grammar book
TRANSCRIPT
GramáticaCarla Gilbert
Table of Contents
Qué vs. Cuál Ser (Doctor Ped)
› Wordle Estar (Helping)
› Wordle Gustar
› Wordle Transitions Imperfecto
› -Endings› Irregulars› Triggers
Acabo de Formulas Verbs like Gustar
Reflexives› Examples
Tú Commands› Irregular
DOP placement Preterite
Qué vs. Cuál Qué
› "what" or "which."
› Used when asking definition
› most often used before nouns ¿Qué es una
ciudad?
Cuál› "what" or "which."› used to suggest a
selection or choice from among a group
› usually is used before es and other forms of ser when not seeking a definition› ¿Cuál miras?
Ser (Doctor Ped) Descriptions
› ¿Qué es? Origin
› ¿De dónde eres? Characteristics
• ¿Como es? Time
› ¿Qué hora es? Occupation
› ¿Qué Relationships
› ¿Quien es?
•Possession • ¿De quienes?
•Events• ¿Cuando/ donde es?
• Dates• ¿Que dia es hoy?
Estar (Helping) Health
› ¿Como estas? Emotions
› ¿Como estas? Location (en)
› ¿Dónde estas? Present
condition› ¿Como esta?
• ING– Present
progressive– ar- ando– er/ir- endo,
yendo
Gustar (To like)
Literally: something is pleasing Usually in two forms: gusta, gustan
› Te gusta(n): you like› Le gusta(n): he/she likes› Nos gusta(n): we like› Les gusta(n): they like
Only use gustan when what is pleasing is plural› Me gustan los bibliogafos
Gustar (to like)
Preceded by te, le, me, nos, or les; depending on who or what is being pleased.
Usually seen in two forms: gusta or gustan› Since it is literally translated “something is pleasing to
someone”, the form of gustar depends on what is pleasing.› Me gusta el bibliographo› Me gustan los bibliographos › Me gustas tu
To clarify, sometimes there is a personal “A” in front of the sentence to emphasize who likes what. › A mí me gusta…› A ti te gusta…› A usted le gusta…› A él le gusta…› A nossotros nos gusta…
Spanish Transitions
afterward = después (de)
always = siempre before = antes de (que) finally = finalmente,
por fin next = luego never = nunca now = ahora soon = pronto
again = otra vez also = también and = y too = también but = pero when = cuando then = entonces yesterday = ayer
Imperfecto
Used› Ongoing action (was/were)› Repeated action› No definite beginning or end› Time, date, age, feelings, descriptions› Interrupted activity (cuando)
Imperfect endings
-ar -ir/-er
Yo -aba -ía
Tú -abas -ías
Él/ella/ Ud. - aba -ía
Nosotros -ábamos -íamos
Vosotros -abais -íais
Ellos/ellas/ Uds.
-aban -ían
IrregularsIr Ser Ver
Yo iba era Veía
Tú ibas Eras Veías
Él/ella/ Ud. iba Era Veía
Nosotros íbamos Éramos Veíamos
Vosotros ibais Erais Veíais
Ellos/ellas/ Uds.
iban eran veían
Triggers for Imperfect
Todos los días- everyday A menudo- often A veces- sometimes Siempre- always Cada día- daily Los lunes- mondays Generalmente-generally Mientras- while De vez en cuando- occasionally Muchas veces- very often Frecuentemente- frequently
Acabar de + Infinitive
To just have finished
› Acabo de comer unas papas fritas. I just ate some French fries.
Yo Acabo de
Tú Acabas de
Él/ella/ Ud Acaba de
Nosotros Acabamos de
Ellos/ellas/ Uds. Acaban de
Formulas Hace + time + que +conjegated verb
› How much time you have been doing something Hace trienta y cinco minutos que Paula espera el autobús.
Hay + que + infinitive› What needs or must be done› Impersonal, directed at no one in particular
Hay que estudiar para sacar buenas notas. Se prohíbe + infinitive
› What is prohibited Se prohíbe fumar
Ir + a + infinitive› What someone is going to do› Conjugate ir, but leave verb in infinitive
Ella va a hablar por teléphono con Lisette.
Verbs like gustar
Faltar- to lack Facinar- to facinate Encantar- to love Importar- to matter Interestar- to interest Duele- to hurt
Reflexives A verb is reflexive when the
subject and the object are the same.› I wash myself
Subject: I; Object: myself Yo me lavo
› I wash (myself) Tú te lavas
› you wash (yourself) (informal) él se lava
› he washes (himself) Usted se lava
› you wash (yourself) (formal)
•Nosotros nos lavamos• we wash (ourselves)
•Ustedes se lavan• you-all wash (yourselves)(formal)
•Ellos se lavan• they wash (themselves)
•Use: me, te, se, os, and nos in front of verb.
Reflexive Examples Ducharse To shower oneself
Bañarse To bath oneself
Lavarse To wash oneself
Peinarse To comb oneself
Afeitarse To shave oneself
Ponerse To put on
Maquillarse To on put makeup
Secarse To dry oneself
Rizarse To curl one’s hair
Alisarse To straighten
Pintarse To paint oneself
Tú Commands Tú commands are the singular form of informal
commands. To tell a friend, family member, classmate, child, or pet to do something, use the affirmative tú command.
Affirmative Negitive• Use the 3rd person singular form and drop the ‘s’ – ex. Compra la camisa. (Buy the shirt.)•Direct object attaches to the end of the verb – ex. Tráemelo. (Bring it to me.)
• Add no in front of the verb; keep the ‘s’– ex. No compres la camisa. (Do not buy the shirt.)•The pronoun precedes the verb in negative commands – ex. No te levantes (Don´t get up) --- me, nos, te, os, lo/la, los/las
Irregular Tú Commands
Verb Translation Affirmative Negitive
Decir To say Di No digas
Hacer To do Haz No hagas
Ir To go Ve No vayas
Poner To put Pon No pongas
Salir To leave Sal No salgas
Ser To be Sé No seas
Tener To have Ten No nengas
Venir To come Ven No vengas
DOP Placement
Hook onto the verb when:1. There is an infinitive – ex. Voy a comerlo.2. Affirmative command – ex. ¡Cómelo!3. Present progressive – ex. Estoy
comiéndolo.
Preterite
Used for past tense for an action that has been completed.
Endings:
-ar -er/-ir
Yo é í
Tú aste iste
Él/Ella ó ió
Nosotros amos imos
Ellos/Ellas aron ieron