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Grammar Book Part 2 Carla Gilbert

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Page 1: Gramer book #2

Grammar Book Part 2

Carla Gilbert

Page 2: Gramer book #2

Table of Contents

• Imperfect• Preterite– -car, -gar, -zar– Spock– Cucaracha– Snake and Snakey

• Modal Verbs• Adverbs• Progressive– Past, present

•Future• Irregular• Conditional•Superlatives•Formal Commands•Prepositions• Demonstratives

Page 3: Gramer book #2

Imperfecto

• When is it used?– Ongoing action (was/were)– Repeated action–No definite beginning or end– Time, date, age, feelings, descriptions– Interrupted activity (cuando)

Page 4: Gramer book #2

Imperfect endings

-ar -ir/-er

Yo -aba -ía

Tú -abas -ías

Él/ella/ Ud. - aba -ía

Nosotros -ábamos -íamos

Vosotros -abais -íais

Ellos/ellas/ Uds.

-aban -ían

Page 5: Gramer book #2

IrregularsIr Ser Ver

Yo iba era Veía

Tú ibas Eras Veías

Él/ella/ Ud. iba Era Veía

Nosotros íbamos Éramos Veíamos

Vosotros ibais Erais Veíais

Ellos/ellas/ Uds.

iban eran veían

Page 6: Gramer book #2

Preterite –car, -gar, -zar

• Irregular in yo form only

Tocar Jugar Comenzar

Toqué Jugué Comencé

Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste

Tocó Juegó Comenzó

Tocamos jugamos Comenzaron

Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron

Page 7: Gramer book #2

Spock Irregulars

• Hacer (did)– Hiciste– Hizo– Hicimos– Hicieron

• Dar/Ver (gave/went)– i– iste– io– imos– ieron

HACER

DAR

VER

IR

SER

•Ir/Ser-Fui-Fuiste-Fue-Fuimos-Fueron

Page 8: Gramer book #2

Cucaracha (Irregular Preterite)

Andar Anduv-

Estar Estuv-

Poder Pus-

Querer Quis-

Venir Vin-

Decir Dij-

Traer Traj-

Conducir Conduj-

Producir Produj-

Traducir Traduj-

Yo e

Tú iste

él o

Nosotros imos

Ellos ieron

Drop “i” sound in third person plural

Page 9: Gramer book #2

Snake and Snakey (Preterite with a Y Spelling Change)

• Snake– Stem

Changers• Dormir

– Dormí – Dormimos– Dormiste– Durmió– Dumieron

• Snakey– Y Changers• Leer

– Leí – Limos– Leiste– Leyó– Leyeron

Page 10: Gramer book #2

Modal Verbs

• Conjugate and pair the modal verbs with an infinitive to get a new meaning– Ir + a + infinitive (going to do

something)– Poder + infinitive (are able to do

something)– Querer + infinitive(want to do

something)– deber + infinitive (should do something)– Tener que + infinitive (to have to do

something)– Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed

to…)

Page 11: Gramer book #2

Adverbs

• Most are made be adding –mente to the feminine singular form of an adjective

• When two adverbs modify the same ver, only the second one uses the –mente ending. The first is kept in the feminine singular form.

• Irregulars–Mucho, bien, nunca, muy, ya, poco, mal,

tan, peor, bastante, pemasiado, siempre

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Progressive Tense

• Present– Formed by combining the verb “to be”

with the present participle– Conjugate estar + -ando/iendo/yendo• Estoy hablando a ti.

• Past– Conjugate estar with present participle• Estaba hablando a ti.• Estabamos estudiando para la examin.

Page 13: Gramer book #2

Future Tense

• Infinitive +

Yo é

Tu ás

El/ Ella á

Nosotros emos

Ellos/ellas án

• The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.

Page 14: Gramer book #2

Irregular Future• decir dir- to say • haber habr- there to be

[impersonal]; to have [helping verb]

• hacer har- to make, do • poder podr- to be able • poner pondr- to put, place, set • querer querr- to want, love • saber sabr- to know [a fact],

know how [+ infinitive] • salir saldr- to leave, go out • tener tendr- to have • valer valdr- to be worth • venir vendr- to come

Yo é

Tu ás

El/ Ella á

Nosotros

emos

Ellos/ellas

án

+

Page 15: Gramer book #2

Conditional

• Used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.

• Infinitive +

íaíasíaíamosíaisían

HablarHablaríaHablaríasHablaríaHablaríamosHablaríaisHablarían

Page 16: Gramer book #2

Superlatives

• When you want to say that something has the most or the least of a certain quality, use a superlative.

El más El menos

Los más Los menos

Las más La menos

Las más Las menos

• Luis es el más alto.• Mercedes es la menos consada.• Ivan prepara las comidas más sabrosas.

Page 17: Gramer book #2

Formal Commands• Ud./Usd. – put in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel.1. Start with the yo form of the present indicative.2. Then drop the -o ending.3. Finally, add the following endings:

-ar verbs:-e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.)-er and -ir verbs:-a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.)

Examples:– Hablen Uds. más lentamente.

Speak more slowly.– Coman Uds. la cena.

Eat the dinner.– Escriba Ud. la carta.

Write the letter.

Irregulars: TVDISHESTengaVeaDigaVayaHagaSepaEastaSea

Page 18: Gramer book #2

Prepositions

Abajo Below

Arriba Above

Debajo de Below

Dentro de Inside

Encima de On top of

Fuera da Outside

Page 19: Gramer book #2

Demonstratives

• Always agree in gender and in number with the noun they modify

• Always come in front of the noun they modify• Singular

– Este/esta- this (four letters-near)– Ese/esa- that (three letters- far)– Aquel/ aquella- That over there

• Plural– Estos/ estas- these– Esos/ esas- those– Aquellos/ aquellas- those over there

• Add accent mark over the “e” to make it a pronoun• Eso/esto/aquello neutral in gender