grade school crypto · software players in this production: daz studio 4.6 pro, by daz 3d keynote...
TRANSCRIPT
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Grade School Crypto Part 1
Dr. Rick Smith, Cryptosmith October, 2013
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✦Substitution ciphers, especially the Caesar Ciphers
✦Algorithms and Keys✦Cipher Disks✦Cracking a cipher key using letter
frequencies
What We’ll Learn About
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Alice Bob
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Eve
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Zfmebop efab qeb jbxkfkd lc qbuq
Ciphers hide the meaning of text
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Zfmebop efab qeb jbxkfkd
lc qbuq
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The “Add One” Cipher
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A COLD
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ABA COLD
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B DPMDB DPMEA COLD
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A COLDB DPME
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B DPME
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B DPME
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B DPMEA DPMEB DPME
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A COLEA COLDB DPME
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B DPME
BOB HASA COLD
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The “Caesar” Cipher Source: H. F. Helmolt (ed.): History of the World. New York, 1902.
Provided by Wikipedia.
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Source: H. F. Helmolt (ed.): History of the World. New York, 1902.Provided by Wikipedia.
Roman historians recorded that Caesar used this cipher to protect messages of military significance
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The “Add Three”
Cipher
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A BREEZE
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BCADA BREEZE
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A BREEZED EUHED EUHFD EUHGD EUHH
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D EUHHA BREEZED EUHH??
What letter comes after Z?
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No problem. We just start the alphabet over.
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A BREEZED EUHHCED EUHHCFD EUHHCGD EUHHCH
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D EUHHCH
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Shifting is the Key
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A COLDD FROG
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D FROGD FROGC EPNF
???
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alphabet by 3
“Our Cipher”To encrypt, we shift the
alphabet by 1
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Modern Ciphers have Two Parts
๏ ALGORITHM: A Scrambling/Descrambling Rule
๏ For Alice and Bob: shifting the alphabet
๏ KEY: A shared secret
๏ For Alice and Bob: the amount of the shift
๏ Agree on a specific value!
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A Cipher Disk
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HistoryThese cipher disks were used during the American Civil War 1861-1865
Union ArmyFrom the Gettysburg Battlefield Museum, U.S. National Park Service
Confederate ArmyReproduction based on a Confederate cipher disk shown in The Codebreakers, (David Kahn, Scribners, 1996)
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A Cipher Disk
Shift 1 letter for the “Add One” cipher
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A Cipher Disk
Shift 3 letters for the “Caesar” cipher
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A Cipher Disk
Plain text on the outside
Cipher text onthe inside
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A Cipher Disk
The disk providesthe algorithm
The shift providesthe key
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A Cipher Disk
A“Substitution”
Cipher
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Letters as Numbers
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Our Cipher Algorithm
P + S = C
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Our Cipher Algorithm
P + S = C
Add 1 Cipher S = B = 2 P = C = 3 2+3 = 5 = E but, D follows C!
A = 1, B = 2, C = 3
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Letters as Numbers
A = 0
A ≠ 1
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A = 0, B = 1, C = 2, ...
Y = 24, Z = 25.
Letters as Numbers
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P + S = C
Our Cipher Algorithm
2 + 3 = 5 C + D = F
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P + S = C
Our Cipher Algorithm
P + S - S = C - SP = C - S
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Our Cipher Algorithm
P + S = C
How do we encrypt XYZZY?
X=23, Y=24, Z=25
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A Cipher Disk
XYZZYABCCB
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Clock Arithmetic
Start time: 7:00
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Clock Arithmetic
Start time: 7:00
End time: 14:00?End time: 2:00
End: 7 hours later
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End time: 1:00
Clock Arithmetic
Start time: 7:00
End time: 49 ÷ 12 andkeep the remainder. 49 ÷ 12 = 4, remainder = 1
End: 42 hours later
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Clock Time =(Now + Length) mod 12
(7 + 42) mod 12 = 1
Clock ArithmeticModular Arithmetic
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Cracking the Cipher Key
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B DPME
A COLD!
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Cipher Disk:
B DPMEA COLD
simple substitution
cipher
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Cipher Disk:
B DPMEA COLD
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Zfmebop efab qeb jbxkfkd lc qbuq
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Most Common
Letters
Other Common Vowels(a, i, o)
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Zfmebop efab qeb jbxkfkd lc qbuq
Most frequent Very frequentfrom http://www.counton.org/explorer/codebreaking/frequency-analysis.php
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Ciphertext B = Plaintext E?
Ciphers hide the
meaning of text
Zfmebop efab qeb jbxkfkd lc
qbuq
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Software Players in this Production:
✦DAZ Studio 4.6 Pro, by DAZ 3D✦Keynote by Apple, Inc.✦Sadie and Sam for Genesis, by 3D Universe✦Saddle Oxfords for Genesis, by blondie9999✦Interiors the Classroom, by Maclean✦Rock_it Bundle, by SilvaAnt3d✦Anime School Girl Uniform, by Bobbie25✦Japanese School Uniform for boys, by Sickleyield✦Clock face by markroth8 from openclipart.org✦Frequency Analysis from from http://www.counton.org/explorer/
codebreaking/frequency-analysis.php
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Copyright 2013 Cryptosmith Institute
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Grade School Crypto Part 2
Dr. Rick Smith, Cryptosmith October, 2016
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“Mono-alphabetic ciphers”✦Trouble with Caesar-like ciphers✦Scrambled alphabets✦Symbol alphabets✦Decrypting/Solving an alphabet
What We’ll Learn About
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Alice Bob
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B DPME
A COLD!Eve
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A Cipher Disk
We pick a cipher to use by setting
the inner disk
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A B C D E F G H I J K... B C D E F G H I J K L...
A BETTER CIPHER?B CFUUFS DJQIFS?
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Ciphers hide the
meaning of text
A SimpleSubstitution
Cipher
Zfmebop efab qeb jbxkfkd lc
qbuq
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A B C D E F G H I J K...
J D I H F K A C E B G...
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z J D I H F K A C E B G R M X Z L U N P Y O T Q S W V
J DFYYFN IELCFN
A Better Cipher
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A BETTER CIPHER!"#$$#%&'()#%*(+))+,-./0+,'☺2""234-5(23
Symbol Alphabets
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Symbol Alphabets53++!305))6*;4826)4+.)4+);806*; 48!8`60))85;1+(;:+*8!83(88)5*!; 46(;88*96*?;8)*+(;485);5*!2:*+ (;4956*2(5*—4)8`8*;4069285);)6 !8)4++;1(‡9;48081;8:8+1;48!85; 4)485!528806*81(‡9;48;(88;4(+?3
4;48)4+;161;:188;+?;
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Symbol AlphabetsPigpen Cipher
A B C
D E F
G H I
BIG FEEDBIG FEED
A B C
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Pigpen Cipher
J K L
M N O
P Q R
A COLDA COLD
. . .
. . .
. . .
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Ciphers hide the meaning of text
Ciphers
hide the
meaning
of text
Pigpen Cipher
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Cracking Alphabets
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MEET AT
THE PARK
MEET AT THE PARKNFFU BU UIF QBSL
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NFFU BU UIF QBSL
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THE PARK!
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Recognizing PatternsMEET AT THE PARK
NFFU BU UIF QBSL
PHHW DW WKH SDUN
RUUC WC CTU NWFBZRRG NG GUR CNEX
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53++!305))6*;4826)4+.)4+);806*; 48!8`60))85;1+(;:+*8!83(88)5*!; 46(;88*96*?;8)*+(;485);5*!2:*+ (;4956*2(5*—4)8`8*;4069285);)6 !8)4++;1(‡9;48081;8:8+1;48!85; 4)485!528806*81(‡9;48;(88;4(+?3
4;48)4+;161;:188;+?;
Cracking Symbols
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Letter Frequencies
From “The Gold Bug” From typical English
E
T
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53++!305))6*;4826)4+.)4+);806*; 48!8`60))85;1+(;:+*8!83(88)5*!; 46(;88*96*?;8)*+(;485);5*!2:*+ (;4956*2(5*—4)8`8*;4069285);)6 !8)4++;1(‡9;48081;8:8+1;48!85; 4)485!528806*81(‡9;48;(88;4(+?3
4;48)4+;161;:188;+?;
53++!305))6*T4E26)4+.)4+)TE06*T 4E!E`60))E5T1+(T:+*E!E3(EE)5*!T 46(TEE*96*?TE)*+(T4E5)T5*!2:*+ (T4956*2(5*—4)E`E*T40692E5)T)6 !E)4++T1(+9T4E0E1TE:E+1T4E!E5T 4)4E5!52EE06*E1(+9T4ET(EET4(+?3
4T4E)4+T161T:1EET+?T
From “The Gold Bug”53OO!305))6*TAE26)AO.)AO)TE06*T AE!E`60))E5T1O(T:O*E!E3(EE)5*!T A6(TEE*96*?TE)*O(TAE5)T5*!2:*O (TA956*2(5*—A)E`E*TA0692E5)T)6 !E)AOOT1(O9TAE0E1TE:EO1TAE!E5T A)AE5!52EE06*E1(O9TAET(EETA(O?3
ATAE)AOT161T:1EETO?T
A3OO!30A))6*T4E26)4O.)4O)TE06*T 4E!E`60))EAT1O(T:O*E!E3(EE)A*!T 46(TEE*96*?TE)*O(T4EA)TA*!2:*O (T49A6*2(A*—4)E`E*T40692EA)T)6 !E)4OOT1(O9T4E0E1TE:EO1T4E!EAT 4)4EA!A2EE06*E1(O9T4ET(EET4(O?3
4T4E)4OT161T:1EETO?T
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Letter Frequencies
From typical English
ETAOINSH
________
From “The Gold Bug”
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A3OO!30A))6*T4E26)4O.)4O)TE06*T 4E!E`60))EAT1O(T:O*E!E3(EE)A*!T 46(TEE*96*?TE)*O(T4EA)TA*!2:*O (T49A6*2(A*—4)E`E*T40692EA)T)6 !E)4OOT1(O9T4E0E1TE:EO1T4E!EAT 4)4EA!A2EE06*E1(O9T4ET(EET4(O?3
4T4E)4OT161T:1EETO?T
A3OO!30A))INT4E2I)4O.)4O)TE0INT 4E!E`I0))EAT1O(T:ONE!E3(EE)AN!T 4I(TEEN9IN?TE)NO(T4EA)TAN!2:NO (T49AIN2(AN—4)E`ENT40I92EA)T)I !E)4OOT1(O9T4E0E1TE:EO1T4E!EAT 4)4EA!A2EE0INE1(O9T4ET(EET4(O?3
4T4E)4OT1I1T:1EETO?T
From “The Gold Bug”A3OO!30ASSINTHE2ISHO.SHOSTE0INT HE!E`I0SSEAT1O(T:ONE!E3(EESAN!T HI(TEEN9IN?TESNO(THEASTAN!2:NO (TH9AIN2(AN—HSE`ENTH0I92EASTSI !E)HOOT1(O9THE0E1TE:EO1THE!EAT H)HEA!A2EE0INE1(O9THET(EETH(O?3
HTHESHOT1I1T:1EETO?T
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A3OO!30ASSINTHE2ISHO.SHOSTE0INT HE!E`I0SSEAT1O(T:ONE!E3(EESAN!T HI(TEEN9IN?TESNO(THEASTAN!2:NO (TH9AIN2(AN—HSE`ENTH0I92EASTSI !E)HOOT1(O9THE0E1TE:EO1THE!EAT H)HEA!A2EE0INE1(O9THET(EETH(O?3
HTHESHOT1I1T:1EETO?T
A3OO!30ASSINTHE2ISHO.SHOSTE0INT HE!E`I0SSEAT1O(T:ONE!E3(EESAN!T HI(TEEN9IN?TESNO(THEASTAN!2:NO (TH9AIN2(AN—HSE`ENTH0I92EASTSI !E)HOOT1(O9THE0E1TE:EO1THE!EAT H)HEA!A2EE0INE1(O9THET(EETH(O?3
HTHESHOT1I1T:1EETO?T
From “The Gold Bug”AGOODGLASSINTHEBISHOPSHOSTELINT HEDEVILSSEATFORTYONEDEGREESANDT HIRTEENMINUTESNORTHEASTANDBYNO RTHMAINBRANCHSEVENTHLIMBEASTSI DESHOOTFROMTHELEFTEYEOFTHEDEAT HSHEADABEELINEFROMTHETREETHROUG
HTHESHOTFIFTYFEETOUT
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Software Players in this Production:
✦DAZ Studio 4.6 Pro, by DAZ 3D✦Keynote by Apple, Inc.✦Sadie and Sam for Genesis, by 3D Universe✦Rock_it Bundle, by SilvaAnt3d✦Pirate and Princess Sea Chests by JGreenlees✦Cipher tools from http://rumkin.com/tools/cipher/ ✦Statistics for “The Gold Bug” by Czech Wikipedia user Utar✦Frequency analysis from from http://www.counton.org/explorer/
codebreaking/frequency-analysis.php
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Copyright 2016 Cryptosmith Institute