QUESTION FORMATION

Particle + auxiliary verb + subjet + verb +complements (object)?

In a negative questions: Particle + negative auxi. verb + …?

Preposition question:Who did you go with?(estas siempre son object question)Who did you do for?What did you do that for?What did you do it on?What did you make it with?What are you afraid of?

Subject / object questions:Object questions:Who did Mary invite her party to?What happened to Shakespeare in 1616?Which planet is nearer the Sun, Mars or Jupiter?What tune goes with the words?Who became President of …?Which explorer reached the North Pole first?Who lived at 22…?Who won the ….?Who said: “that’s one small step for man..?

Subject questions:Who invited John?

Indirect question:Excuse me, can you tell me where the station is?La segunda pregunta dentro de la principal se hace como las afirmativas (like a statement. (afirmativas)

Yes-No questions, rising intonation: are you Spanish?

Wh-questions, falling intonation:1

Where are you from?

Information word: the stress is normally:VerbsNounsAdjectives

DOUBLE COMPARATIVE (utilizarlo en writing y speaking)The sooner, the better

We need:1. Article: the……. The….2. Two comparatives:

The sooner you start, the earlier you’ll finishThe more you study, the more you learn.

ECHO QUESTIONS (to show surpraise)I’m vegetarian. Are you? Rise intonationTo add emphasis (we normally use in present and past)

QUESTION TAG (to check information)She’s a painter.Isn’t she?Rise intonationIf we genuinely don’t know the answerTo check the information.

Or falling intonation:If we are not asking a real question but are just making conversation or asking something we know it is true, it sounds like a STATEMENT.EX. It’s a beautiful day.Isn’t it?

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AUXILIARY VERBS (do, have, be, can, ..)

USOS:1. en respuestas cortas en vez de yes or no (ejemplo 1)2. evitar repetir el verbo principal (ejemplo 2)3. con “so” y “either” para decir que tú lo mismo: yo también o yo

tampoco.So + auxiliary + subject (cuando el verbo es positivo)Either + auxiliary + subject (cuando el verbo es negativo)Ejemplo 3.Excepción: my favourite Seaton is summer, is it? So is mine. Mine isn’t.

4. hacer echo question PARA MOSTRAR INTEREST(ejemplo 4)

5. para MOSTRAR INTERES en FRASES AFIRMATIVAS. Con el presente y pasado simple, añadir (do, does, did)

Ejemplo 5.6. para hacer QUESTION TAGS. (positive question tag cuando el verbo va

en negativa y al revés)Se pueden hacer para comprobar información, en este caso se pronuncia con raising intonation.O para ver si estás de acuerdo, ej. it’s a nice day, isn’t it? En este caso es falling intonation.

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PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

She has worked here hor 3 years

For 3 years ------------------------------------------3 years ago-----------------------------now----------

We use the P.P. to talk about the duration of an action that started in the past and continuous up to and includes THE PRESENT.

It is often used with SINCE and FOR.

It is also used to talk about experiences people had at some time in their lives.

Ex. Have you ever been to…?

FOR / SINCEShe has worked here for 3 years

Since 2011

For 3 years -------------------------------------- Since 2011----3 years ago-----------------------------now----------

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1. He has been drinking since 8 o’clock.

since 8’oclock-----------------------------now----------

o The P.P.C is used to talk about and activity that started in the past and continuous up to and includes the present.

o We can use SINCE / FORo Be careful state / action verb

Agree Believe

Know

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2. He has been repairing the car. He’s filthy

---------------repairing------------------- -----------……………………………….activity stops……..now (filthy) (two minutes ago, half an hour…)

The P.P.C. used to talk about the result of a recently stopped activity. The result of the activity is EVIDENCE in present.

NATIONALITIES

Always with Capital Letter.

o Most nationalities can use either THE + adjective (The French) or adjective + people (French People).

o To use adjectives as nouns : 1. The + adjective which nationalities ending in –sh / -ch/ -ss/ -ese2. Don’t add “S” for plural or use them without “The”.

Example:The English, The Dutch / The Chinese / The Spanish

o Nationality words which end in “-an” and a few others are both adjectives and nouns:

Example: The Italians / The Greeks / The Argentinians / The Russians / The Thais

o Specific words for people

COUNTRY PEOPLE

Sweden The Swedes (swi:ds)

Scotland The Scots

Spain The Spaniards (Spanish people, The Spanish, Spaniards)

Denmark The Danes (deins)

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Finland The Finns

Poland The Poles

o Specific groups (The + adjective) = nouns

The sick / illThe oldThe injured or old people, unemployed people…The deafThe unemployedThe blindThe homeless

Country/region Adjective Person PopulationAmerica(The United States)

American An American The Americans

Belgium Belgian A Belgian The BelgiansBrazil Brazilian A Brazilian The BraziliansEurope European An European The EuropeansItaly Italian An Italian The ItaliansKenya Kenyan A Kenyan The KenyansMorocco Moroccan A Moroccan The MoroccansNorway Norwegian A Norwegian The NorwegiansPalestine Palestinian A Palestinian The PalestiniansRussia Russian A Russian The RussiansTyrol Tyrolean A Tyrolean The TyroleansA FEW OTHERS:Greece Greek A Greek The GreeksIraq Iraqi An Iraqi The IraqisIsrael Israeli An Israeli The IsraelisThailand Thai A Thai The ThaisChina Chinese A Chinese The ChineseCongo Congolese A Congolese The CongoleseSwitzerland Swiss A Swiss The SwissPortugal Portuguese A Portuguese The Portuguese

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Exceptions:Country/region Adjective Person PopulationBritain British A British person

(Briton, formal)The British

England English An Englishwoman/ man

The English

France French A Frenchwoman/man The FrenchIreland Irish An Irishwoman/man The IrishSpain Spanish A Spaniard The Spanish The Netherlands /Holland

Dutch A Dutchwoman/man The Dutch

Wales Welsh A Welshman/woman The WelshDenmark Danish A Dane The DanesFinland Finnish A Finn The FinnsPoland Polish A Pole The PolesScotland Scottish,

Scotch (whisky)

A Scot The Scots

Sweden Swedish A Swede The SwedesTurkey Turkish A Turk The Turks

TALKING ABOUT PEOPLE IN GENERALBritish people are politeThe British are generally politeThe British tend to be politeI think most British people are politeIn general, British people are polite

ADJECTIVES (ORDER)

OPINION | SIZE | QUALITY | AGE | SHAPE | COLOUR / PATTERN| PARTICIPLE FORMS | ORIGIN | MATERIAL | TYPE | PURPOSE  | NOUN

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SINGULAR AND PLURAL

A.Usamos un nombre plural para una cosa que tiene dos partes: Trousers, jeans, tights, shorts, pants ej. My trousers are too long.

Pyjamas

Glasses

Binoculars

Scissors

Se puede decir:Those are nice jeans or That’s a nice pair of jeansI need some new glasses or I need a new pair of glasses

B. o Algunos nombres finalizan en –ics, pero no son normalmente plurales .

Example:Athletics (atletismo)

Economics (economía, ciencias económicas)

Electronics (electrónica)

Gymnastics (gymnasia, agudeza mental)

Maths (=mathematics)

Physics (física)

Politics (política)

o News (No es plural) what time is the news on television? (not are the news)

o Algunas palabras finalizan en –s pueden ser singular o plural :Example:means a means of transport many means of transportseries a television series two television seriesspecies a species of bird 200 species of bird

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C. o Algunos nombres singulars son frecuentemente usados con un verbo

plural.

Audiencecommitteecompanyfamilyfirmgovernmentstaffteam

o Estos nombres son grupos de personas, pensamos en ellos como un grupo de personas: they, así que normalmente utilizamos el verbo plural:

The government (=they) want to increase taxes.The staff at the school (=they) are not happy with their new working conditions.

o De la misma manera, usamos un verbo plural después de un equipo deportivo o una compañía:

Italy are playing Brazil next week (in a football match).Shell have increased the price of petrol.

o Es possible utilizar un verbo en singular :

The government wants…/ Shell has…,

o Utilizamos plural con policía:

The police are investigating the murder, but haven’t arrested anyone yet.

o Es singular cuando nos referimos solo a un policía: A policemanA police officerA policewoman

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D. Person es singular y people plural

He is a nice personPeople don’t have enough to eat.

E. Una suma (sum) de dinero, un periodo de tiempo, una distancia…. Es singular.

Twenty thousand pounds (=it) was stolen in the robbery (robo, atraco).

Three years is a long time to be without a job.

Six miles is a long way to walk every day.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PAST PERFECT PAST PERF CONTIN PAST SIMPL PAST CONTIN PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTIUOUS PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Ex. He had been waiting for a long time when she arrived.El llevaba esperando mucho tiempo cuando ella llegó.

TELLING A STORY

Stories normally start in past continuous after comes a phrase with past simple.Al contar la historia es importante utilizar diferentes tiempos verbales.

Setting the scene:This happened to me when I was….I was…. –ing when….I ….. because I had / hadn’t….

The main eventsI decided to…. BecauseSo then I……Suddenly / At that moment….

What happened in the end?

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In the end…. / Eventually, finally,.I felt….

Ex. Verbs in past.One of two accused men was convicted at yesterday’s trial. Although his lawyer defended him very well, he was still found guilty by the jury. The judge sentenced him to two years in prison. He’ll probably be released after eighteen months. The other accused man was luckier. He was acquitted and left the courtroom smiling broadly.

PRONUNTIATION REGULAR VERBS

Según el ultimo sonido

/T/ /D/ /ED/Unvoice voiceNo vibration vibration /t//k/ walked vowels (play) /d//f//p/ stopped/ts//s/

AT THE END / AT THE BEGINNINGAt the end (of sthg), at the time when something ends.Ex. At the end of the month /course / lessons

The opposite:At the beginning of…………

IN THE END (finally) is the result of the situation (IN A STORY)Ex. We had a lot of problems with our car. We solved it in the end.

The opposite:AT FIRSTAt first we didn’t get on well, but in the end we became friends.

SO / SUCH…. THATPARA EXPRESAR UNA CONSECUENCIA:

SO + Adjective / Adverb. The film was so good (that) we went to see it again.

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He drives so dangerously (that) nobody wants to go with him

SO MUCH / SO MANY + nounThere was so much traffic (that) we nearly missed our flight

SUCH A + adjective + single countable noun It was such a good film (that) we went to see it again

SUCH + adjective + uncountable or plural nounThey played such awful music (that) nobody wanted to danceThey were such beautiful shoes (that) I bought them

ADVERBS ADJECTIVES ADVERBSUnfortunate Unfortunately

Careful carefully

Angry Angrily

Fast Fast

Hard Hard, hardly (seldom) apenas, rara vez

Slow Slowly

Good Well

Bad Badly

True truly

Happy happily

Sensible Sensibly

Full fully

Fantastic fantastically

Friendly In a friendly way / in a friendly manner

Likely Probably

Difficult With difficulty

Public publicly

Deep Deep (place), deeply (feeling)

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Direct Direct, directly (soon)

High High (place) highly (figurative)

Late Late, lately (recently)

Most Most, mostly (usually)

Near Near, nearly (almost = casi)

Pretty Pretty (= rather), prettily

Short Short, shortly (=soon)

Look good (appearance) Look well (healthy)

Feel good (state of health or mind)

Feel well (to have a good sense of touch)

Smell good (odour) Smell well (to have a good sense of smell)

Taste good (preference) Taste well (to have a good sense of taste)

Extreme extremely

Glad gladly

Los siguientes son adjetivos y adverbios:Daily, hourly, weekly, monthly, yearly, early, late, far, long, fast , low , much, enough, little, straight, , ………..

Types of adverbs and position in the phrase:

o Frequency (fricuensi): before main verb or after to be, ex. Always, sometimes, ..

o Time : normally at the end, although sometimes at the beginning: ex. Immediately, last year, five minutes later, early.

o Degree (describe o modifica al adjetivo): before the adjective.o Ex: so, very, increasingly (difficult), unbelievably (happy), really (hot), definitely,

absolutely right, completely, particularly.

o Comment (da una opinion de la frase): normally at the beginning. Ex: luckily, fortunately, unfortunately, obviously, honestly, constantly, apparently, frankly, normally, personally, surprisingly.

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o Manner (indica cómo haces algo): Normally goes after main verb, slowly, angrily (she shouted angrily) but sometimes goes before main verb when we have past participle or passive, ex. A well written book.

Example:She speaks English very well (good)She speaks very good English

Difference between especially and specially:Especially is a connectorSpecially: with past participle or I’m specially interested in….I like the pasta, especially the spaguetti

Actually (achuali) = in fact (realmente, de hecho)Fortunately (forchunately)Tastefully (con elegancia, gusto), elegantly.

THE PASSIVE VOICE (USED FOR REPORTS IN NEWSPAPERS)

ACTIVE VOICEShakespeare wrote Hamlet (subject + verb + object)

PASSIVE VOICEHamlet was written by Shakespeare. (subject + passive verb + agent object)

FOLLOW 3 STEPS:1. put the verb to be in the tense of the main verb.2. put the main verb in the past participle.3. count ( the passive always will have one more than in the active)

The Agent object is optional (se pone cuando es importante la información)

PASSIVE WITH 2 OBJECTS.

Active voice: her friends gave her a present (her= indirect object; a present = direct object)Dos formas de hacerlo:A present was given to her by her friendsShe was given a present (esta es la forma más común en inglés)

TENSES

Present Simple Tense (passive Voice)

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Auxiliary verb in passive voice: am/is/are

Active voice:He sings a song.He does not sing a song.Does he sing a song?

Passive voice:A song is sung by him.A song is not sung by him.Is a song sung by him?

Present Continuous Tense (passive Voice)Auxiliary verb in passive voice: am being/is being/are being

Active voice:I am writing a letterI am not writing a letter.Am I writing a letter?

Passive voice:A letter is being written by me.A letter is not being written by me.Is a letter being written by me?

Present Perfect Tense (passive Voice)Auxiliary verb in passive voice: has been/have been

Active voice:She has finished his workShe has not finished her work.Has she finished her work?

Passive voice:Her work has been finished by her.Her work has not been finished by her.Has her work been finished by her?

Past Simple Tense (passive Voice)Auxiliary verb in passive voice: was/were

Active voice:I killed a snakeI did not kill a snake.Did I kill a snake?

Passive voice:A snake was killed by me.A snake was not killed by me.Was a snake killed by me?

Past Continuous Tense (Passive Voice)Auxiliary verb in passive voice: was being/were being

Active voice:He was driving a car.He was not driving a car.Was he driving a car?

Passive voice:A car was being driven by him.A car was not being driven by him.Was a car being driven by him?

Past Perfect Tense (Passive Voice)Auxiliary verb in passive voice: had been

Active voice:They had completed the assignment.They had not completed the assignment.Had they completed the assignment?

Passive voice:The assignment had been completed by them.The assignment had not been complete by them.Had the assignment been completed by them?

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Future Simple Tense (Passive Voice)Auxiliary verb in passive voice: will be

Active voice:She will buy a car.She will not buy a car.Will she buy a car?

Passive voice:A car will be bought by her.A car will not be bought by her.Will a car be bought by her?

Future Perfect Tense (passive Voice)Auxiliary verb in passive voice: will have been

Active voice:You will have started the job.You will have not started the job.Will you have started the job?

Passive voice:The job will have been started by you.The job will not have been started by you.Will the job have been started by you?

When we are giving our opinión about the right way to punish someone:

he should be made to resign from his party debería dimitir de su partido

he should be sent back to his country debería ser enviado a su país

he should be banned for life from all football matches

debería ser prohibido de por vida de los equipos de fútbol

he should be fined 500 euros and lose her license for a year

debería ser multado con 500 euros y perder su carnet durante 1 año

she should go to prison for 1 year debería ir a prisión por un año

they should be given political asylum a ellos debería darle asilo político

she should be sent home without punishment

ella debería ser enviada a casa sin castigo

SE UTILIZA EN REPORTS: It is said (that) the bridge is unsafe… se dice (es más importante la acción que la persona) se dice que…

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Other verbs: report, mention, announce, think, relieve, understand, agree, decide, know, find, expect, hope, regret, fear, intend, arrange.

Ex. It is feared (se teme…)It is thought (intended) that, se piensa queIt is (was) agreed that this agreement is the bases … (se acuerda (o se acordó) que este acuerdo es la base……..It is decided that (se decide..)

He is said to have suffered a heart attack … necesita un sujeto (se dice que el ha sufrido un ataque al corazón)

Other verbs: say, report, think, relieve, understand, know, find, expect and Intend..

More examples:the bridge is said to be unsafethe company is thought to be planning a new advertising campaignthe home team had been expected to win easily

story with verbs in the passive.

Ladies and gentlemen, I can now confirm that two dangerous criminals have escaped from Prison. Security arrangements at the prison are being investigated to find out exactly how they escaped, but they are thought to have escaped through the air-conditioning system. Floriano is understood to be one of the engineers who installed the air-conditioning system five years ago. His afternoon a semi-automatic rifle was stolen from a pet shop near the main highway, so I must warn members of the public not to approach these men, as it is believed that they are armed.According to witnesses the two men are reported to be still wearing prison clothes.It is thought that they are heading in the direction of the Everglades swamp to make it harder for tracker dogs to find them.The public should not panic –it is expected that these two dangerous men will be recaptured within the next 24 hours.

8.-FUTURO

ESQUEMA DE FUTURO:

o BE GOING TO

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1. General plans (New Year’s resolutions) I’m going to quit smoking

2. Predictions: you makes a prediction with evidence: it’s going to rain

o PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1. with “go” and “come” I’m going to the cinema tonight

2. B.- arrangements (planes con detalles: hora, día, gente, lugar,…) On Friday I’m having dinner at 10 at Mary’s house

o WILL

1.- When you take a decision at the moment at speakingEx. Ordering in a Restaurant : I’ll have a sandwichEx. I’ll call you tomorrow (despúes de un encuentro no planeado)Ex. I’ll send you a e-mail with this file

2. When you are not sure about your plans: MAYBE / PERHAPSEx. At Christmas maybe I’ll travel

3.- PREDICTIONS: You make a prediction without evidences)For example: Madrid will win the cupFor example: horoscope: you’ll find someone………….

4. PROMISE (I won’t do it again)

5.- OFFERI’ll go to the supermarket to buy some foodI’ll help youI’ll carry it

6. SUGGEST (SHALL)Shall we go to the cinema?Shall I help you?Shall I open the door?

Three things are necessary to use shall:

1- We need a question ?2- We need a suggestion or an offer3- First person of singular or plural

TYPES OF FUTURE:18

o FUTURE SIMPLE (WILL + VERB)Future simple + time expression = an action will start at that future timeIt will snow tomorrow

o FUTURE CONTINUOUS (WILL + BE + VERB (-ING)Future continuous + time expression = an action will be in progress at the future time.Next week I’ll be lying on the beach

o FUTURE PERFECT (WILL + HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE)Future perfect + time expression = an action will be finished at the latest ( como mucho) by that time.By tomorrow evening it will have snowed.

TAKETake risk = arriesgarse (take the risk = correr el riesgo)Take decisions = tomar decisionesTake (climate change) seriously = tomar seriamenteTake after = parecerse aTake it (things) easy = tomarse las cosas más tranquilamenteTake notice = fijarse en, poner atenciónTake care = cuidarseTake your time = toma tu tiempoTake advantage = aprovecharse (take advantage of = sacar provecho de)Take part (in a demonstration= manifestación) tomar parteTake up = empezar un hobbyTake place (= to happen) =tener lugar

LIKELY / PROBABLY

(Es problabe)o It seems probable that he will arrive tomorrow (don’t use for speaking, it’s

too formal, only for writing)o He is likely to arrive tomorrow

LIKELY TO + INFINITIVEAdjective

o He will probably arrive tomorrowPROBABLY + MAIN VERBAdverb

BUT in negative sentence:He probably won’t come tomorrow(position of probably, before the auxiliary verb.

Pag 69 teacher book

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Conectors:According to = según, para introducer ideas (according to doctors, stress…)

Instead (of) = en vez de, we went to the park instead. Instead of going ..

However = sin embargo, añade ideas introduciendo un contraste

In Fac = de hecho, enfatiza o añade nuevos detalles

Whereas = mientras que, compara dos opiniones: I love meat whereas my husband is a complete vegetarian.

Although = aunque, contrasta dos frases. Although she was ill, she went to work (need ,)Since = because, as. Eg. Since Jonh can’t come, we’ll go.

FIRST CONDITIONALCuando una situación es real o posible

Any kind of present any kind of futreIf + present simple, will Present continuous going to Present perfect present continuous

Future continuousFuture perfectImperative

Time clauses:

BeforeAfterWhen + present simpleAs soon as present continuousUntil present perfectIn case

Don’t let children play near swimming pool unless you are playing with themUnless an adult is with them

Never leave a dog locked up in a car if you aren’t buying near there. If you have left for a long timeIf it’s very hotIf it’s rather nervous

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Keep a first aid kit in your house in case you have an accident

You shouldn’t leave children alone in the house until they have grown up Until they are responsible enough

Always unplug electrical appliances as soon as you have finished using them.

Always keep medicines in a safe place in case some child takes them by mistake.

Don’t allow strangers into your house unless they are family of yours friends They are wearing smart clothes and a nice smile.They are selling something interesting

They are offering you a reduction your electrical bill.

If you are frying something and the oil catches fire, you’ll have to do something quickly to put it out.(apagar el fuego).

SECOND CONDITIONAL

USES: IF YOU ARE GIVING ADVICE: if I were you…FOR UNREAL SITUATIONS: If I were a colour / an animal….

IF + PAST SIMPLE, WOULDCOULDSHOULD

THIRD CONDITIONAL

USES: REGRET ABOUT THE PAST.IF + PAST PERFECT + WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

COULD HAVESHOULD HAVE

MODAL VERBSMODAL OF DEDUCTION

USES: HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEMS, DISCUSSING A DIFFICULT SITUATION AND SPECULATING ABOUT CONSEQUENCES OF PAST ACTIONS.

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MUST: to say that something is logically necessary or that we suppose it is certain. (it’s the strongest).MAY: (50% chance), in negative: MAY NOTMIGHT (a smaller chance) in negative: MIGHT NOTExamples: According to the radio, it may rain today. It might even snow.She may be at home (50% chance)Ann might be there too (a smaller chance)

CAN’T (CANNOT for formal expressions)

MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST (NEW THIS YEAR)SPECULATING ABOUT CONSEQUENCES OF PAST ACTIONS

MUSTMAY + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLEMIGHTCAN’T

Examples:Someone must have move themYou should have known that…It might have been worst

SHOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

modal verb + have + past participle

Perfect Modal Picture sentence

could have _____

couldn't have _____

past ability

The boy could have done the dishes himself, but his father decided to help.

should have ____

shouldn't have ____

You did or didn't do something that was a good idea.

The girl shouldn't have spun around so many times. She fell down.

spin: turn around many times.

spin / spun / spun

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would have ____

wouldn't have ____

past condition /

past situation

This house of cards would have fallen over if the person who built it hadn't been so careful.

may have _____

may not have _____

past possibility

My grandfather may have used this camera when he was a young man, but I'm not sure.

might have ______

might not have _____

past possibility

Her mother might have put mustard on her sandwich. She hopes not.

must have ____

must not have ___

past probability.

This indicates that something probably

happened in the past.

They must have practiced a lot because they're very good musicians.

All modal perfect auxiliary verbs refer to the past.

FORM: Modal + Have (Infinitive) + Past Participle

1. must have done = we are almost sure something happened in the past

Jane wasn't feeling well yesterday. She must have caught a cold. Bill didn't answer the phone when I called him. He must have fallen asleep.

2. can't have done = we are almost sure something did not happen in the past

She can't have forgotten to send you an invitation. I gave her your address.23

They can't have gone to bed late. They were very tired.

3. may / might / could have done = it is possible that something happened in the past but we aren't sure.

Laura hasn't arrived yet. She may/might/could have missed the bus. I didn't see Paul at work. He may/might/could have been ill.

4. could have done = we had the ability to do something in the past but did not do it.

You could have told us about the new project! She could have called me when she arrived but she forgot.

5. should have / ought to have done = (a) it was the right thing to do but we didn't do it. (b) we expected something to happen but it didn't.

You should have told him the truth. They ought to have received the cheque by now.

6. would have done = we wanted to do something but we didn't do it in the end.

They would have emailed you but the Internet was down yesterday. I would have bought that DVD but I didn't have enough money.

7. needn't have done = it wasn't necessary to do something but we did it.

You needn't have gone to the supermarket. I've already done the shopping. The weather was warm and sunny. I needn't have taken an umbrella.

VERBS OFTEN CONFUSED

NOTICE / REALIZE notice: to see, hear, or feel something

o He spilled the tea, but Mrs. Whitley did not notice. o You may notice a numb feeling in your fingers. o He was too tired even to notice how tired and hungry he was. o Did you notice him leaving the party early?

realize 1: to know and understand the importance of something

(darse cuenta o ser consciente)

o Do you realize that you are an hour late? o I realize how much she means to you. o None of us realized the danger we were in.

realize 2: to start to know something that you had not noticed before

o I suddenly realized that he was crying. 24

RAISE / RISE(reis / rais)Raise (raised) (verb transitive and require and object.She raised her hand to answer the question.

Rise (rose-risen) is an intransitive verb and not require and object.The sun rises every morning. (el sol sale cada mañana)He likes rising with the sun (a él le gusta levantarse con el sol)

Cuidado con la pasiva: At major sporting events the flag is also raised as the anthem is sung.The flag es el direct object, pore so se utiliza raise.

ARGUE / DISCUSS

Argue: When you argue, you are trying to persuade the other person to agree with your point of view. You might even get angry!

Discuss: When you discuss, you consider different points of view, and nobody gets angry. Having a conversation.

AVOID / PREVENT

Avoid he avoided talking to me (+ verb en –ing)

Prevent eating healthy prevents heart diseases.

REMEMBER / REMIND

Remind: Use 'remind' to indicate that someone has reminded someone else to do something. Use the phrasal verb 'remind of' to indicate that someone or something else reminds you of someone or something else.

Jane reminded me to get him something for his birthday.She reminded me of my sister.

Important Note: 'Remind' always takes an object.

'Remember' is used when a person remembers to do something on his or her own. 'Remember' is also used to express recollections of a past event.

I remembered to post the letters.I remember studying all night long for exams.

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Important Note:'Remember + Infinitive (to do)' refers to someone who remembers to do something. 'Remember + Gerund (ing form)' refers to a memory

of a past event.

EXPECT AND HOPE

"Expecting is mental rather than emotional. If I "expect something to happen, I have a good reason to think it will in fact happen. (pueden ir seguidos de infinitive con to) Antes del objeto directo no lleva preposiciónHe expects a victoryShe’s expecting a baby

Hope is more emotional. Puede ir seguido de infinitive con to. Antes de objeto directo lleva for.She hopes it’ll be a girlHe hopes for a victory

MIND / MATTER

Don’t matter is irrelevant (no importa)

Don’t mind, I don’t bother it (no me molesta)

HEAR / LISTEN TO

Hear: We use hear for sounds that come to our ears, without us necessarily trying to hear them! For example, 'They heard a strange noise in the middle of the night.'

Listen: is used to describe paying attention to sounds that are going on. For example, 'Last night, I listened to my new Mariah Carey CD.'

LOOK / SEEM

Look We use “look” when talking about something that we can physically see with our eyes. For example:

I saw a picture of Bill’s new house. It looks really nice.

This looks like a really expensive restaurant. I think we should go to another place.

Seem We use “seem” when talking about a situation that we have experienced for a very short time and we want to give our impression of it. For example:

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I only talked to the new manager for a couple of minutes, but she seems really nice.

I’ve only just arrived in this city, but it seems like a really good place to live.

WOULD RATHER ( usar en escritos nivel 4)I would prefer to go on holidays in JulyPreferiría irI would rather go on holidays in JulyPrefereriría ir ( would rather + infinitive without to)

I’d rather go… (more usual in English)Negative: I would rather not go on…

WOULD RATHER…. THANI would rather walk than take the bus Preferiría caminar a tomar el autobús.

HAD BETTER (usar en escritos nivel 4)

I should go nowDebería ir ahora

I had better go nowDebería ir ahora ( had better + inifinitive without to) a veces es un strong warning (se usa para enfatizar más la frase)

Negative: I had better not go now

SENSES

Sight (vista)……..…………….….. look (mirar, verse)Taste (tacto)………………..……. Taste (saber)Smell (olfato) ……………….…….smell (oler)Hearing (oído)……..……………...sound (sonar, escucharse)Sense of touch (sent del tacto…. Feel (sentirse, percibirse)

LookTasteSmell + adjective (ex. You look nice)SoundFeel

LookTasteSmell + like + noun (ex. You look like a teacher)

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Sound (ex. It sounds like a thunder)Feel

LookTasteSmell + as if+ clause (normally is present continuous or present perfect) Sound or + as though + clauseFeel

Ex. It feels as if it’s made of silk It smells as if it’s for a teenager

They make me feel as if I’m 60 years old

DESCRIBING PICTURES

Use: at the top, at the bottom, in the background, in the foreground. On the right, on the left,……….

But also:Speculating: might be / may be/ could be/ must be…

Focus on the people and their body language, say who you think they are and what you think they’re doingShe looks beautiful (repasar emotions)She looks like a rich womanShe looks as if she’s waiting for someone.

INFINITIVE “TO” GERUND “-ING”1.- After an adjectiveEx. It’s difficult to study the list

1.- After a prepositionEx. It depends on learning it well

2.- PurposeEx. I’m going to mercad to buy some food. Also we can indicate purpose with “for”For buying some food.

2.- As a subjectEx. Smoking is bad for you

3. List (hope, need, want….) 3.- List (like, enjoy,..)

Aclaración PURPOSE:

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1.- FORTo describe the purpose of SOMETHING use For + -ing.

Ex. What is a hair dryer for?A hair dryer is for drying hair.

What is this program for?This computer program is for editing videos

My lips are for kissing!

Be quiet! A library is for studying, not for socializing!

2.- TO

To describe the purpose of SOMEONE use infinitive.

Ex. what do you use the hair dryer for?I use the hair dryer to dry my hair

Why did you go to the store?I went to the store to buy some milk.

I use my lips to kiss

Be quiet! I come to the library to study, not to socialize.

LIST

Verbs with “to” Verbs with “ing”Decide to Want to Teach Enjoy Admit RiskForget to Remind to tend Finish Avoid suggestHelp to Refuse to threaten Go on Can’t helpHope to Advise to Hate Can’t standLearn to Invited to Like Carry onNeed to Agree Love DenyOffer to appear Don’t mind FancyPlan to Be able to Spend Give upPretend Can’t wait Stop Keep onPromise to Decide Keep ImagineWhere to go Expect miss InvolveWould like to happen regret MindCan’t afford have Look forward to missUsed to manage It’s worth “going” PostponeI wasn’t used to seem I think “running” practise

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o We can use these 3 verbs with “to” and “-ing” without changing their meaning :

BEGINSTARTCONTINUE

o These 3 verbs change their meaning if we use them with “to” or “-ing”:REMEMBERTRYFORGET

o With the following verbs, we use infinitive without “to”MAKELETWOULD RATHERHAD BETTER

o With these verbs we you are speaking in general, we use –ing:LOVE, LIKE, HATE, PREFER, ENJOYEx. I like readingI love swimming

But if you are speaking about specific, we use “to” (although we always can use –ing and it will be ok).Ex. I like to read Jane Austen’s novelsI like to swim in my pool

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