gramatika en intermidiat - srednji nivo

1. Present Simple and Present Continuous Tense 12. Past Simple Tense 73. Adjectives 124. Question Tags 135. Past Continuous Tense 146. Used to, Be Used to 167. Present Perfect Continuous Tense 188. Modal Verbs 219. Adverbs 2410. Reported Speech 2511. Relative Clauses 2712. Passive Voice 3013. Causative Have 3114. The First Conditional 3215. The Second Conditional 3316. Past Perfect Tense 3317. Past Perfect Continuous Tense 3618. Past Modal Verbs 3819. The Third Conditional 39

1. Present Simple and Present Continuous TenseJedinica: 1 od 50The Present Simple Tense (sadanje prosto vreme)Simple Present Tense (Prosto sadanje vreme) se gradi od osnovnog oblika glagola (infinitiv bezto). Na primer, infinitiv sa to glagolaraditiglasito worka infinitiv bez to glasiwork. Za sva lica osim za tree lice jedninepotvrdni oblikprostog sadanjeg vremena glasi work. Za tree lice se dodaje s.

Potvrdni oblikJednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

I work Ja radimWe work Mi radimo

You work Ti radiYou work Vi radite

He works On radiShe works Ona radiIt works Ono radiThey work Oni rade

Nastavak su treem licu jednine moe imati razliite oblike. Ukoliko se glagol zavrava na vokalonastavak e glasiti es, kao u primeru glagolagokoji u 3. licu jednine glasigoesili glagoldokoji u 3. licu jednine glasidoes.Ukoliko se glagol zavrava na ch, -sh, -x, -ss, nastavak takoe glasi es. Na primer: He teaches(teach predavati). She washes(wash prati). He kisses(kiss ljubiti). She fixes(fix popravljati).

Ako se glagol zavrava na yi ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik, yprelazi u ie. Na primer: He cries (cry -plakati). It flies (fly leteti).

Ako je ispred ysamoglasnik, nema promene. She plays (play igrati). He stays (stay ostati).

Izuzetak je glagolhave(imati) koji u treem licu glasihas.Upitni oblikUpitni oblik glagola uPresent Simple Tense-u se gradi od pomonog glagolaDo, odnosnoDoes(za tree lice jednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola. Sva pitanja se u engleskom jeziku dele naYes/Nopitanja iWh- pitanja. Yes/No nemaju upitnu re i na njih se moe odgovoriti sa Da ili Ne. Wh- pitanja poinju upitnom reju a one su: when, what, why, where, how, how much, how many...

Upitni oblik Yes/No questionsJednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

Do I work? Da li ja radim?Do we work? Da li mi radimo?

Do you work? Da li ti radi?Do you work? Da li vi radite?

Does he work? Da li on radi?Does she work? Da li ona radi?Does it work? Da li ono radi?Do they work? Da li oni rade?

NaYes/No pitanjase odgovara kratkim odgovorima (Short answers) na sledei nain:Jednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

DoI work? Yes, Ido/ No, Idon'tDowe work? - Yes, wedo/ No, wedon't

Doyou work? Yes, youdo/ No, youdon't.Doyou work? Yes, youdo/ No, youdon't

Doeshe work? Yes, hedoes/ No, hedoesn'tDoesshe work? Yes, shedoes/ No, shedoesn'tDoesit work? Yes, itdoes/ No, itdoesn'tDothey work? Yes, theydo/No, theydon't

Upitni oblik Wh- questionsJednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

Where do I work? Gde ja radim?Where do we work? Gde mi radimo?

Where do you work? Gde ti radi?Where do you work? Gde vi radite?

Where does he work? Gde on radi?Where does she work? Gde ona radi?Where does it work? Gde ono radi?Where do they work? Gde oni rade?

Odrini oblikOdrini oblik se gradi od odrinog obika pomonog glagolaDo(odnosnoDoesza tree lice jednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.Jednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

Ido not (don't) work Ja ne radimWe do not(don't)work Mi ne radimo

You do not(don't)work Ti ne radiYou do not(don't)work Vi ne radite

He does not(doesn't)work On ne radiShe does not(doesn't)work Ona ne radiIt does not(doesn't)work Ono ne radiThey do not(don't)work Oni ne rade

UpotrebaProsto sadanje vreme se koristi za:1. Radnje koje se ponavljaju (navike, obiaji, rutine) Iget upat 6 o'clock.- Ja ustajem u 6 sati. Shewearsuniform at work.- Ona nosi uniformu na poslu. The Englishdrinktea at 5 o'clock in the afternoon.- Englezi piju aj u 5 sati popodne.

U ovom smislu se mogu koristiti i prilozi i fraze za uestalost (rei koje oznaavaju koliko esto se deava radnja). To su: Always - uvek usually - obino often - esto sometimes - ponekad never - nikad every day - svakog dana every month - svakog meseca every year - svake godine, i sl. once a year - jedanput godinje twice a day - dvaput dnevno three times a week - triput nedeljno, i sl.

Prilozialways,usually,often,sometimes,neverdolaze pre glavnog glagola u potvrdnom obliku. Frazeevery day,every month,twice a year... najee dolaze na kraju reenice. Ialwaysgo to school at 8 o'clock in the morning. - Ja uvek idem u kolu u 8 sati ujutru. Sheusuallydrinks tea in the evening. - Ona obino pije aj uvee. Wenevereat in the living room. - Mi nikad ne jedemo u dnevnoj sobi.2. Opte istine (neto to je uvek tano): Peoplechangemoney in banks.- Ljudi menjaju novac u bankama. A dayhas24 hours.- Dan ima 24 asa. The Earthgoesaround the Sun.- Zemlja se okree oko Sunca. The Savaflowsinto the Danube.- Sava se uliva u Dunav.

3. Karakteristike subjekta: HespeaksEnglish very well.- On dobro govori engleski. My sisterplaysthe piano.- Moja sestra svira klavirPresent Continuous Tense (Sadanje trajno vreme)Present Continuous Tense (Sadanje trajno vreme) se gradi od glagola TO BE u Present Simple Tense-u (Prostom sadanjem vremenu), tj.is/am /are+present participle(sadanji particip) glavnog glagola.Sadanji participse gradi kada se nainfinitivdoda nastavak ing: go going sleep sleeping work working

Ako se glagol zavrava na jedan suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak, naglaen samoglasnik, krajnji se suglasnik ispred ingudvostruava. Na primer: hit udariti particip: hitting stop prestati particip: stopping permit dopustiti particip: permitting begin poeti particip: beginning

Krajnje lse uvek udvostruava. Na primer:travel putovati particip: travelling


I am working Ja radimWe are working Mi radimo

You are working Ti radiYou are working Vi radite

He is working On radiShe is working Ona radiIt is working Ono radiThey are working Oni rade

Upitni oblikUpitni oblik Yes/No questionsJednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

Am I working? Da li ja radim?Are we working? Da li mi radimo?

Are you working? Da li ti radi?Are you working? Da li vi radite?

Is he working? Da li on radi?Is she working? Da li ona radi?Is it working? Da li ono radi?Are they working? Da li oni rade?


AmI working? Yes, Iam/ No, I`mnotArewe working? - Yes, weare/ No, wearent

Areyou working? Yes, youare/ No, youarentAreyou working? Yes youare/ No, youarent

Ishe working? Yes, heis/ No, heisntIsshe working? Yes, sheis/ No, sheisntIsit working? Yes, itis/ No, itisnt


Where am I working? Gde ja radim?Where are we working? Gde mi radimo?

Where are you working? Gde ti radi?Where are you working? Gde vi radite?

Where is he working? Gde on radi?Where is she working? Gde ona radi?Where is it working? Gde ono radi?Where are they working? Gde oni rade?

Odrini oblikOdrini oblik Present Continuous Tense-a (Sadanjeg trajnog vremena) se gradi ododrinog oblika pomonog glagola TO BEu sadanjem vremenu iPresent Participle-a (sadanjeg participa) glavnog glagola.Jednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

I am not (I'm not) working Ja ne radimWe are not (aren't) working Mi ne radimo

You are not (aren't) working Ti ne radiYou are not (aren't) working Vi ne radite

He is not (isn't) working On ne radiShe is not (isn't) working Ona ne radiIt is not (isn't) working Ono ne radiThey are not (aren't) working Oni ne rade

UpotrebaPresent Continuous Tense (Sadanje trajno vreme) se koristi za: Radnju koja se deava u trenutku govora, te se stoga uz njega esto nalaze vremenske odrednice now (sada) i at the moment (u ovom trenutku): She is reading a book at the moment. - Ona trenutno ita knjigu. Privremenu radnju: We're living in my sister's flat until we find a new house to buy. - ivimo u kui moje sestre dok ne naemo novu kuu da kupimo. Planove vezane za budunost: I am visiting my sister next weekend. - Sledeeg vikenda u posetiti svoju sestru.

Glagoli koji se ne upotrebljavaju u Present Continuous-uJedan broj glagola najee ne moe da bude upotrebljen u trajnim vremenima. Najvaniji od njih su: hear uti, see videti taste okusiti smell mirisati remember setiti se understand razumeti wish eleti want hteti know znati itd.

Oni se, umesto u Present Continuous Tense-u, koriste u Present Simple Tense-u. I heara noise in the next room. - ujem nekakvu buku u susednoj sobi. Stop!Don't you seethe red light? - Stani! Zar ne vidi crveno svetlo? This caketastesgood. - Ovaj kola ima dobar ukus. Do you rememberour first dance? - Sea li se naeg prvog plesa? I wishyou a lot of happiness. - elim vam mnogo sree. I knowthat youdon't understandme. - Znam da me ne razumete.

2. Past Simple TenseJedinica: 4 od 50The Past Simple Tense (prolo prosto vreme) glagola TO BEPotvrdni oblikPotvrdni oblik glagolTO BE(biti) u prostom prolom vremenu glasi:Jednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

I was Ja sam bioWe were Mi smo bili

You were Ti si bioYou were Vi ste bili

He was On je bioShe was Ona je bilaIt was Ono je biloThey were Oni su bili

I was at the theatre last night.- Ja sam sino bio u pozoritu. My sister and her best friend were in London three years ago.- Moja sestra i njen najbolji prijatelj su pre tri godine bili u Londonu. David was in Sarajevo last summer.- Dejvid je bio u Sarajevu prolog leta.Upitni oblikUpitni oblik glagola TO BE u Simple Past Tense-u se gradi inverzijom glagola TO BE i line zamenice.Upitni oblik Yes/No questionsJednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

Was I? Da li sam ja bio?Were we? Da li smo mi bili?

Were you? Da li si ti bio?Were you? Da li ste vi bili?

Was he? Da li je on bio?Was she? Da li je ona bila?Was it? Da li ono bilo?Were they? Da li su oni bili?


WasI? Yes, Iwas/ No, Iwasn'tWerewe? Yes, wewere/ No, weweren't

Wereyou? Yes, youwere/ No, youweren'tWereyou? Yes, youwere/ No, youweren't

Washe? Yes, hewas/ No, hewasn'tWasshe? Yes, shewas/ No, shewasn'tWasit? Yes, itwas/ No, itwasn'tWerethey? - Yes, theywere/ No, theyweren't


Where was I? Gde sam ja bio?Where were we? Gde smo i bili?

Where were you? Gde si ti bio?Where were you? Gde ste vi bili?

Where was he? Gde je on bio?Where was she? Gde je ona bila?Where was it? Gde je ono bilo?Where were they? Gde su oni bili?

Wereyou at home last night?- Da li si sino bio kod kue? Wereyour parents in Belgrade last summer?- Da li su tvoji roditelji bili u Beogradu prolog leta? WasI clear?- Da li sam bio jasan? WherewereMarko and Sandra three days ago?- Gde su bili Marko i Sandra pre tri dana? Whywashe here?- Zato je on bio ovde?

Odrini oblikOdrini oblik glagolaTO BEuPast Simple Tense-u (Prolom prostom vremenu) glasi:Jednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

I was not (wasn't) Ja nisam bioWe were not (weren't) Mi nismo bili

You were not (weren't) Ti nisi bioYou were not (weren't) Vi niste bili

He was not (wasn't) On nije bioShe was not (wasn't) Ona nije bilaIt was not (wasn't) Ono nije biloThey were not (weren't) Oni nisu bili

My fatherwasn'there yesterday.- Moj otac jue nije bio ovde. Her sister and Johnweren'tin Madrid last summer.- Njen sestra i Don nisu bili u Madridu prolog leta. Sandrawasn'thappy when she was a child.- Sandra nije bila srena kada je bila dete. Iwasn'till yesterday.- Jue nisam bio bolestan.

The Simple Past Tense (prosto prolo vreme)Simple Past Tense (Prosto prolo vreme)pravilnih glagola se gradi odosnovnog oblika glagola(infinitiv bez to) i nastavka ed.


I worked Ja sam radioWe worked Mi smo radili

You worked Ti si radioYou worked Vi ste radili

He worked On je radioShe worked Ona je radilaIt worked Ono je radiloThey worked Oni su radili

Ako se infinitiv glagola zavrava na e, nastavak glasi d He closed(close zatvoriti)

Ako se glagol zavrava na yi ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik, yprelazi u i. He cried(cry -plakati)

Ako je ispred ysamoglasnik, nema promene. She played(play igrati) He stayed(stay ostati)

Ukoliko se infinitiv zavrava na jedan suglasnik ispred koga je kratak, naglaen samoglasnik, taj krajnji suglasnik se podvostruava pred nastavkom za Simple Past Tense. plan planned (planirati) stop stopped (zaustaviti)

Nepravilni glagoli imaju posebne oblike za prolo vreme i oni se ue napamet.

Upitni oblikUpitni oblik glagola u Simple Past Tense-u se gradi od pomonog glagolaDou prolom vremenu koji glasiDidi osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.Upitni oblik Yes/No questionsJednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

Did I work? Da li sam ja radio?Did we work? Da li smo mi radili?

Did you work? Da li si ti radio?Did you work? Da li ste vi radili?

Did he work? Da li je on radio?Did she work? Da li je ona radila?Did it work? Da li je ono radilo?Did they work? Da li su oni radili?


DidI work? Yes, Idid/ No, IdidntDidwe work? Yes, wedid/ No, wedidnt

Didyou work? Yes, youdid/ No, youdidntDidyou work? Yes you did / No, youdidnt

Didhe work? Yes, hedid/ No, he didntDidshe work? Yes, shedid/ No, she didntDidit work? Yes, itdid/ No, it didntDidthey work? Yes, theydid/ No, theydidnt


Where did I work? Gde sam ja radio?Where did we work? Gde smo mi radili?

Where did you work? Gde si ti radio?Where did you work? Gde ste vi radili?

Where did he work? Gde je on radio?Where did she work? Gde je ona radila?Where did it work? Gde ono radilo?Where did they work? Gde su oni radili?

Nepravilni glagoligrade upitni oblik na isti nain.Subjekatska pitanja (Subject questions)Kada jeupitna re subjekatreenice, glagol stoji u potvrdnom obliku. Ovakvo pitanje se naziva subjekatsko. U reenici:Who told you that?(Ko ti je to rekao?)Whoje subjekat, za razliku od:Who did you see last night?(Koga si video sino?) gde jeWhoobjekat.Odrini oblikOdrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika pomonog glagola Do u prolom vremenu i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.Jednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

I did not (didn't) work Ja nisam radioWe did not (didn't) work Mi nismo radili

You did not (didn't) work Ti nisi radioYou did not (didn't) work Vi niste radili

He did not (didn't) work On nije radioShe did not (didn't) work Ona nije radilaIt did not (didn't) work Ono nije radiloThey did not (didn't) work Oni nisu radili

Nepravilni glagoligrade odrini oblik na isti nain.

UpotrebaProsto prolo vreme se koristi za radnju koja je zavrena u prolosti. Karakteristine vremenske odrednice uz koje se upotrebljava su:Yesterday jue,the day before yesterday prekjue,two years ago pre dve godine,three hours ago pre tri sata,last Monday prolog ponedeljka,last year prole godine,in 1977 1977.-e i sl. Iworkedin a shop last year.- Radio sam u prodavnici prole godine. My brotherfinishedhis homework an hour ago.- Moj brat je zavrio domai pre sat vremena. Last week wedecidedto buy a new house.- Prole nedelje smo odluili da kupimo novu kuu. Sandraclosedthe window a few minutes ago.- Sandra je zatvorila prozor pre nekoliko minuta. My fatherbuiltthis house in 1997.- Moj otac je sagradio ovu kuu 1997.-e The day before yesterday Markoboughta nice hat.- Prekjue je Marko kupio lep eir.

3. AdjectivesJedinica: 8 od 50Adjectives Ending in ing or ed (pridevi koji se zavravaju na ing ili -ed)

"-ing pridevi" (Adjectives) opisuju situaciju, osobu ili stvar: an interestinglife interesantan ivot a boringteacher dosadan profesor an excitingfilm uzbudljiv film

"-ed pridevi" (Adjectives) opisuju kako se neko osea: I'm very interestedin modern art.- Ja sam veoma zainteresovan za modernu umetnost. We were boredat the end of the lesson.- Bilo nam je dosadno na kraju lekcije. Shes excitedabout going on holiday tomorrow.- Ona je uzbuena zbog sutranjeg odlaska na odmor.

Evo jo nekoliko primera: I'm confusedby this confusing letter.- Ja sam zbunjen ovim zbunjujuim pismom. I am boring.- Ja sam dosadan. I am bored.- Meni je dosadno. She was very surprisedwhen he came.- Ona je bila veoma iznenaena kada je on doao. It was very surprisingthat he came.- Bilo je veoma iznenaujue to je on doao

4. Question TagsJedinica: 11 od 50Da bi se napravio upitni izraz koji odgovara izrazuzar ne, u srpskom jeziku, u engleskom koristimo pomone i nepotpune glagole. Ukoliko je reenica potvrdna, nakon nje se koristi upitno-odrini oblik pomonog glagola: You have finished your homework,haven't you?- Zavrio si domai zadatak, zar ne? She's working in the garden,isn't she?- Ona radi u bati, zar ne? Sanja goes to school,doesn't she?- Sanja ide u kolu, zar ne? There is a fridge in your kitchen,isn't there?- U tvojoj kuhinji se nalazi friider, zar ne? Martha bought a lovely dress yesterday,didn't she?- Marta je jue kupila divnu haljinu, zar ne? He was out when she came,wasn't he?- On je bio napolju kada je ona dola, zar ne?

Ukoliko je reenica odrina, koristi se upitni oblik pomonog glagola. Marko didn't buy the car,did he?- Marko nije kupio auto, zar ne? Sandra isn't a student,is she?- Sandra nije student, zar ne? Stefan doesn't speak English,does he?- Stefan ne govori engleski, zar ne? Milica won't come tomorrow,will she?- Milica nee doi sutra, zar ne? I`m not good at singing,am I?- Nisam dobra u pevanju, zar ne?

Upitna re izaI amglasiaren't I. I'm new here,aren't I?- Ja sam nov ovde, zar ne?

Iza imperativa, upitni izraz (Question Tag) glasiwill youi neto drugaije se prevodi na srpski jezik. Open the window,will you?- Otvori prozor, hoe li? Don't speak so loud,will you?- Nemoj govoriti tako glasno, hoe li?

Upitni izraz (Question Tag) nakon Let's (Let us) glasishall we. Let's go to the theatre tonight, shall we?- Hajdemo veeras u pozorite, hoemo li? Let's start, shall we?- Hajde da ponemo, hoemo li?

5. Past Continuous TenseJedinica: 13 od 50Past Continuous Tense (Prolo trajno vreme)se gradi od glagola TO BE u Past Simple Tense-u (Prostom prolom vremenu), tj.was/wereipresent participle-a (sadanjeg participa) glavnog glagolaPotvrdni oblikJednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

I was working Ja sam radioWe were working Mi smo radili

You were working Ti si radioYou were working Vi ste radili

He was working On je radioShe was working Ona je radilaIt was working Ono je radioThey were working Oni su radili

Upitni oblikUpitni oblik glagola u Past Continuous Tense-u (Prolom trajnom vremenu) se gradiinverzijom(u odnosu na potvrdni oblik)pomonog glagola TO BE(u prolom vremenu) iline zamenice.Upitni oblik Yes/No questionsJednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

Was I working? Da li sam ja radio?Were we working? Da li smo mi radili?

Were you working? Da li si ti radio?Were you working? Da li ste vi radili?

Was he working? Da li je on radio?Was she working? Da li je ona radila?Was it working? Da li je ono radilo?Were they working? Da li su oni radili?


Was I working? Yes, I was / No, I wasn'tWere we working?- Yes, we were / No, we weren't

Were you working? Yes, you were / No, you werentWere you working? Yes you were /No, you weren't

Was he working? Yes, he was / No, he wasn'tWas she working? Yes, she was / No, she wasn'tWas it working? Yes, it was / No, it wasn'tWere they working?Yes, they were / No, they weren't


Where was I working? Gde sam ja radio?Where were we working? Gde smo mi radili?

Where were you working? Gde si ti radio?Where were you working? Gde ste vi radili?

Where was he working? Gde je on radio?Where was she working? Gde je ona radila?Where was it working? Gde je ono radilo?Where were they working? Gde su oni radili?

Odrini oblikOdrini oblik Past Continuous Tense-a (Prolog trajnog vremena) se gradi od odrinog obika pomonog glagolaTO BEu prolom vremnu iPresent Participle-a (sadanjeg participa) glavnog glagola.Jednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

I was not (I wasn't) working Ja nisam radioWe were not (weren't) working Mi nismo radili

You were not (weren't) working Ti nisi radioYou were not (weren't) working Vi niste radili

He was not (wasn't) working On nije radioShe was not (wasn't) working Ona nije radilaIt was not (wasn't) working Ono nije radiloThey were not (weren't) working Oni nisu radili

UpotrebaPast Continuous Tense (Prolo trajno vreme) se koristi za: Radnju koja je u prolosti due vreme trajala: Shewas readinga book all day yesterday.- Ona je ceo dan jue itala knjigu. Dve radnje koje su se u prolom vremenu paralelno deavale: While Iwas watchingTV, my sisterwas doingher homework.- Dok sam ja gledao TV, moja sestra je radila svoj domai. Prolu radnju koja je due trajala a prekinuta je nekom drugom prolom radnjom. Ta druga radnja se obino izraava prostim prolim vremenom (Past simple tense): Iwas watchingTV when the telephonerang.- Ja sam gledao TV kada je telefon zazvonio. When wearrivedtheywere playingcards.- Kada smo stigli oni su igrali karte.Napomena: Glagoli koji se ne koriste u Present Continuous Tense-u, ne koriste se ni u Past Continuous Tense-u. Umesto njih se obino koristi glagol u Past Simple Tense-u.

6. Used to, Be Used toJedinica: 15 od 50Glagolska konstrukcijaUsed To+infinitivse koristi kada govorimo o radnjama koje su se nekada deavale ili o naim ranijim navikama i stalnim deavanjima koja se vie ne ponavljaju. Iused to goto school but I have a job now.- Nekada sam ila u kolu ali sada radim. Sheused to get upat 6 every morning until she started working in the afternoon.- Nekada je svako jutro ustajala u 6 sati dok nije poela da radi popodne.

KonstrukcijaBe Used To+Present Participlese koristi kada govorimo o stvarima na koje smo se navikli i najee se koristi u sadanjem vremenu. I amused to livingwith my sister.- Navikla sam se da ivim sa sestrom. Theyare used to livingin Australia even though it is so far away.- Navikli su se da ive u Australiji iako je tako daleko.

Present Perfect and Past Simple TenseJedinica: 17 od 50Present Perfect Tensese koristi kada govorimo o radnjama koje su se dogodile u neodreenom trenutku u prolosti. Mary has travelled to America.- Meri je putovala u Ameriku. I have broken my leg.- Slomila sam nogu.

Karakteristine vremenske odrednice:ever,never,just,yet,already,since,for,lately,recently,this morning,this summer...Past Simplee se upotrebiti kada imamo vremensku frazu koja nam jasno ukazuje na to kada se neto odigralo u prolosti.Karakteristine vremenske odrednice:yesterday,last month,last summer,three days ago,in 1989,when I was a child... Mary travelled to Americalast year.- Meri je putovala u Ameriku prole godine. I broke my legwhen I was ten.- Slomila sam nogu kad mi je bilo deset godina.Izuzetak jeIN THE LASTkoji zahteva upotrebu Present Perfect vremena.Kada opisujemo odreeni dogaaj esto emo praviti kombinacije ova dva vremena. Kada navodimo injenicu do koje je dolo moemo upotrebiti Present Perfect. Ali ve svaka druga detaljnija informacija vezana za tu situaciju e biti izraena Past Simple Tense-om. I have lost my wallet. - Izgubila sam novanik. It happened in a supermarket.- To se desilo u supermarketu. I came to the cashier but there wasn`t a wallet in my bag.- Dola sam na kasu ali novanik nije bio u torbi. I was desperate.- Bila sam oajna.

Uz re when ide Past Simple Tense, jer se trai tano vreme u prolosti. Have you ever been to England?- Da li si ikada bio u Engleskoj? Yes, I have.- Da, jesam. When did you go there?- Kada si iao tamo? I went there three years ago.- Iao sam pre tri godine.

7. Present Perfect Continuous TenseJedinica: 19 od 50Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Sadanje svreno trajno vreme) se gradi od glagola TO BE u Present Perfect Tense-u (Sadanjem svrenom vremenu), tj.have/has beenipresent participle-a (sadanjeg participa) glavnog glagola.


I have been working Ja sam radioWe have been working Mi smo radili

You have been working Ti si radioYou have been working Vi ste radili

He has been working On je radioShe has been working Ona je radilaIt has been working Ono je radiloThey have been working- Oni su radili

Upitni oblikUpitni oblik glagola u Present Perfect Continuous Tense-u (Sadanjem svrenom trajnom vremenu) se gradi kao upitni oblik Present Perfect Simple Tense-a tj.inverzijom(u odnosu na potvrdni oblik)pomonog glagola TO HAVEiline zamenice.Upitni oblik Yes/No questionsJednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

Have I been working? Da li sam ja radio?Have we been working? Da li smo mi radili?

Have you been working? Da li si ti radio?Have you been working? Da li ste vi radili?

Has he been working? Da li je on radio?Has she been working? Da li je ona radila?Has it been working? Da li je ono radilo?Have they been working? Da li su oni radili?


HaveI been working? Yes, Ihave/ No, Ihaven'tHavewe been working? - Yes, wehave/ No, wehaven't

Haveyou been working? Yes youhave/ No, youhaven'tHaveyou been working? Yes, youhave/ No, youhaven't

Hashe been working? Yes, hehas/ No, hehasn'tHasshe been working? Yes, shehas/ No, shehasn'tHasit been working? Yes, ithas/ No, ithasn'tHavethey been working? Yes, theyhave/ No, theyhaven't


Where have I been working? Gde sam ja radio?Where have we been working? Gde smo mi radili?

Where have you been working? Gde si ti radio?Where have you been working? Gde ste vi radili?

Where has he been working? Gde je on radio?Where has she been working? Gde je ona radila?Where has it been working? Gde je ono radilo?Where have they been working? Gde su oni radili?

Odrini oblikOdrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika glagolaBE(u Present Perfect Simple Tensu) iPresent Participle-a glavnog glagola.Jednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

I have not (haven't) been working Ja nisam radioWe have not (haven't) been working Mi nismo radili

You have not (haven't) been working Ti nisi radioYou have not (haven't) been working Vi niste radili

He has not (hasn't) been working On nije radioShe has not (hasn't) been working Ona nije radilaIt has not (hasn't) been working Ono nije radiloThey have not (haven't) been working Oni nisu radili

UpotrebaSadanje svreno trajno vreme se koristi za:Radnju koja je zapoeta u prolosti, jo uvek traje i moe se nastaviti u budunosti. She has been learning English for three years.- Ona ui engleski ve tri godine.

U ovom kontekstu koristimo prilogeforisince.Foroznaava ukupan vremenski period trajanja radnje. I have been swimming for an hour.- Plivam ve sat vremena.

Sinceoznaava poetak deavanja radnje. I have been living here since 1998.- ivim ovde od 1998.

Radnju koja se do skoro deavala i ostavila jasne posledice u sadanjosti: It has been raining. The ground is still wet.- Padala je kia. Zemlja je jo mokra.

Napomena:Kao to se iz prethodnih primera moe videti, Present Perfect Continuous Tense se moe prevesti i sadanjim vremenom, u zavisnosti od konteksta.

Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Simple Tensese koristi kada govorimo o radnjama koje su se dogodile u neodreenom trenutku u prolosti i gde je jasno naznaeno da je radnja zavrena. Tako je pri upotrebi Present Perfect Tense-a subjekat vie zainteresovan za rezultat radnje. Mary has bought a new car.- Meri je kupila novi auto. I have broken my leg.- Slomila sam nogu.

Present Perfect ContinuousTense se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama za koje nismo sasvim sigurni da su zavrene.Ovim vremenom istiemo da smo vie zainteresovani za duinu trajanja radnje nego posledice koje ona ostavlja. He has been working for the same company since 1966.- On radi za istu kompaniju od 1966. godine. I have been talking to my sister for more than two hours.- Razgovarala sam sa svojom sestrom vie od dva sata.

Tako se Present Perfect Simple koristi uzHow muchiHow many, a Present Perfect Continuous Tense uzHow long. How many cakes have you made?- Koliko kolaa si napravila? How much sugar have you bought?- Koliko eera si kupio? How long have you been making cakes?- Koliko dugo pravi kolae?Razliku emo videti i u primerima: I have read a book. You can have it back. - Proitala sam knjigu.Moe je uzeti natrag. I have been reading a book, so you can't have it back.- itam knjigu, pa je ne moe uzeti natrag.

U prvoj reenici radnja je kompletirana dok u drugoj nije.U nekim sluajevima oba vremena se mogu koristiti sa istim znaenjem. esto sa glagolimaLiveiWork. I have been working for this company for 5 years.- Radim za ovu kompaniju ve 5 godina. I have worked for this company for 5 years.- Radim za ovu kompaniju ve 5 godina. I've been living in London since 1997.- ivim u Londonu od 1997.-e I've lived in London since 1997.- ivim u Londonu od 1997.-e

U sluajevima kada je duina trajanja radnje naglaena, koristiemoPresent Perfect Continuous. I have been working here for ages.- Radim ovde ve godinama.

8. Modal VerbsJedinica: 21 od 50Modalni glagolisu glagoli nepotpunog znaenja, koji odgovaraju naim: moi, hteti, umeti, smeti...U engleskom jeziku oni imaju tri vane karakteristike.1. trae dopunu u vidu infinitiva bezto2. imaju isti oblik za sva lica3. u odrinom i upitnom obliku ne koriste glagolto do

Mustje jedan od modalnih glagola koji oznaava postojanjeobaveze(obligation). To je najee obaveza koja dolazi od prvog lica, tzv. unutranja obaveza. I must call my sister tonight.- Moram da pozovem sestru veeras. She must win the competition.- Ona mora da pobedi na takmienju.

Glagolska konstrukcijahave toima slino znaenje kao imust. Razlika je u tome tohave tooznaava obavezu koja dolazi od drugog lica, tzv. spoljanja obaveza. To se uglavnom odnosi na pravila i zakone koji su nam propisani. Children have to go to school.- Deca moraju da idu u kolu. You have to fill in this form to get a visa.- Morate da ispunite ovaj formular da biste dobili vizu.

Glagol Have to se takoe koristi umesto modalnog glagolamustu prolom i buduem vremenu, jermustnema oblike za njih. I had to leave the house at 4 because I had a meeting at 5.- Morao sam da odem iz kue u 4 zato to sam imao sastanak u 5. You didn't have to come if you didn't want to.- Nisi morao da doe ako nisi eleo. I'll have to find a better job.- Morau da naem bolji posao.

Treba voditi rauna o tome da Have to nije modalni glagol.

Mustn'tje odrian oblik glagolamusti oznaavazabranu(prohibition). You mustn't smoke in the classroom.- Ne smete puiti u uionici. We mustn't play with matches.- Ne smemo se igrati sa ibicama.

Canoznaava postojanjesposobnosti(ability) u sadanjosti dokcan'toznaava nepostojanje sposobnosti. I can play the guitar.- Umem da sviram gitaru. She can`t drive a car.- Ona ne ume da vozi auto.

Couldgovori o sposobnosti koja je postojala nekada u prolosti. S tim u vezicouldn'toznaava nepostojanje sposobnosti u prolosti. Michael could climb trees as a child.- Majkl je mogao da se penje na drvee kao dete. I couldn't read when I was 4.- Nisam umela da itam kada mi je bilo 4 godine.

Za sposobnost ili mogunost u prolosti, koristi se jo i glagolbe able to I wasn't able to come yesterday.- Nisam mogao jue da doem.

Razlika u upotrebicouldiwas/were able tose ogleda u tome to secouldkoristi zageneralnu sposobnost(general ability) u prolosti, dokwas/were able toza sposobnostu nekoj specifinoj situaciji(ability on a specific occasion). Kada ima znaenje uspeti neto uraditi = manage I could drive when I was nineteen.- Umeo sam da vozim auto kada sam imao devetnaest godina. The prisoner was able to escape by climbing over the wall.- Zatvorenik je uspeo da pobegne tako to se popeo na zid.

Be able to se takoe koristi za budunost. I'll be able to come tomorrow.- Moi u sutra da doem.

Can/can'tmoe znaiti i imati / nematidozvolu(permission) da neto uradite. You can leave the room.- Moete da napustite prostoriju. We can't vote if we are 16.- Ne moemo da glasamo ako imamo 16 godina.

Should/shouldn't(trebalo bi/ne bi trebalo) se koriste za davanjesaveta,predloga,sugestija(advice,suggestions). Mary should go home. She has high temperature.- Meri bi trebalo da ode kui. Ima visoku temperaturu. You shouldn't walk alone by night. It is dangerous.- Ne bi trebalo da eta sam nou. Opasno je.

May/Mightse koriste da oznaeverovatnou(probability) da e se neto desiti.Mightnosi neto manju mogunost da se radnja ostvari. It may rain. It is cloudy.- Moda e padati kia. Oblano je. It might rain. It is still sunny.- Moda e padati kia. Jo uvek je sunano.

Wouldse koristi za zamiljene situacije. esto se skrauje i glasi'd Where would you go?- Gde biste ili? I wouldn't go by plane.- Ne bih ila avionom. I'd stay at some hotel.- Odsela bih u nekom hotelu.

Znaenje modala se esto moe zameniti glagolskim konstrukcijama koje imaju gotovo identino znaenje.Obaveza (obligation) se osim saMUSTmoe izraziti i upotrebom konstrukcijeBE OBLIGED TOiBE SUPPOSED TOgde ova druga ima znaenje slabije obaveze koja je uglavnom rezultat pravila ili tradicije. She is obliged to attend the meeting tomorrow.- Ona ima obavezu da prisustvuje sastanku sutra. They are supposed to kiss at the end of the wedding ceremony.- Oni treba da se poljube na kraju obreda venanja.

Davanje ili oduzimanje dozvole se izraava i konstrukcijomBE ALLOWED TO. We are allowed to enter the temple.- Dozvoljeno nam je da uemo u hram.

Ovom konstrukciojm moemo i zabranjivati. You are not allowed to smoke in the classroom.- Ne dozvoljava ti se da pui u uionici.

KonstrukcijeTO BE ABLE TOiTO HAVE TOsu ranije objanjene.

9. AdverbsJedinica: 24 od 50Prilozi su rei koje blie odreuju glagole, prideve i druge priloge.Najvei broj priloga se gradi tako to se na osnovu prideva doda nastavak ly: quick + -ly =quickly(brzo) easy + -ly =easily(lako) beautiful + -ly =beautifully(lepo) gentle + -ly =gently(neno)Neki prilozi imaju potpuno isti oblik kao pridevi. Takvi su sledei prilozi: fast(brzo) hard(teko) late(kasno) early(rano)

Prilog koji odgovara pridevugood(dobar) je nepravilan i glasiwell.Prilozi se najee nalaze na kraju reenice. Prilozi stoje iza direktnog objekta, ako on postoji, inae posle glagola sledeim redom: prilog za nain (manner), prilog za mesto (place), prilog za vreme (time). I didn't feelwellat workyesterday morning.- Nisam se oseala dobro na poslu jue ujutru.

Wellje prilog za nain,at workza mesto, ayesterday morningza vreme.Ako u jednoj reenici postoji vie priloga za vreme, na prvo mesto dolazi onaj koji pokazuje blie vreme. The next class is on Monday, April 27th, 2005.- Sledei as je u ponedeljak, 27.-og aprila 2005.-e.

10. Reported SpeechJedinica: 26 od 50Doslovno navoenje neijih rei se naziva direktni govor (Direct Speech). Mark said: "I have bought a new car."- Mark je rekao: "Kupio sam novi auto." Sandra: "Peter is doing his homework."- Sandra: "Piter radi domai."

Meutim, prepriavanje neijih rei se naziva indirektni govor (Reported Speech ili Indirect Speech)Prilikom prebacivanja direktnog govora u indirektni, deavaju se izvesne promene. Mark said (that) he had bought a new car.- Marko je rekao da je kupio novi auto. Sandra said (that) Peter was doing his homework.- Sandra je rekla da Piter radi svoj domai.Statements (izjavne reenice)Pri prebacivanju direktnih potvrdnih i odrinih izjavnih u indirektni govor one se obino uvode glagolomsay. Mogu se meutim upotrebiti jo neki glagoli sa slinim znaenjem: tell(rei), add(dodati), answer(odgovoriti), declare(izjaviti).

Nakon ovih glagola moe doi veznikthat, ali to nije obavezno. U indirektnom govoru dolazi do obaveznogslaganja vremena. Ako je uvodni glagol (say, tell...) u prolom vremenu, dolazi do promene vremena iz direktnog govora. He said: "I am a teacher."- On je rekao: "Ja sam nastavnik." He said that he was a teacher.- On je rekao da je on nastavnik. "Mary is reading a book." Meri ita knjigu." She said that Mary was reading a book.- Ona je rekla da Meri ita knjigu. Sarah: "John bought a present for his wife."- Sara: "Don je kupio poklon svojoj eni." Sarah said that John had bought a present for his wife.- Sara je rekla da je Don kupio poklon svojoj eni. Milan: "They are working in the garden." -Milan: "Oni rade u bati." Milan said that they were working in the garden.- Milan je rekao da oni rade u bati. "We have made a cake."- "Napravili smo tortu." They said that they had made a cake.- Oni su rekli da su napravili tortu. Mark: "Paul will do it." "Mark: Pol e to uraditi." Mark said that Paul would do it.- Mark je rekao da e to Pol uraditi.

Evo do kojih promena u vremenima dolazi pri slaganju vremena. Present Simple Tense prelaziuPast Simple Tense Present Continuous Tenseprelazi uPast Continuous Tense Present Perfect Tenseprelazi uPast Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tenseprelazi uPast Perfect Continuous Tense Past Simple Tenseprelazi uPast Perfect Tense Past Continuous Tenseprelazi uPast Perfect Continuous Tense Willprelazi uWould Shallnajee prelazi uWouldiliShould Canprelazi uCould Mightse ne menja ShouldiOught tose ne menjaju Mustprelazi uHad to

Takoe se deavaju i promene u vremenskim odrednicama: Todaypostaje that day Yesterdaypostajethe day before The day before yesterdaypostajetwo days before Tomorrowpostajethe next dayilithe following day The day after tomorrowpostajeIn two days' time Next weekpostajethe following week A year agopostajea year beforeilithe previous year Mary: "I met himthe day before yesterday." - Meri: "Srela sam ga prekjue." Mary said she had met himtwo days before. - Meri je rekla da ga je srela prekjue. John: "I'll cometomorrow." - Don: "Doi u sutra." John said he wouldcome the next day. - Don je rekao da e doi sutra.

Questions (upitne reenice)Pri prebacivanju direktnih pitanja u indirektna vodi se rauna o tome da li je pitanje tipa Yes/No (bez upitne rei) ili Wh- pitanje (sa upitnom rei). Reenice se uglavnom uvode glagolimaask(pitati),inquire(pitati, raspitivati se),want to know(eleti znati),wonder(pitati se)Ako se radi oYes/No pitanjimanakon uvodnog glagola dolaziif(iliwhether) a zatim prepriano pitanje. Pravilo o slaganju vremena vai i ovde. Ann: "Are you English?"- En: "Da li ste vi Englezi?" Ann asked if they were English- En je pitala da li su oni Englezi.

Obratite panju da je red rei izaifkao u potvrdnoj reenici. Evo jo nekoliko primera: Sandra: "Can John play the piano?"- Sandra: "Da li Don zna da svira klavir?" Sandra wanted to know if John could play the piano.- Sandra je htela da zna da li Don zna da svira klavir. Mark : "Do you work in a bank?"- Mark: "Da li radi u banci?" Mark asked whether I worked in a bank.- Marko je pitao da li radim u banci. Mario: "Has anyone been to Madrid?"- Mario: "Da li je iko bio u Madridu?" Mario wanted to know if anyone had been to Madrid.- Mario je hteo da zna da li je iko bio u Madridu.

Ako se radi oWh-pitanjimaifnije potrebno. Wh- pitanja poinju upitnim reimaWhen,Which,Who,Why... Ivana: "Where does Mary live?"- Ivana: "Gde ivi Meri?" Ivana asked where Mary lived.- Ivana je pitala gde Meri ivi. Tom: "Why has Ann gone?"- Tom: "Zato je En otila?" Tom wanted to know why Ann had gone.- Tom je eleo da zna zato je En otila.

Orders (naredbe)Naredbe se najee uvode glagolomtell(rei). Jo se javljajuorder,command(oba u znaenju narediti) dok se molbe uvode glagolomask(zamoliti).Glagoltellzahteva iza sebe direktan objekat.Imperativiz direktnog govora postajeinfinitivu indirektnom, doknegativni imperativ(prohibitiv) postajenegativni infinitiv. Ann: "Open the window."- En: "Otvori prozor." Ann told me to open the window.- En mi je rekla da otvorim prozor. Ann: "Don't open the window."- En: Nemoj da otvori prozor. Ann told me not to open the window.- En mi je rekla da ne otvaram prozor. Tom: "Please, pass me the glass, John."- Tom: "Molim te, Done, dodaj mi au." Tom: "John, will you pass me the glass, please."- Done, da li bi mi dodao au, molim te." Tom: "John, could you pass me the glass, please."- Done, da li bi mogao da mi doda au." (su molbe i kao takve se u indirektnom govoru uvode na isti nain, glagolom ask) Tom asked John to pass him a glass.- Tom je zamolio Dona da mu doda au.

11. Relative ClausesJedinica: 28 od 50Odnosne reenice se dele na dve grupe: Odredbene odnosne reenice (Defining relative clauses) i umetnute odnosne reenice (Non-defining relative clauses).

Defining Relative Clauses (odredbene odnosne reenice)Odredbena odnosna reenica (Defining relative clause) blie odreuje imenicu ili zamenicu na koju se odnosi. Ona se ne moe izostaviti jer bez nje reenica ili nema smisao ili ga menja. The police have caught the thiefwho stole the jewels.- Policija je uhvatila lopova koji je ukrao dragulje.(who stole the jewelsje odredbena odnosna reenica (defining relative clause))

Ove reenice poinju odnosnim zamenicamawho,whose,whom,which,that.Kada govorimo oljudima, koristimowhoilithat. I talked to the manwhowon the race. ili I talked to the manthatwon the race. - Razgovarao sam sa ovekom koji je pobedio u trci.

Kada govorimo ostvarimailiivotinjamakoristimowhichilithat. I liked the carwhichmy father bought. ili I liked the carthatmy father bought. - Svideo mi se auto koji je kupio moj otac.

Kada odnosna zamenica menja prisvojnu zamenicu (his,her,their...) koristimowhose(iji, ija, ije) Marko is the boywhoseparents live in our neighbouhood. - Marko je deak iji roditelji ive u naem kraju.

Odnosne zamenicewho,thatiwhichmogu bitisubjekatiliobjekatodnosne reenice. Na primer u reenici: I talked to the manwhowon the race (who je subjekat)ili u reenici: Thatis the dog that attacked me (that je takoe subjekat reenice)

Meutim, u reenici: The letterwhichshe sent me was nice (which je objekat)

Ili u reenici: The manthatI met yesterday was very kind (that je takoe objekat)

Kada je odnosna zamenica objekat reenice ona se moe izostaviti. The man that I met yesterday was very kind - The man I met yesteday was very kind. The letter which she sent me was nice. - The letter she sent me was nice.

Whomse koristi umestowhoilithatkada predstavlja objekat, pa se moe rei i: The manwhomI met yesterday was very kind.

Zamenicawhomse retko koristi u govornom jeziku.Odredbene odnosne reenice se ne odvajaju zarezom od glavne reenice.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses (umetnute odnosne reenice)Umetnuta odnosna reenica (Non-defining Relative Clause) daje dodatno obavetenje o glavnoj reenici koje nije bitno za znaenje reenice kao celine. Glavna reenica bi i bez nje imala smisla. Belgrade,which is the capital of Serbia,has about 2 milion inhabitants. - Beograd, koji je glavni grad Srbije, ima oko 2 miliona stanovnika.

which is the capital of Serbiaje umetnuta odnosna reenica (non-defining relative clause) i odvaja se zarezima od glavne reenice.

Odnosne reenice poinju odnosnim zamenicamawho,which,whomiwhose.U umetnutim odnosnim reenicama zastvariiivotinje, koristi se odnosna zamenicawhich(ali ne ithatkao to je sluaj sa odredbenim odnosnim reenicama). Mary gave the book,whichshe had already read, to her best friend - Meri je knjigu, koju je ve bila proitala, dala svojoj najboljoj drugarici.

U umetnutim odnosnim reenicama zaosobekoristimo odnosnu zamenicuwho(ali ne ithatkao to je sluaju sa odredbenim odnosnim reenicama). Ivo Andric,whowas born in Travnik, was a great writer. - Ivo Andri, koji je roen u Travniku, bio je veliki pisac.

U sluajevima kada jewho objekatreenice, umesto njega se moe koristitiwhom. Milan,whomI saw yesterday, is today in London - Milan, koga sam jue video, je danas u Londonu.

Varijanta sawho: Milan,whoI saw yesterday, is today in London - je manje formalna i ee se koristi.

U znaenju njegov (his), njen (her), njihov (their) koristimowhose. Madonna,whoseparents were born in Italy, is a famous American singer - Madona, iji su roditelji roeni u Italiji, je poznata amerika pevaica.

Whichse takoe moe odnositi ne samo na re iza koje stoji ve i na itavu reenicu. She gave me her watch as a present,whichwas very nice of her. - Dala mi je svoj sat na poklon, to je bilo veoma lepo od nje.

12. Passive VoiceJedinica: 31 od 50Glagoli imaju dva stanja:aktivili radno stanje ipasivili trpno stanje.Ako subjekat reenice vri radnju, onda je glagol uaktivu. Somebodycleansthe office every day. - Neko isti ovu kancelariju svakog dana.

Ako subjekat reenice trpi radnju, onda je glagol uPasivu. The officeis cleanedevery day. - Ova kancelarija se isti svakog dana.

Objekataktivne reenice (the office) postajesubjekatpasivne reenice i dolazi na poetak reenice, aglavni glagol(clean) se stavljau pasiv(is cleaned).Pasiv se gradi od odgovarajueg oblika glagolato beipast participle-a (prolog participa) glavnog glagola.Tako e usadanjem vremenupasiv glagola clean glasiti: am cleaned,are cleaned,is cleaned(u zavisnosti od lica)

a uprolom vremenu: was cleaned,were cleaned(u zavisnosti od lica)

Reenica koju smo imali u sadanjem vremenu, ovako bi izgledala u prolom: Somebodycleanedthe office yesterday - Neko je jue oistio ovu kancelariju. (aktiv) The officewas cleanedyesterday - Ova kancelarija je oiena jue. (pasiv)

Ostala vremena pasivaPresent Continuous Somebodyis cleaningthe office. (aktiv) The officeis being cleaned. (pasiv)

Past Continuous Somebodywas cleaningthe office. (aktiv) The officewas being cleaned. (pasiv)

Present Perfect Somebodyhas cleanedthe office. (aktiv) The officehas been cleaned. (pasiv)

Past Perfect Somebodyhad cleanedthe office. (aktiv) The officehad been cleaned. (pasiv)

Modali Somebodywill cleanthe office. (aktiv) The officewill be cleaned. (pasiv) Somebodycan cleanthe office. (aktiv) The officecan be cleaned. (pasiv)

UpotrebaPasiv se koristi:Kada ne znamo ko je izvrio radnju: The house was built in the 19th century.- Kua je izgraena u 19.-om veku.

Kada izvrilac radnje nije bitan: Wine is served during the lunch.- Vino se slui tokom ruka.

Ako elimo da oznaimo izvrioca radnje, koristimo predlogby: These cakes have been made by my mother.- Ove kolae je napravila moja majka.

Napomena:Samo prelazni glagoli (glagoli koji imaju objekat iza sebe) mogu da se stave u pasiv.

13. Causative HaveJedinica: 34 od 50Causative have je konstrukcija koja oznaava radnju koju za subjekta izvrava neko drugo lice. Postoji ustaljeni obrazac koji glasi:SUBJECT + HAVE + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE

gde se glagol HAVE menja po vremenima na standardan nain. Ihad my house repaintedlast month.- Okreili su mi kuu prolog meseca. Shemust have had her hair cut. It looks much shorter!- Mora da je skratila kosu. Kosa joj izgleda mnogo kraa.

Nekada glagol HAVE u ovakvoj konstrukciji moe imati drugaije znaenje, pa esto dobija znaenje iskusiti, osetiti, rezultovati. My brotherhad his nose brokenin a fight.- Mom bratu su polomili nos u tui. Theyhave a lot of money savedto buy a new car.- Oni imaju dosta uteenog novca za kupovinu auta.

14. The First ConditionalJedinica: 36 od 50Conditional Sentences (uslovne/pogodbene reenice)Kondicionali (uslovne reenice)su zavisne reenice koje se uvode veznikomif(ako). U zavisnosti od toga kolika je mogunost za ostvarenje radnje svi kondicionali se dele naprvi,drugiitrei kondicional.

The First Conditional (prvi kondicional)Prvi kondicional se jo naziva i realni. Sam naziv kae da postoji velika mogunost za ostvarenje radnje koja se uslovljava. Kao i u svakoj sloenoj reenici, razlikujemokondicionalnu(uslovnu) reenicu iglavnureenicu.Uslov se u prvom kondicionalu izraava uPresent Simple Tense-u, dok se u glavnoj reenici javlja Future Simple (will+infinitiv bezto). If youfinishyour homework on time, youwill geta good mark. - Ako zavri domai zadatak na vreme, dobie dobru ocenu. If shespendsall the money, shewill not goshopping. - Ako potroi sav novac, ona nee ii u kupovinu.

Kaovarijacijeprvog kondicionala javljaju se sledee izmene.Umesto oblikawill+infinitivmogu se javiti ostalimodalni glagolisainfinitivom. If youwantto lose weight, youshould/musteatless bread. - Ako eli da oslabi, trebalo bi / mora da jede manje hleba. If everythingisin order, youmay/canleaveat once - Ako je sve u redu, moe odmah otii.

U glavnoj reenici se moe desiti da se takoe javiPresent Simple Tense. To se deava kada govorimo o naunim injenicama ili drugim izvesnim radnjama. If youheatice itturnsto water. - Ako zagreva led pretvorie se u vodu. If thereisan economy crisis pricesgo up. - Ako nastane ekonomska kriza cene rastu.

15. The Second ConditionalJedinica: 38 od 50Drugi kondicional nosi sa sobom manju verovatnou da e se radnja ostvariti iako to nije potpuno nemogue.Uslov se izraavaPast Simple Tense-om, dok se u glavnoj reenici nalazi modalni glagolwould + infinitiv bez to. If Ihada map, Iwould lendit to you. - Kad bih imala mapu, pozajmila bih ti je. If someonestolemy car, Iwould callthe police. - Kad bi mi neko ukrao auto, pozvala bih policiju.

Proli oblik glagola TO BE se esto u drugom kondicionalu javlja samo kaoWEREza sva lica. If Iwereyou, Iwouldn'tdo that. - Da sam ja na tvom mestu, ne bih to uradila.

Varijacijese takoe mogu javiti u oblikumodalnih glagolakoji zamenjujuwould+infinitivu glavnoj reenici. If Iknewhis number, Icould ringhim up. - Kad bih znala njegov broj, mogla bih da ga pozovem. If youtriedagain, youmight succeed. - Kad bi ponovo pokuao, moda bi uspeo.

16. Past Perfect TenseJedinica: 40 od 50Past Perfect Tense (Davno prolo vreme)se gradi od pomonog glagola TO HAVE u Past Simple Tense-u (prolom prostom vremenu), tj.hadipast participle-a (prolog participa) glavnog glagola.


I had (I'd) worked Ja sam bio radioWe had (We'd) worked Mi smo bili radili

You had (You'd) worked Ti si bio radioYou had (You'd) worked Vi ste bili radili

He had worked (He'd) On je bio radioShe had worked (She'd) Ona je bila radilaIt had worked (It'd) Ono bilo je radiloThey had (They'd) worked Oni su bili radili

Jednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

I had (I'd) slept Ja sam bio spavaoWe had (We'd) slept Mi smo bili spavali

You had (You'd) slept Ti si bio spavaoYou had (You'd)slept Vi ste bili spavali

He had (He'd) slept On je bio spavaoShe had (She'd) slept Ona je bila spavalaIt had (It'd) slept Ono je bilo spavaloThey had (They'd) slept Oni su bili spavali

Upitni oblikUpitni oblik glagola u Past Perfect Tense-u (Sadanjem svrenom vremenu) se gradiinverzijom(u odnosu na potvrdni oblik)pomonog glagola TO HAVE(u prolom vremenu) iline zamenice.Jednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

Had I worked? Da li sam ja bio radio?Had we worked? Da li smo mi bili radili?

Had you worked? Da li si ti bio radio?Had you worked? Da li vi ste bili radili?

Had he worked? Da li je on bio radio?Had she worked? Da li je ona bila radila?Had it worked? Da li je ono bilo radilo?Had they worked? Da li su oni bili radili?


HadI worked? Yes, Ihad/ No, Ihadn'tHadwe worked? - Yes, wehad/ No, wehadn't

Hadyou worked? Yes, youhad/ No, youhadn'tHadyou worked? Yes youhad/ No, wehadn't

Hadhe worked? Yes, hehad/ No, hehadn'tHadshe worked? Yes, shehad/ No, shehadn'tHadit worked? Yes, ithad/ No, ithadn'tHadthey worked? Yes, theyhad/ No, theyhadn't


Where had I worked? Gde sam ja bio radio?Where had we worked?-Gde smo mi bili radili?

Where had you worked? Gde si ti bio radio?Where had you worked? Gde ste vi bili radili?

Where had he worked? Gde je on bio radio?Where had she worked? Gde je ona bila radila?Where had it worked? Gde je ono bilo radilo?Where had they worked?Gde su oni bili radili?

Odrini oblikOdrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika prolog vremena glagolaHaveiPast Participle-a glavnog glagola.Jednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

I had not (hadn't ) worked Ja nisam bio radioWe had not (hadn't) worked Mi nismo bili radili

You had not (hadn't) workedTi nisi bio radioYou had not (hadn't) worked Vi niste bili radili

He had not (hadn't) worked On nije bio radioShe had not (hadn't) worked Ona nije bila radilaIt had not (hadn't) worked Ono nije bilo radiloThey had not hadn't)worked Oni nisu bili radili

UpotrebaThe Past Perfect Tense (Davno prolo vreme) se upotrebljava za:Radnju koja se zavrila pre neke druge prole radnje. She suddenlyfoundthat shehad losther camera. - Odjednom je shvatila da je izgubila foto aparat.

The Past Perfect Tense se upotrebljava u zavisnim reenicama uzafter. Takoe se mogu pojaviti i priloziwhenibecause. After wehad reachedthe top, webeganto feel tired. - Poto smo se popeli na vrh poeli smo da oseamo umor. His friendstriedto help him after hehad lostall his money. - Prijatelji su pokuali da mu pomognu nakon to je izgubio sav svoj novac. When hehad finishedhis homework, hewentto play. - Kada je zavrio domai, izaao je da se igra. Because he'd spentso much, hehadvery little money. - Poto je bio potroio toliko, imao je vrlo malo novca.

17. Past Perfect Continuous TenseJedinica: 42 od 50Past Perfect Continuous Tense(davno prolo trajno vreme) se gradi od glagolaTO BEu Past Perfect Tense-u i Present participle-a (sadanjeg participa) glavnog glagola."Potvrdni oblikJednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

Ihad (I'd) been working Ja sam bio radioWe had been working (We'd) Mi smo bili radili

You had (You'd) been workingTi si bio radioYou had been working (You'd) Vi ste bili radili

He had been working (He'd) On je bio radioShe had been working (She'd) Ona je bila radilaIt had been working (It'd) Ono je bilo radiloThey had been working (They'd) Oni su bili radili

Odrini oblikOdrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblikaHAVE u past Perfect Tense-u iPresent Participle-a glavnog glagola.Jednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

I had not (hadn't ) been working Ja nisam bio radioWe had not (hadn't) been working Mi nismo bili radili

You had not (hadn't) been workingTi nisi bio radioYou had not (hadn't) been working Vi niste bili radili

He had not (hadn't) been working On nije bio radioShe had not (hadn't) been working Ona nije bila radilaIt had not (hadn't) been working Ono nije bilo radiloThey had not hadn't) been working Oni nisu bili radili

Upitni oblikUpitni oblik glagola u Past Perfect Continuous Tense-u (davnom prolom trajnom vremenu) se gradi upitnim oblikom glagolaTO HAVE(u Past Perfect Simple vremenu).Jednina (singular)Mnoina (plural)

Had I been working? Da li sam ja bio radio?Had we been working? Da li smo mi bili radili?

Had you been working? Da li si ti bio radio?Had you been working? Da li ste vi bili radili?

Had he been working? Da li je on bio radio?Had she been working? Da li je ona bila radila?Had it been working? Da li je ono bilo radilo?Had they been working?Da li su oni bili radili?


HadI been working? Yes, Ihad/ No, Ihadn'tHadwe been working? - Yes, wehad/ No, wehadn't

Hadyou been working? Yes, you had / No, youhadn'tHadyou been working? Yes youhad/ No, youhadn't

Hadhe been working? Yes, hehad/ No, hehadn'tHadshe been working? Yes, shehad/ No, shehadn'tHadit been working? Yes, ithad/ No, ithadn'tHadthey been working? Yes, theyhad/ No, theyhadn't


Where had I been working? Gde sam ja bio radio?Where had we been working? Gde smo mi bili radili?

Where had you been working? Gde si ti bio radio?Where had you been working? Gde ste vi bili radili?

Where had he been working? Gde je on bio radio?Where had she been working? Gde je ona bila radila?Where had it been working? Gde je ono bilo radilo?Where had they been working? Gde su oni bili radili?

UpotrebaThe Past Perfect Continuous Tense se upotrebljava za radnju koja je trajala do nekog trenutka u prolosti. Tako se ne naglaava da je radnja zavrena nego se potencira njeno trajanje.esto se uz ovo vreme koristeforisince. When we came Sally had been waiting for half an hour.- Kad smo mi stigli, Seli je ekala ve pola sata. When I called on him he had been reading for a while.- Kada sam ga posetio, on je itao ve neko vreme.

18. Past Modal VerbsJedinica: 44 od 50Modalni glagoli se mogu kombinovati sa prolim infinitivom (Perfect Infinitive).Perfect Infinitive se gradi od glagolaHAVEiPast Participaglavnog glagola npr. have been, have taken, have goneShould(ilishouldn't) u kombinaciji sa prolim infinitivom oznaava radnju koja je u prolosti bila pogrena ili zbog koje se subjekt kaje. I should have listened to your advice.- Trebalo je da posluam tvoj savet. She shouldn't have given up her job.- Nije trebalo da da otkaz na poslu.

Shouldse esto koristi za kritikovanje nekoga. You shouldn't have worn that dress in the street.- Nije trebalo da nosi tu haljinu na ulici.

Modalni glagolimay,mighticouldse kombinuju sa prolim infinitivom kada govorimo o tome da se neto moda desilo u prolosti. The child might have imagined the situation.- Dete je moda izmislilo situaciju. I might have done the right thing.- Moda sam uinila pravu stvar. They could have played a trick on you.- Moda su te prevarili.

Musticantse koriste uz proli infinitiv kada govorimo o tome da se neto sigurno desilo ili se sigurno nije desilo u prolosti. She must have been terrified.- Mora da je bila preplaena. Robert cant have spoken to Mr. Markovi. He doesnt know a word of Serbian.- Robert sigurno nije razgovarao sa gospodinom Markoviem. On ne zna ni re srpskog.Modali se mogu kombinovati i sa Perfect Continuous Infinitivom.Perfect Continuous Infinitivese gradi odHAVE BEENiPresent Participaglavnog glagola, npr. have been reading, have been travelling.Znaenja koja smo pomenuli e ostati ista, jedino se panja usmerava na trajanje radnje. Mark must have been trying to tell you something with such a sad face.- Mark je sigurno pokuavao da ti neto kae sa tako tunim licem. She might have been listening to you talking on the phone.- Moda te je sluala dok si razgovarao telefonom.

19. The Third ConditionalJedinica: 46 od 50Trei kondicionaloznaava zamiljenu ili potpuno nerealnu situaciju. On nam daje do znanja da vie ne postoji mogunost za ostvarenje radnje.Uslov se izraavaPast Perfect Tensom, dok se u glavnoj reenici nalazi modalni glagolwould+proli infinitivbezto.Proli infinitiv(Perfect Infinitive) je oblik infinitiva koji se gradi od glagolaHAVE+PAST PARTICIPglavnog glagola, npr.have been,have gone,have taken... If Ihad seenhim, Iwould have toldhim the news. - Da sam ga videla, rekla bih mu vesti. If someonehad stolenmy car, Iwould have calledthe police. - Da mi je neko ukrao auto, pozvala bih policiju.

Varijacijese takoe mogu javiti u obliku razliitih modalnih glagola koji zamenjujuwouldu glavnoj reenici. If hehad invitedme, Imight have cometo the party. - Da me je pozvao, moda bih i dola na zabavu. If the policehad comeon time, theycould have caughtthe burglar. - Da je policija dola na vreme, moda bi uhvatili provalnika.

U uslovnoj reenici se takoe mogu javiti neke varijacije. Umesto Past Perfect Tensa moe se javitiPast Perfect Continuous Tense. If wehad been travellingby car, the accidentmight not have happenedat all. - Da smo putovali autom, moda do nesree ne bi ni dolo.

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