GRAMMAR BOOKMiguel Hodges

TABLE OF CONTENTSContent

Slide number Present –ar, -er, -ir endings

3-4 Stem changers

5 Irregular “yo”

6 Saber vs. Conocer

7 Reflexives

8 “Se” impersonal

9 Dipthongs with accents

10 Verbs like -ger/-gir, -uir/-guir, -cer/-cir

11 Hace +____+ que +______

12 Imperfecto

13 Preterite

14-16 Comparatives and Superlatives

17 Futuro

18-19 Preterite v. Imperfect

20 Future y Conditional

21 Por y Para

22 Por v Para

23 Commands

24 Present Perfect Tense

25

PRESENT TENSE –AR/-ER/-IR

In the present tense for verbs ending in –ar

In the present tense for verbs ending in -er

Person talked about Replaces -er at the end

Yo o

Tú es

Él/Ella/Usted E

Nosotros emos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes en

Person talked about Replaces -ar at the end

Yo o

Tú as

Él/Ella/Usted a

Nosotros amos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes an

PRESENT TENSE –AR/-ER/-IR CONT’D

In the present tense for verbs ending in -ir

Person talked about Replaces -ei at the end

Yo o

Tú Es

Él/Ella/Usted E

Nosotros imos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes en

STEM CHANGERS

Also called “Boot verbs” it changes in all but nosotros.

More than just the ending changes. The vowel in the stem changes.

3 catergories. eie, o ue, and ei. Common e ie verbs- Tener, Preferir Common oue verbs- Dormir, Poder, Jugar *Common ei verbs- Decir, Repetir, Servir.

* This stem change only happens in –Ir verbs!

IRREGULAR “YO” FORM

caber (to fit) yo quepo caer (to fall) yo caigo conducir (to drive) yo

conduzco conocer (to know,) yo

conozco escoger (to choose )yo

escojo dirigir (to direct) yo

dirijo hacer (to do, to make)

yo hago

poner (to put, to place)yo pongo

saber (to know something - a fact)yo sé

salir (to leave)yo salgo seguir (to follow)yo sigo traer (to bring)yo traigo valer (to be worth)yo

valgo ver (to see)yo veo

SABER VS. CONOCER

When using saber it mean that you know a fact or how to do something.

When using conocer it means you know a person or are familiar with something.

REFLEXIVES

When refering to a person doing an action.

Person talked about Reflexive pronoun

Yo Me

Tú Te

Él/Ella/Usted Se

Nosotros Nos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Se

“SE” IMPERSONAL

When using an impersonal voice like “How do you spell truck?” in Spanish you place “se” in front to make it a general statements.

DIPTHONGS WITH ACCENTS

Here are some fairly common words that include diphthongs : puerto, tierra, siete, hay, cuida, ciudad, labio, hacia, paisano, canción, Europa, aire.

VERBS LIKE GER/GIR, UIR/GUIR, CER/CIR For verbs that end in ger/gir, In the first

person change the g to a j. In guir verbs, in the yo form the gu

changes to g. In uir verbs add a y before a, e and, o. For cer/cir verbs, in the yo form,

change the c to a z.

HACE+ ______+QUE+_____

The second blank is to be filled with a verb in either the present or preterite form.

The First Black is filled with an expression of time

IMPERFECTO

A past tense form for events without a specific time.

For –er/-ir endings For –ar endings

Trigger words Irregulars

Person talked about

Replaces -ar at the end

Yo aba

Tú abas

Él/Ella/Usted aba

Nosotros ábamos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

aban

Person talked about

Replaces -ar at the end

Yo ía

Tú Ías

Él/Ella/Usted Ía

Nosotros Íamos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes ían

Trigger Words Translation

a menudo Often

A veces Sometimes

Cada dia everyday

Cada año Every year

Con frecuencia frequently

generalmente Usually

siempre always

Ser Ir Ver

Era iba Veía

Eras Ibas Veías

Era Iba Veía

éramos Íbamos Veíamos

Erais Ibais Veíais

eran Iban veían

PRETERITE TENSE IRREGULARS

In irregular car,gar, zar verbs only the yo form changes. Gar g to gu car c to qu zar z to c

Spock VerbsIr/Ser Dar/Ver Hacer

Yo Fui D/V -i Hice

Tú Fuiste D/V –iste Hiciste

El/Ella/Usted

Fue D/V –io Hizo

Nosotros Fuimos D/V –imos Hicimos

Ustedes/Ellos /Ellas

Fueron D/V- ieron Hicieron

IRREGULAR PRETERITE CONT’D

Andar Anduv-

Estar Estuv-

Poder Pud-

Poner Pus-

Querer Quis- -e

Saber Sup- -iste

Tener Tuv- -o

Vener Vin- -imos

Conducir Conduj- -ieron

Producir Produj-

Traducir Traduj-

Decir Dij-

Traer Traj-

PRETERITE IRREGULAR

In snake Verbs only the El/Ella/Usted form and Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes for changes Snakeys verbs are also like this except the I in these forms changes to a y

Preterite Trigger Words el otro día the other day el año pasado last year Ayer yesterday una vez once Anoche last night la semana pasada last week

Dormí Leí

Dormiste Leiste

Durmió Leyo

Dormimos Leimos

Durmieron leyeron

Snakes Snakeys

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

To form the comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverbs, use the following formula: tan + adjective (adverb) + como To form comparisons of equality with nouns, use the following formula: tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como

In Spanish, inequality is expressed by using one of the following formulae: más (menos) + adjective + que

más (menos) + adverb + quemás (menos) + noun + que

The absolute superlative for adjectives has three possible forms. muy + adjective

sumamente + adjectiveadjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as)

In Spanish, the relative superlative construction is similar to the comparative. definite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + de

FUTURO

The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.

Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án

FUTURO

Irregulars Trigger words Decir Dir-

Haber Habr-

Hacer Har-

Poder Podr-

Poner Pondr

Querer Querr-

Saber Sabr-

Salir Saldr-

Tener Tendr-

Valer Valdr-

Venir Vendr-

Mañana

Pasado mañana

Año que viene

Año proximo

es un/ dos/tres horas

PRETERITE V. IMPERFECT

Preterite is an action that has definite beginning and end.

Imperfect has not definite beginning or end.

FUTURE V. CONDITIONAL

Future tense is used when you could say “I will” in english. Such as I will go to the movies( Yo Iré a la cinema)

Conditional Is used when you would say “Would, Should, or could”

POR V. PARA

Uses of por Motion or general location…

around through along by Duration of an action…for

during in Reason or motive for an action . .

. because of, on account of, on behalf of

Object of search Means by which something is

done… by, by way of, by means of

Exchange or substitution…in exchange for

Unit of measure…per, by

Uses of ParaDestination…toward, in

the direction of,Deadline or a specific

time in the futurePurpose or goal +

infinitive…. In order toPurpose + noun… for,

used forRecipient of

something…forComparison with others

or an opinion… for, consideringIn the employ of…for

POR V. PARA CONTD

Por Through portal Location Portugal Time Porever Cause of

Porpoise Exchange

export/ import 

• Para • Destination

Paraguay• Purpose Parasites

stay in our body to stay alive

• To make an opinion Paradon me

COMMANDS

Negative TúUsed to tell family young people, or friends not to do a certain thing.

Formed by taking the yo form of a verb and replacing the o with –as for er and ir verbs and –es for ar verbs

Affirmative Tú Telling family, friends or young people to do a certain thing.

Formed by using the third person singular

Negative UstedUsed to tell older people or higher ranking people not to do something.

Formed by taking the yo form and replacing the o with a (Singular) or an (Plural) for eri and ir verbs and e (Singular) or en (Plural) for ar verbs

Affirmative UstedUsed to tell older people or higher ranking people to do something.

Formed by taking the yo form and replacing the o with a (Singular) or an (Plural) for eri and ir verbs and e (Singular) or en (Plural) for ar verbs

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

This form is used when you say” He/She has…” or “ I have…” or “We have been…..”

So combining the auxiliary verb has or have with something done in the past.

Haber changes to he has ha hemos

Add ado to the end of ar verbs And ido to the end of ir and er verbs

DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

Object that receives the action Me=me You=te Him, her or it= lo, la We=nos Them= los, las I have the pen= La tengo

ADVERBS

Usually words that end in ly in english ex.rapidly

Mente is added to the end of the feminine form of the verb

Tall=altamente Short=Bajamente

SUBJUNTIVE

Conjugated with opposite vowel Used for WEDDING W wish Emotion Doubt Denial Impersonal expressions Negation Guesses

Irregulars

Conducir conduzca

Decir Diga

Oir Oiga

Dar De

Estar Este

Ir Vaya

Saber Sepa

Ser Sea

Hacer Haya

“SE” IMPERSONAL

When using an impersonal voice like “How do you spell truck?” in Spanish you place “se” in front to make it a general statements.

PROGRESSIVES USING IR, ANDAR, AND SEGUIR

Ir+ present participle= is slowly but surely___ing

Andar+present participle=is going around____ing

Seguir+present participle= is still ____ing