grammar book complete
TRANSCRIPT
Table Of ContentsTable Of Contents
Page 1-Present(ar,er,ir)Page 1-Present(ar,er,ir) Page 2-Stem ChangersPage 2-Stem Changers Page 3-Irregular “yo”Page 3-Irregular “yo” Page 4-Saber vs. ConocerPage 4-Saber vs. Conocer Page 5-ReflexivesPage 5-Reflexives Page 6-“se” ImpersonalPage 6-“se” Impersonal Page 7-DipthongsPage 7-Dipthongs Page 8-Verbs like-ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cirPage 8-Verbs like-ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cir Page 9-hace + _ + que + _Page 9-hace + _ + que + _ Page 10-ImperfectoPage 10-Imperfecto
Present(ar,er,ir)Present(ar,er,ir)
Ar: Ar:
O O
As As
AA
AmosAmos
ÁisÁis
AnAn
1
Er:oese
emoséisen
Ir:oese
imosísen
Stem ChangersStem Changers
Combine verbs in the rootCombine verbs in the root A. “e” A. “e” “ie” “ie” B. “e” B. “e” “I” “I” C. “o” C. “o” “ue” “ue” D. “u” D. “u” “ue” “ue” Do not combine nosotros nor Do not combine nosotros nor
vosotrosvosotros
Irregular “yo”Irregular “yo”
““go” verbs- Caer, decir, oir, go” verbs- Caer, decir, oir, poner, hacer, tener, traer, venir.poner, hacer, tener, traer, venir.
““zco” verbs- conocer, producir, zco” verbs- conocer, producir, conducir, y los demás- ser, estar, conducir, y los demás- ser, estar, ir, ver, saber, darir, ver, saber, dar
Saber vs. ConocerSaber vs. Conocer
Saber- To know a fact or to know how Saber- To know a fact or to know how to do something.to do something.
yo sé nosotros sabemos yo sé nosotros sabemos
tu sabes vosotros sabéis tu sabes vosotros sabéis
él sabe ellos saben él sabe ellos saben Conocer- To know someone or to be familiar
with someone.yo conozco nosotros conocemos
tu conoces vosotros conocéis
él conoce ellos conocen
ReflexivesReflexives
A verb is reflexive when the subject A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same.and the object are the same.
For Example: I hurt myselfFor Example: I hurt myself
When a verb is reflexive, the When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se."infinitive ends in "se."
““se” Impersonalse” Impersonal
The Impersonal se is used with a The Impersonal se is used with a third person singular verb. (one, third person singular verb. (one, you, people, or they).you, people, or they).
Used to indicate people in Used to indicate people in general, not one person.general, not one person.
For Example: For Example: ¿Cómo se dice rojo en español? ¿Cómo se dice rojo en español? How does one say red in Spanish?How does one say red in Spanish?
DipthongsDipthongs
The strong or weak vowels in the The strong or weak vowels in the word next to each otherword next to each other
A, e, o are the strong vowel soundsA, e, o are the strong vowel sounds
I, u, y are the weak vowel soundsI, u, y are the weak vowel sounds
Verbs like-ger/gir, Verbs like-ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/ciruir/guir, cer/cir
Ger or Gir Ger or Gir change G-J in change G-J in the “yo” form.the “yo” form.
For Example:For Example:Exigir (to Exigir (to
demand)demand)ExiExijjooExigesExigesExigeExigeExigimosExigimosExigExigísExigen
Cer/cir If the verb ends in a vowel add z before the c in the yo form only.
If the verd ends in a consonant change the c to a z in the yo form only
hace + _ + que + _hace + _ + que + _
Hago-The only irregularHago-The only irregular HacesHaces Hace Hace HacemosHacemos HacenHacen The yo form is the only irregularThe yo form is the only irregular
ImperfectoImperfecto
1. What was happening, happened, 1. What was happening, happened, used to happen.used to happen.
2. To describe people or things in the 2. To describe people or things in the past.past.
3. To describe a state of mind, an 3. To describe a state of mind, an opinion, or a feeling in the past.opinion, or a feeling in the past.
4. To express the time of day in the 4. To express the time of day in the past.past.
5. When describing an action that was 5. When describing an action that was in the process of happening.in the process of happening.
6. To set the stage, describe, a 6. To set the stage, describe, a situation or setting.situation or setting.
Preterite TensePreterite Tense
e ie i
aste iste aste iste
o o o o
amos imosamos imos
aron ieronaron ieron
SpockSpock
Hacer- hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, Hacer- hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieronhicieron
Ir- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueronIr- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron Ser- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueronSer- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron Dar- I, iste, io, imos, ieronDar- I, iste, io, imos, ieron Ver- I, iste, io, imos, ieronVer- I, iste, io, imos, ieron
CucarachaCucaracha
Andar anduve eAndar anduve e Estar estuv isteEstar estuv iste Poder pud ioPoder pud io Poner pus imosPoner pus imos Querrer quis ieronQuerrer quis ieron Saber sup Saber sup Tener tuvTener tuv Venir vinVenir vin Conducir condujConducir conduj Producir produjProducir produj Traducir tradujTraducir traduj Traer trajTraer traj Decir dijDecir dij
Snake/SnakeySnake/Snakey
Stem changers & Y changers Stem changers & Y changers Snake: Snake: dormirdormirDormi’ dormimosDormi’ dormimosDormisteDormisteDurmio’ durmieronDurmio’ durmieron
SnakeysSnakeysLeerLeerLei’ leimosLei’ leimosLeisteLeisteLeyo’ leyeronLeyo’ leyeron
Trigger WordsTrigger Words
Ayer Ayer Anoche Anoche AnteayerAnteayer La semana pasadaLa semana pasada
El FuturoEl Futuro
Infinitive & e’, a’s, a’, emos, a’nInfinitive & e’, a’s, a’, emos, a’n Add it on end. Vivir -> vivire’Add it on end. Vivir -> vivire’ Ir + a + infinitiveIr + a + infinitive
Irregular FutoroIrregular Futoro
Decir-dir-to sayDecir-dir-to say haber-habr-there to be haber-habr-there to be
[impersonal]; to have [helping [impersonal]; to have [helping verb]verb]
Hacer-har-to make,doHacer-har-to make,do Poder-podr-to put, place, setPoder-podr-to put, place, set
PorPor
Portal- the idea of passing throughPortal- the idea of passing through Portugal- general rather than specific locationPortugal- general rather than specific location ““por”ever- how long something lastspor”ever- how long something lasts Porpose- the case of somethingPorpose- the case of something Import/export- an exchangeImport/export- an exchange Im por, pay for me- doing something in place of or Im por, pay for me- doing something in place of or
instead of someone elseinstead of someone else Trans”por”tation- a mean of transportationTrans”por”tation- a mean of transportation
ParaPara
Surprise paratay- to whom Surprise paratay- to whom something is donesomething is done
Parangari- destinationParangari- destination Paradoname- to express an Paradoname- to express an
opinionopinion Com”para”son- to contrast or Com”para”son- to contrast or
comparecompare Paramedic- to express the idea of Paramedic- to express the idea of
a deadline.a deadline.
Condicional | FuturoCondicional | Futuro
CondicionalCondicional
íaíaíasíasíaíaíamosíamosíaisíaisíanían
Futuroéásáemoséisán
Preterite | ImperfectoPreterite | Imperfecto
PreteritePreterite
ééasteasteóóamosamosasteisasteisaronaron
Imperfectoabaabasabaábamosabaisaban
Double object pronouns
Place directly before conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive.
Give it to me DameloDon't give it to meNo me lo diga
Adverbs
How, when, where, how often and how much
Provide me information about the verb
Often formed by adding -mente Rapido = rapidamente
Se impersonal
Main clause + subordinate clause connected by que
Facts, actions, definite Se bueno que Es malo que Es importante que