(.N%'&%r $o &%y%/on3 &o any +o/'&'a/ +ar&y. CO"ELEC $o%( no& a)% &% au&or'&y&o r%3u/a&% &% %n?oy%n& o4 &% +r%4%rr%$ r'3& &o 4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('on %6%r'(%$y a nonan$'$a&% 'n &'( a(%.

II.A.1

F'r(&, r%(+on$%n&( '&% Ar&'/% IC, S%&'on o4 &% Con(&'&u&'on, ' +ro)'$%(

S%&'on . T% Co'(('on ay,$ur'n3 &% %/%&'on +%r'o$, (u+%r)'(% or r%3u/a&%&% %n?oy%n& or u&'/'=a&'on o4 a// 4ran'(%( or +%r'&( 4or &% o+%ra&'on o4&ran(+or&a&'on an$ o&%r +u/' u&'/'&'%(, %$'a o4 oun'a&'on or 'n4ora&'on, a//3ran&(, (+%'a/ +r')'/%3%(, or on%(('on( 3ran&%$ y &% Go)%rn%n& or any(u$')'('on, a3%ny, or 'n(&ru%n&a/'&y &%r%o4, 'n/u$'n3 any 3o)%rn%n&on%$ oron&ro//%$ or+ora&'on or '&( (u('$'ary. Su (u+%r)'('on or r%3u/a&'on (a// a' &o%n(ur% %Kua/ o++or&un'&y, &'%, an$ (+a%, an$ &% r'3& &o r%+/y, 'n/u$'n3r%a(ona/%, %Kua/ ra&%( &%r%4or, 4or +u/' 'n4ora&'on a+a'3n( an$ 4oru(aon3 an$'$a&%( 'n onn%&'on '& &% o?%&')% o4 o/$'n3 4r%%, or$%r/y, on%(&,+%a%4u/, an$ r%$'/% %/%&'on(.11 ;E+a('( (u++/'%$<

San'$a$ ). CO"ELEC115 'n)o/)%$ &% ru/%( +rou/3a&%$ y CO"ELEC $ur'n3 &%+/%'('&% 4or &% r%a&'on o4 &% Cor$'//%ra Au&onoou( R%3'on.11@ Co/un'(&a/'&o #. San'$a$ Ku%(&'on%$ &% +ro)'('on +ro''&'n3 ?ourna/'(&( 4ro o)%r'n3+/%'('&% '((u%( on &% $ay %4or% an$ on +/%'('&% $ay.117 San'$a$ ar3u%$ &a&

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&% +ro''&'on a( a )'o/a&'on o4 &% -on(&'&u&'ona/ 3uaran&%%( o4 &% 4r%%$o o4%6+r%(('on an$ o4 &% +r%((. . . .-118 9% %/$ &a& &% -%)'/ (ou3& &o % +r%)%n&%$y &'( +ro)'('on '( &% +o((''/'&y &a& a 4ran'(% o/$%r ay 4a)or or 3')% anyun$u% a$)an&a3% &o a an$'$a&% 'n &%r( o4 a$)%r&'('n3 (+a% or ra$'o or &%/%)'('on&'%.-11 T'( our& 4oun$ &a& -PQ%$'a +ra&'&'on%r( %6%r'('n3 &%'r 4r%%$o o4%6+r%(('on $ur'n3 +/%'('&% +%r'o$( ar% n%'&%r &% 4ran'(% o/$%r( nor &%

an$'$a&%(P,Q-120 &u(, &%'r r'3& &o %6+r%(('on $ur'n3 &'( +%r'o$ ay no& %r%3u/a&%$ y CO"ELEC.121

S''/ar &o &% %$'a, +%&'&'on%r( 'n &% a(% a& ar ar% n%'&%r 4ran'(% o/$%r( noran$'$a&%(. II.A.2

R%(+on$%n&( /':%'(% '&% Ar&'/% IC, S%&'on 2;7< o4 &% Con(&'&u&'on a(4o//o(122

S%. 2. T% Co'(('on on E/%&'on( (a// %6%r'(% &% 4o//o'n3 +o%r( an$4un&'on(

. . . .

;7< R%o%n$ &o &% Con3r%(( %M%&')% %a(ur%( &o 'n''=% %/%&'on (+%n$'n3,'n/u$'n3 /''&a&'on o4 +/a%( %r% +ro+a3an$a a&%r'a/( (a// % +o(&%$, an$ &o+r%)%n& an$ +%na/'=% a// 4or( o4 %/%&'on 4rau$(, oM%n(%(, a/+ra&'%(, an$nu'(an% an$'$a&%(. ;E+a('( (u++/'%$< Ba(%$ on &% %nu%ra&'on a$% ona&(&a& ay % +%na/'=%$, '& '// % 'n4%rr%$ &a& &'( +ro)'('on on/y aM%&(an$'$a&%(.

%&'&'on%r( a((a'/ &% -No&'% &o R%o)% Ca+a'3n "a&%r'a/(- '((u%$ y CO"ELEC. T'( a( 4o//o%$ y&% a((a'/%$ /%&&%r r%3ar$'n3 &% -%/%&'on +ro+a3an$a a&%r'a/+o(&%$ on &% ur )''n'&y +roo&'n3 4or or a3a'n(& &% an$'$a&%( an$ +ar&y/'(&3rou+(. . . .-12

S%&'on o4 &% Fa'r E/%&'on A&12 on &% +o(&'n3 o4 a+a'3n a&%r'a/( on/y%n&'on( -+ar&'%(- an$ -an$'$a&%(-

S%. . o(&'n3 o4 Ca+a'3n "a&%r'a/(. T% CO"ELEC ay au&or'=% +o/'&'a/+ar&'%( an$ +ar&y/'(& 3rou+( &o %r%& oon +o(&%r ar%a( 4or &%'r an$'$a&%( 'nno& or% &an &%n ;10< +u/' +/a%( (u a( +/a=a(, ar:%&(, aran3ay %n&%r( an$&% /':%, %r%'n an$'$a&%( an +o(&, $'(+/ay or %6''& %/%&'on +ro+a3an$aro)'$%$, Ta& &% ('=% o4&% +o(&%r ar%a( (a// no& %6%%$ &%/)% ;12< y ('6&%%n;1@< 4%%& or '&( %Ku')a/%n&. In$%+%n$%n& an$'$a&%( '& no +o/'&'a/ +ar&'%( ay/':%'(% % au&or'=%$ &o %r%& oon +o(&%r ar%a( 'n no& or% &an &%n ;10<+u/' +/a%(, &% ('=% o4 ' (a// no& %6%%$ 4our ;< y ('6 ;@< 4%%& or '&(%Ku')a/%n&. Can$'$a&%( ay +o(& any /a4u/ +ro+a3an$a a&%r'a/ 'n +r')a&% +/a%('& &% on(%n& o4 &% on%r &%r%o4, an$ 'n +u/' +/a%( or +ro+%r&y ' (a//% a//oa&%$ %Ku'&a/y an$ '+ar&'a//y aon3 &% an$'$a&%(. ;E+a('( (u++/'%$<

S''/ar/y, S%&'on 17 o4 CO"ELEC R%(o/u&'on No. @15, &% ru/%( an$ r%3u/a&'on('+/%%n&'n3 &% Fa'r E/%&'on A&, +ro)'$%( a( 4o//o(

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SECTION 17. o(&'n3 o4 Ca+a'3n "a&%r'a/(. ar&'%( an$ an$'$a&%( ay +o(& any/a4u/ a+a'3n a&%r'a/ 'n

a. Au&or'=%$ oon +o(&%r ar%a('n +u/' +/a%( (u?%& &o &% r%Ku'r%%n&(an$or /''&a&'on( (%& 4or& 'n &% n%6& 4o//o'n3 (%&'on an$

. r')a&% +/a%( +ro)'$%$ '& a( &% on(%n& o4 &% on%r &%r%o4.

 T% +o(&'n3 o4 a+a'3n a&%r'a/( 'n +u/' +/a%( ou&('$% o4 &% $%('3na&%$oon +o(&%r ar%a( an$ &o(% %nu%ra&%$ un$%r S%&'on 7 ;3< o4 &%(% Ru/%( an$&% /':% '( +ro''&%$. %r(on( +o(&'n3 &% (a% (a// % /'a/% &o3%&%r '& &%an$'$a&%( an$ o&%r +%r(on( o au(%$ &% +o(&'n3. I& '// % +r%(u%$ &a& &%an$'$a&%( an$ +ar&'%( au(%$ &% +o(&'n3 o4 a+a'3n a&%r'a/( ou&('$% &%oon +o(&%r ar%a( '4 &%y $o no& r%o)% &% (a% '&'n &r%% ;< $ay( 4rono&'% ' (a// % '((u%$ y &% E/%&'on O%r o4 &% '&y or un''+a/'&y %r%&% un/a4u/ %/%&'on +ro+a3an$a ar% +o(&%$ or $'(+/ay%$.

"%%r( o4 &% N an$ o&%r /a %n4or%%n& a3%n'%( a//%$ u+on y &%

E/%&'on O%ror o&%r o'a/( o4 &% CO"ELEC (a// a++r%%n$ &% )'o/a&or(au3& 'n &% a&, an$ /% &% a++ro+r'a&% ar3%( a3a'n(& &%. ;E+a('((u++/'%$<

R%(+on$%n&( on('$%r%$ &% &ar+au/'n a( a a+a'3n a&%r'a/ 'n &%'r '((uan%(. T% ao)% +ro)'('on( r%3u/a&'n3 &% +o(&'n3 o4 a+a'3n a&%r'a/( on/y a++/y &oan$'$a&%( an$ +o/'&'a/ +ar&'%(, an$ +%&'&'on%r( ar% n%'&%r o4 &% &o.

S%&'on o4 R%+u/' A& No. 00@on -La4u/ E/%&'on ro+a3an$a- a/(o (&a&%( &a&&%(% ar% -a//o%$ 4or a// r%3'(&%r%$ +o/'&'a/ +ar&'%(, na&'ona/, r%3'ona/, (%&ora/+ar&'%( or or3an'=a&'on( +ar&''+a&'n3 un$%r &% +ar&y/'(& %/%&'on( an$ 4or a// ona$% an$'$a&%( (%%:'n3 na&'ona/ an$ /oa/ %/%&')% +o('&'on( (u?%& &o &% /''&a&'onon au&or'=%$ %6+%n(%( o4 an$'$a&%( an$ +o/'&'a/ +ar&'%(. . . .- S%&'on @ o4CO"ELEC R%(o/u&'on No. @15 +ro)'$%( 4or a (''/ar or$'n3. T%(% +ro)'('on( (o&a& %/%&'on +ro+a3an$a r%4%r( &o a&&%r $on% y or on %a/4 o4 an$ 'noor$'na&'on '& an$'$a&%( an$ +o/'&'a/ +ar&'%(. So% /%)%/ o4 oor$'na&'on '&&% an$'$a&%( an$ +o/'&'a/ +ar&'%( 4or o &% %/%&'on +ro+a3an$a ar% r%/%a(%$ou/$ %n(ur% &a& &%(% an$'$a&%( an$ +o/'&'a/ +ar&'%( a'n&a'n '&'n &%au&or'=%$ %6+%n(%( /''&a&'on.

 T% &ar+au/'n a( no& +a'$ 4or yany an$'$a&% or +o/'&'a/ +ar&y.125 T%r% a( noa//%3a&'on &a& +%&'&'on%r( oor$'na&%$ '& any o4 &% +%r(on( na%$ 'n &%&ar+au/'n r%3ar$'n3 '&( +o(&'n3. On &% o&%r an$, +%&'&'on%r( +o(&%$ &% &ar+au/'na( +ar& o4 &%'r a$)oay a3a'n(& &% RH La. R%(+on$%n&( a/(o '&% Na&'ona/ r%((C/u ). CO"ELEC12@ 'n ar3u'n3 &a& '&( r%3u/a&ory +o%r un$%r &% Con(&'&u&'on, &o(o% %6&%n&, (%& a /''& on &% r'3& &o 4r%% (+%% $ur'n3 %/%&'on +%r'o$.127

Na&'ona/ r%(( C/u 'n)o/)%$ &% +ro''&'on on &% (a/% an$ $ona&'on o4 (+a% an$&'% 4or +o/'&'a/ a$)%r&'(%%n&(, /''&'n3 +o/'&'a/ a$)%r&'(%%n&( &o CO"ELEC$%('3na&%$ (+a% an$ &'%. T'( a(% a( rou3& y r%+r%(%n&a&')%( o4 a((%$'a an$ &o an$'$a&%( 4or o% 'n &% 12 %/%&'on(. T%y ar3u%$ &a& &%+ro''&'on on &% (a/% an$ $ona&'on o4 (+a% an$ &'% 4or +o/'&'a/ a$)%r&'(%%n&(

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'( &an&aoun& &o %n(or('+, ' n%%((ar'/y 'n4r'n3%( on &% 4r%%$o o4 (+%%o4 &% an$'$a&%(.128

 T'( our& u+%/$ &% on(&'&u&'ona/'&y o4 &% CO"ELEC +ro''&'on 'n Na&'ona/ r%((C/u. Ho%)%r, &'( a(% $o%( no& a++/y a( o(& o4 &% +%&'&'on%r( %r% %/%&ora/an$'$a&%(, un/':% +%&'&'on%r( 'n &% 'n(&an& a(%. "or%o)%r, &% (u?%& a&&%r o4

Na&'ona/ r%(( C/u, S%&'on 11;< o4 R%+u/' A& No. @@@,12 on/y r%4%r( &o a+ar&'u/ar :'n$ o4 %$'a (u a( n%(+a+%r(, ra$'o roa$a(&'n3, or &%/%)'('on.10

 Ju(&'% F%/''ano %+a('=%$ &a& &% +ro)'('on $'$ no& 'n4r'n3% u+on &% r'3& o4r%+or&%r( or roa$a(&%r( &o a'r &%'r o%n&ar'%( an$ o+'n'on( r%3ar$'n3 &%an$'$a&%(, &%'r Kua/'a&'on(, an$ +ro3ra 4or 3o)%rn%n&. Co+ar%$ &oSan'$a$%r%'n &% o/un'(&( /o(& &%'r a'/'&y &o 3')% &%'r o%n&ary on &%'((u%( 'n)o/)'n3 &% +/%'('&%, Na&'ona/ r%(( C/u$o%( no& 'n)o/)% &% (a%'n4r'n3%%n&.

In &% a(% a& ar, +%&'&'on%r( /o(& &%'r a'/'&y &o 3')% a o%n&ary on &%an$'$a&%( 4or &% 201 na&'ona/ %/%&'on( %au(% o4 &% CO"ELEC no&'% an$/%&&%r. I& a( no& %r%/ya r%3u/a&'on on &% a+a'3n( o4 an$'$a&%( )y'n3 4or +u/'

o%. Tu(, Na&'ona/ r%(( C/u$o%( no& a++/y &o &'( a(%.

F'na//y, S%&'on 7 o4 Ba&a( aan(a B/3. 881, o&%r'(% :non a( &% On'u(E/%&'on Co$%, $%n%( an-%/%&'on a+a'3n- a( 4o//o(

. . . .

;< T% &%r -%/%&'on a+a'3n- or -+ar&'(an +o/'&'a/ a&')'&y- r%4%r( &o an a&$%('3n%$ &o +roo&% &% %/%&'on or $%4%a& o4 a +ar&'u/ar an$'$a&% or an$'$a&%(&o a +u/' o% ' (a// 'n/u$%

;1< For'n3 or3an'=a&'on(, a((o'a&'on(, /u(, o'&&%%( or o&%r 3rou+( o4+%r(on( 4or &% +ur+o(% o4 (o/''&'n3 )o&%( an$or un$%r&a:'n3 any a+a'3n 4or ora3a'n(& a an$'$a&%

;2< Ho/$'n3 +o/'&'a/ auu(%(, on4%r%n%(, %%&'n3(, ra//'%(, +ara$%(, or o&%r(''/ar a((%/'%(, 4or &% +ur+o(% o4 (o/''&'n3 )o&%( an$or un$%r&a:'n3 anya+a'3n or +ro+a3an$a 4or or a3a'n(& a an$'$a&%

;< "a:'n3 (+%%%(, announ%%n&( or o%n&ar'%(, or o/$'n3 'n&%r)'%( 4or ora3a'n(& &% %/%&'on o4 any an$'$a&% 4or +u/' o%

;< u/'('n3 or $'(&r'u&'n3 a+a'3n /'&%ra&ur% or a&%r'a/( $%('3n%$ &o (u++or& oro++o(% &% %/%&'on o4 any an$'$a&% or

;5< D'r%&/y or 'n$'r%&/y (o/''&'n3 )o&%(, +/%$3%( or (u++or& 4or or a3a'n(& aan$'$a&%.

 T% 4or%3o'n3 %nu%ra&%$ a&( '4+%r4or%$ 4or &% +ur+o(% o4 %nan'n3 &%an%( o4 a(+'ran&( 4or no'na&'on 4or an$'$ay &o a +u/' o% y a +o/'&'a/+ar&y, a33rou+%n&, or oa/'&'on o4 +ar&'%( (a// no& % on('$%r%$ a( %/%&'ona+a'3n or +ar&'(an %/%&'on a&')'&y. u/' %6+r%(('on( or o+'n'on( or $'(u(('on(

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o4 +roa/% '((u%( 'n a 4or&o'n3 %/%&'onor on a&&r'u&%( o4 or r'&''(( a3a'n(&+roa/% an$'$a&%( +ro+o(%$ &o % no'na&%$ 'n a 4or&o'n3 +o/'&'a/ +ar&yon)%n&'on (a// no& % on(&ru%$ a( +ar& o4 any %/%&'on a+a'3n or +ar&'(an+o/'&'a/ a&')'&y on&%+/a&%$ un$%r &'( Ar&'/%. ;E+a('( (u++/'%$<

 Tru%, &%r% '( no %n&'on %&%r %/%&'on a+a'3n '( /''&%$ on/y &o &%

an$'$a&%( an$ +o/'&'a/ +ar&'%( &%(%/)%(. T% 4ou( o4 &% $%n'&'on '( &a& &%a& u(& % -$%('3n%$ &o +roo&% &% %/%&'on or $%4%a& o4 a +ar&'u/ar an$'$a&% oran$'$a&%( &o a +u/' o%.-

In &'( a(%, &% &ar+au/'n on&a'n( (+%% on a a&&%r o4 +u/' on%rn, &a& '(, a(&a&%%n& o4 %'&%r a++r%'a&'on or r'&''( on )o&%( a$% 'n &% +a(('n3 o4 &% RH/a. Tu(, +%&'&'on%r( 'n)o:% &%'r r'3& &o 4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('on.

II.B

 T% )'o/a&'on o4 &% on(&'&u&'ona/ r'3&

&o 4r%%$o o4 (+%% an$ %6+r%(('on

%&'&'on%r( on&%n$ &a& &% a((a'/%$ no&'% an$ /%&&%r 4or &% r%o)a/ o4 &%&ar+au/'n )'o/a&% &%'r 4un$a%n&a/ r'3& &o 4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('on.

On &% o&%r an$, r%(+on$%n&( on&%n$ &a& &% &ar+au/'n '( an %/%&'on+ro+a3an$a (u?%& &o &%'r r%3u/a&'on +ur(uan& &o &%'r an$a&% un$%r Ar&'/% IC,S%&'on o4 &% Con(&'&u&'on. Tu(, &% a((a'/%$ no&'% an$ /%&&%r or$%r'n3'&(r%o)a/ 4or %'n3 o)%r('=%$ ar% )a/'$ an$ on(&'&u&'ona/.11

II.B.1

Fun$a%n&a/ &o &% on('$%ra&'on o4 &'( '((u% '( Ar&'/% III, S%&'on o4 &%Con(&'&u&'on

S%&'on . No /a (a// % +a((%$ ar'$3'n3 &% 4r%%$o o4 (+%%, o4 %6+r%(('on, oro4 &% +r%((, or &% r'3& o4 &% +%o+/% +%a%a/y &o a((%/% an$ +%&'&'on &%3o)%rn%n& 4or r%$r%(( o4 3r'%)an%(.12

No /a. . .

9'/% '& '( &ru% &a& &% +r%(%n& +%&'&'on a((a'/( no& a /a u& an o+'n'on y &%CO"ELEC La D%+ar&%n&, &'( our& a( a++/'%$ Ar&'/% III, S%&'on o4 &%Con(&'&u&'on %)%n &o 3o)%rn%n&a/ a&(.

In r'''a( ). Fu3o(o,1 r%(+on$%n& "ayor a++/'%$ y ana/o3y S%&'on 111 o4 &%R%)'(%$ Or$'nan%( o4 127 o4 "an'/a 4or &% +u/' %%&'n3 an$ a((%/yor3an'=%$ y +%&'&'on%r r'''a(.1 S%&'on 111 r%Ku'r%( a "ayor( +%r'& 4or &%u(% o4 (&r%%&( an$ +u/' +/a%( 4or +ur+o(%( (u a( a&/%&' 3a%(, (+or&(, or%/%ra&'on o4 na&'ona/ o/'$ay(.15 9a& a( Ku%(&'on%$ a( no& a /a u& &%"ayor( r%4u(a/ &o '((u% a +%r'& 4or &% o/$'n3 o4 +%&'&'on%r( +u/' %%&'n3.1@N%)%r&%/%((, &'( our& r%o3n'=%$ &% on(&'&u&'ona/ r'3& &o 4r%%$o o4 (+%%, &o

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+%a%4u/ a((%/y an$ &o +%&'&'on 4or r%$r%(( o4 3r'%)an%(, a/%'& no& a(o/u&%,17an$ &% +%&'&'on 4or an$au( &o o+%/ r%(+on$%n& "ayor &o '((u% &% +%r'& a(3ran&%$.18

In ABSCBN ). CO"ELEC, a& a( a((a'/%$ a( no& a /a u& CO"ELEC En BanR%(o/u&'on No. 811 %r% &% CO"ELEC r%(o/)%$ &o a++ro)% &% '((uan% o4 a

r%(&ra'n'n3 or$%r &o (&o+ ABSCBN 4ro on$u&'n3 %6'& (ur)%y(.1 T% r'3& &o4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('on a( (''/ar/y u+%/$ 'n &'( a(% an$, on(%Ku%n&/y, &%a((a'/%$ r%(o/u&'on a( nu//'%$ an$ (%& a('$%.10

. . . (a// % +a((%$ ar'$3'n3. . .

A// r%3u/a&'on( '// a)% an '+a& $'r%&/y or 'n$'r%&/y on %6+r%(('on. T%+ro''&'on a3a'n(& &% ar'$3%n& o4 (+%% (ou/$ no& %an an a(o/u&%+ro''&'on a3a'n(& r%3u/a&'on. T% +r'ary an$ 'n'$%n&a/ ur$%n on (+%% u(&% %'3%$ a3a'n(& a o+%//'n3 (&a&% 'n&%r%(& /%ar/y a//o%$ 'n &% Con(&'&u&'on.

 T% &%(& $%+%n$( on &% r%/%)an& &%ory o4 (+%% '+/''& 'n &% :'n$ o4 (o'%&y4ra%$ y our Con(&'&u&'on.

. . . o4 %6+r%(('on. . .

Our Con(&'&u&'on a( a/(o %6+/''&/y 'n/u$%$ &% 4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('on, (%+ara&%an$ 'n a$$'&'on &o &% 4r%%$o o4 (+%% an$ o4 &% +r%(( +ro)'$%$ 'n &% *SCon(&'&u&'on. T% or$ -%6+r%(('on- a( a$$%$ 'n &% 187 Con(&'&u&'on yCo'(('on%r Bro:a 4or a)'n3 a '$%r (o+%

"R. BROCA T'( '( a )%ry 'nor a%n$%n&, "r. r%('$'n3 O%r. On S%&'on ,+a3% 2, /'n% 2, '& (ay( -No /a (a// % +a((%$ ar'$3'n3 &% 4r%%$o o4 (+%%.- Iou/$ /':% &o r%o%n$ &o &% Co'&&%% &% an3% o4 &% or$ -(+%%- &oERESSION or '4 no&, a$$ &% or$( AND ERESSION a4&%r &% or$ -(+%%,-%au(% '& '( or% %6+an(')%, '& a( a '$%r (o+%, an$ '& ou/$ r%4%r &o %an( o4%6+r%(('on o&%r &an (+%%.

 THE RESIDING OFFICER ;"r.B%n3=on

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4r%%$o, an$ (+%% u(& % +ro&%&%$ 4ro &% 3o)%rn%n& %au(% (+%% '(&% %3'nn'n3 o4 &ou3&.-12

II.B.2

Coun'a&'on '( an %((%n&'a/ ou&o% o4 +ro&%&%$ (+%%.1 Coun'a&'on

%6'(&( %n -;1< a (+%a:%r, (%%:'n3 &o ('3na/ o&%r(, u(%( on)%n&'ona/ a&'on(%au(% % or(% r%a(ona/y %/'%)%( &a& (u a&'on( '// % &a:%n y &%au$'%n% 'n &% ann%r 'n&%n$%$ an$ ;2< &% au$'%n% (o &a:%( &% a&'on(.-1-PIQn oun'a&')% a&'onP,Q &% %ar%r ay r%(+on$ &o &% /a'( y . . . %'&%ra%+&'n3 &% (+%% a&( /a'( or o++o('n3 &% '& r'&''( or r%Ku%(&( 4or

 ?u(&'a&'on.-15

S+%% '( no& /''&%$ &o )oa/ oun'a&'on. -PCQon$u& '( &r%a&%$ a( a 4or o4(+%% (o%&'%( r%4%rr%$ &o a( (yo/' (+%%P,Q-1@ (u &a& -%n(+%% an$ non(+%% %/%%n&( ar% o'n%$ 'n &% (a% our(% o4 on$u&,&% oun'a&')% %/%%n& o4 &% on$u& ay % (u'%n& &o r'n3 'n&o +/ay &%Pr'3& &o 4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('onQ.-17

 T% r'3& &o 4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('on, &u(, a++/'%( &o &% %n&'r% on&'nuu o4 (+%%4ro u&&%ran%( a$% &o on$u& %na&%$, an$ %)%n &o 'na&'on '&(%/4 a( a (yo/'ann%r o4 oun'a&'on.

In Era/'na3 ). T% D')'('on Su+%r'n&%n$%n& o4 Soo/( o4 C%u,18 (&u$%n&( o%r% %%r( o4 &% r%/'3'ou( (%& J%o)a( 9'&n%((%( %r% &o % %6+%//%$ 4ro(oo/ 4or r%4u('n3 &o (a/u&% &% a3, ('n3 &% na&'ona/ an&%, an$ r%'&% &%+a&r'o&' +/%$3%.1 In '( onurr'n3 o+'n'on, Ju(&'% Cru= $'(u((%$ o &% (a/u&%'( a (yo/' ann%r o4 oun'a&'on an$ a )a/'$ 4or o4 %6+r%(('on.150 H% a$$(&a& 4r%%$o o4 (+%% 'n/u$%( %)%n &% r'3& &o % ('/%n&

Fr%%$o o4 (+%% 'n/u$%( &% r'3& &o % ('/%n&. A+&/y a( '& %%n (a'$ &a& &% B'//o4 R'3&( &a& 3uaran&%%( &o &% 'n$')'$ua/ &% /'%r&y &o u&&%r a& '( 'n '( 'n$a/(o 3uaran&%%( &o ' &% /'%r&y no& &o u&&%r a& '( no& 'n '( 'n$. T% (a/u&% '(a (yo/' ann%r o4 oun'a&'on &a& on)%y( '&( %((a3%a( /%ar/y a( &%r'&&%n or (+o:%n or$. A( a )a/'$ 4or o4 %6+r%(('on, '& anno& % o+%//%$ anyor% &an '& an % +ro''&%$ 'n &% 4a% o4 )a/'$ r%/'3'ou( o?%&'on( /':% &o(%ra'(%$ 'n &'( +%&'&'on. To '+o(% '& on &% +%&'&'on%r( '( &o $%ny &% &% r'3& no& &o(+%a: %n &%'r r%/'3'on '$( &% &o % ('/%n&. T'( o%r'on o4 on('%n% a( no+/a% 'n &% 4r%% (o'%&y.

 T% $%ora&' (y(&% +ro)'$%( 4or &% aoo$a&'on o4 $')%r(% '$%a(, 'n/u$'n3&% unon)%n&'ona/ an$ %)%n &% '=arr% or %%n&r'. T% '// o4 &% a?or'&y+r%)a'/(, u& '& anno& r%3'%n& &ou3& y +r%(r''n3 &% r%'&a&'on y ro&% o4 '&(o+'n'on( or +ro(r''n3 &% a((%r&'on o4 unor&o$o6 or un+o+u/ar )'%( a( 'n&'(a(%. T% on('%n&'ou( o?%&'on( o4 &% +%&'&'on%r(, no /%(( &an &% '+a&'%n% o4&o(% o $'(a3r%% '& &%, ar% +ro&%&%$ y &% Con(&'&u&'on. T% S&a&% anno&a:% &% 'n$')'$ua/ (+%a: %n &% (ou/ '&'n r%%/(.151

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E)%n %4or% 4r%%$o -o4 %6+r%(('on- a( 'n/u$%$ 'n Ar&'/% III, S%&'on o4 &%+r%(%n& Con(&'&u&'on,&'( our& a( a++/'%$ '&( +r%%$%n& )%r('on &o %6+r%(('on(o&%r &an )%ra/ u&&%ran%(.

In &% 185 a(% o4 Gon=a/%= ). Ca'ran a&'3a:,152 +%&'&'on%r( o?%&%$ &o &%/a(('a&'on o4 &% o&'on +'&ur% -a+'& (a a&a/'- a( -For A$u/&( On/y.- T%y

on&%n$ &a& &% /a(('a&'on -'( '&ou& /%3a/ an$ 4a&ua/ a('( an$ '( %6%r'(%$ a('+%r'(('/% r%(&ra'n& o4 ar&'(&' %6+r%(('on.-15 T'( our& r%o3n'=%$ &a&-PQo&'on +'&ur%( ar% '+or&an& o& a( a %$'u 4or &% oun'a&'on o4 '$%a(an$ &% %6+r%(('on o4 &% ar&'(&' '+u/(%.-15 I& a$$( &a& -%)%ry r'&%r,a&or, or+ro$u%r, no a&&%r a& %$'u o4 %6+r%(('on % ay u(%, (ou/$ % 4r%%$ 4ro&% %n(or.-155 T'( our& 4oun$ &a& -P&% Boar$(Q +%r%+&'on o4 a& on(&'&u&%(o(%n'&y a++%ar( &o % un$u/y r%(&r'&')%.-15@ Ho%)%r, &% +%&'&'on a($'('((%$ (o/%/y on &% 3roun$ &a& &%r% %r% no& %nou3 )o&%( 4or a ru/'n3 o43ra)% au(% o4 $'(r%&'on 'n &% /a(('a&'on a$% y &% Boar$.157

II.B.

S'=% $o%( a&&%r

 T% 4or o4 %6+r%(('on '( ?u(& a( '+or&an& a( &% 'n4ora&'on on)%y%$ &a& '&4or( +ar& o4 &% %6+r%(('on. T% +r%(%n& a(% '( 'n +o'n&.

I& '( %a(y &o $'(%rn y ('=% a&&%r(.

F'r(&, '& %nan%( %'%ny 'n oun'a&'on. A /ar3%r &ar+au/'n a//o( /ar3%r 4on&(' a:% '& %a('%r &o )'% '&( %((a3%( 4ro 3r%a&%r $'(&an%(. Fur&%ror%, a/ar3%r &ar+au/'n a:%( '& %a('%r 4or +a((%n3%r( 'n('$% o)'n3 )%'/%( &o r%a$ '&(on&%n&. Co+ar%$ '& &% +%$%(&r'an(, &% +a((%n3%r( 'n('$% o)'n3 )%'/%(a)% /%((%r &'% &o )'% &% on&%n& o4 a &ar+au/'n. T% /ar3%r &% 4on&( an$ 'a3%(,&% 3r%a&%r &% +roa'/'&y &a& '& '// a& &%'r a&&%n&'on an$, &u(, &% 3r%a&%r &%+o((''/'&y &a& &%y '// un$%r(&an$ '&( %((a3%.

S%on$, &% ('=% o4 &% &ar+au/'n ay un$%r(or% &% '+or&an% o4 &% %((a3% &o&% r%a$%r. Fro an or$'nary +%r(on( +%r(+%&')%, &o(% o +o(& &%'r %((a3%('n /ar3%r 4on&( ar% or% aou& &%'r %((a3% &an &o(% o arry &%'r %((a3%('n (a//%r %$'a. T% +%r%')%$ '+or&an% 3')%n y &% (+%a:%r(, 'n &'( a(%+%&'&'on%r(, &o &%'r au(% '( a/(o +ar& o4 &% %((a3%. T% %M%&')'&y o4oun'a&'on (o%&'%( r%/'%( on &% %+a('( +u& y &% (+%a:%r( an$ on&%r%$''/'&y o4 &% (+%a:%r( &%(%/)%(. C%r&a'n/y, /ar3%r (%3%n&( o4 &% +u/' ay&%n$ &o % or% on)'n%$ o4 &% +o'n& a$% y au&or'&a&')% 3ur%( %n &%ya:% &% %Mor& &o %+a('=% &%'r %((a3%(.

 T'r$, /ar3%r (+a%( a//o 4or or% %((a3%(. Lar3%r (+a%(, &%r%4or%, ay&ran(/a&% &o or% o++or&un'&'%( &o a+/'4y, %6+/a'n, an$ ar3u% +o'n&( ' &%(+%a:%r( '3& an& &o oun'a&%. Ra&%r &an ('+/y +/a'n3 &% na%( an$'a3%( o4 +o/'&'a/ an$'$a&%( an$ an %6+r%(('on o4 (u++or&, /ar3%r (+a%( an a//o4or r'%4 u& %ora/% +r%(%n&a&'on( o4 &% an$'$a&%( +/a&4or( 4or 3o)%rnan%.Lar3%r (+a%( a//o 4or or% +r%'(% 'n%+&'on( o4 '$%a(, a&a/y=% r%a&'on( &oa$)oa'%(, an$ on&r'u&% or% &o a or% %$ua&%$ an$ r%a(on%$ %/%&ora&%. A

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or% %$ua&%$ %/%&ora&% '// 'nr%a(% &% +o((''/'&'%( o4 o& 3oo$ 3o)%rnan%an$ aoun&a'/'&y 'n our 3o)%rn%n&.

 T%(% +o'n&( %o% or% (a/'%n& %n '& '( &% %/%&ora&%, no& &% an$'$a&%( or&% +o/'&'a/ +ar&'%(, &a& (+%a:(. Too o4&%n, &% &%r( o4 +u/' $'(u(('on $ur'n3%/%&'on( ar% 4ra%$ an$ :%+& o(&a3% y r'%4 an$ a&y u& %an'n3/%(( (oun$

'&%( %6&o//'n3 &% ara&%r o4 &% an$'$a&%. 9or(%, %/%&'on( ('$%/'n% +o/'&'a/ar3u%n&( an$ +r')'/%3% &% %n$or(%%n& y %/%r'&'%(. Ra&%r &an +ro)'$%o(&a/%( &o &%'r (+%%, 3o)%rn%n& (ou/$ 'n 4a& %noura3% '&. B%&%%n &%an$'$a&%( an$ &% %/%&ora&%, &% /a&&%r a)% &% %&&%r 'n%n&')% &o $%an$$'(u(('on o4 &% or% '+or&an& '((u%(. B%&%%n &% an$'$a&%( an$ &%%/%&ora&%, &% 4or%r a)% %&&%r 'n%n&')%( &o a)o'$ $'u/& +o/'&'a/ (&an$+o'n&(an$ 'n(&%a$ 4ou( on a++%aran%( an$ %+&y +ro'(%(.

Lar3% &ar+au/'n(, &%r%4or%, ar% no& ana/o3ou( &o &'% an$ +/a%.158 T%y ar%4un$a%n&a//y +ar& o4 %6+r%(('on +ro&%&%$ un$%r Ar&'/% III, S%&'on o4 &%Con(&'&u&'on.

II.B.

 T%r% ar% (%)%ra/ &%or'%( an$ (oo/( o4 &ou3& &a& (&r%n3&%n &% n%%$ &o+ro&%& &% a(' r'3& &o 4r%%$o o4 %6+r%(('on.

F'r(&, &'( r%/a&%( &o &% r'3& o4&% +%o+/% &o +ar&''+a&% 'n +u/' aMa'r(, 'n/u$'n3&% r'3& &o r'&''=% 3o)%rn%n& a&'on(.

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8/15/2019 G.R. No. 205728 January 21, 2015

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