grade 8- unitl.1 gas exchange - science curriculum office · pdf file ·...

Grade 8- UnitL.1 Gas Exchange

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Curriculum Standards

8.7.1- Know the basic structure of the lungs and

their role in gas exchange (breathing).

(ازلف)٣ؼؽف ازؽ٤ت األقبق٢ ؽئز٤ ظؼب ك٢ رجبظ اـبؾاد

8.7.2-Know that inhaled air has more oxygen than

exhaled air, and that exhaled air has more carbon

dioxide than inhaled air.

٣ؼؽف أ اء اش٤ن ٣سز١ ػ٠ ٤خ األكد٤ رؿ٣ع ػ ٤ز ك٢.

اء اؿك٤ؽ، أ اء اؿك٤ؽ ٣سز١ ػ٠ ٤خ أجؽ ثب٢ أك٤ع اؽث

ثبوبؼخ غ اء اش٤ن

8.7.3 - Know that oxygen and carbon dioxide are

carried round the body to and from cells in

vessels. ا٠ اطال٣ب ٣ؼؽف أ األكد٤ ثب٢ أك٤ع اؽث ٣زوال ز ادك

.ثاقطخ األػ٤خ اع٣خ

8.7.4 Know that smoking damages the lungs and

reduces the efficiency of gas exchange.

٣ؼؽف أ ازعض٤ ٣ؤغ١ اؽئز٤ ٣طلغ كؼب٤خ رجبظ اـبؾاد

8.7.5 Compare and contrast the similarities and

differences between red and white blood cells and

their functions. .٣وبؼ ٣ؼؽف طلبد ضال٣ب اع اسؽاء ضال٣ب اع اج٤ؼبء االضزالف ث٤


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Objectives:

1-Know the basic structure of the lungs and their role in gas

exchange {breathing}.

2-Know that inhaled air has more oxygen than exhaled air, and

exhaled air has more carbon dioxide than the inhaled air.

3-Know that oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried around the body

to and from cells in the blood vessels.

4-Know that smoking damages the lungs and reduce the efficiency of

gas exchange.

Key Words Gas exchange التبادل الغازي

Trachea قصبة هوائة

Bronchi لهوائتانا شعبتانال

Bronchioles الهوائة تالشعبا

Alveoli الحوصالت أو األكاس الهوائة

Diaphragm الحجاب الحاجز

Oxygenated نالمحمل باألكسج

Deoxygenated نالغر محمل باألكسج

Hemoglobin (صبغة الدم)الهموجلوبن

Antibody األجسام المضادة

Plasma مصل الدم

Platelets الصفائح الدموة

Capillaries الشعرات الدموة

Wind pipe قصبة هوائة

Inhale اش٤ن

Exhale ؾك٤ؽ

Ribs األػالع

Respiration=breathing ازلف


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What is the respiratory system?

ما هو الجهاز التنفس؟

The respiratory system is made up of the organs in your body

that help you to breathe. Remember, that respiration =

breathing. The goal of breathing is to deliver oxygen to the body

and to take away carbon dioxide.

.داخل جسمك الت تساعدك على التنفس ءس من مجموعة األعضاتكون الجهاز التنف

.و تخلصه من ثان أكسد الكربون نالهدف من التنفس هو تزود الجسم باألكسج

Parts of the Respiratory System

أخؿاء ادبؾ ازلك٢The human respiratory system is made up of the lungs , the tubes

and passage ways through which air move.

.٣ز ادبؾ ازلك٢ ك٢ اإلكب اؽئز٤ دػخ األبث٤ت اؽاد از٢ ٣ؽ ااء ضالب

LLLuuunnngggsss:::---

Spongy cone-shaped organs, which are the main organs in the respiratory system.

الرئتن تمثال العضون الرئسن ف .يشكل قمع إسفنج اذو ونعض: الرئتن .الجهاز التنفس

Explore Activity How do your ribs move when you breathe?

٤ق رزسؽى أػالع اولض اظعؼ١ ػعب رزلف؟Procedure:

1- Place your hands on your ribs

2- Breathe in and out several times, focusing on what happens

when you inhale and exhale.

3- Record your observation

What do you think?

:اططاد

ػغ ٣عى ػ٠ ػػي -1

ه ثؤضػ لف إ٠ اعاض ا٠ اطبؼج ؼعح ؽاد، ؼؿ ػ٠ ب ٣سعس ػع اش٤ن اؿك٤ؽ -2

ه ثزكد٤ الزظبري -3

What movement did you observe?


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Position of the Lungs موقع الرئتن

Each human has two lungs that are separated from each

other. .ن عن بعضهم البعضمتلك كل انسان رئتن منفصلت

The lungs are located in the chest, and they are so large that

they take up most of the space in there. .توجد الرئتن ف المنطقة الصدرة ، و هما كبرتان بحث تحتالن معظم التجوف ف هذه المنطقة

Left side lung is smaller than the lung on the right because the

left one is near to the heart. الرئة السرى عادة اصغر قلال من الرئة المنى القتراب الرئة السرى

. من القلب

Structure of the Lungs: تركب الرئتن

Lungs are composed of units called lobes.

The right lung has three lobes and the left

lung has only two lobes.

فصوص ف 3هناك . تتكون الرئتن من وحدات تعرف بالفصوص

.الرئة المنى و اثنن فقط ف الرئة السرى

Each lung is surrounded by a membrane. This membrane protects

the lung and separates it from the chest cavity. .رسبؽ ؼئخ ثـشبء ضبص سب٣زب كظب ػ ازد٣ق اظعؼ١

Taking oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide and

water is the main function of the respiratory system. How does

oxygen from the air get into the lungs? Air passes through many

tubes and passage ways before it reaches the lungs. .اػ٤لخ االقبق٤خ دبؾ ازلك٢ ٢ أضػ االكد٤ ازطض ثب٢ اك٤ع اؽث

You can trace the route air takes on its journey through the

respiratory system in Figure 1b. As you trace the pathway, keep

in mind that the entire trip takes only few seconds.

رػؽ ا ػ اؽزخ ركزـؽم . ٣Figure 1bب رجغ ؼزخ ااء ظاض ادبؾ ازلك٢ ك٢ اش

.كوؾ ثا٢ ه٤خ

Figure (1a)


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Figure (1b): Parts of the Respiratory System

The Nose and Mouth االق ال

In most cases, air enters the respiratory system

through the nose. The nose has two openings

called nostrils. The nostrils are lined with short

hairs. These hairs filter particles of dirt and

dust from the air before the air enters the

nasal cavity. The nasal cavity is a hollow opening

between the nose and throat. ٣خع الق كزسز٤ ـبؽز٤ ثشؼؽ .ك٢ ؼظ اسبالد ٣عض ااء ا٠ ادبؾ ازلك٢ ػ ؽؽ٣ن االق

ازد٣ق .هظ٤ؽ اعاض ٤و ثزظل٤خ ااء االقبش االرؽثخ هجب ظض ا٠ ازد٣ق االل٢

.االل٢ رد٣ق كبؼؽ ٣وغ ث٤ االق اسدؽح Air moving through the nasal cavity is filtered and moistened.

.ااء اػ١ ٣ؽ ضال ازد٣ق االل٢ ٣ ظل٠ ؼؽت Table 1

Picture Definition and Function وظفةالتعرف و ال

1) Air that has passed through the nose or mouth

enters the pharynx or throat. The pharynx is a

pathway for both food and air.

الحنجرة ه ممر .دخل الهواء الذي مر من خالل االنف و الفم الى الحنجرة .ا.و الغذاء معاللهواء

Figure (2)


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2) Trachea:- القصبة الهوائة

The passage connecting mouth and nose to the

lungs is your trachea, or windpipe.

The trachea is a tube about 13 cm long. It is

located in front of the esophagus. The trachea is

divided into two branches. القصبة .القصبة الهوائة ه الممر الذي صل بن الفم ، االنف و الرئتن

توجد القصبة الهوائة أمام . سم 13الهوائة ه انبوب بلغ طوله

.تنقسم القصبة الهوائة ف نهاتها الى تفرعن.المرئ

3) Bronchus:- الشعبة الهوائة

The lower end of the trachea divides into two

smaller tubes called bronchi. Like the trachea,

the walls of the bronchi contain rings of cartilage

and smooth muscle. Each bronchus extends into a

lung. ٣وك اطؽف االض٤ؽ اوظجخ اائ٤خ ا٠ اجث٤ طـ٤ؽ٣ ٣ؼؽكب

رسز١ خعؼا اوظجخ اائ٤خ اشؼت اائ٤خ ػ٠ . ثبشؼجزب اائ٤برب

اائ٤خ زز٠ رعض رع اشؼت . اؼؼالد اكبء زوبد اـؼبؼ٣ق

.ظاض اؽئز٤

3) Bronchioles:- الشعبات الهوائة

Within the lung, the bronchus branches into many

smaller tubes called bronchioles.

Unlike the bronchi and trachea, the bronchiole

walls don't contain cartilage.

Their walls are made only of smooth muscles. داخل الرئتن تتفرع الشعب الهوائة الى انابب اصغر تعرف بالشعبات

على عكس القصبة و الشعب الهوائة، ال تحتوي جدران الشعبات .الهوائة. تتكون جدران الشعبات فقط من العضالت الملساء. الهوائة على غضارف

4) Alveoli:- الحوصالت او االكاس الهوائة

Bronchiole end in structures called air sacs, or

alveoli. Alveoli look like a bunch of grapes. Each

lung contains millions of alveoli.

A network of capillaries surrounds the alveoli.

Both the alveoli and the capillaries have walls

that are only one cell thick. These thin walls

allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass easily

between the alveoli and the capillaries. رسز١ ؼئخ ػ٠ .رز٢ اشؼ٤جبد اائ٤خ ثؤ٤بـ ااء ا اس٣ظالد


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رسبؽ اس٣ظالد . س٣ظالد از٢ رظؽ ػ٠ ش ػبه٤ع اؼتال٤٣ ا

رز خعؼ اشؼ٤ؽاد اع٣خ اس٣ظالد . ثشجخ اشؼ٤ؽاد اع٣خ

ال٣ب ثكي ض٤خ ازعح كوؾ زكر الكد٤ ثب٢ اك٤ع شاائ٤خ

.اؽث ثبالزوب ثكخ ث٤ اس٣ظالد اشؼ٤ؽاد اع٣خ

5) Ribs:- االضالع

The ribs are the skeletal protection for the lungs

and the chest cavity. تمثل االضالع الجزء من الهكل العضم المسؤول عن حماة الرئتن و

. التجوف الصدري

6) Diaphragm:- الحجاب الحاجز

A muscular membranous is a dome-shaped bowl,

separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities (rib cage) and functioning in respiration.

. الحجاب الحاجز هو عبارة عن غشاء عضل ذو شكل شبه القبة المجوفةو البطن، (القفص الصدري)صدريفصل الحجلب الحاجز بن التجوف ال

. لساعد الجسم ف عملة التنفس

Functions of the Lungs:- وظفة الرئتن

The main function of the lungs is breathing, but it is not the only one.

The lungs performed many functions, such as: :الوظفة االساسة للرئتن ه التنفس ، ولكن هذه الوظفة لست الوحدة فالرئتان تقومان بوظائف اخرى ه

1. Respiration or breathing is taking in of oxygen and giving out of carbon dioxide.

.ي اكسد الكربونالتنفس هو عملة ادخال االكسجن والتخلص من ثان

2. Protecting the body from harmful substances.

.حماة الجسم من المواد الضارة


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Key Questions:

1. What are the main organs of the respiratory system?

ب ٢ االػؼبء اؽئ٤ك٤خ دبؾ ازلك٢؟

________________________________________

2. Label the following diagram showing the structure of the

respiratory system. The words are given in the word bank below (Be

sure to check your spelling).

.ربع االالء اظس٤ر بد.ازت اج٤ببد ػ٠ اؽق ازب٢ ثبالقزؼبخ ثببد ك٢ اظعم

Nose

Pharynx Trachea Bronchioles Bronchus

Diaphragm Alveoli Lung Larynx


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2. Follow the path of air in the respiratory system from entering the

body until reaching the alveoli. . رزجغ ؽؽ٣ن ااء ظاض ادبؾ ازلك٢ سظخ ظض ا٠ ا ٣ظ ا٠ اس٣ظالد اائ٤خ

................................................................................

................................................................................

................................................................................

................................................................................

................................................................................ 3. Put true or false and write the correct answers:-

ضع صح او خطأ، وقم بتصحح الخطأ

1) Bronchi are tubes from trachea.

تفرعان من القصبة الهوائة الشعبتان هما االنبوبان اللذان

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

( )

2) The lungs are covered by a membrane called ribs.

عرف باالضالع تغط الرئتن غشاء

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

( )

3) The lungs are spongy and cone-shaped organs.

الرئتن هما عضون ذو شكل قمع اسفنج

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

( )

4) Right side lung composed of two lobes.

تتكون الرئة المنى من جزئن

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

( )

5) The left side lung is smaller the right one.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

( )

6) The lungs protect the body from harmful substance

تحم الرئتن الجسم من المواد الضارة

( )


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Try putting your hand on our chest. Breathe gently in and out.

Can you feel your ribs rising and falling? رشؼؽ ثؤػالع رؽرلغ رطلغ؟.رلف ثعء عاض ا طبؼج.طعؼى ه ثزدؽثخ ػغ ٣عى ػ٠

All living things breathe in and out by two processes called

inhalation and exhalation. .خ٤غ ابئبد اس٤خ رزلف ا٠ اعاض اطبؼج ثبقزطعا ػ٤ز٤ رؼؽكب ثبش٤ن اؿك٤ؽ

1. Inhalation شهق ال

Breathing-in-oxygen.

Ribs rise upwards and

outwards.

Diaphragm contracts and

moves downwards, causing less

pressure in the lungs.

Air is inhaled into the lungs.

Lungs are increased in size.

تنفس االكسجن الى الداخل

الخارج الىترتفع الى االعلى و: ضالعاال .

نقبض و تحرك الى االسفل مسببا ضغط اقل على الرئتن: الحجاب الحاجز .

دخل الهواء الى الرئتن اثناء الشهق .

زداد حجم الرئتن .

Figure (2)


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2. Exhalation الزفر

Breathing-out-carbon dioxide.

Ribs lower downwards and inwards.

Diaphragm relaxes and goes

upwards, causing more pressure in the

lungs.

Air is forced out of the lungs.

Lungs are decreased in size.

ثب٢ اك٤ع اؽث ا٠ اطبؼج(رلف )٣ؿكؽ .

رزسؽى االػالع ا٠ االقل ا٠ اعاض .

اسدبة اسبخؿ ٣كزؽض٢ ٣زسؽى ا٠ االػ٠ كججب ػـؾ اثؽ ػ٠ اؽئز٤ .

٣عكغ ااء ثوح ضبؼج اؽئز٤ .

٣و زد اؽئز٤ .

How long can you hold your breath for?

After about a minute it becomes too difficult! You have to breathe

in.

But why is breathing so important to you? ركزط٤غ اجوبء ك٤ب ثع رلف؟ ب ٢ اعح از٢

بغا ازلف شع٣ع اال٤خ الخكبب؟. ثسبخخ زلف ثب٤ب ثؼع زا٢ ظه٤وخ قز

If you look at the pie-chart, they will give you a clue.

They show the properties of the gases that we breathe.

What do they tell you about the amounts of oxygen that you breathe in

and out? بغا ٣طجؽى ػ ٤خ االكد٤ اػ١ .٣ظؽ اش اـبؾاد از٢ زلكب.اش ازػ٤س٢ ٣كبػعى ػ٠ ال

.رزلكب ا٠ ظاض ادك ا٠ اطبؼج

We use up oxygen in our bodies and produce carbon dioxide. Why? بغا؟.ركزطع اخكبب االكد٤ رزح ثب٢ اك٤ع اؽث

Figure (3)


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ACTIVITIES شبؽ

Activity 1:- Less Oxygen اكد٤ اه

Materials:

Procedure:

Does the candle light in the jar of exhaled air, what does the

exhaled air contain? ………………………………………………………………............ رشزؼ اشؼخ ك٢ االجة اسز١ ػ٠ اء اؿك٤ؽ؟ ب اء اؿك٤ؽ؟

Does the amount of oxygen in fresh air and exhaled air equal?

... ................................................ رزكب ٤خ االكد٤ ك٢ ااء او٢ اء اؿك٤ؽ؟

Breathed-in-air Breathed-out-air

Figure (4)


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Activity 2:- More Carbon Dioxide ثب٢ اك٤ع اؽث اثؽ

Materials:

- Tube or plastic bottle. اجة اجالقز٤ي

- Straw هشخ ػظ٤ؽ

- Lime water بء اد٤ؽ

Procedure: اطؽ٣وخ

- Fill the bottle with lime water.

- Make a hole in the plastic cap insert the straw inside it and close the

bottle.

- Blow in the straw. . ه ثال االجة ثبء اد٤ؽ

. ه ثظغ ثوت ك٢ ؿطبء االجة، اظض اوشخ اثوت اؿن االجة

. ه ثبلص ظاض اوشخ Conclusion ربجاالقز

What happen after awhile to the color of the lime

water?................................................................ ؟ بغا ٣سعس ثؼع كزؽح ث بء اد٤ؽ

Which gas causes the change of the color in the bottle?

......................................................... ب اـبؾ اػ١ ٣كجت رـ٤ؽ ا ك٢ االجة؟


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Exercise 3:- More Heat زؽاؼح اثؽ

If you are cold, blow in your hands what do you

feel?..... ...................................................................

بغا رشؼؽ؟ . اغا ذ رشؼؽ ثبجؽظ،ه ثبلص ظاض ٣عى

Exercise 4:- More Water Vapor ثطبؼ بء اثؽ

Blow in a mirror or any glass, what do you notice?

................................................................. ؾخبج، بغا رالزع؟ ه ثبلص ػ٠ ؽآح أ


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MECHANISM OF BREATHING زعس ازلف (٤ب٤٤خ) ؽؽ٣وخ

EEExxxhhhaaalllaaatttiiiooonnn

IIInnnhhhaaalllaaatttiiiooonnn

When the RBCs carry CO2

and waste to the lungs.

عندما تنقل كرات الدم الحمراء ثان

. اكسد الكربون و الفضالت الى الرئتن

When O2 enter the

body through nose or

mouth. االكسجن الجسم من االنف دخل

او الفم

Start البداة

Relax تسترخ

Contract تنقبض

Lung Muscle عضالت الرئتن

Decrease قل

Increase زد

Chest Volume

Carbon dioxide leaves the

lungs through nose or

mouth. خرج ثان اكسد الكربون من الرئتن

. االنف أو الفم من خالل

Oxygen enters the

lungs from nose or

mouth. الى الرئتن عن دخل االكسجن

.طرق االنف أو الفم

Gas Type نوع الغاز

RBCs carry carbon dioxide

and wastes from different

body’s tissues. تحمل كرات الدم الحمراء ثان أكسد

من انسجة الجسم الكربون و الفضالت . المختلفة

Enter the capillaries. دخل ثان أكسد الكربون و الفضالت

الشعرات الدموة

Hemoglobin in RBCs

release carbon dioxide and

Oxygen enters the

body through nose or

mouth. دخل االكسجن الى الجسم عن

. طرق االنف أو الفم

Passes to Trachea . مر الهواء الى القصبة الهوائة

To Bronchi and

Bronchioles


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wastes. طلق الهموجلوبن ف كرات الدم

. الحمراء ثان أكسد الكربون و الفضالت

CO2 and wastes enter the

alveoli. دخل ثان أكسد الكربون و الفضالت الى

. الحوصالت الهوائة

Pass to the Bronchioles

then to the Bronchi مر الهواء الى الشعبات و الشعب

الهوائة

Reach the Trachea. .صل الهواء الى القصبة الهوائة

CO2 leaves the body

through nose or mouth. غادر ثان أكسد الكربون الجسم من

. خالل األنف أو الفم

و شعبمر الهواء الى ال. الشعبات الهوائة

Reach the alveoli. صل الهواء الى الحوصالت

الهوائة

Enter the capillaries. .دخل الهواء الشعرات الدموة

Attach to the

hemoglobin in RBCs رتبط االكسجن بالهموجلوبن

داخل حالا الدم الحمراء

RBCs carry the O2 to

the heart and

different body’s

tissue. تنقل الكرات الحمراء االكسجن

الى القلب و انسجة الجسم . المختلفة

Mechanism


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Key Questions:

1. How do we breathe? Fill the blanks.

أكمل الفراغات لتوضح كف نتنفس؟

Figure A Figure B

The diaphragm is a muscle below your

lungs that ……………. when you

………….. and moves down to help move

gases into your lungs.

When you breath in, you inhale and

the amount of ……..is more.

And the amount of ……………….is more.

The diaphragm ……………… when you

………….. and moves up to help move

gases out of your lungs.

And the amount of …………………is more.

When you breath out, you exhale and

the amount of ………is more.


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Compare between inhalation and exhalation according to:

:قارن بن الشهق و الزفر بناء على النقاط التالة

Inhalation الشهق Exhalation الزفر

Diaphragm

movement

حركة الحجاب الحاجز

Chest movement

الصدرةحركة المنطة

Chest volume

حجم المنطقة الصدرة

The direction of

the air

اتجاه حركة الهواء

Study the following pie chart then answer the following questions: :اظؼـ اش اج٤ب٢ ازب٢ ث أخت ػ األقئخ ازب٤خ


- 20-

a. Which one of the above pie charts resembles inhaled air? Why?

أي األشكال البانة مثل مكونات هواء الشهق؟ لماذا؟

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

b. Why does the percentage of carbon dioxide increase in exhaled

air?

لماذا تزد نسبة غاز ثان أكسد الكربون ف هواء الزفر؟

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

In the table below, determine which is exhaled air and which is

inhaled air. .ك٢ ادع ازب٢ ، ػر ا١ ٤بد رث اء اش٤ن أ١ ب اء اؿك٤ؽ

% Oxygen % Carbon

dioxide

% Nitrogen % others

………… air 21% 0.004% 78% 0.96%

…………. air 17% 4% 78% 0.96%


- 21-

Complete the following:- :أكمل التال

EEExxxhhhaaalllaaatttiiiooonnn

IIInnnhhhaaalllaaatttiiiooonnn

When the RBCs carry _ _ _

_ and waste to the lungs.

When _ _ _ _ _ _ _ enter

the body through nose or

mouth.

Start البداة

Relax

-----------------------

-

Lung

Muscle

عضالت الرئتن

-----------------------

-

-----------------------

-

Chest

Volume تجوف الصدر

Carbon dioxide leaves the

lungs through nose or mouth.

Oxygen enters the lungs

from nose or mouth.

Gas Type نوع الغاز

---------- carry carbon

dioxide and wastes from

different body’s tissues.

Enter the ---------------

--

----------------- in

RBCs release carbon dioxide

and wastes.

CO2 and wastes enter the

Oxygen enters the body

through nose or mouth.

Pass to -----------------

To -----------------and

Bronchioles

Reach the --------------

---

Mechanism المكانكة


- 22-

alveoli.

Pass to the Bronchioles then

to the Bronchi.

Reach the Trachea.

CO2 leaves the body ------

-----------------------

--------.

Enter the capillaries.

Attach to the -----------

---- in RBCs

RBCs carry the O2 to the

heart and different body’s

tissue.

Gas Exchange in the Alveoli اؾ١ ظاض اس٣ظالد اائ٤خ ازجبظ اؾ

The most important part of the respiratory process is the exchange

of the gases oxygen (02) and carbon dioxide (C02).

Within the lungs, these gases are exchanged between the alveoli and

the bloodstream. Oxygen moves into the bloodstream. At the same

time, carbon dioxide moves into the alveoli. .رؼزجؽ ػ٤خ رجبظ ؿبؾ األكد٤ ثب٢ أك٤ع اؽث أ خؿء ك٢ ػ٤خ ازلف

.رجبظ ػ اـبؾاد ظاض اؽئز٤ ث٤ اس٣ظالد اائ٤خ دؽ اع

اس٣ظالد ر٢ ٣عض ك٤ب األكد٤ ا٠ دؽ اع ، ٣عكغ ثب٢ أك٤ع اؽث ضبؼج ك٢ لف اسظخ ا

.اائ٤خ

How does this exchange of gases take place? ٤ق رز ػ٤خ ازجبظ اـبؾ١؟

Air entering the alveoli has a high level of oxygen and a low level of

carbon dioxide. Blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli is low in

oxygen. This blood has high level of carbon dioxide. ٣سز١ ااء اعاض ا٠ اس٣ظالد اائ٤خ ػ٠ كز ػب٢ األكد٤ طلغ ثب٢ أك٤ع

٣ظالد ػ٠ كز ػب٢ ثب٢ أك٤ع ث٤ب ٣سز١ اع ك٢ اشؼ٤ؽاد اع٣خ اس٤طخ ثبر.اؽث

.اؽث طلغ االكد٤


- 23-

When air enters your lungs, the oxygen from the air dissolves in the

mucus within the alveoli. The dissolve oxygen then diffuses out of the

alveoli and into the capillaries. ء ا٠ اؽئز٤، ٣ػة االكد٤ ك٢ ابظح اطبؽ٤خ ظاض اس٣ظالد، ث ٣زشؽ ا٠ ضبؼج ػعب ٣عض اا

.اس٣ظالد ا٠ اع

At the same time, carbon dioxide in the capillaries diffuses into the

alveoli. The cycle below shows exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

between the alveoli and the capillaries. رظؽ اعؼح ك٢ االقل رجبظ األكد٤ . ٣زشؽ ثب٢ أك٤ع اؽث ظاض اس٣ظالدك٢ لف اهذ،

.ثب٢ أك٤ع اؽث ث٤ اس٣ظالد اشـ٤ؽاد اع٣خ

Gas Exchange Cycle:

O2

O2

O2

O2 CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2


- 24-

The figure below shows the gas exchange inside an alveolus. الغازات داخل الحوصالت ظهر الشكل ف االسفل تبادل


- 25-

Key Questions:

1. Where does gas exchange happen? ا٣ ٣ز رجبظ اـبؾاد؟

-----------------------------------------

Q2: What does breathing bring into the body?

ثبغا رؿظ ػ٤خ ازلف اخكبب؟

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q3: Why does gas exchange happen in the alveoli? بغا رز ػ٤خ رجبظ اـبؾاد ك٢ اس٣ظالد اائ٤خ؟

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Q4: What would happen to your cells if there is no enough oxygen? ٣ بى ٤خ بك٤خ االكد٤؟ ٣سظ طال٣ب خكي اغابغا

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..


- 26-

Q5: Explain the process of gas exchange by studying the diagram

given below. . ظ اـبؾاده ثعؼاقخ اش ازب٢ ، ث ككؽ ٤ق رز ػ٤خ رجب

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


- 27-

Blood mostly composed of water, there are four blood

components:

red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), platelets and

plasma. ؽ٣بد اع اسؽاء اج٤ؼبء : ب أ بى اؼثغ بد أقبق٤خ ع. ٣ز ؼظ اع ابء

.اظلبئر اع٣خ اجالؾب أ قبئ اع

1. Red Blood Cell (RBC)

It has a biconcave shape, small size, no nucleus, contains hemoglobin,

it is a protein, which gives the RBC the red color and carries oxygen

or carbon dioxide to the body. It also identifies the blood group of

the each person (A, B, AB and O) خث٤ رسز١ ػ اطال٣ب ػ٠ ا٤. ب ش وؼؽ ، طـ٤ؽح اسد ثع اح : ؽ٣بد اع اسؽاء

اجؽر٤ اػ١ ٣ؼط٢ ؽ٣بد اع ب االزؽ ٣و ثس االكد٤ ثب٢ اك٤ع اؽث ا٠ اؼخذء

ب ٣سعظ كظ٤خ اع شطض.ادك

2. White Blood Cell (WBC)

It has no definite shape double size that of RBC, contain nucleus, no

hemoglobin that why its color is white. These cells defend our body

from diseases.


- 28-

رسز١ ػ اطال٣ب . ٢ ضال٣ب ثع ش سعظ ثسد ػؼق زد ؽ٣بد اع اسؽاء: ؽ٣بد اع اج٤ؼبء

.ؽاعرو ػ اطال٣ب ثبعكبع ػ اخكبب اال. ػ٠ ااح ال رسز١ ػ٠ ا٤ضث٤ ػا ب اث٤غ

3. Platelets

They are very small and round in shape. They help in healing (cure)

injuries. .٢ طـ٤ؽح خعا ظائؽ٣خ اش ركبػع ك٢ ازآ ادؽذ: اظلبئر اع٣خ

4. Plasma

It is the liquid component of blood mostly made up of water, in which

the blood cells are suspended. The color of plasma is yellow.

. ٢ ادؿء اكبئ اع، ٣ز ك٢ اـبت ابءاػ١ ركجر ك٢ ظاض ضال٣ب اع اطزلخ: ؾباجال

. ثالؾب اع اطلؽ

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_cell


- 29-

Table 1: Comparing Red Blood Cells (RBC) to White Blood Cells .٣وبؼ ادع ث٤ ضال٣ب اع اسؽاء اج٤ؼبء

White Blood Cells (WBCs):-

Red Blood Cells (RBCs):-

No specific shape .لس لها شكل محدد

Biconcave مقعر Shape الشكل

Big (double RBC size) .كبر ضعف حجم كرات الدم الحمراء

Small صغر Size الحجم

White أبض Red أحمر Color اللون

No hemoglobin ال تحتوي على الهموجلوبن

Contains hemoglobin تحتوي على الهموجلوبن

Hemoglobin الهموجلوبن

Contains nucleus

تحتوي على النواة

No nucleus ال تحتوي على النواة

Nucleus النواة

Defend the body from

diseases either by

engulfing or producing

antibodies against them.

تدافع عن الجسم من االمراض بالتهامها

للجراثم أو انتاج أجسام مضادة لهذه

.الجراثم

Carry oxygen or carbon

dioxide to the body

تحمل االكسجن أو ثان أكسد الكربون

.الى الجسم

Function

الوظفة

Few days to a few weeks .عدة اام الى عدة اسابع

120 days

.وم 120

Life span فترة الحاة

4,000 – 11,000 4.5 – 5.5 million

Number in 1

mm3 تر العدد ف الملم

الواحد


- 30-

1. Write down the name of these blood cells. أزت اق ضال٣ب اع ازب٤خ

_____________________

_______________________

2- According to the following picture, conclude the function of the

white blood cells: .ثبءا ػ٠ اظؼ ازب٤خ، اقززح ظ٤لخ ضال٣ب اع اج٤ؼبء

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

3- Compare between the red blood cells and the white blood cells

below. .هبؼ ث٤ ضال٣ب اع اج٤ؼبء اسؽاء

Red blood

cells

White blood

cells


- 31-

Q4: Why do you think red blood cells have biconcave shape? اكجت ك٢ اػزوبظى ا ضال٣ب اع اسؽاء شب وؼؽ؟ب

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Q5: Why do you think red blood cells have no nucleus? ب اكجت ك٢ اػزوبظى ا ضال٣ب اع اسؽاء ٤ف ع٣ب اح؟

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Q6: Why do you think red blood cells have hemoglobin? ا ضال٣ب اع اسؽاء رسز١ ػ٠ ا٤خث٤؟ ب اكجت ك٢ اػزوبظى

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Function اظ٤لخ

Nucleus ااح

Shape اش


- 32-

Cigarette Smoke رعض٤ اكدبئؽ

Cigarette smoke contains many harmful substances. The most

important ones are nicotine, tar, and the gases carbon dioxide and

carbon monoxide. All of these substances can harm the organs and

cause disease.

أ ػ ااظ اؼبؼح ٢ ا٤ر٤، اوطؽا، اـبؾاد ثب٢ .رسز١ اكدبئؽ ػ٠ اث٤ؽ ااظ اؼبؼح

.ركجت ػ ااظ االغ االؽاع ألػؼبء ادك . أ أك٤ع اؽث

Cigarette components: مكونات السجائر

Cigarettes contain a lot of chemical materials; it is composed of a plant

called tobacco, which contains tar and nicotine. رسز١ اكدبئؽ ػ٠ اث٤ؽ ااظ ا٤٤بئ٤خ ، ٢ رز أطال جزخ رؼؽف ثبزجؾ از٢ رسز١ ثعؼب

.٤ر٤ اوطؽاػ٠ ا


- 33-

Dried Tobacco plant Tobacco plant

Cigarettes contain the most harmful thing to the health, which is carbon

monoxide (CO). .رسز١ اكدبئؽ ػ٠ بظح ػبؼح خعا ػ٠ اظسخ ٢ أ أك٤ع اؽث

Tar in cigarette smoke can cause cancer.

This is most likely to happen in the lungs

or in the tubes leading to the lungs.

It can cause the yellow color to the nails,

teeth and lung. Also affect the air sacs

(alveoli). :اوطؽا

ومن الممكن ان تسبب اللون . وجد ف دخان السجائر ، وسبب السرطان للرئتن أو االنابب الموصلة الى الرئتن.وقد تضر الحوصالت الهوائة. االصفر لالظافر واالسنان و الرئتن

Nicotine is a drug that affects the brain. It makes people feel more

relaxed. Nicotine is an addictive drug. This means that people who

regularly smoke cannot easily give up smoking, because their bodies

demand more nicotine. Nicotine also affects the blood system. This

increases the rate at which the heart beats, and increases blood


- 34-

pressure. This can put strain on the heart. People who smoke are

more likely to suffer from heart disease than people who do not. :ا٤ر٤

٣ؼزجؽ ااظ اكججخ الظب أ . ؽت ٣ؤثؽ ػ٠ اعبؽ ٣ؼط٢ االزكبـ الشسبص ثبالقزؽضبء

ب ٣ؤثؽ ػ٠ ادبؾ اعؼ١ كججب اؾظ٣بظ ػؽثبد اوت ػـؾ اع . رؼن االشطبص اعض ثبكدبئؽ

.شطبص اعض٤ أثؽ ػؽطخ الطبثخ ثبؽاع اوت ؿ٤ؽ اعض٤ب ٣دؼ اال

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

A poisonous odorless gas, that enters and stays in the lungs and blood.

Carbon monoxide (CO) sticks to the red blood cell (RBC) and instead of

the RBC carrying oxygen(O2) it will carry carbon monoxide (CO) which

decrease the oxygen in the blood. تعلق هذا الغاز بكرات الدم . دخل وتجمع داخل الرئتن و الدم وهو غاز سام عدم الرائحة، :أول اكسد الكربون

.الحمراء بدال من االكسجن مسببا نقصان كمة االكسجن ف الدم

Emphysema is an illness that slowly rots your lungs. People with

emphysema often get bronchitis again and again, and suffer lung and

heart failure.

متكرر اللتهابات الشعبات الهىائة و قد تؤدي الى االمفزما ه مرض ؤثر ببطء على الرئتن مسببا حدوث

.فشل القلب و الرئتن


- 35-

Effects of Smoking ربث٤ؽاد ازعض٤

1. Coughing اكؼب

2. Damage the alveoli.

٣زق اس٣ظالد اائ٤خ

3. Reduce the efficiency of gas

exchange in the lungs. .٣و لبءح ازجبظ اـبؾ١ ك٢ اؽئز٤

4. Reduce lung growth.

.قلل من نمى الرئتن

5. Reduce percentage of oxygen in

blood .٣و كجخ االكد٤ ك٢ اع

6. Smokers have more red blood

cells (RBCs) than non-smokers. .٣كجت اؾظ٣بظ ؽ٣بد اع اسؽاء

7. Shortness of breath. .٣كجت هظؼ ك٢ ازلف

8. Shrinking the air pipes and blood

vessels.(bronchitis). .٣كجت روض ك٢ ابث٤ت ااء االػ٤خ اع٣خ

9. High blood pressure and pulse .ظ ػؽثبد اوتاؾظ٣بظ ػـؾ ا

10. Main cause of lung cancer

and heart diseases. .اكجت اؽئ٤ك٢ كؽؽب اؽئز٤ اؽاع اوت


- 36-

Mini-Lab Smoking Machine:

Materials: a 20 ml syringe, a short length of wide glass tubing,

bung, plastic tubing (to act as a cigarette holder), a small ball of

absorbent cotton wool.

Procedure:

Build up the smoking machine as shown in the figure below.

Demonstrate using a smoking machine to collect the residues

produced by a burning cigarette.

How to keep our lungs healthy

- Don’t smoke!

- Have a regular exercise routine

- Breathe clean air كف تحافظ على صحة رئتك؟

.ال رعض

.بؼـ اؽ٣بػخ ثش كزؽ

.رلف اث٤ؽ ااء او٢


- 37-

Use the cigarette box to answer the following questions:

:اقزطع اك ازب٢ الخبثخ ػ االقئخ

1. What are the components of the cigarette?

ب ٢ بد اكدبئؽ؟

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

2. What does the healthy warning on the cigarette box say?

ازسػ٣ؽ اظس٢ اخظ ػ٠ ػت اكدبئؽ؟ب سز

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

3. What are the diseases caused by smoking cigarettes?

ب ٢ االؽاع ابردخ ػ رعض٤ اكدبئؽ؟

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________


- 38-

What is the effect of these contents on the human health?

:ما هو تاثر المكونات التالة على صحة االنسان

1. Nicotine النكوتن

a. ______________________________________

b. ______________________________________

c. ______________________________________

d.______________________________________

Tar ا اوطؽ

2. Tar

a. _________________________________________

b. __________________________________________

c. __________________________________________

d. __________________________________________

3. Carbon monoxide (CO): أ اك٤ع اؽث

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________


- 39-

Smoking can cause the following diseases and side effects:

:التدحن قد سبب هذه االمراض و االعراض الجانبة


- 40-

Complete the following concept map using the words from the following

box below: ا اش ازطط٤ط٢ ازب٢ ثبقزطعا ابد اظعم

bad breath – lung cancer – emphysema – carbon monoxide – tar – chronic bronchitis - yellow teeth – affect the brain – raises the blood pressure – decrease the body capacity of oxygen-

grade 8- unitl.1 gas exchange - science curriculum office · pdf file ·...

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