graham hosie & scar cpr action group
DESCRIPTION
Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey:. A Southern Ocean Monitoring System. Graham Hosie & SCAR CPR Action Group. Invasion of Mnemiopsis. 1980’s. Late 1980’s. 1998. 1999. 1976/77 1998/99. 1972 & 1998. 1989/90. Major Regime Shifts. Climatic regime shift - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Graham Hosie &SCAR CPR Action Group
Southern Ocean Continuous PlanktonRecorder Survey:
A Southern Ocean Monitoring System
Major Regime Shifts
1976/771998/99
Invasion ofMnemiopsis
1999
1980’s
1972 &1998
1989/90
1998
1. Climatic regime shift 2. Marine ecosystem regime shift
Andrew Bakun 1996
Late 1980’s
Antarctic region perhaps more sensitive and vulnerable change• Global warming – in favour of temperature tolerant species• Sea ice reduction – decline in sea ice biota• Increase in CO2 – calcite and aragonite desaturation• Increased UV exposure• Harvesting Impact – imbalance in species composition• Invasive species
SO-CPR Survey: PurposeSO-CPR Survey: Purpose
Map the biodiversity and distribution of Map the biodiversity and distribution of zooplankton, including euphausiid (krill) life zooplankton, including euphausiid (krill) life stages, in the Southern Ocean. stages, in the Southern Ocean.
Use the sensitivity of plankton to Use the sensitivity of plankton to environmental change as early warning environmental change as early warning indicators of the health of Southern Ocean, by indicators of the health of Southern Ocean, by studying spatial-temporal variation in plankton studying spatial-temporal variation in plankton patterns.patterns.
Serve as reference on the general status of the Serve as reference on the general status of the Southern Ocean for other monitoring programsSouthern Ocean for other monitoring programs– eg CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program C-EMPeg CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program C-EMP
CCAMLR – Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
SO-CPR Survey: CollaborationSO-CPR Survey: Collaboration
Australia (AAD) commenced project in 1991Australia (AAD) commenced project in 1991 Japan (NIPR) joined in 1999Japan (NIPR) joined in 1999
– TUMSAT - 2003TUMSAT - 2003 Germany (AWI) – 2004Germany (AWI) – 2004 New Zealand (NIWA) -2006New Zealand (NIWA) -2006 Great Britain (BAS & SAHFOS)Great Britain (BAS & SAHFOS)
– Test tows in 2005-06Test tows in 2005-06
New LSSSG Action Group 2006New LSSSG Action Group 2006
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Preservation Tank
Gear Box
Collecting Silk 270µm
Cover Silk
Propeller
Water Exit
Water & Plankton
Water and plankton enter through small aperture into thecollecting tunnel
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Preservation Tank
Gear Box
Collecting Silk 270µm
Cover Silk
Propeller
Water Exit
Water & Plankton
Plankton are trapped on the collecting silk as it passesacross the tunnel
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Preservation Tank
Gear Box
Collecting Silk 270µm
Cover Silk
Propeller
Water Exit
Water & Plankton
The collecting silk is then covered by another silk beforerolling into the Preservation Tank
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Preservation Tank
Gear Box
Collecting Silk 270µm
Cover Silk
Propeller
Water Exit
Water & Plankton
The mechanism is driven by water passing over the propeller
How the CPR works
Tow Wire
Preservation Tank
Gear Box
Collecting Silk 270µm
Cover Silk
Propeller
Water Exit
Water & Plankton
CPR is towed horizontally at about 10 m depth, 100 m directly behind ship
Regardless of ship speed, silk advances at 1 cm for every 1 nautical mile
5 cm = ~ 5 n miles
5m = ~450 nmile tow
CPR Data BaseCPR Data Base
Zooplankton DataSpp composition
& abundance per 5 n mile
Zooplankton DataSpp composition
& abundance per 5 n mile
Underway DataGPS,T°, S‰, Fluorometer,
Light per 1 minute
Underway DataGPS,T°, S‰, Fluorometer,
Light per 1 minute
Splicing program
Splicing program
GIS Database
GIS Database
Environmental data collected during CPR Environmental data collected during CPR towstows
Sea-water temperatureSea-water temperatureSalinity/conductivitySalinity/conductivityFluorometryFluorometryLight - Photosynthetically Active RadiationLight - Photosynthetically Active Radiation
Solar RadiationSolar RadiationUV, UVBUV, UVBWind Speed & DirectionWind Speed & DirectionBarometric pressureBarometric pressureOptical Plankton Counter Optical Plankton Counter Hydroacoustics - 12, 38, 120, 200 khzHydroacoustics - 12, 38, 120, 200 khzSatellite data - SeaWiFSSatellite data - SeaWiFS
Common set for all vessels
Database descriptionDatabase description
• >14,000 records in data base – April 2004• >16,500 records by August 2006 –April
2005• + ~3,700 samples collected 2005-06• Records are 5 nautical miles segments
– >200 zooplankton taxa + euphausiid developmental stages
– Geocoded and time-stamped– Environmental data averaged over the
length of the record
Access to dataAccess to data
• Use of the data is encouraged• Submit request to administrators -
[email protected]– use of the data– method of analysis– likely output of results
• Partial of full data set supplied– Avoid conflict/duplication of analysis– Student involvement– Opportunity to enhance analysis
• Website established– http://aadc-maps.aad.gov.au/aadc/cpr/index.cfm – Link from SCAR
The Survey covers>70 % of theSouthern OceanOctober to April
> 100,000 nauticalmiles of data havebeen collected since 1991
This represents morethan 20,000 samples, 200+ taxa +environmental data
Approximately40-50 tows each year>3,000 samples p.a.5 n-mile resolution
Korea
UK, Brasil
Germany
Japan
Japan
Japan
New Zealand
Australia
Current projectedContinuous Plankton Recorder tracks for CAML
20,000+ n miles4,000 plankton samplesAt 5 n mile resolution
Summary of Tows
J A S O N D J F M A M Nautical Miles 1990-01 1087 1992-93 481 1993-94 342 1995-96 459 1996-97 1525 1997-98 7735 1998-99 3269 1999-00 10518 2000-01 10472 2001-02 13209 2002-03 10460 2003-04 10838 2004-05 12219 2000-06 18300*
Total 100,914
*Estimated
#
#
#
#
Hobart
Casey
DavisMawson
60ºE
70ºE
80ºE
90ºE
100º
E
110º
E
120º
E
130º
E
140º
E
150º
E
160º
E
40ºS
50ºS
60ºS
70ºS
STF – Sub-Tropical Front, SAF – Sub-Antarctic Front, PF – Polar Front, SACCF – Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front, Bdy – southern boundary of ACC
STF
Sea-ice Zone
PF
SAF
SACCF
Bdy
Polar Frontal Zone
Antarctic Zone
Lower abundance - different species
Higher diversity, very high abundances
Lower diversity, very low abundances
Cyclopoid copepodsSmall calanoid copepodsSmall euphausiidsForamsAppendicularians
Oikopleura spp
Euphausia superba
Total Abundance
January 1998 Temperature
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1 14 27 40 53 66 79 92 105
118
131
144
157
170
183
196
209
222
235
248
261
274
287
300
313
326
339
352
365
378
391
404
417
430
443
456
Segment
Zo
op
lan
kto
n p
er s
egm
ent
-2.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Tem
per
atu
re
49 21S 130 39E 66 55S 64 44E
Sea Ice Zone
50 S 52 S 54 S 56 S 58 S 60 S 62 S 64 S 66 S
Hobart Mawson
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
##
# #
#
##
#
# #
#
#
#
#
# #
#
#
3-Feb-98 9-Feb-002-Mar-014-Feb-02 19-Apr-97
19-Mar-99
28-Feb-02
18-Mar-01
#
16-Jan-02
#
10-Dec-00
#
9-Jan-01
#
17-Feb-98#
13-Jan-00 #
10-Jan-03
#
1-Oct-97
#
9-Apr-97
#
29-Jan-00
#
12-Jan-98
#
4-Dec-97
#
10-Mar-00
#
12-Mar-00
Southern ecotone
Hobart
Casey
DavisMawson
60ºE
70ºE
80ºE
90ºE
100º
E
110º
E
120º
E
130º
E
140º
E
150º
E
160º
E
40ºS
50ºS
60ºS
70ºS
SACCF
SACCF – Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front
SAF-NSAF-SPF-NPF-SSF-NSF-SSB
-2.000.002.004.006.008.00
10.0012.0014.00
Latitude
SS
T (o
C)
Cluster 1
Cluster 2
Cluster 3
Cluster 5
Cluster 4Cluster 6
1unique species
3 unique species
9 unique species
HobartDumont d’Urville
1998
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Dimension 1
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Dim
en
sio
n 2
POOZ- Inter-annual variation speciesPOOZ- Inter-annual variation species compositioncomposition
January samples• Cluster groups identified
but high degree of similarity between groups 61-84%
• Little variation in species composition between years
• Increase in dissimilarity would be indicative of major change
10 15 20 25 30 35 40Linkage Distance
2004
2002
2001
2000
2003
1998
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Linkage Distance
20042002200320001993200119981991
1991
1993
19982000
2001
2002
2003
2004
-1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Dimension 1
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Dim
en
sio
n 2
SIZ - Inter-annual variation species compositionSIZ - Inter-annual variation species composition
January samples
• Two distinct groups with very low similarity - 10%
• Group 1 – low abundances, low diversity, T. macrura and E. superba dominant (SIZ species)
• Group 2 – higher abundance & diversity, Oithona, small calanoids, forams, appendicularians dominant (POOZ group)
1
2
ConclusionsConclusions
• Permanent Open Ocean Zone – Less variation in species composition - stable – Much higher abundances and diversity– Any change indicative of potential major change in the
ecosystem
• Sea-Ice Zone– Greater variation– More sensitive to change – Hunt & Hosie (in press) DSR I– Very low species abundance and diversity – increased
noise– Change occurred around 2000– Oscillating patterns vs long-term regime shifts
Future MonitoringFuture Monitoring
• CPR can readily distinguish– Regional– Seasonal– Annual variation in plankton patterns, and eventually– Long term patterns
• The SO-CPR Survey is well positioned to provide early detection of any change in the Southern Ocean ecosystems– Distinguish natural patterns from environmental/climatic
forcing perturbation