grammar appendix - winston-salem/forsyth county schools · 2014. 10. 7. · 488 grammar appendixp...

488 g r a m m a r A p p e n d i x p

Pronunciation

VowelsIn Latin, as in English, the vowels are a,e,i,o,u.1

At one time the English vowels were pronounced like the Latin vowels,but the pronunciation of English has changed greatly. In French, Spanish,Italian, German, and other languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet,the vowels are still pronounced very much as in Latin.

Each of the Latin vowels may be pronounced long or short, the differ-ence being one of time. This is called quantity. There is also a differenceof sound between the long and the short vowels, except a. This is calledquality. The pronunciation is approximately as follows.

LONG SHORT LONG AND SHORT

¤ as in father a as first a in aha Martha (¤, a)± as in they or a in late e as in let lateness (±, e)¬ as in police or ea in seat i as in sit seasick (¬, ı )ß as in note o as in for phonograph (ß, o)¥ as in rule or oo in fool u as in full two-footed (¥, u)

In this book, long vowels are regularly marked with a long mark, calleda macron (may´kron) ¯; short vowels are usually unmarked, but ˘ is some-times used.

Be careful. It is very important to distinguish the sounds of the long andshort vowels. To confuse ¬ and ı , or ± and e in Latin is as bad a mistake asfor a person to say, I heard the din in the hall, instead of dean, or I forgot

the debt, instead of date.The English equivalents of e and o are only approximate. Avoid pro-

nouncing o like o in not or in note; it sounds much like aw.

Quantity of VowelsThe quantity and quality of vowels must be learned as part of the word.

There are, however, a few general rules.

1. A vowel is usually short before another vowel or -h (because h is weaklysounded).

2. A vowel is short before -nt, -nd, final -m and -t, and usually final -r.3. A vowel is long before -nf, and -ns.

grammar Appendix

1 And sometimes y (pronounced like French u). English too uses y as a vowel, as in by, butthe y in yes, young, et al., is a consonant.

DiphthongsThe first three of the following diphthongs (two vowels making one

sound) are the most common ones.

ae like ai in aisle ei like ei in freight

au like ou in out eu like eh-oo (pronounced quickly)oe like oi in oil ui like oo-ee (pronounced quickly);

only in cui and huic.

ConsonantsAll letters other than vowels and diphthongs are consonants.

The Latin consonants have, generally speaking, the same sounds as inEnglish. The following differences, however, should be noted.

b before s or t has the sound of p. c is always hard as in cat, never soft as in city.

g is always hard as in go, never soft as in gem.

i (consonant) has the sound of y in year. i is a consonant between vowelsand at the beginning of a word before a vowel. Some books use j for consonant i.

s always has the sound of s in sin; never of s in these.t always has the sound of t in ten; never of t in motion.

v has the sound of w in will.

x has the sound of x in extra.(ch=k; ph=p; th=t)

Doubled consonants are pronounced separately: an-nus .In both English and Latin the combination qu forms a single consonant

(kw), and the u is not counted as a vowel. Occasionally in Latin gu (gw)and su (sw) are treated the same way, as in English anguish and suave.

English Pronunciation of Latin Latin words that have become thoroughly English should be pro-

nounced as English; for example in terra firma, the i is pronounced asin mirth, not as in miracle; in alumni, the i is pronounced as in mile; inalumnae, the ae is pronounced as e in even. Usage varies, especially inthe pronunciation of anglicized proper names. Latin o is often lengthenedto ß in English, e.g. bonus from Latin bonus. Other examples: bona fide

(bohna f¬dee or bohna f¬d [¬ = Eng. eye]), ex officio (eks ohfishioh), modus

operandi (mohdus operand¬), sine die (s¬nee d¬ee), vice versa (v¬sa vursa

or v¬z vursa), viva voce (veeva vohsee or veeva vohchay [ Italian]), Cato

(Kaytoh instead of Katoh), Manilius (Man¬lius or Manilius).

SyllablesEvery Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs:

vir-t¥-te, proe-li-um.

g r a m m a r A p p e n d i x 489

A single consonant between two vowels or diphthongs is pronouncedwith the second: f¬-li-us, a-git. Likewise, the double consonant x [=ks] ispreferably joined to the following vowel: d¥-x¬. Compound words aredivided into their component parts and are exceptions to this rule: ad-es.

When two or more consonants occur between vowels or diphthongs, thedivision is made before the last consonant: por-tus, v¬nc-t¬, an-nus. Anexception to this rule occurs whenever a stop (p, b, t, d, c, g) is followedby a liquid (l, r), in which case the stop combines with the liquid and bothare pronounced with the second vowel: p¥-bli-cus, cas-tra.

The next to the last syllable of a word is called the penult (Latin paene,almost; ultima, last); the one before the penult (i.e., the third from theend) is called the antepenult.

Quantity of SyllablesSome syllables of course take longer to pronounce than others, just as

some vowels are longer than others.

1. A syllable is naturally long if it contains a long vowel or a diphthong: f¤-mae.

2. A syllable is long by position if it contains a short vowel followed by twoor more consonants or the double consonant x (=ks): sil-v¬s, por-tß.

Note. Exception is made in the case of a stop followed by a liquid. H is so weakly sounded that it does not help make a syllable long.

Caution. Distinguish carefully between long syllable and long vowel; in exemplum the first two syllables are long, though the vowels are short.

Accent The accented syllable of a word is the one that is pronounced with more

stress or emphasis than the others; so in the word an´swer, the accent is onthe first syllable. In Latin the accent is easily learned according to fixedrules.

1. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: fr¤´ter.2. Words of three or more syllables are accented on the penult if it is long,

otherwise on the antepenult: l±g¤´tus, exem´plum; d¬´cere, sı ´mı lis.

Note that the accented syllable is not necessarily long.

Basic Grammatical Terms

The material given here may be reviewed in connection with thelessons. For those who prefer to review basic grammar before beginningthe lessons, a number of explanations are given here that are also in thebody of the textbook. Teachers can easily devise English exercises for drillwith classes that need it, or the sentences on these pages may be used forthat purpose.


The Sentence: Subject and PredicateA sentence is a group of words that completely expresses a thought.

Every sentence consists of two parts—the subject, about which somethingis said, and the predicate, which says something about the subject.

The sailor (subject) saved Nauta puellam serv¤vit.the girl (predicate).

A subject or predicate is said to be modified by those words that affector limit its meaning.

Parts of SpeechThe words of most languages are divided according to their use into

eight classes called parts of speech. These are: nouns, adjectives, adverbs,conjunctions, pronouns, verbs, prepositions, and interjections.

NounsA noun (from Latin nßmen, name) is a word that names a person, place,

thing, or concept: Anna, Anna; island, ¬nsula; letter, littera; liberty,

l¬bert¤s.Nouns may be classified as:

1. common (applies to any one of a group): city, urbs; girl, puella.2. proper (applies to a particular one of a group and is always capitalized):

Rome, Rßma; Julia, I¥lia.

PronounsA pronoun (Latin prß, for; nßmen, name) is a word used in place of a

noun. The noun whose place is taken by a pronoun is called an antecedent

(Latin ante, before; c±dß, go).

1. Personal pronouns distinguish the three persons: the person speaking:I, ego; we, nßs–first person; the person spoken to: you, t¥, vßs–secondperson; the person or thing spoken of: he, is; she, ea; it, id; they, e¬–thirdperson.

2. Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions: who?, quis?; what?,

quid?3. Relative pronouns relate to a preceding word (antecedent) and join to it a

dependent clause: who, which, what, that, qui, quae, quod.4. Demonstrative pronouns point out persons or objects definitely—often

accompanied with a gesture: this, hic; that, ille; these, h¬; those, ill¬.

AdjectivesAn adjective (Latin adiect¬vus, added to) is used to describe a noun or

pronoun or to limit its meaning.


1. Descriptive adjectives are either common or proper: good, bonus;Roman, Rßm¤nus. Proper adjectives begin with a capital letter.

2. Limiting adjectives can be divided into six groups.a. Article—definite: the; indefinite: a, an. There is no definite or indefi-

nite article in Latin.b. Numerals—cardinals: one, two, three, etc., ¥nus, duo, tr±s, etc.; ordi-

nals: first, second, third, etc., pr¬mus, secundus, tertius, etc.c. Possessive adjectives (formed from personal pronouns): my, mine,

meus; our, ours, noster; your, yours, tuus, vester; his, her, its, eius;their, theirs, eßrum.

Interrogative, relative, and demonstrative pronouns may be used asadjectives, in which case they are called respectively:

d. Interrogative adjectives: What street? Quae via?e. Relative adjectives: He spent a year in Italy, in which country he saw

many beautiful things, Annum in Itali¤ ±git, in qu¤ terr¤ multapulchra v¬dit.

f. Demonstrative adjectives: that road, illa via.

In English, the demonstrative adjectives are the only ones that have dif-ferent forms in the singular and plural: this, these; that, those.

VerbsA verb (Latin verbum, word, verb) tells what a subject does or is.

He fought. Pugn¤vit.He is good. Bonus est.

1. According to use, verbs are either transitive or intransitive.a. A transitive verb tells what a person or thing does to another person or

thing (a direct object).

Anna is carrying water. Anna aquam portat.

b. An intransitive verb is one whose action is limited to the subject andhas no direct object.

Anna is working. Anna labßrat.

2. Intransitive verbs are either complete or linking.a. A complete verb is complete in meaning without an object or other

word.

He sails. N¤vigat.

b. A linking verb links a noun or adjective to the subject.

They are good. Bon¬ sunt.


The chief linking verbs in English are be, appear, seem, become, feel,

look, taste, smell, act, etc.

3. An auxiliary verb (Latin auxilium, help) is one used in the conjugation ofother verbs: I am learning; Did you see? They have given.

AdverbsAn adverb (Latin ad, to; verbum, verb) is used to modify the meaning

of a verb, adjective, or other adverb.

He is working now. Nunc labßrat.

PrepositionsA preposition (Latin prae, before; positiß, position) is used to show the

relation of a noun or pronoun, called its object, to some word (usually theverb) in the sentence.

He sails to the island. Ad ¬nsulam n¤vigat.

ConjunctionsA conjunction (Latin coniunctiß, a joining together) is used to join

words, phrases, and clauses. Conjunctions are classified according totheir use.

1. Coordinating conjunctions connect words or sentences of equal rank(and, et; but, sed; or, aut; nor, neque).

2. Subordinating conjunctions connect a subordinate clause of a sentencewith the principal clause (if, s¬; while, dum; because, quod, etc.).

3. Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs (both . . . and, et... et;neither . . . nor, neque... neque, etc.).

InterjectionsAn interjection (Latin interiectiß, a throwing between) is used to show

emotion. It has no direct relation to any other word in the sentence: O!,

Alas!, Ah!, Oh! (For several Latin interjections, see page 177.)

InflectionThe change of form that words undergo to indicate differences in their

use is called inflection: boy, boys, puer, puer¬; see, saw, seen, videß, v¬d¬,v¬sus. The inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives is called declen-

sion. They are declined to indicate change in number, case, and sometimesgender. Personal pronouns also indicate person. The inflection of verbs iscalled conjugation.


NumberA noun or pronoun is singular when it refers to one person or thing:

girl, puella; house, casa; mouse, m¥s; tooth, d±ns. It is plural when itrefers to more than one: girls, puellae; houses, casae; mice, m¥r±s; teeth,

dent±s.

GenderGender is a distinction in the form of words corresponding to a distinc-

tion of sex. It is shown by change of word, by change of ending, or by useof a prefix: father—mother, pater—m¤ter, master—mistress, dominus—domina; he-goat—she-goat, caper—capra. The first words given in eachgroup are masculine, the second are feminine. Most nouns in English haveno gender and are therefore neuter (neither masculine nor feminine). InLatin, however, many such nouns are masculine or feminine. The genderof the noun must be memorized as part of the basic form.

CaseCase is the change in form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective to show

its use.

She (subject) is here. Ea adest.I saw her (object). Eam v¬d¬.

Subject and Object1. The subject of a verb is that about which something is said.2. The direct object is that which is directly affected by the action indicated

in the transitive active verb.

Anna carries water. Anna aquam portat.

3. The indirect object indicates that which is indirectly affected by theaction of the verb.

She gave the gift to me. Ea mihi dßnum dedit.

4. The term object is also applied to a word dependent upon a preposition.

Names and Uses of the Cases1. Nominative. A noun or pronoun used as the subject of a verb is in the

nominative case.

The farmer calls. Agricola vocat.

2. Genitive. Possession is expressed by the genitive case: the boy’s book,

puer¬ liber. It serves to make one noun modify another: signs of peace,signa p¤cis—peaceful signs.


3. Dative. The noun or pronoun that indicates to or for whom the directobject is given, shown, or told is called the indirect object and is putin the dative case.

I gave him a book. E¬ librum ded¬.

4. Accusative (objective). A noun or pronoun used as the object of a verb orpreposition is in the accusative (or objective) case.

I sent a book to him. Ad eum librum m¬s¬.

5. Ablative. The ablative case is used with or without prepositions to expressseparation, means, association, place, and time.

6. Vocative. The vocative case is used to address someone directly.

Marcus, are you coming? V±nisne, M¤rce?

7. Locative. The locative case is used to express place where: at Rome,

Rßmae; at home, dom¬.

ConjugationThe inflection of verbs is called conjugation (Latin coniug¤tiß, connec-

tion). Verbs are conjugated by combining the various parts that indicateperson, number, tense, voice, and mood.

Person and NumberA verb must agree with its subject in person and number.

The girl is good. Puella est bona.The girls are good. Puellae sunt bonae.

TenseTense (Latin tempus) means time. There are six tenses in Latin.

1. The present represents an act as taking place now: He goes.2. The perfect represents an act as having already taken place: He went

yesterday. This can also be translated as an action complete in the past:He has gone.

3. The future represents an act that will occur later: He will go tomorrow.4. The imperfect represents an act in the past as incomplete or repeated: He

was going; He used to go.

5. The pluperfect represents an act as completed at some definite time in thepast (before something else occurred): He had gone.

6. The future perfect represents an act as completed at or before somedefinite time in the future: He will have gone (before something elsewill occur).


Interrogative, Negative, Emphatic, and Progressive Verb FormsThe first three types are verbs that ask, negate, or provide emphasis,

usually with some form of the auxiliary do. They are used only in thepresent and past. Progressive verb forms express an action as being inprogress.

1. Used in questions: Do (did) you know this?

2. Negative: I do (did) not know it.

3. Emphatic: I do (did) believe it.

4. Progressive: I am walking; I was writing; I will be coming.

For these four types of English verb forms, Latin does not use separatewords or phrases.

VoiceA transitive verb is in the active voice (Latin vox) when it represents the

subject as the doer or agent.

Anna loves Clara. Anna Cl¤ram amat.

A transitive verb is in the passive voice when it represents the subject asthe receiver of the action.

Clara is loved. Cl¤ra am¤tur.

Intransitive verbs are used only in the active voice in English.

Mood1. The indicative mood (Latin modus, manner) is used to state a fact or to

ask a question.

Rome is a great city. Rßma est magna urbs.Where is Anna? Ubi est Anna?

2. The imperative mood is used to express commands.

Look at the waves. Spect¤ und¤s.

InfinitiveThe infinitive (Latin infinit¬vus, unlimited) is a verbal noun considered

neuter singular. It is a form of the verb to which to is usually prefixed inEnglish: to go, to sing. It has tense and voice but not person, or mood.

ParticipleThe participle (Latin particeps, sharing [some qualities of a verb]) is a

verbal adjective. As an adjective it modifies a noun or pronoun: a losingfight. As a verbal form it may have an object or adverbial modifiers:Suddenly losing his balance, he fell off. It has three forms in Latin:


PRESENT ACTIVE vid±ns seeing

PERFECT PASSIVE v¬sus/a/um seen, having been seen

FUTURE ACTIVE v¬s¥rus/a/um about to see, going to see

PhraseA phrase (Greek phr¤sis, speech) is a group of words without subject

and predicate. One important kind of phrase is the prepositional phrase,that is, a preposition together with its object: in great danger, in magnßper¬culß.

ClausesA clause, (Latin clausus, closed) like a phrase, is a part of a sentence butdiffers from a phrase in having a subject and a predicate. There are two waysto classify clauses.

1. Main—the principal or independent statement in a sentence, which canstand alone as a complete thought.

The girl whom you saw on the street is my sister.

Puella quam in vi¤ v¬dist¬ soror mea est.

2. Subordinate—a dependent statement modifying the main clause, whichcannot stand alone.

The girl whom you saw on the street is my sister.

Puella quam in vi¤ v¬dist¬ soror mea est.

Sentences1. A simple sentence (Latin sententia, thought) contains one main clause.

My friend, the farmer, has many horses.

Am¬cus meus, agricola, multßs equßs habet.

2. A compound sentence contains two or more main clauses connected by acoordinate conjunction, such as and, but, etc.

My friend, the farmer, has many horses, but I have not seen them.

Am¬cus meus, agricola, multßs equßs habet, sed eßs nßn v¬d¬.

3. A complex sentence contains one main clause to which one or more sub-ordinate clauses are joined by subordinate conjunctions or by relative orinterrogative pronouns.

My friend, the farmer, has many horses, which I have not seen.

Am¬cus meus, agricola, multßs equßs habet qußs nßn v¬d¬.


Basic Forms

NounsFirst Declension Second Declensionvia, viae, f. road servus, serv¬, m. slave

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

NOM. via viae servus serv¬GEN. viae vi¤rum serv¬ servßrumDAT. viae vi¬s servß serv¬sACC. viam vi¤s servum servßsABL. vi¤ vi¬s servß serv¬sVOC.2 serve

Second Declensionager, agr¬, m. field puer, puer¬, m. boy signum, sign¬, n. signSING. PL. SING. PL. SING. PL.

NOM. ager agr¬ puer puer¬ signum signaGEN. agr¬ agrßrum puer¬ puerßrum sign¬ signßrumDAT. agrß agr¬s puerß puer¬s signß sign¬sACC. agrum agrßs puerum puerßs signum signaABL. agrß agr¬s puerß puer¬s signß sign¬s

Third Declensionm¬les, m¬litis, m. soldier l±x, l±gis, f. law corpus, corporis, n. bodySING. PL. SING. PL. SING. PL.

NOM. m¬les m¬lit±s l±x l±g±s corpus corporaGEN. m¬litis m¬litum l±gis l±gum corporis corporumDAT. m¬lit¬ m¬litibus l±g¬ l±gibus corpor¬ corporibusACC. m¬litem m¬lit±s l±gem l±g±s corpus corporaABL. m¬lite m¬litibus l±ge l±gibus corpore corporibus

Third Declension I-Stemsc¬vis, c¬vis, m. or f. citizen mare, maris, n. seaSINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

NOM. c¬vis c¬v±s mare mariaGEN. c¬vis c¬vium maris mariumDAT. c¬v¬ c¬vibus mar¬ maribusACC. c¬vem c¬v±s (-¬s) mare mariaABL. c¬ve c¬vibus mar¬ maribus


2The vocative forms have been omitted from these paradigms unless they differ from the nominative. In the second declensionsingular, the vocative of -us nouns ends in -e; of -ius nouns, in -¬.

Fourth Declension Fifth Declensionc¤sus, c¤s¥s, m. chance di±s, di±¬, m. day r±s, re¬, f. thingSING. PL. SING. PL. SING. PL.

NOM. c¤sus c¤s¥s di±s di±s r±s r±sGEN. c¤s¥s c¤suum di±¬ di±rum re¬ r±rumDAT. c¤su¬ c¤sibus di±¬ di±bus re¬ r±busACC. c¤sum c¤s¥s diem di±s rem r±sABL. c¤s¥ c¤sibus di± di±bus r± r±bus

Irregular Nounsv¬s, –, f. strength n±mß, m. or f. no one domus, dom¥s, f. house

SING. PL. SING. SING. PL.NOM. v¬s v¬r±s n±mß domus dom¥sGEN. ——– v¬rium (n¥ll¬us) dom¥s (-¬) domuum (-ßrum)DAT. ——– v¬ribus n±min¬ domu¬ (-ß) domibusACC. vim v¬r±s (-¬s) n±minem domum domßs (-¥s)ABL. v¬ v¬ribus (n¥llß) domß (-¥) domibus(LOC.) (dom¬)

AdjectivesFirst and Second Declensions

SINGULAR PLURAL

M. F. N. M. F. N.NOM. magnus magna magnum magn¬ magnae magnaGEN. magn¬ magnae magn¬ magnßrum magn¤rum magnßrumDAT. magnß magnae magnß magn¬s magn¬s magn¬sACC. magnum magnam magnum magnßs magn¤s magnaABL. magnß magn¤ magnß magn¬s magn¬s magn¬sVOC.3 magne

SINGULAR SINGULAR

NOM. l¬ber l¬bera l¬berum noster nostra nostrumGEN. l¬ber¬ l¬berae l¬ber¬ nostr¬ nostrae nostr¬DAT. l¬berß l¬berae l¬berß nostrß nostrae nostrßACC. l¬berum l¬beram l¬berum nostrum nostram nostrumABL. l¬berß l¬ber¤ l¬berß nostrß nostr¤ nostrß

Plural, l¬ber¬, l¬berae, l¬bera, etc. Plural, nostr¬, -ae, -a, etc.


3The vocative form is the same as the nominative except in adjectives of the second declension masculine ending in -us. There itends in -e; in -ius adjectives it ends in -ie.

Third DeclensionTHREE ENDINGS

SINGULAR PLURAL

M. F. N. M. F. N.NOM. ¤cer ¤cris ¤cre ¤cr±s ¤cr±s ¤criaGEN. ¤cris ¤cris ¤cris ¤crium ¤crium ¤criumDAT. ¤cr¬ ¤cr¬ ¤cr¬ ¤cribus ¤cribus ¤cribusACC. ¤crem ¤crem ¤cre ¤cr±s (-¬s) ¤cr±s (-¬s) ¤criaABL. ¤cr¬ ¤cr¬ ¤cr¬ ¤cribus ¤cribus ¤cribus

TWO ENDINGS ONE ENDING

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

M., F. N. M., F. N. M., F. N. M., F. N.NOM. fortis forte fort±s fortia p¤r p¤r par±s pariaGEN. fortis fortis fortium fortium paris paris parium pariumDAT. fort¬ fort¬ fortibus fortibus par¬ par¬ paribus paribusACC. fortem forte fort±s (-¬s) fortia parem p¤r par±s (-¬s) pariaABL. fort¬ fort¬ fortibus fortibus par¬ par¬ paribus paribus

Present ParticipleSINGULAR PLURAL

M., F. N. M., F. N.NOM. port¤ns port¤ns portant±s portantiaGEN. portantis portantis portantium portantiumDAT. portant¬ portant¬ portantibus portantibusACC. portantem port¤ns portant±s (-¬s) portantiaABL. portante (-¬) portante (-¬) portantibus portantibus

Comparison of Adjectives and AdverbsPOSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

ADJ. ADV. ADJ. ADV. ADJ. ADV.altus alt± altior altius altissimus altissim±fortis fortiter fortior fortius fortissimus fortissim±l¬ber l¬ber± l¬berior l¬berius l¬berrimus l¬berrim±¤cer ¤criter ¤crior ¤crius ¤cerrimus ¤cerrim±facilis facile4 facilior facilius facillimus facillim±


4This form is slightly irregular.

Irregular Comparison of AdjectivesPOSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

bonus, -a, -um melior, -ius optimus, -a, -ummalus, -a, -um peior, -ius pessimus, -a, -ummagnus, -a, -um maior, -ius maximus, -a, -umparvus, -a, -um minor, -us minimus, -a, -ummultus, -a, -um —, pl¥s pl¥rimus, -a, -um

Declension of ComparativesSINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

M., F. N. M., F. N. N. M., F. N.NOM. altior altius altißres altißra pl¥s pl¥r±s pl¥raGEN. altißris altißris altißrum altißrum pl¥ris pl¥rium pl¥riumDAT. altißr¬ altißr¬ altißribus altißribus —— pl¥ribus pl¥ribusACC. altißrem altius altißr±s (-¬s) altißra pl¥s pl¥r±s pl¥raABL. altißre altißre altißribus altißribus pl¥re pl¥ribus pl¥ribus

Declension of Numerals and Pronominal AdjectivesM. F. N. M. F. N.

NOM. ¥nus ¥na ¥num duo duae duoGEN. ¥n¬us ¥n¬us un¬us dußrum du¤rum dußrumDAT. ¥n¬ ¥n¬ ¥n¬ dußbus du¤bus dußbusACC. ¥num ¥nam ¥num dußs du¤s duoABL. ¥nß ¥n¤ ¥nß dußbus du¤bus dußbus

M., F. N. M., F., N. (adj.) N. (noun)

NOM. tr±s tria m¬lle m¬liaGEN. trium trium m¬lle m¬liumDAT. tribus tribus m¬lle m¬libusACC. tr±s (-¬s) tria m¬lle m¬liaABL. tribus tribus m¬lle m¬libus

Like ¥nus are alius, alter, neuter, n¥llus, sßlus, tßtus, and ¥llus. The nominative and accusative singularneuter of alius is aliud; for the genitive singular, alterius is generally used.


NumeralsROMAN NUMERALS CARDINALS ORDINALS

1 I ¥nus, -a, -um pr¬mus, -a, -um2 II duo, duae, duo secundus (alter), -a, -um3 III tr±s, tria tertius, -a, um4 IIII or IV quattuor qu¤rtus, etc.5 V qu¬nque qu¬ntus6 VI sex sextus7 VII septem septimus8 VIII octß oct¤vus9 VIIII or IX novem nßnus

10 X decem decimus11 XI ¥ndecim ¥ndecimus12 XII duodecim duodecimus13 XIII tredecim tertius decimus14 XIIII or XIV quattuordecim qu¤rtus decimus15 XV qu¬ndecim qu¬ntus decimus16 XVI s±decim sextus decimus17 XVII septendecim septimus decimus18 XVIII duod±v¬gint¬ duod±v¬c±simus19 XVIIII or XIX ¥nd±v¬gint¬ ¥nd±v¬c±simus20 XX v¬gint¬ v¬c±simus21 XXI v¬gint¬ ¥nus or ¥nus et v¬gint¬ v¬c±simus pr¬mus or ¥nus et v¬c±simus30 XXX tr¬gint¤ tr¬c±simus40 XXXX or XL quadr¤gint¤ quadr¤g±simus50 L qu¬nqu¤gint¤ qu¬nqu¤g±simus60 LX sex¤gint¤ sex¤g±simus70 LXX septu¤gint¤ septu¤g±simus80 LXXX octßgint¤ octßg±simus90 LXXXX or XC nßn¤gint¤ nßn¤g±simus

100 C centum cent±simus101 CI centum (et) ¥nus cent±simus (et) pr¬mus200 CC ducent¬, -ae, -a ducent±simus300 CCC trecent¬, -ae, -a trecent±simus400 CCCC quadringent¬, -ae, -a quadringent±simus500 D qu¬ngent¬, -ae, -a qu¬ngent±simus600 DC sescent¬, -ae, -a sescent±simus700 DCC septingent¬, -ae, -a septingent±simus800 DCCC octingent¬, -ae, -a octingent±simus900 DCCCC nßngent¬, -ae, -a nßngent±simus

1000 M m¬lle m¬ll±simus2000 MM duo m¬lia bis m¬ll±simus


PronounsPersonal

SING. PL. SING. PL. M. F. N.NOM. ego nßs t¥ vßs is ea idGEN. me¬ nostrum tu¬ vestrum (Used as third person

(nostr¬) (vestr¬) pronoun. For full declensionDAT. mihi nßb¬s tibi vßb¬s see Demonstratives below.ACC. m± nßs t± vßsABL. m± nßb¬s t± vßb¬s

ReflexiveFIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON

SING. AND PL. SING. AND PL. SING. AND PL.GEN. Decline like Decline like su¬DAT. ego above. t¥ above. sibiACC. s± (s±s±)ABL. s± (s±s±)

Reflexives are not used in the nominative and therefore have no nominative form.

DemonstrativeSINGULAR PLURAL

M. F. N. M. F. N.NOM. hic haec hoc h¬ hae haecGEN. huius huius huius hßrum h¤rum hßrumDAT. huic huic huic h¬s h¬s h¬sACC. hunc hanc hoc hßs h¤s haecABL. hßc h¤c hßc h¬s h¬s h¬s

NOM. is ea id e¬ (i¬) eae eaGEN. eius eius eius eßrum e¤rum eßrumDAT. e¬ e¬ e¬ e¬s (i¬s) e¬s (i¬s) e¬s (i¬s)ACC. eum eam id eßs e¤s eaABL. eß e¤ eß e¬s (i¬s) e¬s (i¬s) e¬s (i¬s)

SINGULAR PLURAL

M. F. N. M. F. N.NOM. ¬dem eadem idem e¬dem eaedem eademGEN. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem eßrundem e¤rundem eßrundemDAT. e¬dem e¬dem e¬dem e¬sdem e¬sdem e¬sdemACC. eundem eandem idem eßsdem e¤sdem eademABL. eßdem e¤dem eßdem e¬sdem e¬sdem e¬sdem


SINGULAR PLURAL

M. F. N. M. F. N.NOM. ille illa illud ill¬ illae illaGEN. ill¬us ill¬us ill¬us illßrum ill¤rum illßrumDAT. ill¬ ill¬ ill¬ ill¬s ill¬s ill¬sACC. illum illam illud illßs ill¤s illaABL. illß ill¤ illß ill¬s ill¬s ill¬s

SINGULAR PLURAL

M. F. N. M. F. N.NOM. ipse ipsa ipsum ips¬ ipsae ipsaGEN. ips¬us ips¬us ips¬us ipsßrum ips¤rum ipsßrumDAT. ips¬ ips¬ ips¬ ips¬s ips¬s ips¬sACC. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsßs ips¤s ipsaABL. ipsß ips¤ ipsß ips¬s ips¬s ips¬s

RelativeSINGULAR PLURAL

M. F. N. M. F. N.NOM. qu¬ quae quod qu¬ quae quaeGEN. cuius cuius cuius qußrum qu¤rum qußrumDAT. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibusACC. quem quam quod qußs qu¤s quaeABL. quß qu¤ quß quibus quibus quibus

InterrogativeSINGULAR PLURAL

M., F. N. M. F. N.NOM. quis? quid? qu¬? quae? quae?GEN. cuius? cuius? qußrum? qu¤rum? qußrum?DAT. cui? cui? quibus? quibus? quibus?ACC. quem? quid? qußs? qu¤s? quae?ABL. quß? quß? quibus? quibus? quibus?


VerbsFirst Conjugation

PRINCIPAL PARTS: portß, port¤re, port¤v¬, port¤tusACTIVE PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

PRESENT I carry, etc. I am carried, etc.portß port¤mus portor port¤murport¤s port¤tis port¤ris port¤min¬portat portant port¤tur portantur

IMPERFECT I was carrying, etc. I was (being) carried, etc.port¤bam port¤b¤mus port¤bar port¤b¤murport¤b¤s port¤b¤tis port¤b¤ris port¤b¤min¬port¤bat port¤bant port¤b¤tur port¤bantur

FUTURE I shall (will) carry, etc. I shall (will) be carried, etc.port¤bß port¤bimus port¤bor port¤bimurport¤bis port¤bitis port¤beris port¤bimin¬port¤bit port¤bunt port¤bitur portabuntur

PERFECT I carried, have carried, etc. I was carried, have been carried, etc.

port¤v¬ port¤vimus sum sumusport¤vist¬ port¤vistis port¤tus es port¤t¬ estisport¤vit port¤v±runt (-a, -um){est (-ae, -a){sunt

PLUPERFECT I had carried, etc. I had been carried, etc.

port¤veram port¤ver¤mus eram er¤musport¤ver¤s port¤ver¤tis port¤tus er¤s port¤t¬ er¤tisport¤verat port¤verant (-a, -um){erat (-ae, -a){erant

FUTURE I shall (will) have carried, etc. I shall (will) have been carried, etc.

PERFECT port¤verß port¤verimus erß erimusport¤veris port¤veritis port¤tus eris port¤t¬ eritisport¤verit port¤verint (-a, -um){erit (-ae, -a){erunt

INFINITIVE

PRESENT port¤re, to carry port¤r¬, to be carriedPERFECT port¤visse, to have carried port¤tus esse, to have been carriedFUTURE port¤t¥rus esse, to be going to carry

PARTICIPLE

PRESENT port¤ns, carryingPERFECT port¤tus (having been) carriedFUTURE port¤t¥rus, going to carry

IMPERATIVE

PRESENT carryport¤ port¤te


ACTIVE PASSIVE

Second ConjugationPRINCIPAL PARTS: doceß, doc±re, docu¬, doctus

INDICATIVE

PRESENT I teach, etc. I am taught, etc.doceß doc±mus doceor doc±murdoc±s doc±tis doc±ris doc±min¬docet docent doc±tur docentur

IMPERFECT I was teaching, etc. I was (being) taught, etc.doc±bam doc±b¤mus doc±bar doc±b¤murdoc±b¤s doc±b¤tis doc±b¤ris doc±b¤min¬doc±bat doc±bant doc±b¤tur doc±bantur

FUTURE I shall (will) teach, etc. I shall (will) be taught, etc.doc±bß doc±bimus doc±bor doc±bimurdoc±bis doc±bitis doc±beris doc±bimin¬doc±bit doc±bunt doc±bitur doc±buntur

PERFECT I taught, have taught, etc. I was taught, have been taught, etc.

docu¬ docuimus sum sumusdocuist¬ docuistis doctus es doct¬ estisdocuit docu±runt (-a, -um){est (-ae, -a){sunt

PLUPERFECT I had taught, etc. I had been taught, etc.

docueram docuer¤mus eram er¤musdocuer¤s docuer¤tis doctus er¤s doct¬ er¤tisdocuerat docuerant (-a, -um){erat (-ae, -a){erant

FUTURE I shall (will) have taught, etc. I shall (will) have been taught, etc.

PERFECT docuerß docuerimus erß erimusdocueris docueritis doctus eris doct¬ eritisdocuerit docuerint (-a, -um){erit (-ae, -a){erunt

INFINITIVE

PRESENT doc±re, to teach doc±r¬, to be taughtPERFECT docuisse, to have taught doctus esse, to have been taughtFUTURE doct¥rus esse, to be going to teach

PARTICIPLE

PRESENT doc±ns, teachingPERFECT doctus, (having been) taughtFUTURE doct¥rus, going to teach

IMPERATIVE

PRESENT teachdoc± doc±te


ACTIVE PASSIVE

Third ConjugationPRINCIPAL PARTS: pßnß, pßnere, posu¬, positus

INDICATIVE

PRESENT I put, place, etc. I am placed, etc.pßnß pßnimus pßnor pßnimurpßnis pßnitis pßneris pßnimin¬pßnit pßnunt pßnitur pßnuntur

IMPERFECT I was placing, etc. I was (being) placed, etc.pßn±bam pßn±b¤mus pßn±bar pßn±b¤murpßn±b¤s pßn±b¤tis pßn±b¤ris pßn±b¤min¬pßn±bat pßn±bant pßn±b¤tur pßn±bantur

FUTURE I shall (will) place, etc. I shall (will) be placed, etc.ponam pßn±mus pßnar pßn±murpßn±s pßn±tis pßn±ris pßn±min¬pßnet pßnent pßn±tur pßnentur

PERFECT I placed, have placed, etc. I was placed, have been placed, etc.

posu¬ posuimus sum sumusposuist¬ posuistis positus es posit¬ estisposuit posu±runt (-a, -um){est (-ae, -a){sunt

PLUPERFECT I had placed, etc. I had been placed, etc.

posueram posuer¤mus eram er¤musposuer¤s posuer¤tis positus er¤s posit¬ er¤tisposuerat posuerant (-a, -um){erat (-ae, -a){erant

FUTURE I shall (will) have placed, etc. I shall (will) have been placed, etc.

PERFECT posuerß posuerimus erß erimusposueris posueritis positus eris posit¬ eritisposuerit posuerint (-a, -um){erit (-ae, -a){erunt

INFINITIVE

PRESENT pßnere, to put, place pßn¬, to be placedPERFECT posuisse, to have placed positus esse, to have been placedFUTURE posit¥rus esse, to be going to place

PARTICIPLE

PRESENT pßn±ns, placingPERFECT positus, (having been) placedFUTURE posit¥rus, going to place

IMPERATIVE

PRESENT placepßne pßnite


ACTIVE PASSIVE

Third Conjugation -iß VerbsPRINCIPAL PARTS: capiß, capere, c±p¬, captus

INDICATIVE

PRESENT I take, etc. I am taken, etc.capiß capimus capior capimurcapis capitis caperis capimin¬capit capiunt capitur capiuntur

IMPERFECT I was taking, etc. I was (being) taken, etc.capi±bam capi±b¤mus capi±bar capi±b¤murcapi±b¤s capi±b¤tis capi±b¤ris capi±b¤min¬capi±bat capi±bant capi±b¤tur capi±bantur

FUTURE I shall (will) take, etc. I shall (will) be taken, etc.capiam capi±mus capiar capi±murcapi±s capi±tis capi±ris capi±min¬capiet capient capi±tur capientur

PERFECT I took, have taken, etc. I was taken, have been taken, etc.

c±p¬ c±pimus sum sumusc±pist¬ c±pistis captus es capt¬ estisc±pit c±p±runt (-a, -um){est (-ae, -a){sunt

PLUPERFECT I had taken, etc. I had been taken, etc.

c±peram c±per¤mus eram er¤musc±per¤s c±per¤tis captus eras capti er¤tisc±perat c±perant (-a, -um){erat (-ae, -a){erant

FUTURE I shall (will) have taken, etc. I shall (will) have been taken, etc.

PERFECT c±perß c±perimus erß erimusc±peris c±peritis captus eris capti eritisc±perit c±perint (-a, -um){erit (-ae, -a){erunt

INFINITIVE

PRESENT capere, to take cap¬, to be takenPERFECT c±pisse, to have taken captus esse, to have been takenFUTURE capt¥rus esse, to be going to take

PARTICIPLE

PRESENT capi±ns, takingPERFECT captus, (having been) takenFUTURE capt¥rus, going to take

IMPERATIVE

PRESENT takecape capite


ACTIVE PASSIVE

Fourth ConjugationPRINCIPAL PARTS: m¥niß, m¥n¬re, m¥n¬v¬, m¥n¬tus

INDICATIVE

PRESENT I fortify, etc. I am fortified, etc.m¥niß m¥n¬mus m¥nior m¥n¬murm¥n¬s m¥n¬tis m¥n¬ris m¥n¬min¬m¥nit m¥niunt m¥n¬tur m¥niuntur

IMPERFECT I was fortifying, etc. I was (being) fortified, etc.m¥ni±bam m¥ni±b¤mus m¥ni±bar m¥ni±b¤murm¥ni±b¤s m¥ni±b¤tis m¥ni±b¤ris m¥ni±b¤min¬m¥ni±bat m¥ni±bant m¥ni±b¤tur m¥ni±bantur

FUTURE I shall (will) fortify, etc. I shall (will) be fortified, etc.m¥niam m¥ni±mus m¥niar m¥ni±murm¥ni±s m¥ni±tis m¥ni±ris m¥ni±min¬m¥niet m¥nient m¥ni±tur m¥nientur

PERFECT I fortified, have fortified, etc. I was fortified, have been fortified, etc.

m¥n¬v¬ m¥n¬vimus sum sumusm¥n¬vist¬ m¥n¬vistis m¥n¬tus es m¥n¬t¬ estism¥n¬vit m¥n¬v±runt (-a, -um){est (-ae, -a){sunt

PLUPERFECT I had fortified, etc. I had been fortified, etc.

m¥n¬veram m¥n¬ver¤mus eram er¤musm¥n¬ver¤s m¥n¬ver¤tis m¥n¬tus er¤s m¥n¬t¬ er¤tism¥n¬verat m¥n¬verant (-a, -um){erat (-ae, -a){erant

FUTURE I shall (will) have fortified, etc. I shall (will) have been fortified, etc.

PERFECT m¥n¬verß m¥n¬verimus erß erimusm¥n¬veris m¥n¬veritis m¥n¬tus eris m¥n¬t¬ eritism¥n¬verit m¥n¬verint (-a, -um){erit (-ae, -a){erunt

INFINITIVE

PRESENT m¥n¬re, to fortify m¥n¬r¬, to be fortifiedPERFECT m¥n¬visse, to have fortified m¥n¬tus esse, to have been fortifiedFUTURE m¥n¬t¥rus esse, to be going to fortify

PARTICIPLE

PRESENT m¥ni±ns, fortifyingPERFECT m¥n¬tus, (having been) fortifiedFUTURE m¥n¬t¥rus, going to fortify

IMPERATIVE

PRESENT fortifym¥n¬ m¥n¬te


PRINCIPAL PARTS: sum, esse, fu¬, fut¥rusINDICATIVE

PRESENT I am, you are, etc.sum sumuses estisest sunt

IMPERFECT I was, you were, etc.eram er¤muser¤s er¤tiserat erant

FUTURE I shall (will) be, etc.erß erimuseris eritiserit erunt

PERFECT I was, etc.fu¬ fuimusfuist¬ fuistisfuit fu±runt

PLUPERFECT I had been, etc.fueram fuer¤musfuer¤s fuer¤tisfuerat fuerant

FUTURE I shall (will) have been, etc.PERFECT fuerß fuerimus

fueris fueritisfuerit fuerint

INFINITIVE

PRESENT esse, to be

PERFECT fuisse, to have been

FUTURE fut¥rus esse, to be going to be

PARTICIPLE

FUTURE fut¥rus, going to be

IMPERATIVE

PRESENT be

es este

PRINCIPAL PARTS: possum, posse, potu¬, —–INDICATIVE

PRESENT I am able, I can, etc.possum possumuspotes potestispotest possunt

IMPERFECT I was able, I could, etc.poteram poter¤muspoter¤s poter¤tispoterat poterant

FUTURE I shall (will) be able, etc.poterß poterimuspoteris poteritispoterit poterunt

PERFECT I was able, I could, etc.potu¬ potuimuspotuist¬ potuistispotuit potu±runt

PLUPERFECT I had been able, etc.potueram potuer¤muspotuer¤s potuer¤tispotuerat potuerant

FUTURE I shall (will) have been able, etc.PERFECT potuerß potuerimus

potueris potueritispotuerit potuerint

INFINITIVE

PRESENT posse, to be able

PERFECT potuisse, to have been able

FUTURE —–

PARTICIPLE

PRESENT pot±ns (adj.), powerful


Irregular Verbs

Basic Syntax

Agreement1. Adjectives. Adjectives and participles agree in gender, number, and case

with the nouns they modify. Adjectives standing alone are often used asnouns.

2. Verbs. Verbs agree in person and number with their subjects. When twosubjects are connected by aut, aut... aut, neque... neque, the verb agreeswith the nearer subject.

3. Relative Pronouns. A relative pronoun agrees in gender and number withits antecedent, but its case depends upon its use in its own clause.

4. Appositives. Appositives regularly agree in case with the nouns or pro-nouns they describe and usually follow them.

Noun SyntaxNominative1. Subject. The subject of a verb is in the nominative.2. Predicate. A noun or adjective used in the predicate after a linking verb

(is, are, seem, etc.) to complete its meaning is in the nominative.

Genitive1. Possession. The possessor is expressed by the genitive.2. Description. The genitive, if modified by an adjective, may be used to

describe a person or thing.3. Partitive. The whole of which something is a part is in the genitive.

Dative1. Indirect Object. The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. It is used

with verbs of giving, reporting, telling, etc.2. With Special Verbs. The dative is used with a few intransitive verbs, such

as noceß.3. With Adjectives. The dative is used with certain adjectives, as am¬cus,

p¤r, similis, and their opposites.

Accusative1. Direct Object. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative.2. Extent. Extent of time or space is expressed by the accusative.3. Place to which. The accusative with ad (to) or in (into) expresses place to

which.4. Subject of Infinitive. The subject of an infinitive is in the accusative.5. With Prepositions. The accusative is used with the prepositions ad, ante,

apud, circum, contr¤, inter, ob, per, post, super, and tr¤ns; also within and sub when they show the direction toward which a thing moves.


Ablative1. Place from which. The ablative with ab, d±, or ex expresses place from

which.2. Agent. The ablative with ¤ or ab is used with a passive verb to show the

person (or animal) by whom something is done.3. Accompaniment. The ablative with cum expresses accompaniment.4. Manner. The ablative of manner with cum describes how something is

done. Cum may be omitted if an adjective is used with the noun.5. Means. The means by which a thing is done is expressed by the ablative

without a preposition.6. Description. The ablative without a preposition is used (like the geni-

tive) to describe a person or thing.7. Place where. The ablative with in expresses place where.8. Time when. Time when is expressed by the ablative without a

preposition.9. Respect. The ablative without a preposition is used to tell in what

respect the statement applies.10. Absolute. A noun in the ablative used with a participle, adjective, or

other noun in the same case and having no grammatical connection withany other word in its clause is called an ablative absolute.

11. With Prepositions. The ablative is used with the prepositions ab, cum,d±, ex, prae, prß, sine; also with in and sub when they indicateplace where.

VocativeThe vocative is used in addressing a person.

LocativeThe locative is used in certain nouns to express place in or at which.

Verb SyntaxTenses1. Imperfect. Repeated, customary, or continuous action in the past is

expressed by the imperfect.2. Perfect. An action completed in the past is expressed by the perfect. It is

translated by the English simple past or present perfect.


Participles1. The tenses of the participle (present, perfect, future) indicate time present,

past, or future from the standpoint of the main verb.

2. Perfect participles are often used as simple adjectives and, like adjectives,may be used as nouns.

3. The Latin participle is often a one-word substitute for a subordinateclause in English introduced by who or which, when or after, since orbecause, although, and if.

Infinitive1. The infinitive is a verbal indeclinable singular neuter noun, and as such it

may be used as the subject of a verb.2. The infinitive, like other nouns, may be used as the direct object of many

verbs.3. The infinitive object of some verbs, such as iubeß and doceß, often has a

noun or pronoun subject in the accusative.4. Statements that convey indirectly the thoughts or words of another, used

as the objects of verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, hearing, perceiving,

etc., require verbs in the infinitive with subjects in the accusative.


latin forms and

phrases in english

You will be reminded daily that Latin is a living language. Almostevery time you open a book, a magazine, or even a newspaper you willfind an abbreviation or a phrase in Latin. A knowledge of the forms onthese pages, their meanings, and how to use them correctly is one of themarks of an educated person. Partial lists are given below of 1) Latinphrases, mottoes, and quotations; 2) Latin abbreviations; 3) unchangedLatin forms in English; 4) bases of the Latin words used in English;5) bases plus -e used in English. The last three groups especially repre-sent only a small part of the total number. The figure after each phraseor word gives the page on which it is treated. The words without num-bers are not specifically mentioned in the lessons.

Phrases, Mottoes, Quotationsab ovo usque ad mala, 338ad astra per aspera (Kansas), 149ad infinitum, 149ad maiorem Dei gloriam, to the greater glory

of Godad nauseam, 69Alis volat propriis. (Oregon), 430Alma Mater, 355alter ego, 385Amantium irae amoris integratio est. 11amicus curiae, 184Anno Domini, 355Annuit coeptis. 483ante bellum, before the (Civil) war 291aqua et ignis, 69argumentum ad hominem, argument to the man,

i.e., one that uses prejudice for or against anindividual

Arma non servant modum. 335Ars longa, vita brevis. Art is long, time is fleeting.Audemus iura nostra defendere. (Alabama), 335Audi et alteram partem. Hear the other side too.aut Caesar aut nihil, 355auxilio ab alto, 164bona fide, 477Carpe diem!, 51casus belli, 477Cave canem! Beware of the dog!

Cedant arma togae. (Wyoming), 430consilio et armis, 184corpus delicti, the body of the crime, i.e., the facts

of the crimeCrescit eundo. (New Mexico), 409cui bono? 265cum grano salis, with a grain of saltcum laude, with honorde facto, 291De gustibus non est disputandum. About taste there

is no disputing.de jure, 322de novo, 129Dei gratia, 235Deo gratias, 235Dirigo. (Maine), 355Disciplina (est) praesidium civitatis. Discipline is

the protection of the state. 331Ditat Deus. (Arizona), 335Divide et impera. 480Dominus providebit. 335dramatis personae, characters of the playDulce et decßrum est prß patri¤ mori. 398Dum spiro spero. (South Carolina), 360Dux femina facti. 283Elizabeth regina, Elizabeth the QueenEnse petit placidam sub libertate quietem.

(Massachusetts), 335E pluribus unum, 441Errare est humanum. 128

514 l a t i n f o r m s a n d p h r a s e s i n e n g l i s h p

Esse quam videri (North Carolina), 441Est modus in rebus. There is a middle ground

in things.Esto perpetua. (Idaho), 361Et tu, Brute. 291ex animo, 149Excelsior! (New York), 441Exeunt omnes. All leave.ex libris, 331ex officio, 164ex parte, on (one) sideExperientia docet. 149ex post facto, 436extempore, 335Ex uno disce omnes. From one learn (about

them) all.Facilis descensus Averno. Easy (is) the descent to

Avernus., i.e., the Lower Worldfacta, non verba, deeds, not wordsFata viam invenient. 322Fortes Fortuna adiuvat. 335Fortuna caeca est. Fortune is blind.Genus homo, semper idem. 366habeas corpus, 436Homo proponit, sed Deus disponit. 366homo sapiens, man having sense, i.e., human beinghostis humani generis, enemy of the human raceIlium fuit. 265imperium et libertas, empire and freedomin absentia, 265In Deo speramus. 195in forma pauperis, 436In hoc signo vinces, 11In libris libertas, In books there is liberty. 331in loco parentis, 51in medias res, into the middle of thingsin memoriam, 129in nomine Domini, in the name of the Lordin omnia paratus, 335in perpetuum, 265in propria persona, 436in re, in the matter of inter alia, 385inter nos, 265in toto, 385Ipse dixit. He himself said it.ipsissima verba, the very wordsipso facto, 392ius gentium, the law of nations

Iustitia omnibus (District of Columbia), 355Joannes est nomen eius. (Puerto Rico), 361Labor omnia vincit. (Oklahoma), 441lapsus linguae, 264lex scripta, 283Littera scripta manet. The written letter lasts.lux ex oriente, light from the eastMagna Carta, 51magna cum laude, 51magnum bonum, 184magnum opus, a great workManus manum lavat. Hand washes hand., i.e., a

good deed is repaid, 135mare clausum, a closed seamateria medica, medical materialme iudice, 322mens sana in corpore sano, a healthy mind in a

healthy bodyMihi cura futuri. My concern (is) the future.mirabile dictu, wonderful to saymodus operandi, method of operatingMontani semper liberi. (West Virginia), 164multum in parvo, 129ne plus ultra, no more beyond, i.e., nothing betterNil sine numine (Colorado), 352non compos mentis, not in possession of one’s

sensesNosce te ipsum. Know thyself.novus homo, 283novus ordo s(a)ec(u)lorum, 483nunc pro tunc, now as of thenobiter dictum, 392Omnia reliquit servare rem publicam. 397O tempora, O mores! O times, O customs!Otium sine litteris mors est. Leisure without

literature is death.Pater Noster, Our FatherPater Patriae, 57pauci quos aequus amat Iuppiter, 195pax in bello, 283Pax vobiscum! 265per annum, 235per capita, 322per diem, by the day, 477per se, by itselfpersona non grata, 69Possunt quia posse videntur. 11post mortem, after death, 477prima facie, 477

l a t i n f o r m s a n d p h r a s e s i n e n g l i s h 515

primus inter pares, 355pro bono publico, 210pro forma, 210pro patria, 210Qui transtulit sustinet. (Connecticut), 352quid pro quo, 366rara avis, a rare birdRegnat populus. (Arkansas), 335Requiescat in pace. May he/she rest in peace.Salus populi suprema lex esto. (Missouri), 409Scuto bonae voluntatis tuae coronasti nos. (seal of

Maryland), 366Semper paratus, 441Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, circumspice.

(Michigan), 366Sic semper tyrannis (Virginia), 235sine die, 477sine qua non, 265status quo, 477subpoena, 436sub rosa, 235sui generis, of its own kind, unique 477summa cum laude, with highest honorsummum bonum, the highest goodsursum corda, (lift) up (your) heartsTe Deum, 291Tempus fugit. 322terra firma, 195terra incognita, 291Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. 392Ultima Thule, 296una voce, 385urbs aeterna, 77urbs et orbis, 2Vae victis!, 68Vanitas vanitatum, 335Veni, vidi, vici. 11Verbum sapienti sat est. A word to the wise is

sufficient.Vestis virum facit. Clothes make the man.via media, 184vice versa, in reversevictoria, non praeda, 164virginibus puerisque, for girls and boysVirtute et armis (Mississippi), 335vox humana, 392vox populi, 392

AbbreviationsA.B. (Artium Baccalaureus), Bachelor of ArtsA.D. (anno Domini), 355ad fin. (ad finem), 331ad lib. (ad libitum), at pleasureAg (argentum), silverA.M. (ante mer¬diem), 477Au (aurum), goldB.S. (Baccalaureus Scientae), Bachelor of Scienceca. (circa), aboutcf. (confer), compare, 51d. (denarius), pennyD.V. (Deo volente), God willinge.g. (exempli gratia), for exampleet al. (et alii), and othersetc. (et cetera), and the rest, and so forth, 51fec. (fecit), he made (it)fl. (floruit), he flourishedibid. (ibidem), 366id. (idem), 366i.e. (id est), that is 51in loc. (in loco), in the placeinv. (invenit), he invented (it)£ (libra), pound (British money)lb. (libra), poundLL.D. (Legum Doctor), Doctor of Lawsloc. cit. (loco citato), in the place citedM.A. (Magister Artium), Master of ArtsM.D. (Medicinae Doctor), Doctor of MedicineN.B. (Nota bene), Note wellno. (numero), by numberop. cit. (opere citato), in the work citedper cent. (per centum), per cent, per hundredPh. D. (Philosophiae Doctor), Doctor of PhilosophyP.M. (post mer¬diem), 477pro tem. (pro tempore), 322prox. (proximo mense), next monthP.S. (post scriptum), 331q.v. (quod vide), which seeRx (Recipe), Take (in prescriptions)S.P.Q.R. (Senatus Populusque Romanus),

The Senate and People of Rome, 476s.v. (sub verbo), under the wordult. (ultimo mense), last monthvs. (versus), against


abacusactoraddendumaffidavitagendaalibiAlmaalumnaalumnusamanuensisamoebaantennaanteriorapexapparatusappendixarbiterareaarenaatriumAugustusauroraaxisbacillusbacteriumbasisbonuscameracampuscancercandelabrumCeciliacensuscircusClaraClaudiacodexconsensusconsulcopulaCornelia

Corneliuscoronacurriculumdatum (data)deficitdeliriumdictumdiscusdoctorduplexerratum (errata)excelsiorexteriorfacsimilefactorfibulafocusformulaforteforumfungusgeniusgenusgladiolusgratishabitathonorignoramusimpedimentaimpetusimpromptuindexinertiainferiorinsigniainsomniaintegerinterceptorinteriorinventorJulia

JuliusjuniorlaborlarvaLaviniaLeolocusmajormandamusMarciamaximummediummemorandummilitiaminimumministerminorminusminutiaemisermonitornauseanebulaneuternostrumnovaoctavoomnibusonusoperaopuspapillaparpauperpennaplusposteriorpriorprospectuspupaquarto

quietusQuintusrabiesradiusratiorebusreciperegaliarequiemrostrumRufussalivascintillaseniorSeptember, etc.seriessimilesimplexsinisterspeciespeciesspecimenspectrumstamenstatusStellastimulusstratumsuperiorSylvestertenetterrorulteriorvertebravertexvespervetoviavictorviscera

l a t i n f o r m s a n d p h r a s e s i n e n g l i s h 517

Latin Forms in English1

1This is only a partial list. For a list of 7000 Latin words in English see Classical Journal, 48 (1952), pp. 85–108.

acceptactagentalienaptascendauditclientconsistconsultcontendconvenientconventcreditcultdebit

deceptiondefenddesertducteffectexcessexpedientexportfamiliarfirmformfortfronthabithabitatincipient

instantintellectinterceptinventjustlaudorationpartperfectpomppositionpressprohibitprospectpublicquart

raptrationregionremissscriptsermonsessionsigntangenttendtimidurbanverb


English Words From Latin Base2

English Words From Latin Base Plus -e3

Bellecausecedecommuneconserveconvenecuredefensedisciplinedivide

exploreextremefacilefalsefamefortunegravelegateliberatemandate

modenatureplaneprimeprobeproducepulsereduceremoteremove

responsesenatesensesolesolvestatuestatutetributeurbaneverse

2There are many other words with suffixes -al, -an, -ant, -ar, -ent, - ic, -id, -ion.3There are many other words derived from the present stem and perfect partici-ple of verbs; there are also many more nouns and adjectives with suffixes -tude, -ure, -ile, -ane, -ive, -ose.

Latin Songs

The Star-Spangled Banner

Øh, potestne cern¬, praefulgente di±,Sal¥t¤tum signum circ¤ noctis adventum?

L¤t¬ cl¤v(¬) et st±llae, d±certant(e) aci±,Glßrißs± cingunt oppid¬ m¥n¬mentum!

Iaculumque rub±ns, globus s¥rsum rump±nsPer noctem mßnstrant vexillum fulg±ns.St±ll¤tumne vexillum vol¤ns tegit nßs,Patriam l¬beram fortiumque domßs?

Tr. F. A. Geyser

Adeste Fid±l±s4

Adeste, fid±l±s,Laet¬ triumphant±s;

Ven¬te, ven¬te in Bethlehem;N¤tum vid±te

R±gem angelßrum;Ven¬te adßr±mus, ven¬te adßr±mus,

Ven¬te adßr±mus Dominum.

Cantet nunc “Iß!” Ergß qu¬ n¤tusChorus angelßrum; Di± hodiern¤,

Cantet nunc aula caelestium: I±s¥, tibi sit glßria;“Glßria, glßria Patris aetern¬In excels¬s Deß!” Verbum carß factum!

Ven¬te, etc. Ven¬te, etc.

l a t i n s o n g s 519

4Sung to the tune of the Portugese hymn, “O Come, All Ye Faithful.”

520 l a t i n s o n g s p

l a t i n s o n g s 521

Dictionary

A¤, ab, (prep. w. abl.) away from, from, by 13absum, abesse, ¤fu¬, ¤fut¥rus, be away, be

absent 30ac, (see atque)acc±dß, -ere, access¬, access¥rus, approach 19accidß, -ere, accid¬, —, (w. dat.) fall to, befall,

happen 63accipiß, -ere, acc±p¬, acceptus, receive 20¤cer, ¤cris, ¤cre, sharp, keen, fierce 60ad, (prep. w. acc.) to, toward, for, near 6add¥cß, -ere, add¥x¬, adductus, lead to,

influence 43adiuvß, -¤re, -¥v¬, -¥tus, helpadßrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, worshipadsum, -esse, adfu¬, adfut¥rus, be near, be

present 34adul±scentulus, -¬, m., young manaeger, aegra, aegrum, sick, illAegypti¬, -ßrum, m. pl. the EgyptiansAegyptus, -¬, f., EgyptAen±¤s, -ae, m., Aeneas (En±ás)Aeolus, -¬, m., Aeolus (Eólus)aequus, -a, -um, even, just, calm 18¤±r, ¤eris, m., airaes, aeris, n., copper, bronzeaest¤s, -¤tis, f., summer 51aet¤s, -¤tis, f., age, time 61Aetna, -ae, f., (Mt.) Etnaafficiß, -ere, aff±c¬, affectus, affect, afflict with 23§fric¤nus -¬, m., Afric¤ńusager, agr¬, m., field 14

agß, -ere, ±g¬, ¤ctus, do, drive, discuss, live, spendtime 19; gr¤ti¤s agß, thank; v¬tam agß, lead a life

agricola, -ae, m., farmer 3¤la, -ae, f., wingalbus, -a, -um, whiteali±nus, -a, -um, another’s, unfavorable 57aliquandß, (adv.) sometimesalius, alia, aliud, other, another; alius... alius,

one . . . another; ali¬... ali¬, some . . . others 56Alp±s, -ium, f. pl., the Alpsalter, altera, alterum, the other; alter... alter, the

one . . . the other 56altus, -a, -um, high, tall, deep 12ambß, -ae, -ß, bothambulß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, walkAmeric¤nus, -a, -um, American; Americ¤nus, -¬,

m., an Americanam¬citia, -ae, f., friendship 11am¬cus, -a, -um, friendly 14; am¬cus, -¬, m.,

am¬ca, -ae, f., friend 7¤mittß, -ere, ¤m¬s¬, ¤missus, let go, lose 29amß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, love, like 3amor, -ßris, m., loveamphithe¤trum, -¬, n., amphitheaterAnglicus, -a, -um, Englishanima, -ae, f., breath, spiritanimus, -¬, m., mind, courage, spirit 15annus, -¬, m., year 16ante, (adv.) before; (prep. w. acc.) before (of time

or place) 39antec±dß, -ere, -cess¬, -cess¥rus, go before, go

earlier 41ant¬quus, -a, -um, old, ancient

Latin–English

Proper names are not included unless they are spelled differently inEnglish or are difficult to pronounce in English. Their English pronuncia-tion is indicated by a simple system. The vowels are as follows: ¤ as inhate, a as in hat, ± as in feed, e as in fed, ¬ as in bite, ı as in bit, ß as inhope, o as in hop, ¥ as in cute, u as in cut. In the ending ±s the s is soft asin rose. When the accented syllable ends in a consonant, the vowel isshort; otherwise it is long. The reference numbers after each entry indi-cate the lesson in which the word is introduced.

522 D i c t i o n a r y p

aperiß, -¬re, -u¬, -tus, open, uncoverappellß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, call, name 28Appius, -a, -um, (adj.) of Appius, Appian; Appius,

-p¬, m., Appiusaptus, -a, -um, fit, suitable (w. dat.) 62apud, (prep. w. acc.) among, in the presence of 70aqua, -ae, f., water 1aquaeductus, -¥s, m., aqueductAqu¬t¤nus, -¬, m., an Aquit¤ńianarbor, -is, m. treeArcadia, -ae. f., a region in Greecearcus, -¥s, m., arch, bowar±na, -ae, f., arena, sand, desert, seashoreargentum, -¬, n., silverarma, -ßrum, n. pl. arms, weapons 17ascendß, -ere, ascend¬, asc±nsus, climb (up),

ascend 70Ath±na, -ae, f., a Greek goddess = Minervaatque (ac), (conj.) and, and even 38¤trium, ¤tr¬, n., atrium, entry hallauctor, -ßris, m., maker, author, writer 48auctßrit¤s, -¤tis, f., authority, influence 49aud¤cia, -ae, f., boldnessaud¤x, aud¤cis (gen.), bold, daringaudiß, -¬re, -¬v¬, -¬tus, hear 24augeß, -±re, aux¬, auctus, increase 10aureus, -a, -um, goldenaurum, -¬, n., goldaut, or; aut... aut, either . . . or 28autem, (conj.) however (never first word) 67autumus, -¬, m. autumn, fallauxilium, -l¬, n., aid, help; pl. reinforcements 17¤vertß, -ere, ¤vert¬, ¤versus, turn away 65avis, avis, avium, f., birdavus, -¬, m., grandfather

Bbarbarus, -a, -um, (adj.), foreign; barbarus, -¬,

(noun) m., foreigner, barbarian 16Belgae, -¤rum, m. pl., the Belgians; the Belgian

peoplebellum, -¬, n., war 17bene, (adv.) well 64; (comp.) melius, better;

(superl.) optim±, best, very wellbeneficium, -c¬, n., kindness, benefit 33benignus, -a, -um, kindbonus, -a, -um, good 2; (comp.) melior, melius,

better; (superl.) optimus, -a, -um, bestbrevis, -±, short, brief, smallBritannia, -ae, f., BritainBritannus, -¬, m., a Briton

CC., abbreviation for G¤iuscadß, -ere, cecid¬, c¤s¥rus, fall 63Caecilius, -l¬, m., Caecilius (S±silíus)caecus, -a, -um, blindcaelum, -¬, n., skyCaesar, -aris, m., Caesarcampus, -¬, m., fieldcanis, -is, m. or f., dogcanß, -ere, cecin¬, cantus, singcapiß, -ere, c±p¬, captus, take, seize 20; cßnsilium

capiß, adopt a planCapitßlium, -l¬, n., the Capitol, temple of Jupiter at

Rome; the Capitoline Hillcapt¬vus, -¬, m.; capt¬va, -ae, f., prisoner 13caput, capitis, n., head 45carmen, -minis, n., song 45carrus, -¬, m., cart, wagon 4Carth¤gini±ns±s, -ium, m. pl., the Carthaginians

(Carthajiníans)Carth¤gß, -ginis, f., Carthage (a city in Africa);

Carth¤gß Nova, New Carthage (in Spain)casa, -ae, f., house 12castra, -ßrum, n. pl. camp 16c¤sus, -¥s, m., downfall, accident, chance,

misfortune 68causa, -ae, f., cause, reason, case 18c±dß, -ere, cess¬, cess¥rus, move (away from),

retreat, yield, give way 19celebrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, celebrate, honorceler, celeris, celere, swift, quick 47celerit¤s, -t¤tis, f., swiftness, speed 49Celtae, -¤rum, m. pl., Celts, a people of Gaulc±na, -ae, f., dinner 13centum, (indeclinable) hundred 66c±ra, -ae, f. waxCer±s, -eris, f., Ceres (S±´r±s), goddess of

agriculturecernß, -ere, cr±v¬, cr±tus, discern, see 42certus, -a, -um, fixed, sure, certain 42cibus, -¬, m., food 5Cicerß, -ßnis, m., Cicero (Siséro)Circ±, -ae, f., Circe (Sir´s±), a sorceresscircum, (prep. w. acc.) around 67circus, -¬, m., circle, circus (esp. the Circus

Maximus at Rome)c¬vis, c¬vis, c¬vium, m. or f., citizen 46c¬vit¤s, -¤tis, f., citizenship, state 48clam, (adv.) secretlycl¤mß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, shout, cry out 40cl¤mor, -ßris, m., noise, shouting 45

D i c t i o n a r y 523


cl¤rus, -a, -um, clear, famous 5claudß, -ere, claus¬, clausus, close 45cli±ns, -ntis, m., client, dependentcognßmen, -minis, n., surname, nickname cognßscß, -ere, -nßv¬, -nitus, learn; have learned,

(perf.) know 39cßgß, -ere, co±g¬, coactus, drive together, collect,

compel 38colß, -ere, colu¬, cultus, till, cultivate, worship,

inhabit 54colßnus, -¬, m., settler, colonist 15Coloss±um, -¬, n., the Colis±´um (an amphitheater

at Rome)committß, -ere, -m¬s¬, -missus, join together,

commit, entrust 27; proelium committß,begin battle 27

commodus, -a, -um, suitable, convenient 22commoveß, -±re, -mßv¬, -mßtus, disturb, alarm 42comm¥nis, -e, common 52comprehendß, -ere, -hend¬, -h±nsus, understandconcordia, -ae, f., harmony 17condiciß, -ßnis, f., condition, terms 61cßnficiß, -ere, -f±c¬, -fectus, complete, exhaust, do

thoroughly, do in 46cßnf¬dß, -ere, cßnf¬sus sum, have confidence incßnfirmß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, make firm, encourage,

establish 49cßnservß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, save, preserve 37cßnsilium, -l¬, n., plan, advice 16cßnsistß, -ere, cßnstit¬, cßnstit¥rus, stand still,

stop 58cßnspiciß, -ere, -spex¬, -spectus, catch sight

of, see, spot 65constituß, -ere, -u¬, -¥tus, determine, decidecßnsul, -ulis, m., consul (the highest elected Roman

official)cßnsulß, -ere, -sulu¬, -sultus, consult 43contendß, -ere, -tend¬, -tentus, struggle, hasten 57contineß, -±re, -u¬, -tentus, hold together, contain 24contr¤, (prep. w. acc.) against 65conveniß, -¬re, -v±n¬, -vent¥rus, come together 25convocß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, call together 25cßpia, -ae, f., supply, abundance 5cor, cordis, n., heart 51corium, cor¬, n., skin, leathercorßna, -ae, f., crowncorpus, -poris, n., body 45cr¤s, (adv.) tomorrow 6cr¤t±r, -is, m. large bowlcr±dß, -ere, -did¬, -ditus, (w. dat.) believe,

entrust 65

Cr±ta, -ae, f., Cretecum, (prep. w. abl.) with 23Cup¬dß, -inis, m., Cupid (the god of love)cupiß, -ere, cup¬v¬, cup¬tus, desire, wish, want 31c¥r, (adv.) why 36c¥ra, -ae, f., worry, care, concern 5c¥rß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, care for, curecurrß, -ere, cucurr¬, curs¥rus, run 50currus, -¥s, m., chariotcursus, -¥s, m. running, course, voyaging

Dd±, (prep. w. abl.) from, down from, about,

concerning 13dea, -ae, f., goddess 22d±beß, -±re, d±bu¬, d±bitus, ought, owe 17decem, tendecimus, -a, -um, tenthd±fendß, -ere, d±fend¬, d±f±nsus, defend 19d±lecto, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, pleased±ligß, -ere, d±l±g¬, d±l±ctus, selectd±mßnstrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, show 68d±pßnß, -ere, d±posu¬, d±positus, put down,

lay asided±scendß, -ere, d±scend¬, d±sc±nsus, descendd±serß, -ere, d±seru¬, d±sertus, desert 68d±siliß, -¬re, d±silu¬, d±sultus, jump down,

dismountd±spiciß, -ere, d±spex¬, d±spectus, look down

on, despise 68deus, -¬, m., god 22d±vorß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, swallowd¬cß, -ere, d¬x¬, dictus, say, tell 22dict¤tor, -ßris, m., dictatordictum, -¬, n., worddi±s, di±¬, m., day 69difficilis, -e, difficult 63digitus, -¬, m., fingerd¬ligentia, -ae, f., diligence 35d¬mittß, -ere, d¬m¬s¬, d¬missus, let go, send

away 31disc±dß, -ere, -cess¬, -cess¥rus, go away,

depart 32discipl¬na, -ae, f., training, instruction 10discipulus, -¬, m., discipula, -ae, f., student learner,

pupildissimilis, -e, unlike (w. dat.) 63d¬vidß, -ere, d¬v¬s¬, d¬v¬sus, divide 70dß, dare, ded¬, datus, give 35; poenam dß, pay

the penaltydoceß, -±re, docu¬, doctus, teach 10

dominus, -¬, m., master 18; domina, -ae, f.,mistress

domus, -¥s, f., house, home 68dßnß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, give, present to (as a gift) 7dormiß, -¬re, -¬v¬, -¬tus, sleepdubitß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, hesitate, doubt 31d¥cß, -ere, d¥x¬, ductus, lead, draw 21dulcis, -e, sweetdum, (conj.) while 52duo, -ae, -o, two 66duodecim, twelved¥rus, -a, -um, hard, harsh 2dux, ducis, m., leader, general 40

E±, ex, (prep. w. abl.) out from, from, out of 13ea, (see is)ecce, (interj.) look, here!edß, esse, ±d¬, ±sus, eat±d¥cß, -ere, ±d¥x¬, ±ductus, lead out 34efficiß, -ere, eff±c¬, effectus, bring about, produce,

effect 21ego, me¬, m. or f., I 31±gregius, -a, -um, distinguished, excellent 33eius, his, her, its; eßrum, their, (see is) 52elephantus, -¬, m., elephantemß, -ere, ±m¬, ±mptus, take, buy 66Æp¬rus, -¬, f., Æp¬´rus, a province in Greeceequ±s, -itis, m., horseman, knightequus, -¬, m., horse 4±rumpß, -ere, ±r¥p¬, ±ruptus, burst forthet, (conj.) and, even 1; et… et, both . . . and 28etiam, (adv.) also, even, too 32Etr¥sc¬, -ßrum, m. pl., the EtruscansEumaeus, -¬, m., Eumaeus (£m±´us)Eurßpa, -ae, f., Europe±v¤dß, -ere, ±v¤s¬, ±v¤sus, go out, escape±vocß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, call out, summon 16exc±dß, -ere, excess¬, excess¥rus, depart 19excl¤mo, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, shoutexemplum, -¬, n., example 33exerceß, -±re, exercu¬, exercitus, keep busy,

train 67exercitus, -¥s, m., (trained) army 68expediß, -¬re, -¬v¬, -¬tus, set free 44expellß, -ere, expul¬, expulsus, drive out 50explicß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, unfold, explain 63explßrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, investigate, explore 70expugnß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, capture by assault 53exspectß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, look out for, await 19exstinguß, -ere, exst¬nx¬, exst¬nctus, extinguish

extr¤, (prep. w. acc.) outside, beyondextr±mus, -a, -um, farthest, last, end of 64

Ff¤bula, -ae, f., storyfacile, (adv.) easily 63facilis, -e, easy, doable 47faciß, -ere, f±c¬, factus, do, make 20; verba faciß,

speak, make a speechfactum, -¬, n., deed 42fallß, -ere, fefell¬, falsus, deceive 65f¤ma, -ae, f., report, fame 2familia, -ae, f., family 2famili¤ris, -e, (noun) m., friend (familiar); (adj.) of

the family, friendly 49f¤mßsus, -a, -um, famous, notoriousf¤tum, -¬, n., fate; (often personified) the Fatesf±mina, -ae, f., woman, wifeferio, -¬re, -¬v¬, -¬tus, hit, strikeferrum, -¬, n., ironfest¬no, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, hurryf¬dus, -a, -um, faithful, reliable, loyalf¬lius, -l¬, m., son 14; f¬lia, -ae, f., daughter 9f¬nis, f¬nis, f¬nium m., end; pl. borders, territory 46f¬nitimus, -a, -um (adj.) neighboring 27f¬nitimus, -¬, m., neighbor 27firmus, -a, -um, strong, firm 23fluctus, -¥s, m., wavefl¥men, fl¥minis, n., river 45fluß, -ere, fl¥x¬, flux¥rus, flowfocus, -¬, m., hearthfßrma, -ae, f., shape 5fortasse, (adv.) perhaps 41fortis, -e, strong, brave 47fort¥na, -ae, f., fortune, luck 2forum, -¬, n., market place; Forum (at Rome)frangß, -ere, fr±g¬, fr¤ctus, break 54fr¤ter, fr¤tris, m., brother 54fr¬gidus, -a, -um, coldfrßns, frontis, frontium, f., forehead, front 70fr¥mentum, -¬, n., grain 16fuga, -ae, f., flight 43; in fugam dß, put to flight,

cause to run away, make run 43fugiß, -ere, f¥g¬, fugit¥rus, run away, flee 22fulmen, -minis, n., lightningfut¥rus, (see sum)

GG¤ius, -¬, m., G¤´iusGallia, -ae, f., Gaul, ancient FranceGallicus, -a, -um, Gallic



Gallus, -a, -um, Gallic (from Gaul); (noun) m.,a Gaul

gaudium, -d¬, n., joy, gladnessgenius, -n¬, m., inborn spiritg±ns, gentis, gentium, f., people, nation 62genus, generis, n., birth, kind 53Germ¤nia, -ae, f., GermanyGerm¤nus, -¬, m., a Germangerß, gerere, gess¬, gestus, carry on, wage 23gladi¤tor, -ßris, m., gladiatorgladius, -d¬, m., sword glßria, -ae, f., glory 11glßrißsus, -a, -um, gloriousgracilis, -±, slender, gracefulGraecia, -ae, f., GreeceGraecus, -a, -um, Greek; Graecus, -¬, m., a Greekgrammaticus, -¬, m., school teachergr¤tia, -ae, f., gratitude, influence 11; gr¤tiam

habeß, feel grateful; gr¤ti¤s agß, thank (w. dat.)gr¤tus, -a, -um, pleasing, grateful 7gravis, -e, heavy, severe 57gustus, -¥s, m., taste

Hhabeß, -±re, habu¬, habitus, have, hold 10;

gr¤tiam habeß, feel grateful (w. dat.);ßr¤tißnem habeß, deliver an oration

habitß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, live, dwell 15haereß, -±re, haes¬, haesus, stick, cling 60Hannibal, -alis, m., Hannibal (a Carthaginian

general)herba, -ae, f., herb, plant, grassHibernia, -ae, f., Irelandhic, haec, hoc, this, these; (pron.) he, she, it 50hiems, hiemis, f., winter 51Hisp¤nia, -ae, f., SpainHisp¤nus, -a, -um, Spanishhistoria, -ae, f., story, historyhodi±, (adv.) todayhomß, hominis, m., man, person, human being 40honest¤s, -t¤tis, f., honor, honestyhonor, -ßris, m., honor, officehßra, -ae, f., hour 9hospes, -itis, m., stranger, guest/hosthospita, -ae, f., guest/hostesshostis, hostis, hostium, m., enemy (usually pl.) 46humilis, -e, low, humble 62

Iiaciß, -ere, i±c¬, iactus, throw, hurl, cast 45iam, (adv.) already, now 30; nßn iam, no longer

ibi, (adv.) there 11id, (see is)¬dem, eadem, idem, (adj.) the same 53; (pron.) the

same man, woman, thingignis, -is, ignium, m., fire 63ille, illa, illud, that, those; (pron.) he, she, it 50imped¬mentum, -¬, n., hindrance 44impediß, -¬re, -¬v¬, -¬tus, hinder, obstruct 44imper¤tor, -ßris, m., commander, generalimperium, -r¬, n., command, power 66imperß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, (w. dat.) command 70impetus, -¥s, m., attack 68; impetum facio in

(prep. w. acc.) make an attack againstin (prep. w. acc.) into, onto, to, against 15; (prep.

w. abl.) in, on 11incertus, -a, -um, uncertain 52incipiß, -ere, inc±p¬, inceptus, take on, begin 23incitß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, excite, stir up, incite 8incolß, -ere, incolu¬, incultus, live, inhabit 66¬nfer¬, -ßrum, m. inhabitants of the Underworld¬nferior, ¬nferius, lower 64inim¬cus, -a, -um (adj.) unfriendly, hostile 30;

inim¬cus, ¬, m., enemyini¥ria, -ae, f., injustice, wrong, injury 8ini¥rißsus, -a, -um, harmfulinquit, he, she said¬nstß, -¤re, instit¬, —, threaten 60¬nstruß, -ere, ¬nstr¥x¬, ¬nstr¥ctus, arrange,

set up 62¬nsula, -ae, f., island 1integer, -gra, -grum, fresh, whole, untouched 31intellegß, -ere, -l±x¬, -l±ctus, understand 67inter, (prep. w. acc.) between, among 35intercipiß, -ere, -c±p¬, -ceptus, intercept, cut

off, catch 53intercl¥dß, -ere, -cl¥s¬, -cl¥sus, cut off 69interficiß, -ere, -f±c¬, -fectus, kill 34interim, (adv.) meanwhileintermittß, -ere, -m¬s¬, -missus, stop, interrupt, let

go 37inveniß, -¬re, inv±n¬, inventus, find, come upon

20iß, (interj.) hurrah!ipse, ipsa, ipsum, -self, the very 54¬ra, -ae, f., anger 60is, ea, id, (pron.), he, she, it 31; ( adj.) this, that 52ita, (adv.) so, yes 22ætalia, -ae, f., ItalyItalus, -a, -um, Italian; Ital¬, -ßrum, m., the

Italiansitaque, (adv.) and so, therefore, and as a result

iter, itineris, n., journey, route, march 46iterum, (adv.) again, a second timeiubeß, -±re, iuss¬, iussus, order 32i¥dicß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, judge 62I¥lius, -l¬, m., Julius; I¥lia, -ae, f., Juliaiungß, -ere, i¥nx¬, i¥nctus, join (to) 63I¥nß, -ßnis, f., Juno (a goddess, wife of Jupiter)Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter (king of the gods)i¥s, i¥ris, n., right 47i¥stus, -a, -um, just 59

Llabor, -ßris, m., work, hardship 59labßrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, work 3lac, lactis, n., milklacrima, -ae, f., tearlacrimß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, weeplapis, lapidis, m., stoneL¤r, Laris, m., Lar (a household god)Lat¬nus, -a, -um, Latin, belonging to Latium;

Lat¬n¬, -ßrum, m., the LatinsLat¬nus, -¬, m., Lat¬´nus (king of Latium)l¤tus, -a, -um, wide 18laudß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, praise 4lavß, -¤re, l¤v¬, lautus, wash, bathel±g¤tus, -¬, m., ambassador, envoy 60legß, -ere, l±g¬, l±ctus, gather, choose, read 26levis, -e, light (in weight) 58l±x, l±gis, f., law 40l¬ber, -era, -erum, (adj.) free 14; l¬berß, -¤re,

-¤v¬, -¤tus, (verb) free 12liber, libr¬, m., book 24l¬ber¬, -ßrum, m. pl. children 34l¬bert¤s, -t¤tis, f., freedom, liberty 47ligß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, bind, tie 44lingua, -ae, f., tongue, language 10littera, -ae, f., letter (of the alphabet), a letter

(epistle), pl. letters (if modified by an adjectivesuch as multae) 7

locus, -¬, m., (pl. loca, locßrum, n.), place 21longus, -a, -um, long 3l¥dß, -ere, l¥s¬, l¥sus, playl¥dus, -¬, m., game, play, show, school 35L¥sit¤nia, -ae, f., Portugall¥x, l¥cis, f., light 69

MM., abbreviation for M¤rcusmact±, (interj.) well done!magister, -tr¬, m. 14; magistra, -ae, f., teacher

magnus, -a, -um, large, great, big 2; (comp.)maior, maius, greater; (superl.) maximus, -a, -um, greatest, very great

maior, see magnusmalus, -a, -um, bad 4; (comp.) peior, peius,

worse; (superl.) pessimus, -a, -um, very bad,worst; malum, -¬, n., trouble

mandß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, entrust, give to (to keepsafe) 7

maneß, -±re, m¤ns¬, m¤ns¥rus, remain 11manus, -¥s, f., hand 68M¤rcius, -c¬, m., Marcius (Mar´shus)mare, maris, marium, n., sea 46mar¬tus, -¬, m., husbandMarius, -r¬, m., the Roman general MariusM¤rs, M¤rtis, m., Mars (god of war)m¤ter, m¤tris, f., mother 50m¤teria, -ae, f., matter, timber 11m¤trimßnium, -n¬, n., marriagem¤t¥rß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤t¥rus, hasten 17maxim±, (adv.) very greatly, especiallymaximus, see magnusmedicus, -¬, m., doctorMediterr¤neum (Mare), Mediterranean Seamedius, -a, -um, middle, middle of 25mel, mellis, n., honeymelior, see bonusmemoria, -ae, f., memory 8; memori¤ teneß,

rememberm±nsa, -ae, f., tablem±nsis, -is, -ium, m., month 58merc¤tor, -ßris, m., merchantMercurius, -r¬, m., Mercurymereß, -±re, meru¬, merits, deserve, earn 12meus, -a, -um, my, mine 9migrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤t¥rus, depart, migrate 15m¬les, m¬litis, m., soldier 40m¬lia, m¬lium, n., thousands 66m¬lle, (adj.) (indeclinable) thousand 66Minerva, -ae, f., a goddessminim±, (adv.) not at all, no 3minimus, minor, see parvusmiser, -era, -erum, unhappy, poor 29Mithrid¤t±s, -is, m., Mithridates (king of Pontus)mittß, -ere, m¬s¬, missus, let go, send 19modus, -¬, m., manner, way 38moneß, -±re, -u¬, -itus, remind, warn 38mßns, montis, montium, m., mountain 46mßnstrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, point out, show to 7mors, mortis, mortium, f., death 51mßs, mßris, m., custom



moveß, -±re, mßv¬, mßtus, move 13mox, (adv.) soonmulier, mulieris, f., womanmultus, -a, -um, much 3; pl., many; (comp.)

pl¥r±s, pl¥ra, more; (superl.) pl¥rimus, -a,-um, most

mundus, -¬, m., worldm¥niß, -¬re, -¬v¬, -¬tus, fortify 20; viam m¥niß,

build a roadm¥nus, m¥neris, n., duty, service, gift 59mut¤tus, -a, -um, changedm¥tß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, change

Nnam (conj.) for 38n¤rrß, n¤rr¤re, n¤rr¤v¬, n¤rr¤tus, tell, relate 21n¤tß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, swimn¤t¥ra, -ae, f., nature 36nauta, -ae, m., sailor 6n¤vigß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, sail 6n¤vis, n¤vis, n¤vium, f., ship 46-ne, (introduces questions) 18nec, see nequeneglegentia, -ae, f., negligencenegßtium, -t¬, n., business 67n±mß, (dat.) n±min¬, (acc.) n±minem (no other

forms), no one 62Nept¥nus, -¬, m., Neptune (god of the sea)neque (or nec), and not, nor 28; neque… neque,

neither . . . nor 28nesciß, -¬re, -¬v¬, -¬tus, not knowneuter, -tra, -trum, neither (of two) 56nihil, n., nothing (indeclinable) 51nßbilis, -e, noble 53nßb¬scum = cum nßb¬snoceß, -±re, nocu¬, nocit¥rus, (w. dat.) do harm

to 69nßmen, nßminis, n., name 45nßn, (adv.) not 1; nßn iam, no longer 43nßs, nostrum, we (pl. of ego) 31nßscß, -ere, nßv¬, nßtus, learn; (perf.) have learned,

know 30noster, -tra, -trum, our 14nßtus, -a, -um, known, familiar 42novem, ninenovus, -a, -um, new, strange 3nox, noctis, noctium, f., nightn¥llus, -a, -um, no, none 56numerus, -¬, m., number 5numquam, (adv.) never 26

nunc, (adv.) now 4n¥ntiß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, announce, report to 7n¥ntius, -t¬, m., messenger 17

Oob, (prep. w. acc.) facing toward, on account of,

for, because of 35obtineß, -±re, obtinu¬, obtentus, hold, obtain 37occupß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, seize hold of 8Øceanus, -¬, m., oceanoctß, eightoculus, -¬, m., eyeofficium, -c¬, n., duty 19ßlim, (adv.) formerly, once (upon a time) 31omnis, omne, all, every 47oportet, -±re, -tuit, it is fitting, it is necessary

(w. acc. of person + inf.)oppidum, -¬, n., town 18opprimß, -ere, oppress¬, oppressus, overcome,

surprise 57optim±, see beneoptimus, see bonusopus, operis, n., work, labor 63ßr¤tiß, -ßnis, f., speech 62ßr¤tor, -ßris, m., oratororbis, -is, -ium, m., world, circle, ringßrdß, ßrdinis, m., order, rank, row 45ßrn¤mentum, -¬, n., jewel, costumeostendß, -ere, ostend¬, ostentus, show, stretch

out before, present 58ßtißsus, -a, -um, leisurely, idleßtium, ßt¬, n., leisure, peace 22

PP., abbreviation for P¥bliuspaedagßgus, -¬, m., an escort for childrenpaene, (adv.) almost 9p¤r, paris (gen.) equal, equal to 47par¤tus, -a, -um, prepared, ready 42parß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, get, get ready, prepare 3pars, partis, partium, f., part, direction, side 52parvus, -a, -um, small, little 2; (comp.) minor,

minus, less; (superl.) minimus, -a, -um, leastpassus, -¥s, m., pacep¤stor, -ßris, m., herdsman, shepherd 46pater, patris, m., father 48paterfamili¤s, patrisfamili¤s, m., father of the

householdpatria, -ae, f., fatherland, country 10patricii, -orum, m., patricians

patrßnus, -¬, m., patronpauc¬, -ae, -a, a few, few 27paupert¤s, -t¤tis, f., poverty, humble circumstancesp¤x, p¤cis, f., peace 40pec¥nia, -ae, f., money 6peior, see maluspellß, -ere, pepul¬, pulsus, beat, drive, defeat, drive

out 48Pen¤t±s, -ium, m., the Pen¤´t±s (household gods)P±nelop±, -ae, f., Penel´ope (wife of Ulysses)per, (prep. w. acc.) through, by 33perficiß, -ere, -f±c¬, -fectus, finish 66per¬culum, -¬, n., danger 29permittß, -ere, -m¬s¬, -missus, let go through,

allow, permit, entrust (w. dat.) 34permoveß, -±re, -mßv¬, -mßtus, move (deeply),

upset 37perm¥t¤tiß, -ßnis, f., exchangeperpetuus, -a, -um, constant 23persßna, -ae, f., characterperveniß, -¬re, -v±n¬, -vent¥rus, (come through),

arrive 60p±s, pedis, m., foot 44; pedibus, on footpessimus, (see malus)petß, -ere, pet¬v¬, pet¬tus, seek, ask 36Philippus, -¬ m., Philipphilosophia, -ae, f., philosophyPhrygia, -ae, f., Phrygia (Frij´ia) (a country of Asia

Minor)pict¥ra, -ae, f., picturepila, -ae, f., ballpius, -a, -um, loyalpl¤cß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, please, calmpl¤gßsus, -a, -um, fond of whippingpl¤nus, -a, -um, level, flat 5pl±bs, pl±bis, f., common people, plebianspl±nus, -a, -um, full 24plicß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, fold 39pl¥r±s, pl¥ra, more, (see multus)pl¥rimus, (see multus)pl¥s, (see multus)Pl¥tß, -ßnis, m., Pl¥´tßpoena, -ae, f., punishment, penalty 8po±ta, -ae, m., poet 26Polyph±mus, -¬, m., Polyph±´mus (a man-eating

giant)pompa, -ae, f., parade, processionpßnß, -ere, posu¬, positus, put, place 19; castra

pßnß, pitch camppßns, pontis, pontium, m., bridge 54pontifex, -ficis, m., priestPontus, -¬, m., Pontus (a country in Asia Minor)

populus, -¬, m., people 18; pl., peoples, nationsporta, -ae, f., gate (of a city or a camp) 32portß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, carry 3portus, -¥s, m., harborpossum, posse, potu¬, —, can, be able 42post, (adv.and prep. w. acc.) behind (of place);

after (of time) 48poste¤, (adv.) afterwards 48postquam, (conj.) after 67pot±ns, potentis (gen.) powerfulpotest¤s, -t¤tis, f., power 54prae, (prep. w. abl.) in front of, before 67praeceps, praecipitis (gen.) headfirst, steep,

straight (down) 50praeda, -ae, f., loot, booty 7praeficiß, -ere, -f±c¬, -fectus, put in charge of 69praemittß, -ere, -m¬s¬, -missus, send ahead 67praemium, -m¬, n., reward 16praesidium, -d¬, n., guard, protection 28praesum, -esse, -fu¬, -fut¥rus, be in charge of 69praetextus, -a, -um, (woven in front), bordered;

toga praetexta, crimson-bordered togapremß, -ere, press¬, pressus, press, press hard 40pretium, -t¬, n., price 21pr¬mß, (adv.) at firstpr¬mum, (adv.) for the first timepr¬mus, -a, -um, first 34pr¬nceps, -cipis, m., leader, chief 69prß, (prep. w. abl.) in front of, before, for, in behalf

of 29probß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, test, prove, approve 7prßc±dß, -ere, -cess¬, -cess¥rus, go forward,

advance 30procus, -i, m., suitorprßd¥cß, -ere, -d¥x¬, -ductus, lead out 30proelium, -l¬, n., battle 27proelium committß, begin battle 27prohibeß, -±re, -hibu¬, -hibitus, prevent,

keep from 58prope, (adv. and prep. w. acc.) near, nearby, almostproperß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤t¥rus, hasten, hurry 27prßpßnß, -ere, -posu¬, -positus, put forward,

offer 33proprius, -a, -um, (one’s) own 63prßvideß, -±re, -v¬d¬, -v¬sus, foresee, see ahead 43prßvincia, -ae, f., province 8proximus, -a, -um, nearest, next (w. dat.) 64p¥blicus, -a, -um, m., public 18P¥blius, -l¬, m., Pub´liuspuella, -ae, f., girl 2puer, puer¬, m., boy 14



pugna, -ae, f., battle, fight 8pugnß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, fight 8pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beautiful 20P¥nicus, -a, -um, Punic, Carthaginianp¥pa, -ae, f., doll, little girlputß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, think, suppose 59Pyrrhus, -¬, m., Pyr´rhus (king of Epirus)

Qquam, (conj.) than 61; (adv. with superl.) as . . . as

possible 63quartus, -a, -um, fourthquattuor, four 41-que (joined to second word), and 26qu¬, quae, quod, (rel. pron.) who, which, what,

that 36; (interrog. adj.) what? which? 38quid?, what? 18, 38qu¬ndecim, fifteenqu¬nque, fivequ¬ntus, -a, -um, fifth 9quis? quid? (interrog, pron.) who? what? 18, 38quß modß, how (in what manner)quod, (conj.) because, since 4quondam, (adv.) once (upon a time) 53quot? (adv.) how many?

Rr¤mus, -¬, m., branchr¤na, -ae, f., frograpiß, -ere, rapu¬, raptus, carry off, steal 61ratiß, -ßnis, f., account, reason 70recipiß, -ere, rec±p¬, receptus, take back,

recover 32reddß, -ere, reddid¬, redditus, give back,

restore 68redigß, -ere, red±g¬, red¤ctus, drive back,

reduce 32red¥cß, -ere, red¥x¬, reductus, lead back 25r±gia, -ae, f., palacer±g¬na, -ae, f., queen 5regiß, -ßnis, f., region 62r±gnum, -¬, n., kingdom, realm 44regß, -ere, r±x¬, r±ctus, rule, guide 20relinquß, -ere, rel¬qu¬, relictus, leave (behind),

abandon 41reliquus, -a, -um, remaining, rest (of) 26remaneß, -±re, rem¤ns¬, rem¤ns¥rus, stay behind,

remain 34remedium, -d¬, n., remedyremittß, -ere, rem¬s¬, remissus, relax, send back,

(let back) 52

removeß, -±re, remßv¬, remßtus, remove, moveback 32

repellß, -ere, reppul¬, repulsus, drive back,repulse 62

r±s, re¬, f., thing, matter, affair, situation 69; r±s p¥blica, re¬ publicae, public affairs, government

respondeß, -±re, respond¬, respßnsus, answer,reply 49

restß, -¤re, restit¬, —, remainretineß, -±re, retinu¬, retentus, hold back, keep 30reverentia, -ae, f., respectrevertß, -ere, revert¬, revers¥rus, returnr±x, r±gis, m., king 44Rh±nus, -¬, m., the Rhine riverr¬deß, -±re, r¬s¬, r¬sus, laugh (at)rogß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, ask, ask for 42Rßma, -ae, f., RomeRßm¤nus, -a, -um, (adj.) Roman; Rßm¤nus, -¬,

m., a Romanru¬na, -ae, f., downfall, collapse; pl. ruins

Ssaccus, -¬, m., sack, bagsacer, -cra, -crum, sacred 14sacerdßs, -ßtis, m. or f., priest, priestesssacrificß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, sacrifice, sacrifice to

(+ dat.)saepe, (adv.) oftensal¥s, sal¥tis, f., health, safety 40sal¥tß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, greetsalv±, sing., salv±te, pl., (good) health to you, hail,

hellos¤nus, -a, -um, sound, sanesapientia, -ae, f., wisdomS¤turn¤lia, -ßrum, n. pl., Saturnalia (a winter

festival in honor of the god Saturn)S¤turnus, -¬, m., Saturn (a god)saucius, -a, -um, wounded, hurtsaxum, -¬, n., rocksc±ptrum, -¬, n., scepterschola, -ae, f., schoolscientia, -ae, f., knowledge, sciencesciß, -¬re, sc¬v¬, sc¬tus, know 59Sc¬piß, -ßnis, m., Scipio (Sip´io)scr¬bß, -ere, scr¬ps¬, scr¬ptus, write 26s±cum = cum s±secundus, -a, -um, second 59s±c¥rus, -a, -um, free of care, safesed, (conj.) but 1sedeß, -±re, s±d¬, sess¥rus, sit 54

semper, (adv.) always 9sen¤tor, -ßris, m., senatorsen¤tus, -¥s, m., senate 68sententia, -ae, f., feeling, opinion, motto 25sentiß, -¬re, s±ns¬, s±nsus, feel, realize 60s±parß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, separateseptem, sevensepulchrum, -¬, n., tombsermß, -ßnis, m., talk, conversationservß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, save, guard 8servus, -¬, m.; serva, -ae, f., slave 4sex, sixs¬, (conj.) if 59s¬c, yes, thus, so 3Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily (Sis´ily)signum, -¬, n., sign, standard, signal 16silva, -ae, f., forest, woods 1similis, -e, like (w. dat.) 63sine, (prep. w. abl.) without 30singul¬, -ae, -a, (always pl.) one at a time, one by

one 13socius, -c¬, m., ally, comrade 12sßl, sßlis, m., sun 63sßlus, -a, -um, alone 56solvß, -ere, solv¬, sol¥tus, loosen, pay 59somnus, -¬, m., sleepsordidus, -a, -um, dirtysoror, -ßris, f., sister 54spatium, -t¬, n., space, time 43speci±s, speci±¬, f., appearance 69spectß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, look (at), watch 3sp±rß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, hope for, hope that 52sp±s, spe¬, f., hope 69sp¬rß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, breathe 52spondeß, -±re, spopond¬, spßnsus, promise,

engagesportula, -ae, f. small gift basketstatua, -ae, f., statuestatuß, -ere, statu¬, stat¥tus, establish, determine,

arrange 61stella, -ae, f. starstß, st¤re, stet¬, st¤t¥rus, stand, stand up 41studißsus, -a, -um, eager, studiousstudium, -d¬, n., eagerness, interest, studies 22sub, (prep. w. acc. with verbs of motion; w. abl.

with verbs of rest or position) under, close up to 33

submittß, -ere, -m¬s¬, -missus, let down, furnish 35

su¬, (reflex. pron.) of himself, herself, itself,themselves 65

sum, esse, fu¬, fut¥rus, be 15summus, -a, -um, highest, top of 64s¥mß, -ere, s¥mps¬, s¥mptus, take 65super, (prep. w. acc.) over, above 67superbia, -ae, f., pride, arrogance 34superbus, -a, -um, proud, arrogant 34superß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, excel, overcome, surpass,

conquer 49supersum, -esse, -fu¬, -fut¥rus, be left (over),

survive 67supplicium, -c¬, n., punishment 53suscipiß, -ere, -c±p¬, -ceptus, undertake, take up,

start 33sustineß, -±re, -tinu¬, -tentus, hold up, maintain,

endure 36suus, -a, -um, (reflex.) his, her, its, their; his own,

her own, its own, their own 65

Ttaberna, -ae, f., shop, taverntabl¬num, -¬, n., study, dentamen, (adv.) nevertheless 34tandem, (adv.) at last, finallytangß, -ere, tetig¬, t¤ctus, touch 53tardus, -a, -um, late, slow 24Tarent¬n¬, -ßrum, m. pl., the people of Tarentumt±cum = cum t±T±lemachus, -¬, m., Telem´achust±lum, -¬, n., weapontemplum, -¬, n., temple 20tempus, -oris, n., time 45tendß, -ere, tetend¬, tentus, stretch 47teneß, -±re, tenu¬, tentus, hold, keep 12; memori¤

teneß, rememberterminus, -¬, m., end, boundary 21terra, -ae, f., earth, land 2terreß, -±re, terru¬, territus, scare, frighten 10tertius, -a, -um, third 42texß, -ere, texu¬, textus, weavethe¤trum, -¬, n., theater, amphitheaterTi., abbreviation for TiberiusTiberis, -is, m., the T¬´ber (a river in Italy)Tiberius, -r¬, m., T¬b±´riustimeß, -±re, timu¬, —, fear, be afraid of 51timidus, -a, -um, shy 43T¬rß, -ßnis, m., T¬´rßtoga, -ae, f., toga (cloak)tßtus, -a, -um, whole, entire 56tr¤dß, -ere, -did¬, -ditus, give/hand over,

surrender 66tr¤d¥cß, -ere, d¥x¬, -ductus, lead across 41



trahß, -ere, tr¤x¬, tractus, draw, drag 24tr¤nß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, swim acrosstr¤ns, (prep. w. acc.) across 39tr¤nsportß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, transport, carry

across 41tr±s, tria, three 66trib¥nus, -¬, m., tribune, a Roman officialtribuß, -ere, tribu¬, trib¥tus, grant 65tr¬gint¤, thirtytriumphß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, triumphtriumphus, -¬, m., triumphTrßia, -ae, f., TroyTrßi¤nus, -a, -um, (adj.) Trojan; Trßianus, -i, m.,

a Trojant¥, tu¬, you, of you (sing.) 31tum, (adv.) then, next 6tuus, -a, -um, your, yours (referring to one

person) 9

Uubi, (adv.) where? 4; when? 18Ulix±s, -is, m., £lys´s±s¥llus, -a, -um, any 56ulterior, ulterius, farther 64ultimus, -a, -um, farthest, last 43unda, -ae, f., wave 6¥nus, -a, -um, one 56Uranus, -¬, m., £´ranus (god of the Sky)urbs, urbis, urbium, f., city 60¥sus, -¥s, m., use, customuter, -ra, -rum, which (of two) uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of two)¥tilis, -e, useful 61uxor, -ßris, f., wife 47

Vvaleß, -±re, valu¬, valit¥rus, be well, be strong 22;

(impv.) val± (sing.), val±te pl., farewell, good-bye

v¤llum, -¬, n., wall

varius, -a, -um, changing, various 22veniß, -¬re, v±n¬, vent¥rus, come 20ventus, -¬, m., wind 27Venus, -eris, f., V±nus (goddess of love and beauty)v±r, v±ris, n., springverbßsus, -a, -um, wordyverbum, -¬, n., word 24; verba faciß, make a

speechVergilius, -l¬, m., Vergilvertß, -ere, vert¬, versus, turn 44v±rus, -a, -um, true, real, not false 18Vesta, -ae, f., Vesta (goddess of the hearth);

Vest¤lis, -e, of Vestavester, -tra, -trum, your, yours (referring to two or

more persons) 18vestis, -is, -ium, f., garment, clothes 46via, -ae, f., road, way, street 1victor, -ßris, m., conqueror, victorvictßria, -ae, f., victory 8videß, -±re, v¬d¬, v¬sus, see 11v¬gint¬, twentyv¬lla, -ae, f., country homevincß, -ere, v¬c¬, victus, conquer 61v¬num, -¬, n., winevir, vir¬, m., man, hero 14virgß, -ginis, f., virgin, maidenvir¬lis, -e, of a manvirt¥s, -t¥tis, f., manliness, courage 49v¬s, v¬s, v¬rium, f., force, violence; pl. strength 58v¬ta, -ae, f., life 2v¬vß, -ere, v¬x¬, v¬ctus, live, be alive 41v¬vus, -a, -um, alive, livingvix, (adv.) scarcelyvocß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, call 13volß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, flyvßs, vestrum, you, of you (pl.) 31vßx, vßcis, f., voice, remark 57Vulc¤nus, -¬, m., Vulcan (god of fire)vulnerß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus, wound 40vulnus, vulneris, n., wound 45

English–Latin

Aabandon, relinquß, -ere, rel¬qu¬, relictus 41able (be), possum, posse, potu¬, — 42about, d± (w. abl.) 13above, super (w. acc.) 67abundance, cßpia, -ae, f. 5absent (be), absum, abesse, ¤fu¬, ¤fut¥rus 30accident, c¤sus, -¥s, m. 68account, ratiß, -ßnis, f. 70across, tr¤ns (w. acc.) 39advance, prßc±dß, -ere, -cess¬, -cess¥rus 30advice, cßnsilium, -l¬, n. 16affair, r±s, re¬, f. 69affect, afficiß, -ere, aff±c¬, affectus 23afflict with, afficiß, -ere, aff±c¬, affectus 23afraid (be), timeß, -±re, timu¬, — 51after, post (w. acc.) 48; (conj.) postquam 67;

(use abl. abs.)afterwards, (adv.) poste¤ 48against, contr¤ (w. acc.) 65age, aet¤s, -¤tis, f. 61aid, auxilium, -l¬, n. 16alarm, commoveß, -±re, -mßv¬, -mßtus 42all, omnis, -e 47allow, permittß, -ere, perm¬s¬, permissus 34ally, socius, -c¬, m. 12almost, paene 9alone, sßlus, -a, -um 56already, iam 30also, etiam 32always, semper 9ambassador, l±g¤tus, -¬, m. 60among, inter (w. acc.) 35; apud (w. acc.) 70and, et 1, -que 26, atque (ac) 38; and not, neque

(nec) 28anger, ¬ra, -ae, f. 60announce, n¥ntiß, -¤re, -¤vi, -¤tus 7another, alius, -a, -ud 56another’s, alienus, -a, -um 57answer, respondeß, -±re, respond¬, respßnsus 49any, ¥llus, -a, -um 56appearance, speci±s, speci±¬, f. 69approach, acc±dß, -ere, access¬, accessus

(w. ad) 19

approve, probß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 7arms (weapons), arma, -ßrum, n. pl. 17army, exercitus, -¥s, m. 68around, circum (w. acc.) 67arouse, incitß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 8arrange, statuß, -ere, statu¬, stat¥tus 61; ¬nstruß,

-ere, instr¥x¬, instr¥ctus 62arrive, perveniß, -¬re, -v±n¬, -vent¥rus 60arrogance, superbia, -ae, f. 34arrogant, superbus, -a, -um 34as, quamascend, ascendß, -ere, ascend¬, asc±nsus 70attack, impetus, -us, m. 68ask (for), petß, -ere, pet¬v¬, pet¬tus 36; rogß, -¤re,

-¤v¬, -¤tus 42author, auctor, -ßris m. 48authority, auctßrit¤s, -¤tis, f. 49await, exspectß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 19away (be), absum, -esse, ¤fu¬, ¤fut¥rus 30

Bbad, malus, -a, -um 4barbarian, barbarus, -i, m. 16battle, pugna, -ae, f. 8; proelium, -l¬, n. 27be, sum, esse, fu¬, fut¥rus 15beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum 20because, quod 4 (use particip. or abl. abs);

because of, ob (w. acc.) 35befall, accidß, -ere, accid¬, — (w. dat.) 63before, prß (w. abl.) 29; ante (adv. or prep.

w. acc.) 39; prae (w. abl.) 67begin, incipiß, -ere, -c±p¬, -ceptus 23; begin

battle, proelium committß 27behind, post (w. acc.) 48believe, cr±dß, -ere, -did¬, -ditus 65benefit, beneficium, -c¬, n. 33between, inter (w. acc.) 35big, magnus, -a, -um 2bind, ligß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 44birth, genus, generis, n. 53body, corpus, corporis, n. 45book, liber, libr¬, m. 24booty, praeda, -ae, f. 7border, f¬nis, f¬nis, f¬nium, m. 46both . . . and, et... et 28boundary, terminus, -¬, m. 21

Dictionary

d i c t i o n a r y 533


boy, puer, puer¬, m.brave, fortis, -e 47break, frangß, -ere, fr±g¬, fr¤ctus 54breathe, sp¬rß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 52bridge, pßns, pontis, pontium, m. 54bring about, efficiß, -ere, eff±c¬, effectus 21brother, fr¤ter, fr¤tris, m. 54business, negßtium, -t¬, n. 67but, sed 1buy, emß, -ere, ±mi, ±mptus 66by, ¤, ab (w. abl.) 13

Ccall, vocß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 13; appellß, -¤re, -¤v¬,

-¤tus 28; call out, ±vocß 16; call together,convocß 25

calm, aequus, -a, -um 18camp, castra, -ßrum, n. pl. 16can, possum, posse, potu¬, — 42cannot, nßn possumcapture (by assault), expugnß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 53care, c¥ra, -ae, f. 5; carefully, cum c¥r¤carry, portß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 3; carry off, rapiß,

-ere, rapu¬, raptus 61; carry on, gerß, -ere,gess¬, gestus 23

cart, carrus, -i m. 4case, causa, -ae, f. 18cast, iaciß, -ere, i±c¬, iactus 58catch, intercipiß, -ere, -cep¬, -ceptuscatch sight of, cßnspiciß, -ere, -spex¬, -spectus 65cause, causa, -ae, f. 18certain, certus, -a, -umchance, c¤sus, -¥s, m. 68changing, varius, -a, -um 22charge of, (be in) praesum, -esse, -fu¬, -futurus 69;

(put in) praeficiß, -ere, -f±c¬, -fectus 69chief, pr¬nceps, -cipis, m. 69children, l¬ber¬, -ßrum, m. 34choose, legß, -ere, l±g¬, l±ctus 26citizen, c¬vis, c¬vis, c¬vium, m. or f. 46citizenship, c¬vit¤s, -¤tis, f. 48city, urbs, urbis, urbium, f. 60clear, cl¤rus, -a, -um 5climb (up), ascendß, -ere, ascend¬, asc±nsus 70cling, haereß, -±re, haes¬, haesus 60close, (verb), claudß, -ere, claus¬, clausus 45; close

up to, (prep.) sub (w. acc. or abl.) 33clothes, vestis, -is, -ium, f. 46collect, cßgß, -ere, -±g¬, -¤ctus 38colonist, colßnus, -¬, m. 15

come, veniß, -¬re, v±n¬, vent¥rus 20; come through,perveniß, -¬re, -v±n¬, -vent¥rus 60; cometogether, conveniß 25; come upon, inveniß 20

command, (noun) imperium, -r¬, n. 66; (verb)imperß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus (w. dat.) 70

commit, committß, -ere, -m¬s¬, -missus 27common, comm¥nis, -e 52common people, plebs, -bis, f.compel, cßgß, -ere, co±g¬, coactuscomplete, cßnficiß, -ere, -f±c¬, -fectus 46comrade, socius, -c¬, m. 12concern, c¥ra, -ae, f. 5concerning, d± (w. abl.) 13condition, condiciß, -ßnis, f. 61conquer, superß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 38; vincß, -ere,

v¬c¬, victus 61constant, perpetuus, -a, -um 23consult, cßnsulß, -ere, -sulu¬, -sultus 43contain, contineß, -±re, -u¬, -tentus 24convenient, commodus, -a, -um 22country, patria, -ae, f. 10courage, animus, -¬, m. 15; virt¥s, -t¥tis, f. 49cry out, cl¤mß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 40cultivate, colß, -ere, colu¬, cultus 54cut off, intercl¥dß, -ere, -cl¥s¬, -cl¥sus 69

Ddanger, per¬culum, -¬, n. 29daughter, f¬lia, -ae, f. 9day, di±s, di±¬, m. 69death, mors, mortis, mortium, f. 51deceive, fallß, -ere, fefell¬, falsus 65deed, factum, -¬, n. 42deep, altus, -a, -um 12defeat, pellß, -ere, pepul¬, pulsus 48defend, d±fendß, -ere, d±fend¬, d±f±nsus 19depart, exc±dß, -ere, excess¬, excess¥rus 19;

migrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, ¤t¥rus 15; disc±dß 32desert, d±serß, -ere, d±seru¬, d±sertus 68 deserve, mereß, -±re, meru¬, meritus 12desire, cupiß, -ere, cup¬v¬, cup¬tus 31despise, d±spiciß, -ere, d±spex¬, d±spectus 68determine, statuß, -ere, statu¬, stat¥tus 61difficult, difficilis, -e, 63diligence, d¬ligentia, -ae, f. 35dinner, c±na, -ae, f. 13direction, pars, partis, partium, f. 52discern, cernß, -ere, cr±v¬, cr±tus 42discipline, discipl¬na, -ae, f.discuss, agß, -ere, ±g¬, ¤ctus 19dismiss, d¬mittß, -ere, d¬m¬s¬, d¬missus

distinguished, ±gregius, -a, -um 33disturb, commoveß, -±re, -mßv¬, -mßtus 42divide, d¬vidß, -ere, d¬v¬s¬, d¬v¬sus 70do, agß, -ere, ±g¬, ¤ctus 19; faciß, -ere, f±c¬, factus

20; do harm to, noceß, -±re, nocu¬, nocitus (w.dat.) 69; do in, conficiß, -ere, -f±c¬, -fectus 46

doable, facilis, -e 47doubt, dubitß, -¤re, ¤v¬, ¤tus 31downfall, c¤sus, -¥s, m. 68drag, d¥cß, -ere, d¥x¬, ductus 21; trahß, -ere, tr¤x¬,

tractus 24 draw, trahß, -ere, tr¤x¬, tractusdrive, agß, -ere, ±g¬, ¤ctus 19; pellß, -ere, pepul¬,

pulsus 48; drive back, redigß 32; repellß 62;drive out, expellß 50; drive together, cßgß 38

duty, officium, -c¬, n. 19; m¥nus, m¥neris, n. 59dwell, habitß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 15

Eeach (of two), uterque, utraque, utrumque 56eagerness, studium, -d¬, n. 22earn, mereß, -±re, meru¬, meritus 12earth, terra, -ae, f. 2easily, facile 63easy, facilis, -e 47effect, efficiß, -ere, eff±c¬, effectus 21either . . . or, aut... aut 28encourage, cßnfirmß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 49end, f¬nis, f¬nis, f¬nium, m. 46; terminus, -¬, m. 21endure, sustineß, -±re, -tinu¬, -tentus 36enemy, (personal) inim¬cus, -¬, m.; (national) hostis,

-is, -ium, m. (usually pl.) 46entire, tßtus, -a, -um 56entrust, mandß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 7; committß, -ere,

-m¬s¬, -missus 27; permittß 34; cr±dß, -ere,-did¬, -ditus 65

equal, p¤r, paris (gen.) 47; aequus, -a, -um 18establish, cßnfirmß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 49; statuß,

-ere, statu¬, stat¥tus 61even, (adj.) aequus, -a, -um 18; (adv.) etiam 32every, omnis, -e 47envoy, l±g¤tus, -¬, m. 60example, exemplum, -¬, n. 33excel, superß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 49excellent, ±gregius, -a, -um 33excite, incitß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 8exhaust, cßnficiß, -ere, -f±c¬, -fectus 46explain, explicß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 63explore, explßrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 70

Ffacing (toward), ob (w. acc.) 35fall, cadß, -ere, cecid¬, c¤s¥rus 63fame, f¤ma, -ae, f. 2familiar, nßtus, -a, -um 42family, familia, -ae, f. 2famous, cl¤rus, -a, -um 5farmer, agricola, -ae, m. 3farther, ulterior, ulterius, 64farthest, ultimus, -a, -um 43, 64;

extr±mus, -a, -um 64father, pater, patris, m. 48fatherland, patria, -ae, f. 10fear, timeß, -±re, timu¬, — 51feel, sentiß, -¬re, s±ns¬, s±nsus 60; feel grateful,

gr¤tiam habeßfeeling, sententia, -ae, f. 35few, pauc¬, -ae, -a (pl.) 27field, ager, agr¬, m. 14fierce, ¤cer, ¤cris, ¤cre 60fifth, qu¬ntus, -a, -um 9fight, (noun) pugna, -ae, f. 8; proelium, -l¬, n. 27;

(verb) pugnß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 8find, inveniß, -¬re, inv±n¬, inventusfinish, perficiß, -ere, -f±ci, -fectus 66fire, ignis, -is, -ium, m. 63firm, firmus, -a, -um 23first, pr¬mus, -a, -um 34fit, aptus, -a, -um 62fixed, certus, -a, -um 42flat, pl¤nus, -a, -um 5flee, fugiß, -ere, f¥g¬, fugit¥rus 22flight, fuga, -ae, f. 43fold, plicß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 39food, cibus, -¬, m. 5foot, p±s, pedis, m. 44; on foot, pedibusfor, (conj.) nam 38; (prep.) prß (w. abl.) 29;

(prep.) ob (w. acc.) 35force, provideß, -±re, -v¬d¬, -v¬sus 43foreign, barbarus, -a, -um 16foreigner, barbarus, -¬, m. 16foresee, prßvideß, -±re, -v¬d¬, -v¬susforest, silva, -ae, f. 1formerly, ßlim 31fortify, m¥niß, -¬re, -¬v¬, -¬tus 20fortune, fort¥na, -ae, f. 2four, quattuor 41free (adj.), l¬ber, -era, -erum 14; (verb), l¬berß,

-¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 12; expediß, -¬re, -¬v¬, -¬tus 44freedom, l¬bert¤s, -t¤tis, f. 47fresh, integer, -gra, -grum 31



friend, am¬cus, -¬, m. 7; am¬ca, -ae, f.; famili¤ris, -e 49

friendly, am¬cus, -a, -um 14friendship, am¬citia, -ae, f. 11frighten, terreß, -±re, terru¬, territus 10from, out from, ±, ex (w. abl.) 13; away from,

¤, ab (w. abl.) 13; down from, d± (w. abl.) 13full, pl±nus, -a, -um 24furnish, submittß, -ere, -m¬s¬, -missus 35

Ggame, l¥dus, -i, m. 35garment, vestis, -is, -ium, f. 46gate porta, -ae, f. 32gather, legß, -ere, l±g¬, l±ctus 26Gaul, Gallia, -ae, f.; a Gaul, Gallus, -¬, m.general, dux, ducis, m. 40get, get ready, parß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 3gift, m¥nus, m¥neris, n. 59girl, puella, -ae, f. 2give, dß, dare, ded¬, datus 35; (as a gift) dßnß,

-¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 7; (to keep safe) mandß, -¤re,-¤v¬, -¤tus 7; give back, reddß, -ere, reddid¬,redditus 68

glory, glßria, -ae, f. 11go away, disc±dß, -ere, -cess¬, -cess¥rus 32; go

before, antec±dß 41; go forward, prßc±dß 30god, deus, -¬, m. 22goddess, dea, -ae, f. 22good, bonus, -a, -um 2good-bye, val± (sing.), val±te (pl.)grain, fr¥mentum, -¬, n. 16grant, tribuß, -ere, tribu¬, trib¥tus 65grateful, gratus, -a, -um 7; (be or feel) gr¤tiam

habeßgratitude, gr¤tia, -ae, f. 11great, magnus, -a, -um 2guard, (noun) praesidium, -d¬, n. 28; (verb) servß,

-¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 8guide, regß, -ere, r±x¬, r±ctus 20

Hhand, manus, -¥s, f.; hand over, tr¤dß, -ere, -did¬,

-ditus 66happen (to someone), accidß, -ere, accid¬, —

(w. dat.) 63hard, d¥rus, -a, -um 2hardship, labor, -ßris, m. 59harm, do harm to, noceß, -±re, nocu¬, nocitus

(w. dat.) 69harmony, concordia, -ae, f. 17

harsh, d¥rus, -a, -umhasten, m¤t¥rß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 17; properß,

-¤re, -¤v¬, -¤t¥rus 27; contendß, -ere, -tend¬, -tentus 57

have, habeß, -±re, habu¬, habitus 10he, is; hic; ille 31, 52 (often not expressed)head, caput, capitis, n. 45headfirst, praeceps, praecipitis (gen.) 50health, sal¥s, sal¥tis, f. 40hear, audiß, -¬re, -¬v¬, -¬tus 24heart, cor, cordis, n. 51heavy, gravis, -e 57help, auxilium, -l¬, n. 17her (poss.) eius; (reflex.) suus, -a, -um 65 (often

not expressed)herdsman, p¤stor, -ßris, m. 46herself, (intens.) ipsa; (reflex.) su¬ 65hero, vir, vir¬, m. 14hesitate, dubitß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 31high, altus, -a, -um 12; highest, summus,

-a, -um 64himself, (intens.) ipse; (reflex.) su¬ 65hinder, impediß, -¬re, -¬v¬, -¬tus 44hindrance, imped¬mentum, -¬, n. 44his (poss.) eius; (reflex.) suus, -a, -um 65 (often not

expressed) hold, habeß, -±re, habu¬, habitus 10; teneß, -±re,

tenu¬, tentus 12; obtineß 37; hold back, retineß30; hold together, contineß 24; hold up,sustineß 36

home, domus, -¥s, f. 68hope, sp±s, spe¬, f. 69; hope for/that, sp±rß, -¤re,

-¤v¬, -¤tus 52horse, equus, -¬, m. 4hostile, inim¬cus, -a, -um 30hour, hßra, -ae, f. 9house, casa, -ae, f. 11; domus, -¥s, f. 68how (in what manner), (adv.) quß modßhowever, (conj.) autem 67human being, homß, hominis, m. 40humble, humilis, -e 62hundred, centum 66hurl, iaciß, -ere, i±c¬, iactus 45

II, ego, me¬ 31 (often not expressed) if, s¬ (or use abl. abs.)in, in (w. abl. or acc.) 11, 15; in front of, prß

(w. abl.) 29; prae (w. abl.) 67; in the presenceof, apud (w. acc.) 70

incite, incitß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 8

increase, augeß, -±re, aux¬, auctus 10influence, (noun), gr¤tia, -ae, f. 11; auctßrit¤s,

-¤tis, f. 49; (verb) add¥cß, -ere, add¥x¬, adductus 43

inhabit, colß, -ere, colu¬, cultus 54; incolß 66injury, ini¥ria, -ae, f. 8injustice, ini¥ria, -ae, f. 8instruction, discipl¬na, -ae, f. 10intercept, intercipiß, -ere, -c±p¬, -ceptus 53interest, studium, -d¬, n. 22interrupt, intermittß, -ere, -m¬s¬, -missus 37into, in (w. acc.) 15investigate, explßrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 70island, ¬nsula, -ae, f. 1it, is, ea, id 31; hoc 50; illud 50; (often not

expressed)its (own), suus, -a, -um 65itself, (intens.) ipsum 54; (reflex.) su¬ 65

Jjoin, iungß, -ere, i¥nx¬, i¥nctus 63join together, committß, -ere, -m¬s¬, -missus 27 journey, iter, itineris, n. 46judge, i¥dico, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 62just, aequus, -a, -um 18; i¥stus, -a, -um 59

Kkeen, ¤cer, ¤cris, ¤cre 60keep, teneß, -±re, tenu¬, tentus 12; retineß, -ere,

retinu¬, retentus 30; keep busy, exerceß, -±re,exercu¬, exercitus 67; keep from, prohibeß,-ere, -hibu¬, -hibitus 58

kill, interficiß, -ere, -f±c¬, -fectus 34kind, genus, generis, n. 53kindness, beneficium, -c¬, n. 33king, r±x, r±gis, m. 44kingdom, regnum, -¬, n. 44know, (perf. tense of) nßscß, -ere, nßv¬, nßtus 30;

cognßscß, -ere, -nßv¬, -nitus 39; sciß, -¬re, sc¬v¬,sc¬tus 59

known, nßtus, -a, -um 42

Llabor, opus, operis, n. 63land, terra, -ae, f. 2; native land, patria, -ae, f. 10language, lingua, -ae, f. 10large, magnus, -a, -um 2last, ultimus, -a, -um 43; extr±mus, -a, -um 64late, tardus, -a, -um 24law, l±x, l±gis, f. 40

lead, d¥cß, -ere, d¥x¬, ductus 21; lead across,tr¤d¥cß 41; lead a life, v¬tam agß; lead back,red¥cß 25; lead out, ±d¥cß 34, prßd¥cß 30;lead to, add¥cß 43

leader, dux, ducis, m. 40; pr¬nceps, -cipis, m. 69learn, nßscß, -ere, nßv¬, nßtus 30; cognßscß, -ere,

-nßv¬, -nitus 39leave (behind), relinquß, -ere, rel¬qu¬, relictus 41leisure, ßtium, ot¬, n. 22let down, submittß, -ere, -m¬s¬, -missus 35let go, mittß, -ere, m¬s¬, missus 19; amittß 29;

d¬mittß 31; intermittß 37let through, permittß, -ere, -m¬s¬, -missus 34letter (of alphabet) littera, -ae, f. 7; (epistle,

usually pl.) litterae, -arum, f. 7level, pl¤nus, -a, -um 5liberty, l¬bert¤, -t¤tis, f. 47life, v¬ta, -ae, f. 2light, l¥x, l¥cis, f. 69light (in weight), levis, -e 58like, amß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 3; similar,

similis, -e 63little, parvus, -a, -um 2live, habitß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 15; agß, -ere, ±g¬, ¤ctus

19; v¬vo, -ere, v¬x¬, v¬ctus 41; incolß, -ere,incolu¬, incultus 66; live a life, v¬tam agß

long, longus, -a, -umlook (at), spectß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 3; look down on,

despiciß, -ere, d±spex¬, d±spectus 68; look outfor, exspectß, -¤re, -¤v¬, ¤tus 19

loosen, solvß, -ere, solv¬, sol¥tus 59loot, praeda, -ae, f. 7lose, ¤mittß, -ere, ¤m¬s¬, ¤missus 29love, amß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 3low, humilis, -e 62lower, ¬nferior, ¬nferius 64luck, fort¥na, -ae, f. 2

Mmaintain, sustineß, -±re, -tinu¬, -tentus 36make, faciß, -ere, f±c¬, factus 20; make firm,

cßnfirmß, -¤r±, -¤v¬, -¤tus 49maker, auctor, -ßris 48man, vir, vir¬, m. 14; homß, hominis, m. 40manliness, virt¥s, -t¥tis, f. 49manner, modus, -¬, m. 38many, mult¬, -ae, -a 3march, iter, itineris, n. 46master, dominus, -¬, m. 18matter, m¤teria, -ae, f. 11; r±s, re¬, f. 69memory, memoria, -ae, f. 8



messenger, n¥ntius, -t¬, m. 17middle (of), medius, -a, -um 25migrate, migrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤t¥rus 15mind, animus, ¬, m. 15mine, (poss.) meus, -a, -um 9misfortune, c¤sus, -¥s, m. 68money, pec¥nia, -ae, f. 6month, m±nsis, -is, -ium, m. 58most, pl¥rim¬, -ae, -a 64mother, m¤ter, m¤tris, f. 50motto, sententia, -ae, f. 25mountain, mßns, montis, montium, m. 46move, moveß, -±re, mßv¬, mßtus 13; migrß, -¤re,

-¤v¬, -¤t¥rus; move away from, c±dß, -ere, cess¬,cess¥rus 19; move back, removeß 32; movedeeply, permoveß 37

much, multus, -a, -um 3my, meus, -a, -um 9myself, (intens.) ipse, ipsa, 54; (reflex.) mei 65

Nname, (noun) nßmen, nßminis, n. 45; (verb)

appellß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 28nation, g±ns, gentis, gentium, f. 62native land, patria, -ae, f. 10nature, n¤t¥ra, -ae, f. 36near, ad (w. acc.) 6; (be) near, adsum, adesse,

adfu¬, adfut¥rus 34nearest, proximus, -a, -um 64neighbor, finitimus, -¬, m. 27neighboring, f¬nitimus, -a, -um 27neither (of two) (adj. or pron.) neuter, -tra,

-trum 56neither . . . nor (conj.) neque… neque 28never, numquam 26nevertheless, tamen 34new, novus, -a, -um 3next, tum, 6; proximus, -a, -um 64no, minim± 3; n¥llus, -a, -um 56no longer (adv.) nßn iam 43no one, n±mß, n±min¬ (dat.), n±minem (acc.)

(no other forms) 62noble, nßbilis, -e 53noise, cl¤mor, -ßris, m. 45none, n¥llus, -a, -um 56nor, neque 28not, nßn 1not at all, minim± 3nothing, nihil (indeclinable) 51now, nunc 4; iam 30number, numerus, -¬, m. 5

Oobtain, obtineß, -±re, obtinu¬, obtentus 37offer, prßpßnß, -ere, -posu¬, -positus 33offering, m¥nus, m¥neris, n. 59on in (w. abl.) 11, 15; on account of, ob

(w. acc.) 35once (upon a time), ßlim 31; quondam 53one, ¥nus, -a, -um 56one at a time, one by one, singul¬, -ae, -a 13; one . . . another, alius... alius 56one . . . the other, alter... alter 56onto, in (w. acc.) 15opinion, sententia, -ae, f. 25or, (conj.) aut 28order, (noun) ßrdß, ßrdinis, m. 45; (verb) iubeß,

-±re, iuss¬, iussus 32other, alius, -a, -ud 56; the other (of two), alter,

-era, -erum 56ought, d±beß, -±re, d±bu¬, d±bitus 17our, noster, -tra, -trum 14ourselves (intens.), ips¬, ipsae, 54; (reflex.),

nostrum 65out of, ±, ex (w. abl.) 13over, super (w.acc.) 67overcome, superß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 38; opprimß,

-ere, oppress¬, oppressus 57owe, d±beß, -±re, d±bu¬, d±bitus 17own (one’s), proprius, -a, -um 63

Ppart, pars, partis, partium, f. 52pay, solvß, -ere, solv¬, sol¥tus 59peace, p¤x, p¤cis, f. 40; ßtium, ßt¬, n. 22penalty, poena, -ae, f. 8people, populus, -¬, m. 18; g±ns, gentis,

gentium, f. 62perhaps, fortasse 41person, homß, hominis, 40pitch camp, castra pßnßplace, (noun) locus, -¬, m.; pl. loca, -ßrum, n. 21;

(verb) pßnß, -ere, posu¬, positus 19plan, cßnsilium, -l¬, n. 16play, l¥dus, -¬, m. 35pleasing, gr¤tus, -a, -um 7poet, po±ta, -ae, m. 26point out, mßnstrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 7poor, miser, -era, -erum 29power, potest¤s, potest¤tis, f. 54; imperium,

-r¬, n. 66praise, laudß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 4prepare, parß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 3

prepared, par¤tus, -a, -um 42present (be), adsum, esse, adfu¬, adfut¥rus 34present (as a gift), dßnß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 7;

prßpßnß, -ere, -posu¬, -positus 33preserve, servß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 8; cßnservß 37press (hard), premß, -ere, press¬, pressus 40prevent, prohibeß, -±re, -hibu¬, -hibitus 58price, pretium, -t¬, n. 21pride, superbia, -ae, f. 34prisoner, capt¬vus, -¬, m. 13produce, efficiß, -ere, eff±c¬, effectus 21protection, praesidium, -d¬, n. 28proud, superbus, -a, -um 34prove, probß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 7provide, ¬nstruß, -ere, ¬nstr¥x¬, ¬nstr¥ctus 62province, prßvincia, -ae, f. 8public, p¥blicus, -a, -um, m. 18punishment, poena, -ae, f. 8; supplicium,

-c¬, n. 53put, pßnß, -ere, posu¬, positus 19; put forward,

prßpßnß, -ere, -posui, -positus 33; put incharge of, praeficiß, -ere, -f±c¬, -fectus 69; putto flight, in fugam dß 43

Qqueen, r±g¬na, -ae, f. 5quick, celer, celeris, celere 47

Rrank, ßrdß, ßrdinis, m. 45rather (expressed by comparative degree)read, legß, -ere, l±g¬, l±ctus 26ready, par¤tus, -a, -um 42; get ready, parß, -¤re,

-¤v¬, -¤tusreal, v±rus, -a, -um 18realize, sentiß, -¬re, s±ns¬, s±nsus 60reason, causa, -ae, f. 18; ratiß, -ßnis, f. 70receive, accipiß, -ere, acc±p¬, acceptus 20recover, recipiß, -ere, rec±p¬, receptus 32reduce, redigß, -ere, red±g¬, red¤ctus 32region, regiß, -ßnis, f. 62reinforcements, auxilia, -ßrum, n. 17relate, n¤rrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 21relax, remittß, -ere, rem¬s¬, remissus 52remain, maneß, -±re, m¤ns¬, m¤ns¥rus 11;

remaneß 34remaining, reliquus, -a, -um 26remember, memori¤ teneßremark, vßx, vßcis, f. 57remind, moneß, -±re, -u¬, -itus 38remove, removeß, -±re, remßv¬, remßtus 32

report, (noun) f¤ma, -ae, f. 2; (verb) n¥ntiß, -¤re,-¤v¬, -¤tus 7

reply, respondeß, -±re, respond¬, respßnsus 49repulse, repellß, -ere, reppul¬, repulsus 62rest (of), reliquus, -a, -um 26restore, reddß, -ere, reddid¬, redditus 68retreat, c±dß, -ere, cess¬, cess¥rus 19reward, praemium, -¬, n. 16right, i¥s, i¥ris, n. 47river, fl¥men, fl¥minis, n. 45road, via, -ae, f. 1row, ßrdß, ßrdinis, m. 45rule, regß, -ere, r±x¬, r±ctus 20run, currß, -ere, cucurr¬, curs¥rus 50; run away,

fugiß, -ere, f¥g¬, fugit¥rus 22

Ssacred, sacer, -cra, -crum 14safety, sal¥s, sal¥tis, f. 40sail, n¤vigß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 6sailor, nauta, -ae, m. 6same, ¬dem, eadem, idem 53save, servß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 8; cßnservß 37say, d¬cß, -ere, d¬x¬, dictus 22scare, terreß, -±re, terru¬, territus 10school, l¥dus, -¬, m. 35sea, mare, maris, marium n. 46second, secundus, -a, -um 59see, videß, -±re, v¬d¬, v¬sus 11; cernß, -ere, cr±v¬,

cr±tus 42; cßnspiciß, -ere, -spex¬, -spectus 65seek, petß, -ere, pet¬v¬, pet¬tus 36-self, (intens.) ipse, ipsa, ipsum 54 (or use

reflexives) 65seize, occupß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 8; capiß, -ere, c±p¬,

captus 20senate, sen¤tus, -¥s, m. 68send, mittß, -ere, m¬s¬, missus 19; send ahead,

praemittß 67; send away, d¬mittß 31; sendback, remittß 52

service, m¥nus, m¥neris, n. 59set free, expediß, -¬re, -¬v¬, -¬tus 44settler, colßnus, -¬, m. 15severe, gravis, -e 57shape, fßrma, -ae, f. 5sharp, ¤cer, ¤cris, ¤cre 60sharply, ¤critershe, ea; haec; illa 31, 52 (often not expressed)shepherd, p¤stor, -ßris, m. 46ship, n¤vis, n¤vis, n¤vium, f. 46shout, cl¤mß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 40shouting, cl¤mor, -ßris, m. 45



show, mßnstrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 7; d±mßnstrß 68;ostendß, -ere, ostend¬, ostentus 58

shy, timidus, -a, -um 43side, pars, partis, partium f. 52sight of, (catch) cßnspiciß, -ere, -spex¬, -spectussign, signum, -¬, n.; signal, signum, -¬, n. 16since, (use abl. abs.) (conj.) quod sister, soror, sorßris, f. 54sit, sedeß, -±re, s±d¬, sess¥rus 54situation, r±s, re¬, f. 69slave, servus, -¬, m. 4slow, tardus, -a, -um 24small, parvus, -a, -um 2so, (adv.) ita 22soldier, m¬les, m¬litis, m. 40some . . . others, ali¬... ali¬ 56son, f¬lius, -l¬, m. 14song, carmen, -minis, n. 45space, spatium, -t¬, n. 43speech, ßr¤tiß, -ßnis, f. 62; make a speech,

verba facißspeed, celerit¤s, -t¤tis, f. 49spend time, agß, -ere, ±g¬, ¤ctus 19spirit, animus, -¬, m. 15spot, cßnspiciß, -ere, -spex¬, -spectus 65stand, stß, st¤re, stet¬, st¤tus 41; stand still,

cßnsistß, -ere, cßnstit¬, cßnstit¥rus 58standard, signum, -¬, n. 16star, stella, -ae, f.start, suscipiß, -±re, -c±p¬, -ceptus 33state, c¬vit¤s, -¤tis, f. 48stay behind, remaneß, -±re, rem¤ns¬,

rem¤ns¥rus 34steal, rapiß, -ere, rapu¬, raptus 61steep, praeceps, praecipitis (gen.) 50stick, haereß, -±re, haes¬, haesus 60stir up, incitß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 8stop, intermittß, -ere, -m¬s¬, -missus 37; cßnsistß,

-ere, cßnstit¬, cßnstit¥rus 58straight down, praeceps, praecipitis (gen.) 50strange, novus, -a, -um 3street, via, -ae, f. 1strength, v¬s, v¬s, v¬rium 58stretch, tendß, -ere, tetend¬, tentus 47; stretch out,

ostendß, -ere, ostend¬, ostentus 58strong, firmus, -a, -um 23; fortis, -e, 47struggle, contendß, -ere, -tend¬, -tentus 57studies, studia, -ßrum, n. 22suitable, commodus, -a, -um 22; aptus, -a, -um 62summer, aest¤s, -¤tis, f. 51summon, evocß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 16

sun, sßl, sßlis, m. 63supply, cßpia, -ae, f.suppose, putß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 59sure, certus, -a, -um 42surprise, opprimß, -ere, oppress¬, oppressus 57surrender, tr¤dß, -ere, -did¬, -ditus 66survive, supersum, -esse, -fu¬, -fut¥rus 67swift, celer, celeris, celereswiftness, celerit¤s, -t¤tis, f. 49

Ttake, capiß, -ere, c±p¬, captus 20; s¥mß, -ere,

s¥mps¬, s¥mptus 65; emß, -ere, ±mi, ±mptus66; take back, recipiß, -ere, rec±p¬ , receptus 32;take on, incipiß 23; take up, suscipiß 33

tall, altus, -a, -um 12teach, doceß, -±re, docu¬, doctus 10teacher, magister, -tr¬, m. 14; magistra, -ae, f.tell, n¤rrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 21; d¬co, -ere, d¬x¬,

dictus 22temple, templum, -¬ n. 20terms, condiciß, -ßnis, f. 61territory, f¬nis, f¬nis, f¬nium, m. 46test, (verb) probß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 7than, (conj.) quam 61thank, gr¤ti¤s agß (w. dat.)that (dem.) ille, illa, illud 50; is, ea, id 52;

(rel. pron.) qu¬, quae, quod 36their, eßrum, e¤rum, eßrum; (own) suus,

-a, -um 65themselves (intens.) ips¬, -ae, -a; (reflex.) su¬ 65then, tum 6there, ibi 11they, e¬, eae, ea; h¬, hae, haec; ill¬, illae, illa 52;

(often not expressed)thing, r±s, re¬, f. 69think, putß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 59third, tertius, -a, -um 42this, (dem.) hic, haec, hoc 50; is, ea, id 52those, ille, illa, illud 50thousand, (indeclin. adj.) m¬lle 66; thousands,

(pl. noun) m¬lia, m¬lium 66threaten, ¬nstß, -¤re, instit¬, — 60three, tr±s, tria 66throw, iaciß, -ere, i±c¬, iactus 45through, per (w. acc.) 33tie, ligß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 44till, colß, -ere, colu¬, cultus 54timber, m¤teria, -ae, f. 11time, tempus, -oris, n. 45; aet¤s, -¤tis, f. 61;

spatium, -t¬, n. 43; one at a time, singul¬, -ae, -a

to, ad (w. acc.) 6 (dat. of indir. obj.)tomorrow, cr¤s 6tongue, lingua, -ae 10too (expressed by comparative)top (of), summus, -a, -um 64touch, tangß, -ere, tetig¬, tactus 53toward, ad (w. acc.) 6town, oppidum, -¬, n. 18train, exerceß, -±re, exercu¬, exercitus 67training, discipl¬na, -ae, f. 10transport, tr¤nsportß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 41true, v±rus, -a, -um 18turn, vertß, -ere, vert¬, vers¥rus 44; turn away,

¤verto 65two, duo, duae, duo 66

Uuncertain, incertus, -a, -um 52under, sub (w. acc. or abl.) 33understand, intellegß, -ere, -l±x¬, -l±ctus 67undertake, suscipiß, -ere, -c±p¬, -ceptus 33unfavorable, ali±nus, -a, -um 57unfold, explicß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 63unfriendly, inim¬cus, -a, -um 30unhappy, miser, -era, -erum 29unlike, dissimilis, -e 63untouched, integer, -gra, -grum 31upon, in (w. abl. or acc.)upset, permoveß, -±re, -mßv¬, -mßtus 37urge on, incitß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tususeful, ¥tilis, -e 61

Vvarious, varius, -a, -um 22very (expressed by superlative)victory, victßria, -ae, f. 8violence, v¬s, v¬s, v¬rium, f. 58voice, vßx, vßcis, f. 57

Wwagon, carrus, -¬, m. 4wait, exspectß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tuswant, cupiß, -ere, cup¬v¬, cup¬tus 31war, bellum, -¬, n. 17warn, moneß, -±re, -u¬, -itus 38watch, spectß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 3

water, aqua, -ae, f. 1wave, unda, -ae, f. 6way, via, -ae, f. 1; modus, -¬, m. 38we, nßs, nostrum 31 (often not expressed)weapons, arma, -ßrum, n. pl. 17well (adv.) bene 64; (be), valeß, -±re, valu¬,

valit¥rus 22what (interrog. pron.) quis? quid? 18, 38; (adj.)

qu¬, quae, quod 38when, ubi 18where, ubi 4which, qu¬, quae, quod 36while (conj.) dum 52who (rel. pron.) qu¬, quae, quod 36; (interrog.

pron.) quis? quid? 18, 38whole, integer, -gra, -grum 31; tßtus, -a, -um 56why, c¥r 36wide, l¤tus -a, -um 18wind, ventus, -¬, m. 27winter, hiems, hiemis, f. 51wish, cupiß, -ere, cup¬v¬, cup¬tus 31with, cum (w. abl.) 23without, sine (w. abl.) 30woman, f±mina, -ae, f.; mulier, mulieris, f.woods, silva, -ae, f. 1word, verbum, -¬, n. 24work (noun), opus, operis, n. 63; labor, -ßris, m.

59; (verb), labßrß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 3worse, peior, peius; worst, pessimus, -a, -umworry, c¥ra, -ae, f. 5worship, colß, -ere, colui, cultus 54wound (noun) vulnus, vulneris, n. 45; (verb)

vulnerß, -¤re, -¤v¬, -¤tus 40write, scr¬bß, -ere, scr¬ps¬, scr¬ptus 26wrong, ini¥ria, -ae, f. 8

Yyear, annus, -¬, m. 16yes, s¬c 3yield, c±dß, -ere, cess¬, cess¥rus 19you, t¥, tu¬ (sing.); vßs, vestrum (pl.) 31 (often not

expressed)your, tuus, -a, -um 9; vester, -tra, -trum, pl. 18;

(often not expressed) yourself (intens.) ipse, ipsa, 54; (reflex.) tu¬


542 S u b j e c t I n d e x

Aabacus, 271

abbreviations, 516

Achilles, 104

Acropolis, 383

actors, 82–83, 259, 305

Adeste Fid±l±s, 519

Acta Diurna, 133

advertising, Roman, 133, 151

Aemilia, 473

Aeneas, 158–159, 173, 175, 176, 185, 191–192,

193, 204–205, 206, 211–212, 211, 216,

225, 225, 237, 277

Aeneid, 159, 174, 178, 205, 225, 277 (see also

Aeneas and Vergil)

Aeolus, 186, 297

Aequi, 393

Ages, the Four, 420, 421

agriculture, Roman, 26, 108, 230, 410–411

Agrigento, 20

Albans, 328

Alcinous, King, 312–313, 314

Alexander, 104, 105, 411

Alexandria, Egypt, 182

Algeria, 140

alphabet, 5–8

alphabetic writing, 6

Alps, 223

Altar of Peace, 70, 378–379

altars, 70, 378–379, 346 (see also Coliseum)

amphitheater, 4, 130, 140, 257, 257 (see also

Coliseum)

Arles, France, 305

Nîmes, France, 53

Amphitrite, House of, 125

Amulius, 328

amusements, 304–306 (see also amphitheater,

circus, games, theater)

Anchises, 175, 185, 205, 211

Angles, 287, 296

anima, animism, 372

animals, 19, 245, 298, 323, 323, 328, 328, 332,

332, 346, 411

Antioch, Turkey, 411, 478

apartment houses, Roman, 237

Aphrodite, 372

Apollo, 213, 231, 231, 234, 346

Appian Way, 33, 38, 46, 77

Appius Claudius, 38, 77

apprenticeship, Roman, 410

aqueducts, Roman, 29, 65, 77

Arcadians, 216

Arch of Diocletian, 208

Arch of Titus, 1, 76

arches, Roman, xvi, 1

architecture, ancient, 1, 257, 258, 368, 383

architecture, modern, 133

Ares, 372

aristocracy, 408

Aristotle, 104, 105, 483

arithmetic, Roman, 271

Arles, France, 305

Arlington, Virginia, 398

armor, 263, 332, 445

army, Roman (see soldiers, Roman)

Arpinum, 384

Artemis, Temple of, 45

artisans, Roman, 365

Ascanius, see Iulus

Asia Minor, 15, 362, 372

Subject Index

S u b j e c t I n d e x 543

astrologers, 373

Athena, 383

Athens, 271, 383

atrium, 134, 139, 236

§trium Vestae, 352

Atticus, 386

augur±s, 373

Augustus, Emperor, 30, 33, 38–39, 77, 117, 213,

230, 261, 304, 379, 383, 410, 453

Aurelian, Emperor, 77

Australia, 15

Austria, 52

Aventine Hill, 76, 304

BBaalbek, Lebanon, 250

Bacchus, 152, 250, 346, 362

bakery, 336

ballista, 220, 221

banking, Roman, 57

barbarians, 165, 267

bars, 150, 337

Bath, 49

baths, Roman, 49, 403, 448

battle, 220, 326, 361, 398

Baucis, 426

books and writing, Roman, 182, 209

boys, (see children)

Boys from Syracuse, The, 305

Brahms, Johannes, 520

brazier, 138

bread, Roman, 317, 336

Brennus, 68

bridges, Roman, 368, 368 (see also aqueducts)

Britain, 15, 49, 89

Roman invasion of, 117, 293

Bronze Age, 420, 421

Brundisium, 33

building materials, 236, 245

businesses and professions, 410–411, 451

(see also shops)

CCaedicius, 353

Caelian Hill, 76

Caesar, Julius, 9, 11, 17, 53, 66, 89, 89, 266, 292,

293, 368, 383, 396, 447, 453, 461, 463;

Forum of, 17

calendar, Roman, 396

caligula, 445

Calypso, 318

Camillus, 68

Campania, 38, 295

Campo Vaccino, 356

Campus Martius, 76

Cannae, 473

Capitoline Hill, 13, 17, 76

Capitolium, 76

Capitol, 68, 88

capitols (see architecture)

Capua, 33, 38, 130

Caron, Antoine, 213

Carthage, 20, 191, 193, 205, 208, 437, 448, 473

Carthaginians (see Punic Wars)

Castor, Temple of, 13, 20

Catholic Church, 77

catapult, 220

Cato, 478, 478

celebrations, 141, 164, 373, 441

c±nsor, 346

Ceres, 160–161, 163, 346, 372, 372

chairs, 138, 237

chariot, 164

Chedworth, England, 284

Cherchel, Tunisia, 315

children, 43, 60, 304, 306


Chinese, 5–7

chorus, 169

Christianity, 373

Cicero, 4, 9, 117, 382, 384, 386, 430, 447, 467,

478, 483

Cimbri, 462

Cincinnati, Ohio, 397

Cincinnati, Society of the, 395, 397

Cincinnatus, 393, 393, 395, 482

Cineas, 332, 443

Circe, 297, 298, 300, 314

Circus Maximus, 46, 76, 304

circus, Roman, 304

citizen, Roman (see Roman life)

City of the Seven Hills, 76

Claudius, Appius, 38, 77

Claudius, Emperor, 117

clients, 134–135

Clio, 174

clothing, Roman, 198 (see also dress and

appearance)

Cocles, 367

Code, codex, 182

coins, 55, 76, 425

Coliseum, Roman, 13, 46, 130, 245, 257, 257

colleges, Roman, 214 (see also schools)

colonists, 108, 208, 284

Columbus, 59

columns (see architecture)

comedy, 305

commerce, 410–411, 482

Como, 288

Comum, 288

Constantine, Emperor, 11, 373

Consualia, 373

consuls, 356

Consus, 373

Corinthian style, 133, 236, 257, 258

Coriolanus, 405, 405, 452

Cornelia, 70, 468, 468, 473

Cortona, Pietro da, 216

costume (see also dress and appearance)

couches (see furniture)

Crane, Walter, 363

Crete, 431

Creusa, 211

Cumae, 211

Cupid, 345

cups (see tableware)

Curia (see Senate)

cursus honßrum, 384

cutlery, 338 (see also tableware)

Cyclops, 278 (see also Polyphemus)

DDacia, 114

Daedalus, 431–432, 431

dance, 224

Danube River, 368

Dardanelles, 173

Darius, 105

Declaration of Independence, 3, 392

Delos, 231

Delphi, 231

Demeter, 163, 372

Demodocus, 313

dental practices, Roman, 363

Dentatus, 262

Diana, 231, 234, 346

Dido, Queen, 158–159, 191–192, 193, 206

dining room, 125

Diocletian, Arch of, 208

Diogenes, 99, 150

Dioscuri, Temple of, 20

dishes, 237, 338 (see also tableware)


dolls, Roman, 60, 304

domes, 88

Doric style, 257, 258, 383

doublets, 447, 467

Dougga, Tunisia, 360

Dover, 293

dress and appearance, 196–197

EEclogues, 178

economic conditions, Roman, 452–453

education, Roman, 8, 86, 87 (see also school,

Roman life)

Egypt, 61, 92, 105, 182, 372

Egyptians, 396

election posters, 150

elementa, 270

elephants, 222, 222, 332

Elysium, 211

Emperor Justinian, 2, 482

Empire, Roman, 53, 403, 411

map of, 54–55

engineers, Roman (see professions)

England, 49 (see also Britain)

English (language), xvi

Ephesus, Turkey, 45, 252

Epirus, 332, 437, 439, 442

Esquiline Hill, 76

Eternal City, 76–77

Etna, Mt., 20

Etruria, 306

Etruscans, 129, 372, 373, 448

Eumaeus, 324, 325

Europe, 52, 54–55, 482

Eurylochus, 297

Evander, King, 216, 216

FFabius, Maximus, 222

Fabricius, 442, 443, 482

family, Roman, 23, 193

farming, Roman, 108, 410 (see also agriculture)

Fates, 225

festivals, Roman (see celebrations)

f¬bula, 197

fire protection, Roman, 77

floors, 136

Florence, Italy, 423

flowers, Roman, 429

food and meals, Roman, 49, 50, 101, 317,

336–338

footwear, Roman, 49, 101

Forum Baths, 150

Forum of Julius Caesar, 17

Forum, Roman, 13, 46, 76, 76, 356, 376, 435

France, 65

Franklin, Benjamin, 483

freedmen, 117, 383

French, Latin words in, 75

frescoes, 27, 30 (see also wall paintings)

A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the

Forum, 305

furniture, Roman, 138, 237

GGaius, Emperor (see Caligula)

Galamoros, Tomas, 112

games, Roman, 60, 257, 304, 305, 306

gardens, 237, 429

gates (see arches)

Gaude¤mus Igitur, 520

Gaul, 52, 53, 65, 66, 68, 266, 292, 379

Gallia Brac¤ta, Gallia Com¤ta, Gallia

Tog¤ta, 66

Genius, 347, 372


Georgics, 178, 230, 230

Germany, 52

Gettysburg Address, 11

Giants, 345, 348

girls (see children)

gladiatorial contests, 130, 245, 261, 306

gladiators, Roman, 261

glass, 138

Glimpses of Roman life (see Roman life)

gods, 176, 346, 372, 380

gold, Roman, 363, 365, 425

Golden Age, 420, 421

government, Roman, 482

graffiti, Roman, 150–151, 172

Gracchi, 452–453, 463, 468, 468, 473

Great Seal, 483

Greece, 15, 112, 237, 382, 383

Greek (language), 6–7

Greeks, 20, 98, 112, 172, 177, 313, 448

Gregory, Pope, 296, 396

Guerin, Jules, 159

guests, Roman, 392

gymnasts, 403

HHadrian, Temple of, 45, 252; Wall of, 91

hairstyles, Roman, 197

Hannibal, 222, 223, 224, 473

harbors, 38, 92

harvest, 163, 373

hats, Roman, 197

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 363

Helen of Troy, 185, 402

herbs, Roman, 302

Herculaneum, 27, 125, 146, 150–152

hieroglyphics, 5–6

holidays, Roman, 164, 373

Homer, 96, 104, 112, 277, 278, 282, 386

Horace, 169, 398

Horatius, 367, 482

horses, 19

hosts, Roman, 392

hotels, Roman, 39, 151 (see also inns)

House of Representatives, 482

House of the Silver Anniversary, 236

House of Telephus, 150

house, Roman, 134, 136, 138, 139, 176, 236–238,

419–420

household gods, 173, 176, 380

hunting, 403

hymns, 519–521

IIcarus, 431, 431, 432

ideographic writing, 5

Iliad, 104, 282

impluvium, 134, 139, 236, 236

India, 59

industry, Roman, 410, 482

inkwells, 270, 270

inns, 39, 337

inscriptions, 7, 84, 152, 288

Integer V¬tae, 521

Ionic style, 257, 258

iron, 425

Iron Age, 420, 421, 423

Isis, 372

Issus, 105

Italian, Latin words in, 75

Italy, 15, 52, 185, 223, 295, 410, 452

map of, 14 (see also Herculaneum, Ostia,

Pompeii, Rome, Sicily)

Ithaca, 319, 323

King of, 277

Iulus, 193, 211

Ivanhoe, 371


Jjars, 336

Jefferson, Thomas, 483

Jerash, Jordan, 259

jewelry, Roman, 365, 418–419, 425

Judaism, 372

jugs, 237

Jugurtha, 462

Julian

Calendar, 396

clan, 17

Juno, 31, 76, 186, 345, 346, 372; Temple of, 76

Jupiter, 346, 348, 348, 372, 426, 441

Temple of, 360

Justinian, 2, 482

Juvenal, 380

KKennedy, J.F., 11

kings, at Rome, 126, 328–329, 356–357

Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, 432

knights, Roman, 451

Llamps, 138, 237

lar¤rium, 347

Lar±s (Familiar±s), 176, 347, 372, 380

Latin America, 3, 482

Latin language, 2–4, 9–10

Latin plays, 305

Latin songs, 519–521

Latium, xvi, 2, 38, 295, 328

Latona, 231

laundry, 96

Lavinia, 325

Lavinium, 327

law, Roman, 411, 435, 482

Lebanon, 250

Lepcis Magna, 84

letters, (alphabet) 5–8; (epistles) 266, 292

libraries, Roman, 182

lighthouses, 255

Livia, 30, 410

Livius, 222, 270

Livy, 482

logographic writing, 6

loom, 300, 319

Lotus-eaters, 279, 297

Lucius, story of, 165

l¥d¬, 86, 164

l¥dus litter¤rum, 270

lustrum, 346

MMacedonia, 104, 105

Mactar, Tunisia, 450

Magna Carta, 51, 51

mail, Roman, 33, 268

maps, 54–55, 59, 175

Marius, 462, 463

markets, 151 (see also Forum)

marriage customs, Roman, 31, 31, 322

Mars, 126, 328, 345, 346, 372

Martial, 304

Marygold, 363

masks, 83, 174, 305

materials, Roman clothing, 197

meals, Roman (see Roman life)

medicine, Roman, 382–383

Melpomene, 174

Menelaus, 402

Mercury, 206, 207, 346, 426, 426

messengers, 33

metals, Roman, 363, 425

Midas, King, 362, 363

Middle Ages, 76

Milan, 288

milestones, 38, 38

milli¤rium aureum, 38

mills, 336

Minerva, 112, 316, 346, 372

Minos, King, 431

Minucius, 393

Mithras, 372

Mithridates, 462

model of Rome, 46

money (see coins)

monotheism, 372

mosaic, 136, 174

mottoes, 514–516 (see also inscriptions)

Mt. Vesuvius, 150

m¥nera, 261

Muscosus, Pompeius, 305

Muses, 174

musicians, 83

Nnames, Latin, 467

Naples, 437; National Museum, 83

Narcissus, 117

narrative art, 421

Native Americans, 59, 287

Nausicaa, 96, 314, 316

Neptune, 125, 185, 186, 346

newspapers, Roman, 133

Nîmes, France, 53, 65

Niobe, 231

Norman–French influence, 371

North Africa, 92

Nova Scotia, 69

Numa, King, 126

numerals, 25, 502

Numicus, 225

Numitor, 328

OOctavian (see Augustus)

Odyssey, 270, 277, 278, 282, 323 (see also Ulysses)

Onager, 221

Opera Omnia, 386

Orbilius, 169

orchestra, 259

Ostia, 92, 151

Ovid, 160, 162, 225, 421

PPactolus River, 362

paedagßg¬, 270, 468, 468

painting, prints, and drawings

(see wall paintings)

Palatine, 30, 46, 76, 141, 238, 304

Pal±s, 76, 373

Palestine, 372

Palilia, 373

palla, 196

Pallanteum, 216

Pallas, 216, 216

Pantheon, 77

Papinian, 482

papyrus rolls, 209, 270

parades, 304 (see also triumphs)

Paris, 402

Parthenon, 383

paterfamili¤s, 23, 347

patricians, 408, 482

patrons, Roman, 134–135

Pen¤t±s, 176, 372, 380

Penelope, 277, 319, 319–320, 325

penult, 490

Pergamum, Asia, 182

Pergamum, King of, 45

peristyle, 139, 237

Persia, 372


Phaeacia, 96, 314; Phaeacian ship, 314

Philemon, 426–427

Philip, 104

Phoenicians, 448

phrases and quotations, 514–516 (see also word

studies)

Phrygia, 362, 426

pictographic writing, 5

Plautus, 305

plays, 305

plebeian class, Roman, 408, 452, 482

Pliny, 288

Pluto, 160–161, 162, 350

podium, 88, 133

Pollux, Temple of, 13, 20

Polyphemus, 278 (see also Cyclops)

polytheistic, 372

Pompeii, 101, 134, 150–153, 172, 336, 337, 365

Pomponia, 386

Pßns Aemilius, 368

Pßns Sublicius, 368

Pont du Gard, 65

pontifex, 346

pontifices, 368, 373

Pontifex Maximus, 352, 373, 396

Pope Gregory, 296, 396

population, Roman, 77

Porsena, 367

portraits, 89, 143, 348, 384, 437, 463

Poseidon, (see Neptune)

posters (see advertising, signs)

Postiglipne, Rafaele, 405

Priam, 402

priest, 352, 368, 373 (see also religion, Roman)

Primigenia, Fabia, 99

professions, Roman, 410–411

Prometheus, 421

pronunciation, 9–11, 488–490

Proserpina, 160–161, 160, 162

Ptolemy, 59

publishing, Roman book, 209

Publius, 266, 292

Punic Wars, 222, 449, 450, 473

Pyrrhic victory, 332, 437

Pyrrhus, 222, 332, 437, 437, 439, 442, 443

QQuintus Cicero, 292, 386

Quirinal Hill, 76

quotations (see mottoes, inscriptions, and

word studies)

RR±gia, 352

Regulus, 448–449, 482

reliefs (see sculpture)

religion, Roman, 346, 372–373

Remus, 126, 328

Renaissance, 319, 423

Rhea Silvia, 126, 328

Rhine River, 266

Rhodes, 271

Ripanda, Jacopo, 222

roads, Roman, 33, 34, 38–39, 39

rolls (see papyrus rolls)

Roman Empire (see Empire, Roman)

Romance languages, 75

Roman life, Glimpses of

agriculture and commerce, 410–411

amusements and sports, 304–306

dress and appearance, 196–197

education, 270–271

the Eternal City, 76–77

food and meals, 336–338

the house and its furniture, 236–238

religion, 372–373


roads and travel, 38–39

Roman citizenship and its legacy, 482–483

signs of the times, 150–152

slavery, 116–117

social and economic conditions, 452–453

Roman numerals, 25, 502

Roman Republic, history of, 126, 462, 468,

473–474, 478, 482–483


Romulus, 126, 126, 129, 328

Rossi, Mariano, 68

rostra, 39, 76

Rubens, P.P., 143

Rutulians, 225

SSt. Albans, 328

Samnites, 262, 263

sandals, Roman, 235

Santa Maria Nova, Church of, 13

Sappho, 268

sarcophagus, 323

Sardinia, 26

Saturn, 348

Saturnalia, 151, 373

Saxons, 287, 296

Sbeitla, 208

sc¤lae, 221

schools, Roman, 169, 169, 172, 214, 246, 247, 271

Scipio, 354, 468, 473, 473, 478, 482

Scott, Sir Walter, 371

sculpture, 70 (see also statues)

seals, 483

Semites, 6

Senate, Roman, 261, 452

Septimius Severus, 7

Servian Wall, 77

she-wolf, 126, 129, 328, 328

ships, Roman, 61, 326

shoes, 197, 235

shops, Roman, 39, 139, 151, 236, 410

shrine, household (see lar¤rium)

Sibyls, 211, 213, 213

Sicily, 15, 20, 20, 92, 205, 403

map of, 175

signs, 150–151

silver, 237, 363, 425 (see also tableware)

Silver Age, 420, 421

Silvius Proca, 328

Sirens, 314, 315

slaves/slavery, Roman, 23, 36, 94, 99–100, 101,

106, 116–117, 410, 482

social conditions, Roman, 452–453

soldiers, Roman, 38, 114, 165, 220, 287, 353, 372,

398, 445, 445, 453

sole¤s poscere, 235

songs (see Latin songs, 519–521)

Spain, 15, 223, 379

Spanish, Latin words in, 75

Spartacus, 117, 130

spices, Roman, 302

sports, Roman, 304–306

Star-Spangled Banner, 519

state mottoes, 514–516

states, names of, from Latin, 409

Statius, 38, 100

statues, 108, 207, 231, 271, 431

stola, 196

Stradano, 277

streets (see roads)

stylus, 270

Sulla, 462, 463

Supreme Court, 133

syllabic writing, 489–490

symbols, 441


Ttabell¤ri¬, 268

tablets (see wax tablets)

tableware, 237, 338, 425 (see also dishes)

tablinum, 139, 237

Tarentum, 222, 224

Tarquins, 367

Tarquin (the Proud), 129

Tartarus, 345

taxes, Roman, 411

teachers, 87 (see also school)

Telemachus, 319–320, 325

temples, Roman, 13, 17, 45, 45, 141, 250, 252,

255, 372

Terence, 305

Terminus, 346

test¥dß, 221

Teutons, 462

theater, Roman, 304, 305, 439

Thule, 296

Tibaldi, P., 278

Tiber River, xvi, 46, 76, 77, 367, 368

Tiberius, 36, 452, 468

Tiro, 117, 382

Titus, Arch of, 1

toga, 196, 197

tombs and tombstones, Roman, 38, 263

tools, 425

towns and businesses with classical names (see

word studies)

toys, Roman, 60, 304

trades and occupations, 410 (see also shops)

Trajan, 288, 368, 400

column of, 114, 453

Forum of, 114

travel, Roman, 38–39 (see also roads, ships,

vehicles)

tribunes, 482

Trier, Germany, 87, 196

triumphs, Roman, 461–462

Trojan Horse, 112, 112, 281

Trojan War, 173, 277, 278

Trojans, 112, 225 (see also Aeneas)

Troy, 112, 159, 225, 237

Tullia, 384, 467

Tullus, King, 126

tunic, Roman, 196 (see also dress and

appearance)

Tunisia, 174, 473

Turkey, 237, 252, 281

Turnus, 225

Twelve Tables, 270, 435, 482

UUlysses, 96, 276, 277, 278, 297, 300, 313, 315,

316, 319, 323, 325

unions, 410

United States, 483

Uranus, 348

VVaga, Pierino del, 345

vases and vase paintings, 116, 280, 300, 316

Vatican, 11, 61

Vecchio, Palma, 461

vehicles, 33, 268 (see also chariots)

Venetian blinds, 386

V±n¬, v¬d¬, v¬c¬, 11, 266

Venus, 173, 345, 346, 372

Temple of, 13

Venus Genetrix, Temple of, 17

Vergil, 11, 150, 159, 173, 174, 178, 205, 230, 230,

277, 483

Verulamium (see St. Albans)


Vespasian, 1

Vesta, 372, 373, 380

Temple of, 13, 141

Vestal Virgins, 141, 245

Vesuvius, 150

Vettii, House of, 347

Vetulonia, Italy, 34

Via Appia (see Appian Way)

Via L¤ta, 74

Via Sacra, 1, 57, 352

Victorius, Petrus, 386

villas, Roman, 39, 238, 284, 429

Viminal Hill, 76

Volsci, 405

Vulcan, 346

Wwall paintings, 30, 136, 138, 146, 237

walls, 27, 91

Washington, D.C., 76, 88, 133, 482

Washington, George, 57

water supply (see aqueducts)

wax tablets, 270

weapons, 61, 220, 221, 267, 398, 425, 445

(see also armor)

wedding, Roman, 31, 31, 322

wheat, Roman, 92, 452

wines, Roman, 295, 337

wolf, 328

women’s duties, Roman, 195

Wooden Horse (see Trojan Horse)

word studies, English and Latin

abbreviations, 51

assimilation, 107, 111, 385

derivatives, 58, 64, 88, 98, 111, 261, 287, 303,

327, 352, 409, 447, 472

doublets, 447, 467

importance of verb, 269

Latin forms in English (see loan words)

Latin forms of English names, 93; of names of

states, 409

Latin influence upon English, 287

Latin phrases and quotations used in English,

51, 69, 129, 149, 164, 184, 210, 235, 265,

283, 291, 322, 331, 335, 355, 366, 392,

441, 477

legal phrases in English, 436

loan words, 19; of first declension, 32; of sec-

ond declension, 36; of third declension,

318, 322, 327; of fourth and fifth declen-

sions, 477; of verb forms, 88, 98

months, names of, 361

names, Latin forms of English, 93; of months,

361; of states, 115

names of gods, etc., used today (see towns)

Norman–French influence, 371

planets, Latin names of, 352

prefixes, intensive, 256

prefixes, Latin (and English), ab-, 103; ad-,

177; ante-, 269; circum-, 467; con- (com-),

168, 256; contr¤-, 467; d±-, 103; dis-, 215;

ex-, 103, 256; in-, 90, 110; in- (neg.), 215;

inter-, 249; ne-, 467; ob-, 249, 256; per-,

229, 256; prae-, 467; prß-, 210; re-, 172;

sub-, 229; super-, 467; tr¤ns-, 269

quadruplet, 430

quintuplet, 447

Renaissance, influence, 447

Roman numerals, 24


root words, 41, 58, 69, 103, 121, 139, 177, 190,

201, 296, 425

space and missile terms, 436

spelling tips, English, 451


suffixes, Latin (and English), -osus, 170; -ia,

221; -tia, 224; -t¤s, 331; -or, 397; -ant,

404; -ent, 404; -ient, 404; -antia, 409;

-entia, 409; -iß, 430; -ilis, 481; -bilis, 481;

-¤ris, 481; -¤rius, 481; -¤nus, 481; -icus,

481; -t¥dß, 481

towns and businesses with classical names,

36, 283, 352

vowel changes, 145

word families, 303

word formation (see prefixes, root words,

suffixes, vowel changes, word families)

Wright Brothers’ Memorial, 432

writing, 5–8, 172, 270

writing implements, 5, 9, 172, 246, 268, 270

ZZeus, 345, 348, 372

Zoroaster, 372


554 G r a m m a r I n d e x

The numbers in roman type refer to page num-

bers in the book; those in italic refer to illustra-

tions on the page referenced.

Aa, ab, 100, 101, 193, 512; as prefix, 103

a, an, 16, 492

ablative case, 67, 200, 340, 375, 388, 512

absolute, 299–301, 308

of accompaniment, 167

of agent, 193–194

of description, 479–480

of manner, 259–260, 512

of means, 67, 167, 167, 193–194

of respect, 334

of time, 354

with prepositions, 63, 90, 101, 102, 118, 366

absolute, ablative, see ablative case;

nominative, 299

accent, 95, 113, 132, 490

accompaniment, ablative of, 167, 167, 366

accusative case, 22–23, 495, 511

as subject of infinitive, 223, 401, 513

of direct object, 22, 485

of extent of space or time, 464

with prepositions, 110, 110, 366, 485

active voice, 187, 496

ad, 62–63, 110, 366; as prefix, 107

adjectives, 21–22

agreement, 21–22, 35, 40, 106, 119, 511

article, 492

comparison, 422–423, 500; of -er adjectives,

433; of -lis adjectives, 434; irregular,

438, 501

dative with, 434, 511

declension of comparatives, 423, 438, 501

of first and second declension, 71–73, 105–106,

114, 499; of third declension, 325–326,

pronominal (“irregular”), 383, 384, 438, 501

interrogative, 263–264, 504

as nouns, 207, 239, 289, 511

numerals, 286, 309, 384, 450, 492, 501, 502

position of, 23, 40, 147

possessive, 219, 492

predicate, 22, 128

reflexive, 445

relative, 492

substantive, see as nouns

adverbs, 493

comparison, 428, 433–434, 500; of irregular

adverbs, 438

formation, 166, 428

agent, ablative of, 193–194, 512

agreement, 511

of adjectives, 22, 35, 40, 106, 119

of appositive, 137–138

of infinitive, 407

of perfect participle, 226, 227, 294

of relative pronoun, 253

of verb, 28, 29, 194, 495

alius and alter, 384

alphabet, 5–8, 5, 7, 8, 41, 226, 270, 387, 391

antecedent, 220, 253, 491

antepenult, 490

article, 16, 492

assimilation, 107, 111, 168, 229, 249, 385

auxiliary verbs, 28, 227, 492

Gr ammar Index

Bbase, 18; see also stems

basic forms, 498–501

basic grammar, 490–497

basic syntax, 511–513

Ccardinal numerals, 502

case, 16, 40, 494; case uses, 78–79, 375, 573; see

also nominative, etc.

clauses, 253, 294, 497

commands, 73

comparatives, 422–423; declension of, 423,

438, 501

comparison of adjectives, 422–423, 433, 434,

438, 500, 501

of adverbs, 428, 433–434, 438

complete verbs, 492

complex sentence, 497

compound sentence, 497

conjugations, 27, 495

first, 29, 505

second, 85–86, 506

third, 136–137, 507; -iß verbs, 142, 508

fourth, 142, 509

summary of, 153–154

conjunctions, 493

connecting relative, 448

consonants, 489

contraction of vowels, 95, 101, 113

coordinate conjunctions, 493

copula, see linking verb

correlative conjunctions, 493

cum, with accompaniment, 512; with manner, 259,

512; use with m±, etc. 219; as prefix, 168

Ddative case, 61–62, 495, 511

of indirect object, 61–62, 63, 485, 505

with adjectives, 434

with noceß, 485

with transitive verbs, 485

d±, 101; as prefix, 103

declensions, 17, 73, 471, 493, 498–501

first (a summary), 71–72

second, nouns and adjectives in -us, 35, 71–72;

in -er and -r, 104; in -um, 113–114

third, masculine and feminine nouns, 280;

neuters, 316; -i-stem nouns, 321; adjectives,

325, 423; present participles, 388, 500

fourth, 470

fifth, 475

irregular or defective, 394, 427–428, 469, 499

demonstratives, 358, 364, 369, 491, 492, 503;

position of, 351; demonstrative adjectives,

349–351, 492

derivatives, see word studies

descriptive genitive and ablative, 479–480,

511, 512

diphthongs, 489

direct object, 22, 485, 494, 511

direct statement, 401

dß, 247

domus, declension of, 469, 499

duo, declension of, 450, 501

E±, ex, 100, 101; as prefix, 103

ego, declension of, 219, 503

emphatic verb forms, 29, 496

enclitics, 29, 132

endings, 16–18, 40–41

extent of time and space, accusative of, 464, 511

extr±mus, use of, 439

G r a m m a r I n d e x 555

Ffifth decelension, 475, 499

first conjugation, 29, 239, 505

first declension, 17, 71–72, 505; adjectives,

21–22, 72, 105–106, 499

fourth conjugation, 142, 171, 286, 509

fourth declension, 470, 499

future active infinitive, 400, 406–407

future active participle, 390

future perfect tense, 213, 495; passive, 227

future tense, 28, 495; active, 56, 85–86, 162, 171;

passive, 188–189

Ggender, 35

in the first declension, 35

in the second declension, 35, 113–114

in the third declension, 280, 324

in the fourth declension, 470

in the fifth declension, 475

genitive case, 47–49, 118, 147–148, 494, 511

of description, 479–480

of nouns and adjectives in -ius, 95; in -ium, 113

of possession, 48–49, 494

partitive, 56

grammar, basic, 490–497

grammar summaries, 40–41, 78–79, 118–120,

153–154, 199–200, 239–240, 272–273,

307–308, 339–340, 374–375, 412–413,

454–456, 485

Hhic, declension of, 349–351, 503

homß and vir, 484

Ii-stem adjectives, 325, 500

i-stem nouns, 321

¬dem, declension of, 364, 503

idioms, 175

imperative, present active, 73; plural in -ite, 136–137;

of -iß verbs, 142; of fourth conjugation, 142;

irregulars of third conjugation, 142, 147, 394

imperfect tense, active, 180–181; passive, 188–189;

distinguished from perfect, 181, 181, 200, 512

in, 90, 110, 110, 119; as prefix, 111

indicative mood, 73, 496; tenses of, 406–407

indirect object, 61–62, 63, 147, 485, 495, 511

indirect statement, 401, 412, 513

infinitive, 28, 496, 513

as object, 128, 207, 223, 239

as predicate nominative, 128

as subject, 128, 207, 239

complementary, 290

formation of, 28, 234, 394–395, 400

in indirect statement, 401, 413, 513

inflection, 16, 23, 493

inflections (basic forms), 493

intensive pronoun, 369, 503

interjections, 177, 493

interrogative pronouns and adjectives,

263–264, 491, 492, 504

intransitive verbs, 193, 492

-iß verbs (third conjugation), 142, 171, 508

ipse, declension of, 369, 504

irregular adjectives, (pronominal adjectives),

383, 384, 438, 501

irregular comparison of adjectives, 438, 501

irregular nouns, 394, 427, 469, 499

irregular verbs, 510

is, ea, id, 218, 358, 359, 503

LLatin forms, phrases and quotations, see word

studies

linking verb, 18, 187, 492–493

liquid consonants, 490

loan words, see word studies

locative case, 495


Mmanner, ablative of, 259–260, 512

means, ablative of, 67–68, 167, 193–194, 512

medius, use of, 439

m¬lle, declension of, 450, 502

modifiers, 21, 35

mood, 73, 496

mute consonants, 489–490

N-ne, 29, 132

n±mß, declension of, 427, 499

noceß, dative with, 485, 511

nominative case, 16–18, 494; absolute, 299

nßnne, 132

nouns, 16–17, 40, 491; see also first

declension, etc.

nullus, nihil, n±mß, 384

number, 16, 29, 40, 494, 495

numerals, 25, 25, 286, 309, 384, 450, 492,

501, 502

Oobject, direct, 22–23, 485, 494–495, 511; indirect,

61–63, 63, 485, 494–495, 511; infinitive

as, 128

objective case, 22, 495

order of words, see word order

ordinal numerals, 502

Pparticipial stem, 261

participles, 226–228, 289, 388–390, 500, 513;

used as adjectives and nouns, 289, 389, 513;

as clauses, 294, 299–301, 513; in ablative

absolute, 299–301; tenses of, 513; see pre-

sent participle, etc.

parts of speech, 491

passive voice, 187–189, 187, 193, 227–228, 496

past participle, 226

past perfect tense, 495; passive, 227

past tense, 28, 95, 120, 181–182, 200, 495

penult, 490

perfect infinitive, active, 394–395, 407;

passive, 400

perfect participle, 226, 513; stem of, 248, 430;

used as adjectives and nouns, 289; used as

clause, 294

perfect stem, 96, 248

perfect tense, 95–96, 120, 512; distinguished

from imperfect, 181–182, 181, 200;

formation of active, 96; of passive, 227

person, 28, 495

personal endings, 28–29, 96; passive, 227

personal pronouns, 28, 218–219, 359, 491, 503

phrases, prepositional, 497, 366

phrases and quotations, see word studies

place, prepositions of, 90, 101–102, 102, 110,

118–119, 366

pl¥s, 438, 501

position, see word order

possession, genitive of, 47–49, 494, 511

possessive adjectives, 219, 492; case, 48–49, 494

possum, conjugation of, 290, 388, 510

post, poste¤, postquam, 465, 465

predicate, 18, 147, 491

predicate nominative, 18, 511; infinitive as, 128

predicate nouns and adjectives, 21–23; 511

prefixes, see word studies

prepositions, 493; of place, 90, 101–102, 102,

110, 110, 366, 511, 512

present infinitive, 28, 234, 407

present participle, 388, 500; base of, 404

present perfect tense, 95, 495

present stem, 29, 248

present tense, 28–29, 85–86, 188, 495

principal clauses, 497

principal parts, 95, 226

of first conjugation, 239, 248



of second conjugation, 248, 258–259

of third conjugation, 248, 267–268

of fourth conjugation, 248, 286

progressive verb forms, 29, 182, 187, 496

pronominal adjectives, 383–384, 501

pronouns, 207, 491, 503–504

demonstrative, 349–351, 491, 358, 364,

503–504

intensive, 369–370

interrogative, 263–264, 491, 504

personal, 28–29, 219, 239, 491, 503

reflexive, 444, 503

relative, 250–255, 491, 504, 511

pronunciation, 9–10, 9, 488–490; exercises

in, 10–11; English pronunciation of Latin,

19, 489

Qquality of vowels, 488

quam in comparisons, 424; with superlatives,

435

quantity of vowels, 488; of syllables, 490

questions, 132, 147, 154, 263

qu¬, declension of, 252, 504

quis, declension of, 263–264, 504

quotations, see inscriptions and word studies

Rreading and translation, hints for, 16, 50, 144,

180, 233, 330, 422, 484

reflexive adjectives, 445

reflexive pronouns, 444, 503

relative clauses, 253–255; participles in, 294

relative pronouns, 491; in English, 251–253; in

Latin, 504, 511; connecting relative, 448

reliquus, use of, 439

respect, ablative of, 334, 512

Roman numerals, 25, 25, 502

root words, 103, 190, 201

Ssecond conjugation, 85, 506

second declension, 35, 71–72, 95, 101, 105,

113–114, 498, 499

-self, see intensive pronoun, reflexive pronoun

sentence, 18, 148, 491, 497

sentence analysis, 91

shortening of vowels, 29

simple sentence, 497

stems, of nouns, 18, 472; of present participles,

388; of perfect participles, 248, 430; of

verbs, 29, 96; tense stems, 248

subject, 18, 491, 494, 511; of infinitive, 223,

401, 511

subordinate clauses, 497

subordinate conjunctions, 493

su¬, declension of, 444, 503

sum, conjugation of, 109, 127, 181, 213, 248, 388,

510

summus, use of, 439

superlatives, 422–423

suus and eius, use of, 445

syllables, quantity of, 490

syntax, outline of basic, 511–513

Ttemporal clauses, 294

tense, 28, 79, 119–120, 213, 406–407, 495, 512;

of participles, 513; see present, etc.

tense signs, see present, etc.

tense stems, 248

the, 16, 492

there, 50

third conjugation, 136–137, 162, 507; -iß verbs,

142, 171, 508

third declension, 280–282, 316, 498

adjectives, 325–326, 500

gender, 280–281, 324

i-stems 498

time, ablative of, 354

to, with dative, see indirect object; with verbs of

motion, 61–62, 110, 485

tßtus and omnis distinguished, 384

transitive verbs, 193, 492

tr±s, declension of, 450, 501

t¥, declension of, 219, 503

U¥nus, declension of, 384, 501

Vverbal noun, 128

verbs, 28, 492–493, 505–510

agreement of, with subject, 28–29, 40, 194,

495, 511

auxiliary, 29, 227, 493

complete, 492

conjugation of, see conjugations

infinitive, see infinitive

interrogative forms of, 496

intransitive, 193, 492

negative forms of, 496

number of, 29

personal endings of, 28, 96; passive, 188–189

position of, 147–148

principal parts of, 239, 248, 258, 267–268, 272

progressive and emphatic forms of, 29, 496

stems of, 29, 96, 136, 248

tense of, 79, 406–407, 495, 512

transitive, 193, 492

voice of, 496

v¬s, declension of, 394, 499

vocative case, 101, 119, 495

voice, 187, 496

vowel changes, 136, 145, 269

vowels, 488; quality of, 488; quantity of, 488;

shortening of, 95, 101, 113

Wword formation, see word studies

word groups, 180

word order, 16, 23, 40, 62, 101, 147–148, 148,

154, 351

word sense, how to develop, 144, 233, 330, 476;

see also reading and translation, hints for

word studies, English and Latin

abbreviations, 51, 331, 355, 366, 477, 516

assimilation, 107, 111, 168, 229, 249, 385

doublets, 447

French influence, 111

importance of verb, 269; of third declension, 352

intensive prefixes, 256

Latin forms in English, see loan words

Latin forms of English names, 93; of names of

states, 409

Latin influence upon English, 1, 287, 296,

371, 447

Latin phrases and quotations used in English, 1,

11, 51, 69, 129, 149, 164, 184, 195, 210,

235, 265, 283, 291, 296, 322, 331, 335, 355,

366, 392, 397–398, 436, 441, 477

Latin stem in English words, 139, 472,

435–436

legal phrases in English, 436

loan words, 514; of first declension, 19, 32, 88;

of second declension, 36, 106, 115, 291; of

third declension, 322, 327; of fourth and

fifth declension, 477; of irregular compara-

tive and superlative forms, 441; of verb

forms, 88, 98, 184

months, names of, 361

names, Latin forms of English, 93; of months,

361; of states, 409

Norman-French influence, 371

planets, Latin names of, 352

prefixes, intensive, 355


prefixes, Latin (and English), ab- 103; d±-, ex-,

103, 133; ad-, 107, 133; in-, 111, 133; con-

(com-), 168; re-, 172; prß-, 210; in- (neg),

dis-, 215; sub-, per-, 229; inter-, ob-, 249;

ante-, tr¤ns-, 269; ne-, circum-, contr¤-,

prae-, super-, 467

Renaissance influence, 447

Roman numerals, 25, 25

Romance languages, 1, 75

root words, 103, 190

space and missile terms, 436

spelling helps, English, 385, 404, 409, 451

suffixes, Latin (and English), -ßsus 169; -ia, 221;

-tia, 224; -t¤s, 331; -or, 397; -ant, -ent, 404;

-antia, -entia, 409; -iß, 430; -ilis, -bilis, -¤ris,

-¤rius, -¤nus, -icus, -t¥dß, 481

third declension, importance of, 352

towns and businesses with classical names, 36,

115, 177, 190, 195, 261, 283, 287, 296, 303,

352, 397

verb, importance of, 269

vowel changes, 145, 269

word families, 190, 303, 425

word formation, see prefixes, roots, suffixes,

vowel changes, word families

words often confused, 384, 465, 466


grammar appendix - winston-salem/forsyth county schools · 2014. 10. 7. · 488 grammar appendixp...

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