grammar 2 - prepositions and discourse markers

7/27/2019 Grammar 2 - Prepositions and Discourse Markers

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Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de LínguaInglesa e Novas Tecnologias -

Gramática II

Day I – Prepositions and Discourse Markers



Preliminary task 1



Preliminary task 2



Karl Marx and Alexis de Tocqueville agreed both with

one point: extreme poverty does not lead to uprising nor

to apathy.

Karl Marx and A lexis de Tocquevi l le bo th agreed

on one point : extreme poverty does no t lead to

up r is ing but rather to apathy.



RaIf Dahrendorf brought the issue to the fore once more in a

recent article. “The most critical segment of the population

by far – says he – is the one which had begun to make

progress to new and better conditions, but, at a certainpoint, found the path blocked. These are the groups which

rally to violent protests and end up bringing about great

changes”.

RaIf Dahrendorf brough t up the issue once again in a

recent article. “The most critical segment of the

population by far – says he – is the one which had

begun to m ake progress towards new and better

cond it ions, bu t, at a certain poin t, found th e path

blocked. These are the groups that rally to v iolent

protests and end up bringing about great changes”.



Dahrendorf predicted, obviously, the unfolding of the rising of the

Parisian outskirts, that has inspired additional turmoil in several

corners of Western Europe. I thought about Brazil, second in the

world in poor distribution of income, in which 70% of the familieslive, at most, on two minimum wages and 30% of the population

vegetates underneath the poverty line. Not to mention the heritage

of slavery which has left on the native backs the deep scar of the

whip.Dahrendorf predicted, of cou rse, the unfo ld ing o f the r is ing o f

the Par is ian outsk i r ts , which has insp ired addi t ional turmoi l

in several co rners o f Western Europe. I thought abou t Brazil ,

second in the wor ld in poor dis t r ibut ion o f income, where 70% of the fam i l ies l ive, at most, on two m inimum wages and

where 30% of the popu lat ion vegetates below the poverty

l ine. Not to mention the heri tage of slavery, the searing scars

on the backs o f the local popu lat ion.



CONCEPTUALIZING



The man is about to …



Who’s right? Two nativespeakers, two different views



• V: would you say "step in dog poop" or "step on dog

poop"?• S: would say both, depending on the quantity of the

poop.

• S: if it were a huge pile, then step in

• S: if it were a few turds, then step on

• V: if u used a pic of a guy about to step in

shit.....what would u tell sts?



• S: but as the expression goes put your foot IN it

• V: coz it`s soft and your foot goes in• S: exactly

• V: so, which is correct?

• V: step on a stone



• V: step on a box

• V: step in gum• V: in a puddle

• V: in mud

• S: as i told you it depends on the quantity IMHO, butthe natural tendency is to step in poop



Container, Flat surface or Point?

• a room - C

• the beach – FS/P

• a plate - FS

• a bowl - C

• a platter or a tray - FS

• a roof - FS

• a river – C/FS/P

• a shelf- FS

• a cabinet – FS/C

• a bank – C/P

• a company – C/P

• a tree – C/P

Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua

Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -

Gramática II



Container, Flat Surface or Point?

• Christmas - P

• Weekend – FS/P

• Easter - P

• The winter, spring, summer, fall - C

• Sunday - FS

• Carnival - P

• A fortnight - C

• January - C



Gramática II



What’s the preposition?

• You can buy batteries at/in the corner shop.

• David is studying at university

• What's on at the cinema tonight?

• Is Sam on/in the basketball team?

• The library is not on this side of the street

• We sat in the living room and watched a great classic

movie.



Gramática II




• Mike worked at/in the airport for six years

• Go back to bed! You should be asleep.

• David is out. He is not at home

• The burglar climbed over the fence and into the

garden.

• It's not far. We're getting close to the station



Gramática II




• Jack was leaning on/against the wall

• I was under the impression that you liked it.

• You are liable for your son's debts as he is under age

• My mum went to hospital last week.

• Traveling in your own car is better than going on

foot.



Gramática II





Gramática II

NOUN OR NOUN PHRASE





Gramática II

Adverbial





Gramática II

Prepositions

Simple Complex



Usage

CollocationsRules





Gramática II

•Temperatures are sure to rise above 35 Celsius today.

•They live 1.000 meters above sea level.

• We are now flying over the famous mountain region.

• Wll I have to always be over what they are doing?





Gramática II

•Much of the area ravaged by the rains is known to be

below sea-level.

•The neighbors below are a noisy bunch..

• We are under orders of the President’s office..

• What is the subject currently under discussion?



– Who knows what lies beneath/underneath?

– I can't find anything underneath/under/beneath all that mess.

– I come from the land down under.



Gramática II



– Come sit near /close to me (anywhere in the

vicinity of) – Come sit next to me = Come sit beside me

– The closer I get to you, the more you make me

feel.

– The new mall is near the old train station



Gramática II



– That's a big box. I wonder what's inside (it).

– That's a big box. I wonder what's in it.

– Are you coming with us to the market? Hop in

(the car)! – Get inside the house now! You could get shot!


Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -Gramática II



• Is there a post office near here?

• After the play, we can do some shopping nearby.

• I'm trying to find a nearby service station.



– Could you send this invite out to everyone for

me? Thanks so much

– Could you send this invite out to everyone by the

end of the day?





– The notions of cartoon are important to Elena

Sisto, in that images from popular illustration and

comics come up in her paintings …

– Dr. Benton claims that breakfast is extremely

important for the elderly.





– Don't raise your voice at me young man!

– Throw the voice to me, so that I can hear you sing.





Simple prepositions

• Grammaticalized forms e.g. in, by

• Participles e.g. given, considering

• Compounds e.g. upon, into, onto, within,

notwithstanding• Affixation e.g. between, among, afore

• Loan words e.g. circa, re

• Adjectives e.g. nearby, nigh• Conjunctions e.g. but





Complex prepositions

• Adverb/Preposition + Preposition: along with, as for,

away from, out of, up to

• Verb/Adjective/Conjunction + Preposition: owing to,

due to, because of • Preposition + Noun + Preposition: by means of, in

comparison with, in front of



Translate or Rephrase the sentences below while

paying close attention to the words in bold.

• This is way past my comprehension.

– This is beyond me

• There were many arguments pending the negotiations

– There were many issues that depended on the negotiations for a

solution.• This is hopefully the first step towards a lasting peace

– This is hopefully the first push for a lasting peace.

• The problem is unlike any we have encountered before

– The problem is an unprecedented one.

• He broke his leg upon getting out of the car

– He broke his leg as he got out of the car.





Translate or Rephrase the sentences below while

paying close attention to the words in bold.

• It's a show à la CNN: same style, similar content

– The show has a CNN type of format (same style, similar

content)

• Nobody objected apart from the CFO. – Only the CFO objected to it.

• You are expected to work strictly as per the law

– You should do things by the book

• But for you, I'd have been on time

– If it hadn’t been for you, I’d have been on time





Why treat them as semantic units?

• Incorporation of verb meaning e.g. Up from

down Under

• Idiomatic nature e.g. I'm into you, I'm on the

case

• Lexicalizing nature e.g. The firefighters had

some trouble outing the fire.





• You have to get to school by 8:00 a.m.

• You have until 8:00 a.m. to get to school.

(until = no later than)

• I am to finish a task by sundown.

• I can finish a task until sundown.



Preposition or Adverb?

• Adverbials can come between verb and PP

(prepositional phrase):

– She took off her bandaid quickly (adverb)

– She jumped quickly off the chair. (preposition)





Preposition or Adverb?

• Only prepositions can be fronted :

– I picked up my things. (adverb)

– Up the hill they climbed. (preposition)





Adverbs can be one word or a phrase that works

adverbially. This phrase is usually formed by

• Preposition + noun phrase (article/adjective +

noun)



In English, the same word can function as

preposition and adverb, depending on its position

in the sentence

• Delegates were asked to kindly wait outside the

hall before being called.

•Question: where did they have to wait? Outside

the hall

• It’s 5 p.m. and there are still more than 40candidates waiting outside.

•Question: where did they have to wait? Outside



Adverb or preposition?

• At half time, one team was ahead by eight points.PREPOSITION

• A player threw the ball in from the sideline. ADVERB,

PREPOSITION

• We talked around during halftime. ADVERB, PREPOSITION

• After the game, the winners were given the championship

trophy inside the locker room. PREPOSITION, PREPOSITION

• Despite losing in the playoffs, that team had a winning record

for the season. PREPOSITION, PREPOSITION



P iti f iti ith h l b



Position of prepositions with phrasal verbs –

Correct or incorrect?

• Thieves broke in and got away with over 10 million in jewelry. CORRECT

• Burglars broke into the house while they were at the

opera. CORRECT• The bus drew UP at the traffic lights.

• The committee will draw up a list of demands.

CORRECT

• I've got so much work I'm really falling behind (WITH

IT).





Dependent prepositions

• Like in many languages, the use of a givenpreposition is determined by other word classes,

namely verbs, adjectives and nouns

• The choice of a given preposition is generallysemantically driven, although the relationship

between the word and its corresponding preposition

may not be clear, e.g. worried about





Adjective + preposition

• My granddad is very dependent ON my parents.

• The film is based ON a novel by Virginia Woolf.

• I know it's rusty and everything, but I'm so attached

TO it.• Bill is emotionally detached FROM his parents. He

hardly chats with them.

•MacDonald's has become synonymous WITH an

unhealthy diet.





Forming three-word phrasals

• I think we've just run out OF coffee. We will have toget some in the morning.

• Does anybody feel up TO Mick's party tonight?

• My boss asked me to stand in FOR him during hisweek off from the office.

• Being a father has helped him learn to face up TO his

responsibilities.





Forming three-word phrasals

• The Chief of Staff has been coming in FOR a showerof criticism for the way he has tried to make little of

the accusations against him of fraud and

embezzlement.

• I don't really go in FOR team sports; give me a tennis

racket or a pair of trainers any day!

• The troops plan to pull out OF the occupied

territories for economic reasons.





Verb + preposition

• The state-funded health service accounts FOR 85%of public spending.

• In times of trouble, you can always turn TO a friend.

• His conviction for reckless driving counted AGAINST him when he tried to renew his car insurance.

• Sometimes it seems almost impossible to keep up

WITH the latest news.





Prepositions in compound adjectives

• We had lunch at a DOWN-market restaurant the other day.Not surprisingly, the food was horrendous.

• Renowned linguist, Noam Chomsky is now a very OUTspoken

critic of the government's foreign policies.

• The army has been accused of using OVERwhelming force toquell the protests.

• After the corruption scandal that rocked the market, the

company now faces a (n) UPhill struggle to avoid further

losses.





Prepositions in compound adjectives

• I just received a BACKdated pay award, so thismonth's salary is a little larger than usual.

• Could you provide some BACKground information on

the company?• Stop behaving like a (n) OVERgrown boy, act your

age!

• She had the nerve to accuse me of stealing her

purse. The very thought is DOWNright outrageous!





Prepositions in idioms

• As mentioned before, several idiomatic expressionsare catalogued based on the head preposition e.g.

at, in , on

• It would be best to learn them as chunks, althoughthe semantic content may/may not be evident to or

felt by the user



Use the words in brackets to make idioms for




the underlined words

• He claimed he hadn't done it ON purpose.

• We admire her ON account of her intelligence.

• I don't want you to feel sorry FOR me.

• If you're IN doubt about what to write, it's best tomake notes beforehand.







the underlined words

• Love letters will never be OUT OF fashion becausepeople will always fall IN love.

• I know the person BY sight but not BY name.

• She's working much too hard AT the expense of herhealth.

• I wonder if you know what's on at the cinema, BY

(any) chance?



Form idioms with the parts underlined and the




preposition "at"

• The winners are selected AT random by a computer.

• It was a wonderful show – AT least I enjoyed it.

• It was a difficult problem and I was AT a loss (as to

what to do).• I'm sure that our friends will arrive AT any

minute/moment – AT least I hope so.

• If you need to stay overnight, please book a hotel

room AT our expense.







preposition "at"

• The hero was rescued AT the last moment.

• The show closed because it was running AT a loss.

• We were talking AT cross purposes.

• It's impossible to get tickets for such a popular showAT the last minute - you need to book AT LEAST six

months in advance.





Form idioms with "on“ to complete the blanks

• (At a restaurant) There are so many desserts ON themenu, but I won't have anything because I'm ON a

diet.

• I would like to thank you ON behalf of the entiresector and the board.

• He promised to help me ON the condition that I

returned the favor some other time.

• It was a long drive so we stopped ON the way tohave a meal.



Form idioms with the preposition "on“ to



Form idioms with the preposition on to

complete the blanks.

• How much does a bus driver earn ON average inyour country?

• Did you see the news ON TV last night?

• Trains leave every hour ON the hour.• It takes much longer to get there ON FOOT (BY

FOOT) than by bus.

• No, I don't dislike Chaplin at all; ON the contrary, I

admire him greatly.





Go to the icon below to read more about idioms

that begin with prepositions

http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/prepositions/idioms-that-begin-with-prepositions.html



Coordinatingconjunctions

Connectors

Subordinating

conjunctions

Phrase linkers

DiscourseMarkers

h h d



What they do

• Combine clauses or connect sentence elements

• Indicate a particular meaning relationship between

two or more clauses

h f



There are two types of sentences

• Compound sentences: – Using conjunctions

– Using connectors

• Complex sentences:

– Using subordinators

C di ti j ti



Coordinating conjunctions

• For (Reason)

• And (Addition)

• Nor (Negative Addition)

• But (Contrast, concession)

• Or (Choice)

• Yet (Contrast with unexpected result)• So (Result or consequence)

Ensino de Língua Inglesa e NovasTecnologias - Gramática II

C.C. join two independent clauses, separated by



C.C. join two independent clauses, separated by

comma

Independentclause ,

I have beento Thailand,

Coordinatingconjunction

BUT

independentclause

I haven’t

been to thePhilippines

A l k t C l ti C j ti



A look at Correlative Conjunctions

• Both . . . and . . .

• Either . . . or . . .

• Neither . . . nor . . .

• Hardly . . . when . . .• If . . . then . . .

• No sooner . . . than . . .

• Not only . . . but also

• Rather than … why …

• Scarcely . . . when

• What with . . . and• Whether . . . or



• Hardly had the men started training than theywere sent out to fight.

• Hardly had she opened her mailbox when she

got a notification of the message



• No sooner had I walked the door had than phone rang.



• Rather than criticizing your husband, why not find out if something is the matter.



• What with one thing and another, I didn’t go

to bed till after two in the morning.



He was determined both to beat the record

and to win over the crowd.



Connectors (adverbs, conjunctive adverbs) join

independent clauses with a semi colon or a



independent clauses with a semi-colon or a

period.

Independentclause ;

We were

late for themeeting;

Connector

THEREFORE,

independentclause

We had to

wait in theadjoiningroom

Connectors (adverbs, conjunctive adverbs) join



independent clauses with a semi-colon or a period.

Independentclause ;

We were

late for themeeting.

Connector

THEREFORE,

independentclause

We had to

wait in theadjoiningroom

Subordinating conjunctions join a dependent clause to



an independent clause.

Independentclause ;

i left early,

Subordinatingconjunction

BECAUSE

independentclause

I had an

interview thenext day

Subordinating conjunctions join a dependent clause to



an independent clause.

Independentclause ;

i left early,

Subordinatingconjunction

BECAUSE

independentclause

I had an

interview thenext day

Phrase linkers (prepositions or Adjective +

prepositional phrases) are transtitions at the beginning



prepositional phrases) are transtitions at the beginning

of sentences.

Prepositionalphrase Independentclause

Prepositionalphrase

In contrast to

westernsocieties,

Indepdendentclause

eastern

societiesvaluecommunity.

For more on discourse markers and their position in



sentences, functions etc., see the links below

http://www.sk.com.br/sk-conn.html

http://academics.smcvt.edu/cbauer-ramazani/AEP/BU113/English/discmarkers.htm



Correct the sentences below in accordance with

punctuation rules for discourse markers



• Although he had been an often decoratedsoldier during World War II and had fought

many battles for the losing cause of liberalism

in Congress, his memory is not celebratedtoday.



• Coach Espinoza really wants this job withNotre Dame University. She is very excited

about returning to the college she graduated

from.



• Professor Pepin spends a lot of timetranslating medieval texts on ancient

medicine, but he also stays informed about

the latest developments in modern asthmatreatments.



• Perplexed by the rising rates of inflation andalarmed by the decline in major construction

projects, foreign investors are looking for

more inviting markets.



• This is going to be the most difficult exam of your college career, so you had better start

studying for it immediately.

Using auxiliaries to avoid repetition



Using auxiliaries to avoid repetition

• Short answers: Should I revise for the test? Ithink you should

• Comments: "I thought the film was wonderful.""I didn't."

• Subsequent responses: "I wish you'd lock thedoor when you come in." "But I did!"

• With more than one auxiliary: "He could havebeen lying." "Yes, he could/he could have/he

could have been."

Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas

Tecnologias - Gramática II

Reduced infinitives



Reduced infinitives

• To give continuity to thoughts expressed,e.g. "Haven't you done the washing-up?" "No,I'm just about to."

• To respond politely, e.g. "Are you coming for a

walk?" “Sorry, but I won’t be able to." • To comment: She's less moody than she used

to be.



Participles/Relative pronouns/Reducedclauses



clauses

• I don't believe a word they say, given theynever tell the truth.

• The women hurt in the accident are said to

still be in critical condition at the emergencyward.

Some useful resources



Some useful resources

• Cassell's Students' English Grammar• Ways to Grammar

• Murphy's English Grammar

• Practical English Usage

• A Student's Grammar of the English Language

• The Good Grammar Book

• Advanced Language Practice



Online dictionaries



Online dictionaries

• www.macmillandictionary.com • www.oup.com/elt/oald

• www.dictionary.cambridge.org

• www.answers.com

• www.dictionary.com

• www.onelook.com

• http://englishpage.com/dictionaries/english_dictionary.html

• http://englishpage.com/prepositions/verb_preposition.html

• http://englishpage.com/prepositions/phrasaldictionary.html



Bibliography

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/

http://www.oup.com/elt/oald

http://www.dictionary.cambridge.org/

http://www.answers.com/

http://www.dictionary.com/

http://www.onelook.com/

http://englishpage.com/dictionaries/english_dictionary.html

http://englishpage.com/prepositions/verb_preposition.html

http://englishpage.com/prepositions/phrasaldictionary.html

http://englishpage.com/prepositions/phrasaldictionary.html

http://englishpage.com/prepositions/verb_preposition.html

http://englishpage.com/dictionaries/english_dictionary.html

http://www.onelook.com/

http://www.dictionary.com/

http://www.answers.com/

http://www.dictionary.cambridge.org/

http://www.oup.com/elt/oald

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/



1. BORDET, Lucile & JAMET, Denis. Are English Prepositions

grammatical or lexical morphemes? Cercles, Occasional Papers,

p.1-26. 20102. FEIST, Michele I. The changing shape of prepositional meanings.

In: CHAN, JACOB & KAPIA. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual

Boston University Conference on Language Development. Boston,

2008

3. GRUBIC, Bob. Those Problematic English Prepositions. Presented

at the CFI- Baci Conference, Long Beach, California. November 13,

2004.

4. LITTLEFIELD, Heather. Lexical and Functional Prepositions in

Acquisition: Evidence for a hybrid category. Boston University. 2006

5. MARIN, A.M. A Semantic Description of the Preposition. 2010

grammar 2 - prepositions and discourse markers

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