graduates in transition from higher education to labour market in europe in the mirror of acquired...
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Graduates in transition from higher education to labour market
in Europe
In the mirror of acquired and demanded competences
Matild SágiOFI – National Institute for Educational Research and Development
„The Bologna process and graduate career tracking system”Budapest, Hungary, 20th October 2011
The REFLEX and HEGESCO projectsMain research question:
Which competences are needed for successful entry into the labour market?
Countries: REFLEX: 15 European countries +Japan HEGESCO: Slovenia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Turkey (PROFLEX: extension to South America) Method:
Large scale surveyQuestionnaire to graduates 5 years after leaving HE REFLEX+HEGESCO: N=over 35 000 (1500-2000 in every countries )
Financed by: REFLEX: EU 6th Framework program HEGESCO: EU Erasmus Lifelong learning program
Principal investigator: ROA, Maastricht University, Prof. Rolf van der Velden
Timing: REFLEX: 2004 - 2007 HEGESCO: 2007 - 2009
ContextStrategic framework for European cooperation in education and training (ET 2010 and ET 2020)To make the European Union the leading knowledge-based economy in the world
economic growth, better jobs, stronger social cohesion
New challenges of higher education
Changing structure of higher educationEducational expansionDemands on new competences
Which competences are needed by labour market?How graduates acquires these competences?Role of higher education, employers and individuals in acquisition of proper competences
Conceptual frameworkSource: REFLEX working paper 1 by Jim Allen and Rolf van der Velden
Context characteristics:Culture, institutions, labour market, product market
So
urces
of co
mp
eten
ce ac
uisio
n
Process of selection, allocation, mobility
So
urec o
f co
mp
etence req
uirem
ent
Initial competencies
(student characteristics)
HE competencies (program
characteristics)
Work-based competencies
Further education(LLL)
Jobcharacteristics
Organisationcharacteristics
Acquired
competencies
Required
competencies
Jelenlegi állás
Outcomes(Success, satisfaction, etc.)
Transition from HE to work
Search duration(month)
1,0 1,1
1,6 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,9 2,02,2
2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7
3,5
3,8
4,4
6,8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
NO NL DE CH CZ PL AT FI BE UK FR EE IT LT PT HU SI ES TR
searc
h d
ura
tio
n (
m.)
Short search duration – but not in all countries
Differences neither by „east-west” nor by „north-south”
Unemployment rate,%among graduates after 5 years of leaving HE
Low unemployment rate - but not in all countriesDifferences neither by „east-west” nor by „north-south”
Permanent contractat first job and 5 years after graduation
At first job: huge country differences
5 years after: permanent contract for (almost) everyone
Most are satisfied with their jobs5 years after leaving HE
(mark „4” vagy „5” of 5-degree scale, %)
Salaries on PPP
Huge „east-west” difference
Cumulated index of „success of labour entry”
Differences neither by „east-west” nor by „north-south”
Recquired competencies(Perception of graduates)
Required and competences, based on work experiences of graduates
19 competences were asked
Most required 5 : • ITC • Ability to use time efficiently• Ability to work productively with others • Ability to make your meaning clear to others • Ability to perform well under pressure
Most deficient 5:• Mastery of your own field or discipline • Ability to perform well under pressure• Ability to use time efficiently• Ability to negotiate effectively • Ability to assert your authority
Determinants of success of labour market entry
Determinants of job satisfaction by region(OLS regression coefficients)
NCMS NE SE TOT Average graduation grade 0.03*** 0.02*** Internship during study programme Relevant working experience 0.03** 0.02** 0.03* 0.03*** Non-relevant working experience -0.03*** -0.02*** Position in voluntary organisations Spent time abroad for study or work 0.02** 0.01* Study hours per week -0.02* -0.02** -0.03** -0.03*** Did extra work above required to pass exams Strived for the highest possible mark 0.03** 0.02** 0.03** 0.03*** Academic Prestige 0.07*** 0.05*** 0.08*** 0.06*** Demanding programme) 0.03** Employers familiar with content 0.08*** 0.08*** 0.07*** 0.07*** Vocationally oriented 0.03*** 0.06*** 0.04*** 0.05*** Father higher education 0.02* Age -0.12* -0.12*** Age-square 0.11* 0.11*** Female 0.03*** 0.01* Born abroad -0.02* -0.01** Bachelor -0.02* -0.03*** -0.02** Education 0.04*** 0.07*** 0.05*** 0.05*** Humanities and Arts 0.05*** 0.01** Science, Mathematics and Computing 0.03*** 0.03** 0.02*** Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction Agriculture and Veterinary Health and Welfare 0.04*** 0.04** 0.03*** Services 0.03* Country dummies yes yes yes yes N 8757 12515 5197 26471 Adjusted Rsquare 0.054 0.035 0.029 0.043
Important effects on job satisfaction
Individual level:
• Study-related work experience (there is no positive effect of non study-related work experience!)
• Study or work experience abroad• Good grades
Institutional level:
• Strong links between HE and employers (vocational oriented, employers familiar)
• Some effects of being demanding and prestigious
Study-related work experiences by countries, %
Huge country-differences, neither by „east-west” nor by „north-south”
Employers familiar with HE vs vocational oriented, by countries ,%
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
20 30 40 50 60 70
employers familiar with content (%)
programme vocationally oriented (%)
EE
LT PL CZ HU
SI
TR
IT
ES FR
AT
DE
NL BE
PT
NO
FI
UK CH
Fam
iliar
Vocation-oriented
Summary
• Most graduates face a smooth school to work transition. Some Country-specific exceptions: TR, ES, UK, IT and HU
• Strong link to the proper employers – both on individual and institutional level - seems to be main success factor of work entry of graduates
• Country specific differences are groupped neither by „east-west” nor by „north-south” – with the exception of salaries
Thank you for your attention!
Matild Sági
OFI – National Institute for Educational Research and Development