GRAMMAR BOOK PARTE CUATROVALENTINA KRYSIAK

CONTENTS

~Present perfect

~Double object prounoun

~Adverbs

~Subjunctive

~Se impersonal

~Progressives (ir andar seguir)

PRESENT PERFECT

The present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary

verb "haber" with the past participle.

he

has

ha

hemos

habéis

han

“drop the infinitive ending and add -ado or –ido”

(yo) He comido.I have eaten.

(vosotros) Habéis comido.You-all have eaten.

DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUN

Verb+ Indirect object Pronoun + Direct object pronoun

Dam

elo!

> G

ive

it to

me!

Dim

elo!

> T

ell i

t to

me!

Da

le (s

e)! >

Giv

e hi

m

the

pres

ent

ADVERBSMost Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. This ending corresponds to -ly in English.

AdjectiveFem. Form

Adverb

claro clara claramente

constante constante constantemente

difícil difícil difícilmente

Bastante-quiteDemasiado-tooMal-badlyMucho-a lotMuy-veryNunca-never

Peor-worsePoco-littleSiempre-always

Adverbs that do not fol low

this rule:

SUBJUNCTIVEa menos que ...unless ..

es fácil que ...

it's likely that ...

es importante que ...it's important that ...

es imposible que ...it's impossible that ...

es improbable que ...it's unlikely that ...

es incierto que ...it's uncertain that ...

es increíble que ...it's incredible that ...

“SE” IMPERSONAL

the verb is ALWAYS in the third person and you always use “se”

In English, its usually accomplished by using verbs such as "himself" or "themselves." Se is used as the reflexive pronoun for third-person uses (including when usted or ustedes is the subject). Some can be used reflexively in Spanish even though they aren't translated that way in English.

Se comió los tacos. (He ate up the tacos.)“

“

PROGRESSIVES . IR ANDAR SEGUIR

Seguir/Andar/Continuar + gerund (present participle) = to still do something or to go on doing it;

Sigo yendo al mismo bar desde hace cinco años.

Ir + gerund = the same, but emphasising the gradualness or laboriousness of the process;

Poco a poco voy intentando mejorar mi español.