grammar english book renovado second part

8/13/2019 Grammar English Book Renovado Second Part

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Unit 10

Grammar

1. Articles

Articles are a kind of adjective; they show how particular or how general a noun is.

There are three kinds of article: the, a/an, and having no article, zero article.

2. A/An - Indefinite Article

Ais used for indefinite things. For example:

I have a book.! don"t have a specific #ook, just any #ook in general.

She lives in a house.Again, the house is just a general house, not a particular house.

Ais also used onlyfor singular counta#le nouns. For example:

A #ook, a chair, a person, a #uilding, etc.

Anhas the same meanng as a.

Ais used in front of words starting with a consonant sound, such as #, c, d, g, p.

Anis used in front of words that start with a vowel sound such as a, e, i, o, or u. For example:

a #ear, a fox, a newspaper.

an apple, an egg, an um#rella.

Ancan also #e used #efore words starting with $h$.

%ometimes this is optional, for example: a hotel, or $an hotel$. &ere the $h$ sound in hotel is

pronounced.

'ccasionally this is not optional, for example: an honor, not a honor. The $h$ sound in honor is

not pronounced, so this word actually starts with the vowel sound $o$. As a result, we need to

use an.

2. The - Definite Article

Theis used for particular, definite things. For example:

Theis used for something already mentioned.particular, definite thing. For example:

Theis used for a particular, definite thing. For example:

3. Zero Article

(ero article is generally for when something is seen as neither definite or indefinite, it simply

exists.

Zero articleis used in front of plural counta#le nouns. For example:

! like eggs. ! like an eggs.

Flowers are #eautiful. A flowers are #eautiful.

Zero articleis used in front of singular uncounta#le nouns. For example:

! like milk. ! like a milk.

%occer is fun. The soccer is fun.

Zero articleis used in front of proper nouns. For example:

)y name is *eremy. )y name is a *eremy.

! live in +ondon. ! live in a +ondon.

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Grammar Eercises

se the correct article: $a$, $the$, or $ $ -ero article/.

Eam!le"! like 00000 oranges. -ero article/

Eam!le"! wantan orange.

1.! have #ook.

#ook is really interesting.

2.)y pen is on ta#le.

3. ! am teacher.

#. teacher at my school is really nice.

$.1hat is it2 !t"s elephant.

%. 1e live in 3ortugal.

&.! have rice and chicken for lunch

'.A chick is #a#y chicken.

Grammar Eercises 2

se the correct article: $a$, $the$, or $ $ -ero article/.

Eam!le"! like 00000 oranges. -ero article/

Eam!le"! wantan orange.

1.4o you want drink2

2. writer writes #ooks.

3. artist paints pictures.

#. 4o you like soccer2

$.+et"s go to department store.

%.! like to listen to music.

&. ! like to listen to radio.

'.&e studies art and math.

(.!"m sick, ! need to see doctor.

Unit 11

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Grammar

1. Demonstrati)es - this* that* these* those.

This/that/these/thoseshow the relative distance #etween the speaker and a noun.

Thisrefers to something near to the speaker, thatto something further away. Theseis theplural of this, and thoseis the plural of that.

%ometimes demonstratives are pronouns, for example:

$This is my )om.$ )om is near to the speaker

$These are my #ooks.$ The #ooks are near the speaker.

$! don"t like that.$ &e doesn"t like something that is further away.

%ometimes demonstratives can also #e adjectives, for example:

That man is a doctor.

! like those jackets.

! don"t like that movie.

Grammar Eercises

5omplete the sentences using this, that, theseor those.

Eam!le"! like thispicture. -this, these/

1. is a red #ox.

2. is a #lue #ox.

3. are #oxes.

#. are #oxes

$. is a red #ox and is a #lue #ox.

Grammar Eercises 2

5omplete the sentences using this, that, theseor those.

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Eam!le"! like thispicture. -this, these/

1. shirt looks great.

-That, Those/

2.+ook at man over there.-this, that/

3. is a #eautiful day today.

-That, This/

#. 4o you like flowers2

-that, those/

$.1hat are the answers to 6uestions2

-this, these/

%.! love shoes #ut ! don"t like shirt.

-these, that/, -those, that/

&.+et"s watch a movie.

a good idea.

-This is, That"s/

'.1hose house is 2-those, that/

(.This #ook isn"t very good , #ut #ook"s great.

-that, this/

Unit 12 Dialo+,es - ossessi)es

1.

1hose watch is this2

'h, it"s mine.

And whose pen is this2

!t"s Tim"s, ! think.

2.

1hose 54s are these2

They"re mine. 4o you like them2

%ure, !"ve got the same 54s at home.

3.

1ho lives in that house2

'h, that"s the *ones" house. This is our house.

7our house is really nice.

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Thanks.

!s this your car2

8o that"s not mine, it"s my neigh#or"s. This is mine.

e oca,lar

whose

watch

mine

these

54

mine

same

*ones a common family name

our

nice

neigh#or

Grammar

1. ossessi)es

3ossessives show who or what something #elongs to they show possession.

)ost nouns can #e made possessive simply #y adding s. For example:

The restaurantsfood is very good.

4avid 9eckhamsright foot is excellent.

7ou can eat an applesskin.

!f the noun is plural and ends in $s$, you add just . For example:

girlsis plural and ends in $s$ so:"

The girls" #ooks are interesting. -The girls"s #ooks are interesting/

childrenis plural #ut doesn"t end in $s$ so we just add sas normal:

The children"s #oks are interesting.

bossends in $s$ #ut is not plural, so again just add s.

The #oss"s office is very #ig.

This can however look and sound awkward, so you can sometimes just use instead. For

example with names:

Thomas's book, Tess's housecan also #e Thomas' book, Tess' house.

The #asic rule is; if the noun is plural and ends in $s$ add otherwise just add s.

2. ossessi)e Adecti)es

&ere are the possessive adjectives with example sentences. 8otice that possessive adjectives

come #efore the noun.

ossessi)e Adecti)e

)y

7our -singular/

&er

&is

'ur

7our -plural/

Their

!ts

Unco,ntale

This is m#ook

4o,rcar looks great.

5erwatch is expensive.

5ishouse is on 5ham#er %treet.

6,rdog is cute.

4o,rfriends are nice.

This is their#all.

The cat likes itsfood.

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3. ossessi)e rono,ns

&ere are the possessive pronouns with example sentences. 8otice they nevercome #efore

nouns.

ossessi)e rono,n

)y

7our -singular/

&er

&is

'ur

7our -plural/

Their

!ts

Unco,ntale

This #ook is mine.

That car is o,rs.

Theexpensive watch is hers.

The house on5ham#er %treet is his.

The cute dog is o,rs.

Those friends are o,rs.

This #all is theirs.

There is no possessive pronoun for its, so you cannot say "The book is its". Also possessive

pronouns often come at the end of sentences and are usually stressed. $This is my #ook$ can #e

have a fairly factual meaning, #ut $This #ook is mine$ stresses more strongly whose #ook it is.

Grammar Eercises

)ake the possessive form of the nouns given.

Eam!le")y rothershouse is in +ondon. -#rother/

1.)y shirt is purple. -friend/

2.The #ooks are on the desk. -girls/

3.!t"s #irthday on )onday. -*ohn/

#. 4o you have newspaper2 -today/

$.The #ags are in the #edroom. -children/

%.)y office is next to mine. -#oss/

&.7our uncle is your #rother. -father/

'.7our aunt is your sister. -mother/

(.)y #irthdays are next month. -friends/

10.A tail is long. -monkey/

Grammar Eercises 2

Add the correct possessive adjective or pronoun.

Eam!le"! have a pencil, it"s mpencil. !t"s mine.

1.%he has a #ook, it"s #ook. !t"s .

2.7ou have an um#rella, it"s um#rella. !t"s .

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3.They have some magaines, they"re magaines. They"re

.

#.&ere is 9o#"s house. !t"s house.

$.These are Tom and *ackie"s #ags. They"re #ags.

%.! have a puppy. !t"s .

&.Tyler"s #rother has a new apartment. !t"s .

Unit 13 Dialo+,es - 7om!arati)es / 8,!erlati)es

1.

&ow"s the weather in your country2

The summer is much hotter than here, and the winter is also much colder. The #est time is

spring, it"s #eautiful

2.

1hich restaurant do you like2

9ella osa is good, they"ve got good food #ut it"s expensive. )c4onalds is cheaper, #ut it"s

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5omparatives show more or less of a particular attri#ute, they compare things. 5omparatives

are generally used for comparing two things, and superlatives are used for comparing three or

more things.

!f it"s clear what we are comparing to, then we can just use the comparative form on its own.

For example:

! am faster.

%he is older.

'therwise we use than #efore the thing we are comparing to. For example:

! am faster than *ohn.

%he is taller than me.

%uperlative forms don"t use thanand are always preceded #y the definite article the. For

example:

! am the tallest student in my school.

7om!arati)es-----

6ne-8llale Adecti)es

To make a comparative from an adjective with one sylla#le, we add er to the adjective, for

example:

slow slower

fast faster

tall taller

short shorter

To make a comparative from a one sylla#le adjective ending in e, we just add r. For example:

nice nicer

large larger

!f the one sylla#le adjective ends in a vowel and a consonant, we dou#le the consonant. For

example:

#ig #igger

hot hotter

thin thinner

T9o-8llale Adecti)es

!f the adjective has two or more sylla#les, we add more#efore the adjective.

For example:

This #ook is more expensive than that #ook.

This picture is more #eautiful.

&owever there are many exceptions to this one?twosyllla#le rule.

%ome twosylla#le words #ehave like onesylla#le ones: For example:

This is easier 5orrectThis is more easy !ncorrect.

This is simpler 5orrect

This is more simple !ncorrect

And some adjectives can use #oth comparatives forms: For example

clever cleverer more clever: These are all correct.

6uiet 6uieter more 6uiet: These are all correct.

=xceptions cannot #e learnt through rules, the #est way to learn them is simply to pick them up

case #y case.

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8,!erlati)es

-----

6ne-8llale Adecti)es

To make a superlative from an adjective with one sylla#le, we add est to the adjective, for

example: slow slowest

fast fastest

tall tallestr

short shortest

To make a superlative from a one sylla#le adjective ending in e, we just add st. For example:

nice nicest

large largest

!f the one sylla#le adjective ends in a vowel and a consonant, we dou#le the consonant. Forexample:

#ig #iggest

hot hottest

thin thinnest

T9o-8llale Adecti)es

!f the adjective has two or more sylla#les, we add most#efore the adjective.

For example:

This #ook is the most expensive #ook.

This picture is the most #eautiful picture in the museum.

Irre+,lar :orms

There are a few irregular forms. 9elow gives the adjective, comparative, and superlative forms.

good #etter #est

#ad worse worst

far farther farthest

far further furthest

little less least

much?many more most

For example:

7ou are the #est student in the world

! am far from home, he is further from home, #ut he is the furthest from home.

Grammar Eercises

1rite the comparative form of the adjectives given.

Eam!le"An elephant is i++erthan a lion. -#ig/

1.The 8ile river is then the Amaon. -long/

2.!"m than 7uri #ut than )iko. -tall, short/

3. They"re than us, #ut we"re than them. -handsome,

smart/

#.This #ook #ag is than that #ag. -expensive/

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$.This newspaper is than that newspaper. -good/

%.%oda juice tastes than fruit juice. -#ad/

&.Today is than yesterday. -warm/

'.This T< program is . -interesting/

Grammar Eercises 2

1rite the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives given.

Eam!le")ount =verest is the hi+hestmountain in the world. -high/

1.The 8ile river is river in the world. -long/

2.Tyler is and person ! know. -happy, kind/

3. The #lue team got score and the red team got

-good, #ad/

#.This is ticket to France. -cheap/

$.)in1oo is student in our class. -hardworking/

%.This is movie in the world. -#oring/

&.)y sister is person in my family. -young/

'.The word in =nglish is

pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. -long/

Unit 1#

ast 8im!le - er ;to e;

The 3ast %imple is used for facts and events that existed in the past. For example:

! was with my grandmother yesterday. They were at home last week.

The ver# $to #e$ is irregular, it"s past form is as follows:

8in+,lar

! was

7ou were

&e was

%he was

!t was

l,ral

1e were

7ou were

They were

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%ome examples of past simple sentences with the ver# $to #e$ are:

! was happy yesterday. 1e were teachers for @ years.

There was a lot of rain yesterday.

3ast %imple sentences are always associated with a certain time which is either stated orimplied. For example:

! was really #usy yesterday. -The time is stated/

! was really #usy. -The time isn"t stated, #ut in a conversation the time would #e understood./

as hea teacher2 >e 9erehappy to see your family.

>ere o,happy to see my family2

D. 1hen 00000 the news first #roadcast2

a/ was #/ were

@. 9oth the #oy and the kitten 00000 asleep.

a/ was #/ were

E. 1ho 00000 your #est friends in high school2

a/ was #/ were

. !t was a really long day, so we 00000 exhausted.

a/ was #/ were

G. 1hat 00000 the name of the 9eatlesH first movie2

a/ was #/ were

I. The houses in my neigh#orhood 00000 #uilt in the DJKs.

a/ was #/ were

L. %ue 00000 only twenty when she graduated from university.

a/ was #/ were

J. 1hy00000 the nited %tates a#le to grow from a few colonies2

a/ was #/ were

K. 'ne mother 00000 surprised to learn that her kids were always late.

a/ was #/ were

D. 9ecause 3at and ! 00000 underage, we didnHt vote in last yearHs election.

a/ was #/ were

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Unit 1$

ast 8im!le

The 3ast %imple is used for facts and events that existed in the past. For example: ! !laedtennis with some guys from work yesterday.

1e staedin %hanghai for five days.

egular past simple ver#s are formed #y adding $ed$ to the ver#. For example:

jump B jumped: The dog jumped over the fence. walk B walked: ! walked @@ kilometers yesterday.

work B worked: 1e worked together as lawyers for DG years.

Usa+e

The past simple is used for a completed action. For example: 1e watched a movie at the weekend.

%he arrived on Thursday.

A specific time must #e given or implied. For example: ! walked to work this morning. A specific time is given. ! walked to work. A specific time is not given, #ut in context we would understand what time

is #eing referred to.


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give gave

go wenthave had

hear heardhit hit

know knewlearn learnt?learned

leave leftlose lost

tell told

think thoughtunderstand understood

wear worewin won

write wrote

se the past tense forms of the ver#s in the #ox to complete the sentences. )ake sure there

are no extra spaces or misspell words in your answers.

wish #athe catch put #ecome

rain teach forget #uy work

Eam!le"The waiter

put

the plates on the ta#le.

1.! the groceries on the kitchen counter.

2.)rs. %taten at the same school for @ years.

3.!t so much that the river flooded into the town.

#. 1e that it was my youngest nephew"s #irthday.

$.)ickey a cold, so heHs going to #ed early tonight.

%.)r. Fisher an expensive new automo#ile for his wife.

&. 1hen he was younger, my father in a #ank.

'.After the ducks in the pond, they flapped their wings to dry off.

(.%ally #lew out the candles on her #irthday cake and for a pony.

10.)s. Ali president after an election in DKKL that formally

ended the war.

Unit 1%

ast 7ontin,o,s

The 3ast 5ontinuous is used for actions or situations that happened overa period of time.

The 3ast 5ontinuous is made with the past form of to beand the -ingform.

8in+,lar

! was walking

7ou were walking

&e was walking

l,ral

1e were walking

7ou were walking

They were walking

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%he was walking

!t was walking

Usa+e

The 3ast 5ontinuous is used for actions which are taking progress in the

past. 1e are in the middle of these actions, they have started #ut not yetfinished. For example:

1e were playing tennis yesterday afternoon. 1hat were you doing2 ! was having lunch with my sister.

The 3ast 5ontinuous and 3ast %imple are often used together to show

that one situation happened during another one. The 3ast 5ontinuous is

used for a #ackground event that has already started, and the 3ast%imple is used to introduce a new event. For example:

! was walking in the park when it started to rain. $1alking in thepark$ is a #ackground situation, and $it started to rain$ is the new event

of interest. !t was raining so ! ran #ack home.

1hile ! was running, the rain stopped. !t wasn"t raining, so ! walked in the park again.

8ote that if we want to show that one situation happened after anotherone, we usually use the 3ast %imple. For example:

7esterday ! walked in the park, it started to rain, ! ran #ack home, andthe rain stopped.

M se the past continuous tense forms of the ver#s in parentheses tocomplete the sentences.

)ost of the sentences #elow also need past simple forms of the ?ever#.

Eam!le"The soccer teamw as practicing

-practice/.

Eam!le"%hew asn't playing

tennis last night. -not?play/.

1.&e up T< all last night. -watch/

2.1hile ! a shower, the phone rang. -take/

3.A stranded motorist on the side of the highway.-stand/

#. !t was a cold day #ut she her coat. -not?wear/

$.*ohn, what you yesterday evening #etween L and

J pm2 -do/

%.+ast summer when ! , ! went to the gym everymorning. -not?work/

&. )y daughters on the phone for hours and hours

yesterday. -talk/

'.As we the car, storm clouds rolled in and rainstarted to fall. -wash/

(.After on hold for twentyfive minutes, ! finally get through

to someone. -wait/

10.*ust as the %mith family down for dinner, there

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was a knock on the door. -sit/

Unit 1&

:,t,re - >ill/8hall

Willis a modal ver# used to indicate future time. For example:

!t 9ill#e sunny tomorrow. The new restaurant 9illopen next week.

Willcomes after the su#ject and #efore the main ver#, and in 6uestions

the su#ject and illinvert. Willoften contracts to 'll, for example he'll,they'll, and in negatives ill notoften contracts to on't.

Affirmati)e

&e 9ill? &e"ll stay at home tomorrow.They 9ill? They"ll #e very #usy.


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a/ 1ill #/ %hall

. 00000 +i and 5arol have 5hristmas dinner with their parents2

a/ 1ill #/ %hall

G. 00000 we call it a day and continue working on the project tomorrow2

a/ 1ill #/ %hall

I. 00000 ! have any pro#lems accessing my account information over the!nternet2

a/ 1ill #/ %hall

L. 00000 )r. %mith #e here soon2 ! need to talk to him a#out the 3etersoncontract.

a/ 1ill #/ %hall

J. 00000 we just tell )s. *ohnson the truth2 %omeone is #ound to tell her ifwe donHt.

a/ 1ill #/ %hall

K. 00000 ! get you something warm to drink, like a cup of tea or a #owl ofchicken soup2

a/ 1ill #/ %hall

D. 00000 we need to #uy any additional software if we link our server withother servers on the !nternet2

a/ 1ill #/ %hall

Unit 1'

:,t,re - Goin+ to

!oing to is used to show a future intention. For example: !"m +oin+ togo on vacation next summer.

1e"re +oin+ tostart our own #usiness.

!oing to future sentences are made as follows:

%u#ject ver# $to #e$ going to infinitive ver#. For example: They aregoing to have dinner.

Usa+e

!oing to is used for future plans. For example:

!"m going to see my friends this evening. &e"s going to write a #ook.

1hat are you going to do2

!oing tois also used to make a prediction #ased on present evidence.

For example:

&e"s going to fall over -! can see he"s in danger now./ %he"s going to win. -! can see she"s winning now./

Willand going toare #oth used for predictions and sometimes there is

little difference in meaning. 5ompare: !t will #e sunny this afternoon. -A general prediction/

!t"s going to #e sunny this afternoon. -#ecause it"s getting warmer now/

!oing towith the 3ast %imple of $to #e$ is often used for an intention or

plan that wasn"t actually done. For example: ! was going to meet my friends #ut ! didn"t have time.

1e were going to take a vacation #ut it was too expensive.

!oing tois often contracted to gonnain spoken =nglish. For example:

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$!"m +onna#uy a new computer.$

nscram#le these sentences and 6uestions.

Eam!le"going ask ! to am %ue.I am going to

1.5harles see to going are 1e.

2.going 9eth you Are to meet2

3.8ew 7ork fly to ! to am going.

#. the nited %tates going !s visit !an to2

$.)ary is onald going secret to his tell.

%.herself to car a )om going new #uy is.

&. 4on #ase#all play going with they to Are2

'.Tom and


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Mary has a blue denim jacket.

1.)ike drives car orange old an.

)ike drives .

2.3atty #ought house a white #ig.

3atty #ought .

3.%heila gave 4on silk tie a #eautiful.

%heila gave 4on .

#.


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mind ! don"t mind waiting, we"ve got time.miss ! miss talking with my sisters.

remem#er 4o you remem#er going to !taly2risk *eff"s always late. &e risks losing his jo#.

stop 4on"t stop singing, it"s really nice.suggest ! suggest having lunch first.

Nerunds are also used after some phrasal ver#s. For example: !f you ee! on doin+the same thing, you"ll get the same results.

%he wants to +i)e ,! drinin+coffee.

er @ Infiniti)e

9elow are some common ver#s that can #e followed #y infinitives, #ut

not usually gerunds.

aim !"m aiming to finish this #ook #y the end of )arch.afford ! can"t afford to #uy new clothes.

agree )y #oss agreed to give me a reference.decide 1e decided to have a #a#y.

deserve 7ou deserve to have a #etter score.forget 4on"t forget to lock the door.

hope ! hope to go to &arvard 9usiness %chool.learn ! learnt to read when ! was E years old.

mean !"m sorry, ! didn"t mean to make you angry.need 7ou don"t need to study a lot, you need to study a little for a long

time.offer &e offered to help me carry these #ags.

plan They plan to go a#road next year.pretend &e"s pretending to #e sick.

promise %he promised to #e here on time.

refuse 1hy do they always refuse to listen2seem %he seems to #e really intelligent.

Complete the sentences using a gerund or an infinitive.

Example:I strongly suggest _____ an attorney on hand before signing a

contract to buy a home

a! ha"ing b! to ha"e # $he ans%er is& a! ha"ing

D. 4o all of us need 000002

a/ going #/ to go

@. 9eth promised 00000.

a/ writing #/ to write

E. *oe doesn"t mind 00000 #y himself.

a/ working #/ to work

. 5arol and her hus#and seem 00000 the perfect life.

a/ having #/ to have

G. 4o you really enjoy 00000 to work on )onday morning2

a/ going #/ to go

I. After eating its fill, the monkey decided 00000 home some food.

a/ carrying #/ to carry

L. The higher return you hope to achieve, the more you must risk 00000.

a/ losing #/ to lose

J. 1hen 8ick lived in Asia, he missed 00000 5hristmas with his family.

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a/ cele#rating #/ to cele#rate

K. ! vehemently dislike 00000 with morons, screwups, dead#eats,crooks, and liars.

a/ dealing #/ to deal

10 'lthough (usan has a good )ob* she can+t afford _____ out of her ,arents+

house

a! mo"ing b! to mo"e

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grammar english book renovado second part

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