LIBRO DE GRAMÁTICA

Por Taloradora

1. Pagina Titulada

2. Indice de Materiales

3. Presente (-AR; -ER; -IR)

4. Ser y Estar

5. Verbos Como Gustar

6. Nouns/ Articles/ Adjs

7. Preterite vs Imperfect

8. Subj. in Noun Clause

9. Subjunctive in Adj Clause

10. Commands

11. Object Pronouns

12. Possessive Adj & Pronouns

13. Demonstrative Adj & Pronouns

14. Reflexives

15. Por y Para

16. To Become

EL PRESENTEPresent Tense is used to express habitual actions that will take

place in the near future.

-o -amos

-as

-a -an

-o -emos/

imos

-es

-e -en

Yo (I) Nosotros/as

(We)

Tú

(You- informal)

El/Ella/Usted

(He/She/You-

formal)

Ellos/Ellas/

Ustedes

(They, You

all)

-AR -ER/IR

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

Examples:Bailar

Tú bailes bien.

(You dance well.)Comer

Yo como muchos tacos.

(I eat many tacos.)Salir

Nosotros salimos de la

escuela.

(We leave the school.)

EL PRESENTE: LOS VERBOS

CON CAMBIOS DE RAÍZ

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Pienso Pensamos

Piensas

Piensa Piensan

(e-ie)

Puedo Podemos

Puedes

Puede Pueden

(o-ue)

Pido Pedimos

Pides

Pide Piden

(e-i)

Po

der

Pen

sar

Ped

irJugar has a u-ue stem

change in all but the

nosotros form; incluir and

destruir have an i-y stem

change in all but the

nosotros form.

EL PRESENTE : “YO”

IRREGULARVerbs with –go in the yo form

Tener Oir HacerTengo Tenemos

Tienes

Tiene Tienen

Oigo Oimos

Oyes

Oye Oyen

Hago Hacemos

Haces

Hace Hacen

Other verbs with an irregular yo form

Protejo Protegemos

Proteges

Proteje Protegen

Conocer (c-zc)Proteger (e-ie)Conozco Conocemos

Conoces

Conoce Conocen

Ir

Voy Vamos

Vas

Va Van

SerSoy Somos

Eres

Es Son

EstarEstoy Estamos

Estas

Está Están

DarDoy Damos

Das

Da Dan

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Time: Hour, day, and date.

¿Qué hora es?

Possesion

Es de Pepe

Origin

Soy de America.

Occupation

Soy maestra.

Nationality

Soy americana.Political/ Religious Affiliation

Somos católicos.

Geographic or Physical Location

¿Dónde estás?

State or Condition

¿Cómo estás tú?

Many Idiomatic Expressions

estar de acuerdo.

Progressive Tenses

Estoy comiendo galletas.

Where an event is taking place

Es en la plaza.

Essential Qualities

Eres muy bonita, Sra. Linares.

Although both verbs

Mean “to be”,

ESTAR is temporary.

SER is permanent.For conjugation, look at slide #5.

SER Y ESTAR: CON

ADJECTIVOS

Ser and estar both mean “to be”, but the context they

are used in can mean two very different things.

POR EJEMPLO

SER

Taloradora es muy

simpatica

(Taloradora is very nice.)ESTARTaloradora esta muy

simpatica hoy.

(Taloradora is very nice today.)

As you can see, the sentence

using SER implies that

Taloradora generally always

has a nice personality. The

sentence using ESTAR

implies that Taloradora is

only being nice today, which

is temporary and not a

general personality trait.

LOS VERBOS COMO GUSTAR

“Gustar” is unique because it’s only conjugated two ways:

“Gusta” and “Gustan”. Which form of gustar used depends on

whether the direct object is singular or plural.

Gustar To like

Molestar To be a bother

Fascinar To be fascinating to

Aburrir To bore

Importar To be important to

Interesar To be interesting to

Disgustar To hate something

Doler (e-ue) To be painful

Encantar To “love” something

Quedar To remain

Examples:Gustar

Me gustan los flores.

(I like the flowers.)

Encantar

Te encanta comprar.

(You love to shop.)

Doler

Nos duelen los pies.

(We hurt our feet.)

Me duele la mano.

(I hurt my hand.)

Verbs similar to gustar are conjugated the same way.

SUSTANTIVOS Y ARTICULOSIn Spanish, nouns normally come in either a “masculine” form or a “feminine”

form. Words ending in –o, -or-, -l, -s, and –ma are usually masculine. Words

ending in –a, -ora, -ión, -d, and –z are usually feminine.

Por Ejemplo:Masculine: El amigo, el escritor, el papel, el paraguas, el temaFeminine: La amiga, la escritora, la ilusión, la amistad, la paz

Masculine nouns are preceded by the

definite article “el” or the indefinite article

“un”. Feminine nouns are preceded by the

definite article “la” or the indefinite article

“una”.

Plural nouns are typically formed by adding –s to nouns ending in a vowel and –es

to nouns ending in a consonant. Nouns that end in –z change to –c before adding

–es. If a singular noun ends in a stressed vowel, the plural form ends in –es. If the

last syllable of a singular noum ending in –s is unstressed, the plural form does not

change.

Por Ejemplo: -s, -es, and –cesEl hombre – Los hombresLa novia – Las noviasLa mujer – Las mujeresEl lápiz – Los lápices

Por Ejemplo: stressed & unstressedEl tabú – Los tabúes

El israelí – Los israelíes

El lunes – Los lunes

La crisis – Las crisis

ADJECTIVOSSpanish adjectives, or adjetivos, agree in gender and number with the nouns they

modify. Most adjectives ending in –e or a consonant have the same masculine and

feminine forms.

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Masculine Rojo Rojos Inteligente Inteligentes Difícil Dificíles

Feminine Roja Rojas Inteligente Inteligentes Difícil Dificíles

Descriptive adjectives typically follow their nouns. If one adjective modifies more

than one noun, the plural form is used. If one of the nouns is masculine, then the

adjective is masculine. Some adjectives have shortened forms when they come

before a masculine singular noun.

Por Ejemplo:Un libro apasionante

A great bookUn suegro y una suegra maravillosos

A wonderful mother- and father- in law

Las parejas contentas

The happy couplesLa literatura y la culturas ecuatorianas

Ecuadorian literature and culture

Some adjectives change their meaning depending on their position. When the

adjective comes before, the meaning is more figurative whereas when the adjective

comes after the noun the meaning is more literal.

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Imperfect is used for actions that were repeated habitually or to “set the stage”

for another action. Also, it is used for telling time and stating one‟s age.

-aba -abamos

-abas

-aba -aban

-ar-ía -íamos

-ías

-ía -ían

-er/ir

Veía Veíamos

Veías

Veía Veían

Era Eramos

Eras

Era Eran

Iba Ibamos

Ibas

Iba iban

Ir Ser Ver

Trigger Words:

Siempre

A Veces

A Menudo

Cadadia

Todos los dias

Preterite is used for actions that were completed in the past. The endings for

preterite are conjugated by being affixed to the end of the infinitives.

-é -amos

-aste

-ó -aron

-ar -er/ir-í -imos

-iste

-ío -ieron

Examples:Bailar

Tú bailaste bien.

(You danced well.)

Comer

Yo comé muchos tacos.

(I ate many tacos.)

Salir

Nosotros salimos de la escuela.

(We left the school.)

Trigger Words:

Ayer

Anoche

Anteayer

La semana

pasado

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVEPresent Subjunctive is different from normal Spanish conjugations because it

is a mood instead of a tense. Rather than telling when an action took place,

mood reveals how the speaker feels about the action. Subjunctive shows

attitudes; it‟s uncertain and hypothetical.

-e -emos

-es

-e -en

-a -amos

-as

-a -an

-AR

-ER/IRDar Dé

Estar Esté

Ir Vaya

Saber Sepa

Haber Hava

Ser Sea

IRREGULARS

ishing/wanting

motions

oubt

isbelief

mpersonal Expressions

egation

od/grief

V E R B S O F W I L L &

I N F L U E N C E

Sugerir (e-ie) To suggest

Aconsejar To advise

Importar To be

important, to

matter

Insistir (en) To insisit (on)

Mandar To order

Prohibir To prohibit

Recomendar To

recommend

Rogar (o-ue) To beg, to

plead

E X P R E S S I O N S O F

E M O T I O N

E X P R E S S I O N S O F

D O U B T , D I S B E L I E F , A N D

D E N I A L

Dudar To doubt

Negar To deny

Es imposible It‟s impossible

Es improbable It‟s

improbable

No es cierto It‟s not true,

it‟s not certain

No es seguro It‟s not certain

No es verdad It‟s not true

- - - - - - - - - -

Alegrarse (de) To be happy

Esperar To hope, to

wish

Sentir (e-ie) To be sorry, to

regret

Sorprender To surprise

Temer To be afraid,

to fear

Es triste It‟s sad

Ojála que I hope that/ I

wish that

- - - - - - - - - -

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: NOUN CLAUSEThe subjunctive is used mainly in multiple clause sentences which express

will, influence, emotion, doubt, or denial. The present subjunctive is formed

by dropping the –o from the yo form of the present indicative and adding the

subjunctive endings.

Verbs with irregular yo from show the same irregularity throughout the forms

of the present subjunctive.

Verb Conjugation Verb Conjugation

Conocer Conozca Tener Tenga

Decir Diga Ver Vea

Hacer Haga Traer Traiga

Por EjemploMartina quiere que grabemos este anuncio para el viernes.

Martina wants us to record this ad by Friday.

Es necesario que lluegen al estreno antes de la una.

It’s necessary that they arrive at the premiere before one o’clock.

Prefiero que vayas en marzo.

I prefer that you go in March.

El agobiado recomienda que lea el contrato antes de firmar.

The lawyer recommends that I read the contract before signing.

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE:

ADJECTIVE CLAUSEWhen the subordinate clause of a sentence refers to something (the

antecedent) that is known to exist, the indicative is used. When the antecedent

is uncertain or indefinite, the subjunctive is used.

Main Clause

Busco un trabajo

Connector

Que

Subordinate clause

Pague bien

Antecedent certain: Indicative Antecedent uncertain: Subjunctive

Necesito el libro que tiene una foto

de un chico Mexicano.

Necesito un libro que tenga una

foto de un chico Mexicano.

When the antecedent of an adjective clause is a negative pronoun (como nadie

o ninguno/a), the subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.

Antecedent certain: Indicative Antecedent uncertain: Subjunctive

Elena tiene tres parientes que

viven en Los Estados Unidos.

Elena no tiene ningún pariente

que viva el Limón.

COMMANDS

A F F I R M A T I V E N E G A T I V ET Ú

U S T E D / U S T E D E S

T Ú

U S T E D / U S T E D E S

Drop the s.

Put in yo form and change to opposite

vowel.

Put in yo form and change to opp vowel,

add S.

Same as affirmative.

Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten,

venIrregulars: TVDISHES

Irregulars: TVDISHES

Irregulars: TVDISHES

MONO VERBS

Sentémosnos. Sentémonos!

Vayamos Vamonos

DOP + IOP + „se‟ must go before

negative command.

DOP + IOP + „se‟ can attach to

infinitive

OBJECT PRONOUNS: INDIRECT & DIRECTPronouns are words that take the place of nouns. Direct object pronouns directly receive

the action of the verb, while indirect object pronouns indirectly receive the action of the

verb. They tell either to whom or for whom.

Me Nos

Te

Lo/la Los/las

Direct

Me Nos

Te

Le Les

Indirect

Indirect and direct object pronouns precede the conjugated verb.

When the verb is an infinitive construction, object pronouns may either be attached to

the infinitive or placed before the conjugated verb.

Indirect: Debes pedirle el dinero de la

apuesta/ le debes pedir el dinero

de la apuesta

Direct: Voy a hacerlo enseguida/ Lo voy a

hacer enseguida

Carla siempre me da boletos para el cine.

Carla always gives me movie tickets.

Ella los consigue gratis.

She gets them for free.

OBJECT PRONOUNS: CONTINUEDLo is also used to refer to an abstract thing or idea that has no gender.

Lo pensé (I thought about it)

When the verb is in the progressive, object pronouns may be either attached to the present

participle or placed before the conjugated verb.

Comelo or lo come (eat it)

Double object pronouns

The indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun when they are used together

in a sentence.

Me los mandaron por correo. (Quack.)

Le and les change to se when they are used with lo, la, los, or las

Se lo da. (Give it to them.)

When object pronouns are attached to infinitives, participles, or commands, a written accent

is often required to maintain proper word stress.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES &

PRONOUNSAdjectives in the possessive form are used to express ownership. Spanish has two

types of possessive adjectives: the stressed (short) forms and the unstresssed (long)

forms. Both forms agree in gender and number with the object.

Stressed Form Unstressed Form

Mi (s) My Mío (s) My/ (of) Mine

Tu (s) Your Tuyo/a (s) Your/ (of) Yours

Su (s) His, Hers, Its Suyo/a (s) Your (of yours)/ His/

(Of) His.. etc

Nuestro/a (s) Our Nuestro/a (s) Our/ (of) ours

Su (s) Your/ Their Suyo/a (s) Your/ (of) yours

Short possessive adjectives precede the nouns they modify.

En mi opimiom. Esa telenovela es pesima.

In my opinion, that soap opera is awful.Nuestras revistas favoritas son Money y Music.Our favorite magazines are Money and Music.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES &

PRONOUNS CONTINUEDStressed possessive adjectives follow the nouns they modify. They are used for

emphasis or to express the phrases “of mine”, “of yours”, etc. The nouns are

usually preceded by a definite or indefinite article.

Tus amigas Las amigas tuyas.

Because sus and suyo/as have multiple meanings, the construction [article] +

[noun] + [de] + [subject pronoun] can be used to clarify.

Su casa/ la casa suya La casa de el/ella/usted/ustedes

Possessive pronouns have the same forms as stressed possessive adjectives and are

preceded by a definite article. Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number

with the nouns they replace.

No encuentro mi libro.Si la amiga suya no llegada, la nuestra iría.

DEMONSTRATIVE

ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNSDemonstrative adjectives specify to which noun a speaker is referring. They

precede the nouns they modify and agree in gender and number.

Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

Este Esta Estos Estas

Ese Esa Esos Esas

Aquel Aquella Aquellos Aquellas

Demonstrative pronouns are identical to demonstrative adjectives, except that they

contain an accent mark on the stressed vowel. They also agree in gender and

number with the nouns they replace.

No quiero esté. Quiero esé.No leí éstas, pero sí leí aquéllas.

There are three neutral demonstrative pronouns: esto, eso, and aquello. These

forms refer to unspecified things or ideas. They do not vary in gender or number

nor do they carry an accent.

Eso es interesante.

PREPOSITIONAL

PRONOUNSPrepositional pronouns function as the objects of prepositions. Except for mi, ti,

and si, they are identical to their corresponding subject pronouns.

Lo compramos para él.

Mí Me, myself

Tú You, yourself

Usted You, yourself

El Him, it

Ella Her, it

Sí Himself, Herself, Itself

Nosotros/as Us, ourselves

Ustedes You, yourselves

Ellos/ Ellas Them

Sí Themselves

[ A + prepositional pronoun ] is often used for clarity or emphasis.

PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS #2

The pronoun sí (himself, herself, itself) is the prepositional

pronoun used to refer back to the same third-person

subject. When mi, ti, and si are used with con, they become

conmigo, contigo, and consigo

Quieres ir conmigo al museo?

These prepositions are used with tú and yo instead of mi

and ti: entre, incluso, excepto, menos, salvo, según.

REFLEXIVESReflexive verbs always use reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se). In a reflexive

construction, the subject of the verb both performs and receives the action.

Elena se lava la cara.

Lavarse (to wash oneself)

Yo Me lavo

Tú Te lavas

Ud./él/ella Se lava

Nosotros/as Nos lavamos

Uds./ellos/ellas Se lavan

Many of the verbs used to describe daily routines and personal care are reflexive.

Many verbs change meaning when they are used with a reflexive pronoun.

Aburrir: To boreAburrirse: To be bored

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PortalExpressing movement along, through,

around, by, or about.

PoreverDuration of time

Porpose

Reason/motive for an action.

Import/ExportAn exchange.

Portugal

Motion or general location.

I‟m por, pay for me!Doing something in place of someone else.

ParaposeExpressing purpose.

ParamedicA time limit.

ParaguayDestination/movement towards a place.

Para-celAddressee/recipient of action.

Com-para-sonA comparison.

TO BECOMESpanish has several verbs and phrases that mean to become. Many of these

constructions make use of reflexive verbs.

The construction [ ponerse + adjective ] expresses a change in mental, emotional,

or physical state that is generally not long-lasting.

No te pongas cansada.The construction [ volverse + adjective } expresses a radical mental or

psychological change. It often conveys a gradual or irreversible change in

character. In English this is often expressed as to have become + adjective.Te has vuelto loca.

Hacerse can be followed by a noun or an adjective. It often implies a change that

results from the subject‟s own efforts, such as changes in possession.

Le yerno de Lidia se ha hecho agobiado.Llegar a ser can also be followed by a noun or an adjective. It indicates a change

over time and does not imply the subject‟s voluntary effort.

La novela que escribio ha llegado a ser un superventas.