grammar for yds - 2016selimhoca.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/lastpdfunit06-adverbial... · genel...
TRANSCRIPT
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
Genel adıyla “Bağlaçlar” diyebileceğimiz bu konu altında İngilizce’de bulunan ve YDS gibi sınavlarda sıkça sorgulanan, sadece
tekil dilbigisi sorusu olarak değil, sınavın tamamında okuğumuzu doğru bir şekilde anlayabilmemiz için bizlere gerekli olan
ifadeleri göreceğiz.
Çok farklı şekillerde ele alınabilecek olan bu konuyu mümkün olduğu kadar basit bir anlatımla sizlere sunmak istiyoruz.
Diğer dilbilgisi konularında olduğu gibi bu konuda da sizlerden basit bir beklentimiz var.
Konu bittiğinde her bir bağlaç için:
❶ Türkçesi nedir?
❷ Eş anlamlıları / yerine geçebilecek diğer ifadeler nelerdir?
❸ Kendisinden sonra ne gelir? (isim mi? / cümle mi? / V1 mi?) (ki artık bu bilgide ÖSYM tarafından sorgulanmaz oldu ancak
bilmekte fayda olabilir)
❹ En önemlisi işi-görevi nedir? Yani cümleye kattığı anlam, cümleler ya da ögeler arasında kurduğu İLİŞKİ nedir?
sorularına doğru bir şekilde cevap vermenizi bekliyoruz.
Tekrar hatırlatmakta fayda var: YDS bir teknik-taktik sınavı değildir. Eğer cümlede bu varsa cevap budur, boşluktan önce
noktalı virgül varsa cevap kesin şunlardan biridir gibi ipucu sayılabilecek ve kulağa hoş gelen bilgiler emin olun ki sınavda hiçbir
işinize yaramayacaktır. Unutmayınız ki; bu sınav bir okuduğunu anlama ve doğru yorumlama sınavıdır.
2015 Eylül YDS’de gelmiş şu bağlaç sorusunu incelersek ne demek istediğimiz daha net anlaşılacaktır.
Much evidence points to a relationship between stress and disease ---- claims that stressful life events and daily routines cause various diseases are still premature. A) since B) if C) once D) only when
E) but
Bu soruyu doğru çözebilmek için bize ne gerekiyor? Virgül, noktalı virgül bilgisi işe yaramıyor çünkü cümlede herhangi bir
noktalama işareti kullanılmamış. Zaman uyumunu kullanmak istesek kullanamıyoruz çünkü her iki cümlede “Present” tense.
Kendinden sonra isim mi cümle mi var ona bakmak işe yaramıyor çünkü şıkların hepsi de kendilerinden sonra cümle alıyor.
Eee, o zaman geriye ne kaldı? Doğru çeviri / Doğru Yorum ve tabi ki iki cümle arasındaki İLİŞKİyi görebilmek.
İlk cümle bize “Stresle hastalık arasındaki ilişkiye işaret eden birçok kanıt var” derken, ikinci kısım ise “stresli yaşam ve günlük
rutinlerin çeşitli hastalıklara yol açtığı iddiaları henüz çok yeni - olgunlaşmadı” diyor. O zaman sormamız gereken soru iki
cümle arasında nasıl bir ilişki var?
Sebep – Sonuç // Zaman // Zıtlık // Benzerlik // Paralellik // Amaç – Sonuç?
Evet doğru bildiniz. Sizin gibi bu cümleler arasında zıtlık ilişkisi (kanıt var ancak henüz olgunlaşmadı) olduğunu görebilen
arkadaşlar hemen “E” seçeneğine yani “but” bağlacını seçeceklerdir.
Şimdi gelin, bu mantık çerçevesinde bizler için önemli olan bağlaçları tek tek incelemeye başlayalım.
1
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
01. SEBEP – NEDEN (CAUSE) BİLDİREN BAĞLAÇLAR
Söylenilen şeye bir neden sunmak için kullandığımız yapılardır. Kendinden sonra cümle alanlar ve isim alanlar şeklinde iki grupta inceleleyim:
As / Because / Since / Seeing that / In that / Inasmuch as / On the grounds that / Now that + cümle
“Now that” ifadesi genellikle “diğine göre / madem ki” şeklinde çevirilir ve sadece Present yapılar ile kullanılır (genelde de Present Perfect) Çevirimizi de genelde (hmmm, madem ki böyle oldu / böyle olduğunu göre ……. böyle olur / olacaktır / olabilir) şeklinde yaparız.
“for” ifadesi diğerlerinden farklı olarak ilk cümlenin başında kullanılamaz.
“in that” ifadesi genellikle “-mesi bakımından / -den dolayı” şeklinde çevrilir. Kendinden sonra cümle alır. İsim alan şekli ise “in terms of” ifadesidir.
Because Jason had the necessary qualifications, he easily got the post. – Jason gerekli niteliklere sahip olduğu için işe kolayca girdi. She couldn’t understand what he said since it was very noisy. – Çok gürültülü olduğundan onun söylediği şeyi anlayamadı. Seeing as Mr Moreton is a doctor, he could give you some advice. – Bay Moreton doktor olduğuna göre sana biraz tavsiye verebilir. Seeing that we need to arrive there by nine o’clock, we had better leave at six. – Saat 9’a kadar oraya varmamız gerektiğine göre saat 6’da ayrılsak iyi ederiz. This was a good decision inasmuch as it worked for you. – Senin işine yaradığına göre bu iyi bir karardı. We felt sorry for them inasmuch as they couldn’t recognize that they were wrong. – Yanıldıklarının farkına varamadıkları için onlar adına üzüldük. Now (that) the children have left home we can move to a smaller house. – Çocuklar evden ayrıldığına göre daha küçük bir eve taşınabiliriz. Now (that) you are settled, why don’t you take up some serious study. – Yerleştiğine göre neden biraz ciddi çalışmaya başla mıyorsun?
The children soon lost their way, for they had never been in the forest alone before. – Çocuklar kısa sürede yollarını kaybettiler çünkü daha önce ormanda hiç yalnız kalmamışlardı. The members couldn’t reach an agreement, for each had different ideas. – Üyeler bir fikir birliğine varamadılar çünkü her birinin farklı düşünceleri vardı. They oppose the bill on the grounds that it is too restrictive. – Kanun tasarısına çok kısıtlayıcı olduğu gerekçesiyle karşı çıkıyorlar. They have some problems with accomodation in that they don’t know anywhere here. – Burada hiçbiryeri bilmediklerinden dolayı kalacak yer ile ilgili bazı problemleri var.
2
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
Because of / Due to / Owing to / On account of / Thanks to / In view of / As a result of / As a consequence of + isim / +ing
They didn’t go out for a walk on account of bad weather. – Kötü havadan dolayı yürüyüşe çıkmadılar. In view of her apology, we decided to take no further action. – Özründen dolayı daha ileri götürmemeye karar verdik. Owing to internet cafes, people can reach their e-mail boxes easily. – İnternet kafeler sayesinde insanlar elektronik posta kutularına kolayca erişebiliyorlar. She is an experienced teacher. Thanks to this, she knows her students well. – O tecrübeli bir öğretmen. Bu sayede öğrencilerini iyi tanıyor.
Due to being a very rude person, she has difficulty in making new friends at school.
– Kaba bir insan olmasından dolayı, okulda yeni arkadaş edinmekte zorluk çekmektedir.
02. SONUÇ (RESULT) BİLDİREN BAĞLAÇLAR
so / therefore / thus / hence / as a result / as a consequence / consequently / that’s why / accordingly + cümle
“thus” ifadesi kendinden sonra “Ving”de alabilir. (A bomb exploded at the bus station yesterday, thus killing 30 people.)
“therefore” ifadesi esnek bir bağlaçtır. Cümlenin başında, orta yerinde ve sonunda kullanılabilir. The movie was very interesting. Therefore, we can watch it again. The movie was very interesting; therefore, we can watch it again. The movie was very interesting; we, therefore, can watch it again. The movie was very interesting; we can watch it again, therefore.
Bu ifadeler “and” sonrasında sıklıkla görebileceğimiz yapılardır. “and so…..” “and therefore ….” gibi.
With the help of a fifth of the white voters Mr. Jackson was elected mayor of Atlanta in 1973, and ---- became the first black mayor of a major southern city. A) nevertheless B) thus C) even so D) yet
E) otherwise
Prior to the presentation he had lost his notes; therefore/consequently, he decided to present using the information from the internet. -Sunumdan önce notlarını kaybetti; bu yüzden interneti kullanarak sunum yapmaya karar verdi. The government has cut university budgets. Hence, universities have more problems now. -Hükümet üniversite bütçelerinde kesintiye gitti. Sonuç olarak, artık üniversitelerin daha fazla sorunları var.
3
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
03. ZITLIK (CONTRAST) BİLDİREN BAĞLAÇLAR
but / yet / however / still / all the same / even so / nevertheless / nonetheless / nothwindstanding / but..still / yet..anyway + cümle
Bu ifadeler asla ilk cümlenin başına gelmez. Türkçe de hiç bir konuşmaya “Ancak….” diye başlanamayacağı gibi yazılı dilde de hiç bir paragraf bu ifadelerle başlayamaz. Bu ifadeler önceki cümleden bizi alır ve yan cümledeki zıtlığa götürür. “Böyle böyle oldu ANCAK (yine de) bu oldu.” şeklinde bir iskeletle kullanılır ve çevrilir. “Beklentinin aksine gelişen bir durumun oluşturduğu zıtlığı” anlatmak için kullanılırlar.
The first part was easy; however, the second took hours. – İlk kısım kolaydı, ancak ikinci kısım saatler sürdü. He had studied hard. Even so, he failed. – O çok çalıştı, ama yine de başarısız oldu We disliked each other; nevertheless, we agreed. – Birbirimizi sevmiyoruz, ama yine de anlaştık It rained every day of our holiday, but we had a good time, all the same. – Tatilde her gün yağmur yağdı, ama buna rağmen iyi vakit geçirdik
Though / although / even though / much as + cümle
“Beklenmedik sonuç bildiren” bu ifadeler ilk cümlenin başında kullanılabilir. “-e rağmen" şeklinde çevrilir. “Böyle olmasına rağmen, bu oldu.” iskeletiyle kullanılır ve çevrilir.
“though” ifadesi bu gruptaki esnek bağlacımızdır. Yani, cümlenin başında, ortasında ya da sonunda kullanılabilir. Ayrıca kendisinden sonra kısaltma yapılabilir.
Arada tekrar etmekte, kendimize hatırlatmakta fayda var: “inasmuch as” “because” demektir! “much as” “though” demektir!
Though the plot of the movie was awful, the acting in it was quite impressive.
The plot of the movie was awful. The acting in it was quite impressive.
The movie, though quite long, managed to impress all the audience.
Though not as qualified as ours, their products usually sell far more.
Though difficult, it is not impossible to get a grade over 80 in YDS.
Though trained very well, our next-door neighbour’s dog might bite strangers at times.
They spent lots of money on the decoration. Their house is still shabby, though. They spent lots of money on the decoration. Their house, though, is still shabby. – Dekorasyona çok para harcadılar. Buna rağmen, evleri halen biçimsiz.
Her mother dresses her in grown-up clothes although she is only three. – Sadece üç yaşında olmasına rağmen annesi ona büyük elbiseleri giydiriyor.
Much as he wasn’t a member of the club, he was allowed to go in. – Kulubün üyesi olmamasına rağmen içeri girmesine izin verildi.
4
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
Conversely / on the other hand / in contrast / by contrast + cümle
Bu ifadeler “doğrudan karşıtlık-zıtlık” bildirmek için kullanılır. “oysa ki” “aksine” şeklinde çevrilir.
John does whatever his teacher assigns; on the other hand, Stewart doesn’t. - John, öğretmeni ne ödev verirse versin yapar, oysaki Stewart öyle değil. Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, by/in contrast, has declined. - Onların ekonomisi aşırı derecede büyüdü, aksine bizim ekonomimiz düşüş gösterdi.
despite / in spite of + isim / +Ving
Kendilerinde sonra isim ya da Ving alan ve zıtlık bildiren ifadelerdir. “–e rağmen, -e karşın” şeklinde çevrilir.
In spite of many difficulties, the climbers were able to reach the top. – Birçok zorluğa karşın dağcılar zirveye ulaşabildi. He was very generous despite his poverty. – Fakirliğine karşın çok cömertti. Despite him, I will go dancing at weekends. – Ona rağmen haftasonları dansa gideceğim.
Despite the ongoing recession all over the country, the board has decided to expand the business to remote parts of the country. - Tüm ülke genelinde süregelen ekonomik durgunluğa rağmen, kurul işleri ülkenin uzak bögelerine genişletmeye karar verdi.
while / whereas + cümle
tam zıtlık / taban tabana kıyaslama / özne – taraf zıtlığı şeklinde algıladığımız bu ifadeler iki taraf arasında doğrudan bir kıyaslama yapar ve ortaya çıkan zıtlığı – farklılığı ifade ederi. “-iken” şeklinde çevrilir. (Bu durum böyle iken, bu ise böyledir.)
He is at around sixty, whereas his wife looks about thirty. – O altmış yaş civarında, oysa eşi yaklaşık otuz gösteriyor. Tom is very extrovert and self-confident while Kathy is shy and quiet. – Kathy utangaç ve sessiz iken Tom dışa dönük ve özgüvenlidir. While the north of the country receives little rain in summer months, the south relatively enjoys plenty of rain. - Ülkenin kuzeyi yaz aylarında az yağış alırken, güney nispeten çok yağmur alır. Whereas ordinary solids have a definite size and shape, gases have none. Katılar belirli bir boyut ve şekle sahipken gazlar değildir. While some natural resources such as solar energy and vegetation are renewable, some others like fossil fuels are non-renewable. Güneş enerjisi ve bitki örtüsü gibi bazı doğal kaynaklar yenilenebilirken fosil yakıt gibi bazı diğerleri yenilenebilir değildir.
5
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
04. EKLEME – AYNI FİKRİ DEVAM ETTİRME (ADDITION) İFADELERİ
also / besides / further / moreover / furthermore / in addition / what’s more
+ cümle
Bu ifadeler, daha önce belirtilen bir şeye eklemede bulunurken kullanılan yani ek bilgi veren yapılardır. Türkçeye “yanı sıra, ek olarak, ilaveten” şeklinde çevrilir.
The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it's inaccurate. -Raporun tümü kötü yazılmış. Ayrıca, doğru da değil. This small guidebook is clear, honest, and practical. What's more, it fits in your camera bag! -Bu küçük klavuz açık, doğru bilgilere sahip ve pratik. Dahası, kamera çantasına da sığıyor ! The hotel was not comfortable; besides, it was not reasonably priced. -Otel konforlu değildi, üstüne üstlük fiyatı da makul değildi. I'm cold, and I'm also hungry and tired. -Üşüdüm, ve ayrıca açım ve yorgunum.
besides / in addition to / as well as / apart from + isim
She speaks French besides English. -İngilizce’nin yanısıra Fransızca da konuşuyor. In addition to speaking French, she also speaks Spanish. -Fransızca konuşmanın yanısıra, o ayrıca İspanyolca da konuşabiliyor.
05. ZAMAN BAĞLAÇLARI
After - After I watch/have watched the match on TV, I will study for my exam. Televizyonda maçı izledikten sonra sınavıma çalışacağım. - After I watched/had watched the match on TV, I studied for my exam. Televizyonda maçı izledikten sonra sınavıma çalıştım. Before - Before I study for my exam, I will watch the match on TV. Sınavıma çalışmadan once televizyonda maç izleyeceğim. - Before I studied for my exam, I watched/had watched the match on TV. Sınavıma çalışmadan once televizyonda maçı izledim. When - When I got to the party, Tony was leaving the party. Partiye vardığımda Tony partiden ayrılıyordu. - When I got to the party, Tony left the party. Partiye vardığımda Tony partiden ayrıldı. - When I got to the party, Tony had left the party. Partiye vardığımda Tony partiden ayrılmıştı. - When I get to the party, Tony will be leaving the party. Partiye vardığımda Tony partiden ayrılıyor olacak. - When I get to the party, Tony will leave the party. Partiye vardığımda Tony partiden ayrılacak. - When I get to the party, Tony will have left the party. Partiye vardığımda Tony partiden ayrılmış olacak. - When I finish/have finished my homework, I will go out to play football. Ödevimi bitirdiğimde futbol oynamak için dışarı çıkacağım. - When I finished/had finished my homework, I went out to play football. Ödevimi bitirdiğimde futbol oynamak için dışarı çıktım.
6
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
While/As - While/As I was walking to the school, I ran into your father. Okula yürürken babamla karşılaştım. - My wife was doing the washing-up while I was listening to the news on radio. Ben radyoda haberleri dinlerken eşim bulaşıkları yıkıyordu. - My roommate looked after my goldfish while I was on holiday. Ben tatildeyken oda arkadaşım altın balığıma baktı. - My roommate will look after my goldfish while I am on holiday. Ben tatildeyken oda arkadaşım altın balığıma bakacak. By the time - By the time you come back, I will have finished my work.
Geri geldiğinde çalışmamı bitirmiş olacağım.
- By the time you come back, it will be too late.
Geri geldiğinde çok geç olacak.
- By the time you came back, I had finished my work.
Geri geldiğinde çalışmamı bitirmiştim.
- By the time you came back, it was too late.
Geri geldiğinde çok geçti.
Until/Till - I will wait for you until/till you finish/have finished your homework.
Ödevini bititrinceye kadar seni bekleyeceğim.
- I waited for you until/till you finished/had finished your homework.
Ödevini bititrinceye kadar seni bekledim.
- I had never heard of that poet until/till you told me about him.
Onu bana anlatıncaya kadar o şairi hiç duymamıştım.
Since - I am very happy to see her. We haven’t seen each other since we left school.
Seni gördüğüme çok sevindim. Okuldan ayrıldığımızdan beri birbirimizi görmedik.
- I was very happy to see her, because we hadn’t seen each other since we left school.
Seni gördüğüme çok sevindim. Okuldan ayrıldığımızdan beri birbirimizi görmemiştik.
As soon as / Once / The moment / The minute / Immediately
- As soon as/Once/The moment/The minute/Immediately I saw her, I realised that something was wrong.
Onu görür görmez/ gördüğüm anda bir şeylerin ters gittiğini farkettim.
- As soon as I finished/had finished my work, I went out to play football.
Çalışmamı bitiriri bitirmez futbol oynamak için dışarı çıktım.
- As soon as I finish/have finished my work, I will go out to play football.
Çalışmamı bitiriri bitirmez futbol oynamak için dışarı çıkacağım.
As / So long as - I won’t forget meeting you the first time as/so long as I live.
Yaşadığım sürece seni ilk gördüğüm anı unutmayacağım.
- I never bought anything from that supermarket as/so long as I lived there.
Burada yaşadığım sürece bu marketten asla bir şey almadım.
Whenever/Every time
- I wear a tie whenever/every time I attend a meeting.
Ne zaman bir toplantıya katılsam kravat takarım.
- I used to greet / greeted your father whenever/every time I met him.
Babanı ne zaman görsem onu selamlardım.
Now (that) - Now that we have finished our homework, we can go out to play football.
Madem ki ödevini bitirdin futbol oynamak için dışarı çıkabilirsin.
- Now that school is over, you can start looking for a job.
Madem ki okul bitti iş aramaya başlayabilirsin.
7
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
No sooner…than/Hardly-Scarcely-Barely…when
- I had no sooner/hardly/scarcely/barely got into my office than/when the phone rang.
Telefon çaldığı andaofise gelmiştim..
- No sooner/Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had I gone to bed than/when I fell asleep.
Yatağa gider gitmez uykuya daldım.
06. BENZERLİK – PARALELLİK BİLDİREN BAĞLAÇLAR
❶ not only….but also ……. sadece …. değil, aynı zamanda …..
Not only the players but also their coach were in a bad mood after the defeat. – Sadece oyuncular değil aynı zamanda antrenörleri de yenilgiden sonra kötü bir durumdaydı. He not only does exercise but also eats less than before. – Sadece egzersiz yapmıyor aynı zamanda eskisinden daha az yemek yiyor. There are problems not only with the students, but also with the teachers themselves. – Sadece öğrencilerde değil öğretmenlerin kendilerinde de problemler var. She is not only honest but also hardworking. – Sadece dürüst değil aynı zamanda çalışkan da.
Pollution not only does harm to environment but it (also) endangers the life on the earth. – Kirlilik sadece çevreye zarar vermez aynı zamanda yeryüzündeki hayatı da tehlikeye atar. Pollution not only does harm to environment but it endangers the life on the earth (as well). – Kirlilik sadece çevreye zarar vermez aynı zamanda yeryüzündeki hayatı da tehlikeye atar.
Not only does pollution do harm to environment, but it (also) endangers the life on the earth. – Kirlilik sadece çevreye zarar vermez aynı zamanda yeryüzündeki hayatı da tehlikeye atar. Not only can he make people laugh, but he can (also) make them cry. – O sadece insanları güldürmüyor aynı zamanda ağlatabiliyor da.
“only” ifadesi yerine “just”, “merely”, “solely” ve “simply” ifadeleri de kullanılabilir. “also” ifadesi yerine de “too” ve “as well” ifadeleri gelebilir. Dolayısıyla bu bağlacı aşağıdaki şekillerde görebiliriz:
Not only _____________________, but (also) ____________________. simply ___________________, but_________________________, as well / too. merely solely just ❷ both ……. and (hem……hem…..)
This time, I will try a method that is both simple and effective. – Bu sefer hem basit hem de etkili bir metod deneyeceğim. Both she and her sister live in New Orleans. – Hem o hem de kızkardeşi New Orleans’da yaşıyor. Yesterday, I both cleaned the house and tidied my room. – Dün hem evi temizledim hem de odamı toparladım.
8
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
❸ either…..or (ya…….ya……)
You can either come by bus or take a taxi. – Otobüsle gelebilirsin ya da bir taksiye binebilirsin. Students could choose either French or Spanish. – Öğrenciler Fransızca ya da İspanyolca seçebilirler. Either he forgot about the meeting or he deliberately stayed away. – O ya toplantıyı unuttu ya da bilerek gelmedi.
“either….or” yapısı olumsuz cümlede kullanıldığında “neither…nor” anlamı verir ve “ne….ne” şeklinde çevrilir. The baby cannot either speak or walk. – Bebek ne konuşabiliyor ne de yürüyebiliyor. The baby can neither speak nor walk. – Bebek ne konuşabiliyor ne de yürüyebiliyor.
❹ neither…..or (ne…….ne……)
Neither Sally nor Simon can swim well. – Ne Sally ne de Simon iyi yüzebiliyor. He was neither as slim nor as healthy as I was. – O ne benim kadar zayıf ne de sağlıklıydı. They can neither speak German nor understand it. – Onlar Almanca’yı ne konuşabiliyorlar ne de anlayabiliyorlar. They have neither any opportunity to work together, nor can they see each other often. – Onların ne beraber çalışma imkanları var ne de onlar birbirlerini sık görebiliyorlar.
❺ not………but (o değil….fakat bu) (1.si değil……2.si)
Come to see me not today, but tomorrow! - Beni görmeye bugün değil, yarın gel!
It is not the sense of sight, but rather the sense of smell, that evokes déjà vu the most. - Yaşanmışlık duygusunu en çok harekete geçiren görme duyusu değil, koku alma duyusudur. No matter what the teacher did, she could have shown not a harsh but a kind manner. - Nedeni ne olursa olsun öğretmeniyle o kadar sert bir şekilde konuşmamalıydı. I have accepted their job offer not because they are the best in this work field but because I believe I will be happy there. - İş tekliflerini, onlar bu çalışma alanında en iyi olduğundan değil, orada mutlu olacağıma inandığım için kabul ettim.
9
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
07. AMAÇ (PURPOSE) BİLDİREN İFADELER
to / in order to / so as to
+ v1
Erasmus reportedly wrote The Praise of Folly in a few days so as to entertain Sir Thomas More. - Söylentiye göre Erasmus, Deliliğe Övgü’yü Sir Thomas More'u eğlendirmek için birkaç günde yazmıştır.
The authorities have announced that they will take precautions so as to reduce pollution in London during the 2012 Olympics. - Yetkililer 2012 Olimpiyatları süresince Londra'daki hava kirliliğini azaltmak amacıyla önlemler alacaklarını bildirmişlerdir.
In Japan, more than 14,000 people attended a tea party in order to set a world record. - Japonya'da, dünya rekoru kırmak için bir çay partisine 14,000'den fazla insan katılmıştır.
The author Douglas Chadwick travelled around India and Mongolia in order to see snow leopards. - Yazar Douglas Chadwick, kar leoparlarını görmek için Hindistan ve Moğolistan’ı dolaşmıştır.
so that / in order that + cümle
Before storage or packaging, anticaking agents are added to salt so that it can be stored without hardening. - Katılaşmadan saklanabilmesi için tuza, depolama ya da paketlemeden önce, kalıplaşmayı önleyen maddeler eklenir.
Strong measures have been taken in the area the President is going through so that there won't be any incidents. - Herhangi bir olay olmasın diye, devlet başkanının geçeceği bölgede çok sıkı güvenlik önlemleri alındı.
The students, most of whom had failed the history test, waited for the teacher to come so that they could see their exam papers. - Tarih sınavında çoğu başarısız olan öğrenciler sınav kağıtlarını görebilmek için öğretmenin gelmesini bekledi.
08. “as” İFADESİNİN ANLAMLARI
Sınavda en çok karşılaştığımız ifadelerden birisi olan “as”in beş temel kullanımını şu şekilde özetleyebiliriz:
KULLANIM ŞEKLİ İŞİ / GÖREVİ ÇEVİRİSİ
1: as because + cümle Sebep bildirir çünkü –dığı için 2: as when / while + cümle (ya da isim) Zaman bildirir -iken 3: as preposition + isim Edat olarak 4: as + cümle / v3 / yardımcı fiil / prep. Benzerlik kurar gibi 5: as + cümle (present simple – past simple) dıkça / dikçe (become / grow / increase) (comparative – the more…the more)
❶ “as” ifadesi “since” ve “because” ifadeleriyle aynı anlamda, yani sebep bildirmek için kullanılır. Çevirisini “–dığı için” şeklinde yapabiliriz. Kendinden sonra cümle alır.
It is difficult to estimate the age of the sandalwood tree as it grows very slowly. - Çok yavaş büyüdüğü için sandal ağacının yaşını tahmin etmek zordur.
10
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
❷ “as” ifadesi “when” ve “while” ifadeleriyle aynı anlamda, yani zaman bağlacı olarak kullanılabilir. Bu durumda çevirisi “-iken” olarak yapılır. Kendinden sonra cümle alır. Ancak isim aldığı durumlarda vardır.
As (when/ while) I was walking down the street yesterday, a man tried to snatch my wallet. - Dün sokakta yürürken, bir adam cüzdanımı kapmaya çalıştı.
As teenagers, we used to sit at a cafeteria for hours doing nothing and talk about this and that cheerfully. - Gençken, hiçbir şey yapmadan saatlerce bir kafeteryada oturur, neşe içinde havadan sudan konuşurduk.
As a child, almost everyone all over the world either read Johanna Spyri's story "Heidi", or watched its animated cartoon version. - Tüm dünyada hemen herkes çocukken, Johanna Spyri'nin "Heidi" öyküsünü, ya okumuş ya da çizgi filmini izlemiştir.
❸ “as” ifadesi bir preposition olarak da kullanılabilir. Tüm prepositionlarda olduğu gibi “as” ifadesi de preposition olarak kullanıldığında kendisinden sonra bir isim (noun) alır.
In ancient times, Mayans used cocoa beans as currency in trade. - Eski çağlarda Mayalar, kakao çekirdeklerini ticarette para olarak kullanırdı.
Being ignorant of the law is not accepted as an excuse for breaking the law. - Yasalardan habersiz olmak, yasaları çiğnemek için bir mazeret olarak kabul edilmez.
Whatever verdict the court gives, the public will always regard him as guilty. - Mahkeme nasıl karar verirse versin, halk onu daima suçlu olarak görecek.
❹ “as” ifadesi “gibi” anlamı katmak, yani “benzerlik” kurmak için de kullanılabilir. Bu kullanımı da genel itibari ile devamında cümle alsa da, kısaltmalar ile birlikte kullanıldığı durumlar da vardır. “Just as” ifadesi bu kullanımın vurgulu şeklidir ve Türkçeye “nasıl ki…… tıpkı…… aynen öyle” şeklinde çevrilebilir. As it is clearly stated in the passage, ……….. . As clearly stated in the passage, ………. . As is stated above, …………… . As was told to you yesterday, ……… . As told to you ………. . As it was told to you yesterday, ……. . As in other fields of art, architecture also requires a great deal of talent and patience. The greatest danger for the polar explorer isn't the cold, as most people believe, but the wind. - Kutup kaşifi için en büyük tehlike, çoğu insanın zannettiği gibi soğuk değil, rüzgardır. Inventions of modern science are no longer the creations of a single person, as they were in the past. - Çağdaş bilimin buluşları, artık, geçmişte olduğu gibi tek bir kişinin yaratıları değildir.
(Just) as a diver can never know what he will bring from the sea, you can never know what will happen in the future. Nasıl ki bir dalgıç denizden ne çıkartacağını bilemez, sen de gelecekte ne olacağını asla bilemezsin. ❺ “as” ifadesinin aynı zamanda Türkçeye “-dıkça”, -“dikçe” şeklinde çevirdiğimiz bir kullanımı da mevcuttur. Bu kullanımda cümle genelde “Present Simple” ya da “Past Simple” olur. Cümlenin yüklemi “grow”, “increase”, “develop”, “progress” gibi artış-azalış, ilerleme-gelişme, değişim-dönüşüm ifade eden fiiller olur. Cümlede aynı zamanda comparative bir yapının kullanımı da oldukça yaygındır.
As a rule, the number of services offered also decreases as the number of stars of a hotel decreases. Genellikle, bir otelin yıldız sayısı azaldıkça, sunulan hizmetlerin sayısı da azalır. As children gain more independence, their genes can operate in a more active manner to produce environments that suit them. Çocuklar daha fazla bağımsızlık kazandıkça, onların genleri kendilerine uyan çevreler yaratmak için daha aktif bir tarzda işleyebilir.
11
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
As it gets warmer at the foot of the Andes, animals inhabiting the forests there move to higher elevations in order to survive. And Dağları'nın eteklerinde havalar ısındıkça, buradaki ormanlarda yaşayan hayvanlar hayatta kalabilmek için daha yüksek yerlere giderler. As people get older, their ability to sleep for long periods of time or achieve the deeper and more restful stages of sleep decreases. İnsanlar yaşlandıkça, uzun süre uyuma ya da daha derin ve rahat uyku aşamasına geçme kabiliyeti azalır. Germans are starting to think that their prosperity is under threat as their population shrinks and ages, and as Europe's power in the world declines. Nüfusları azalıp yaşlandıkça ve Avrupa'nın dünyadaki gücü düşüşe geçtikçe Almanlar refahlarının tehdit altında olduğunu düşünmeye başlıyorlar. As the universe expands and objects move further away from each other, gravity gets weaker. Evren genişledikçe ve nesneler birbirinden daha da uzaklaştıkça yerçekimi zayıflar. Although computers make life easier with their increasing efficacy, as they become more widespread, the possibility of their misuse also grows. Bilgisayarlar artan yararlarıyla yaşamı kolaylaştırsalar da, kullanımları daha yaygın hâle geldikçe, onları kötüye kullanma olasılığı da artmaktadır. Most of the fears that we had when we were children are actually quite profound, but as we grow older and become more self-sufficient, the reality of fears diminishes. Çocukken yaşadığımız korkuların çoğu, aslında oldukça derindir ancak büyüyüp kendimize daha fazla yeter hâle geldikçe korkuların gerçekliği azalır.
09. DİĞER BAĞLAÇLAR / İFADELER
❶ no sooner…….than // hardly…… when // scarcely…..when // barely….when Zaman bağlaçlarıdır. “Henüz daha bu olmuştu ki ……… bu oldu” diye çevrilir. As soon as / The moment / Immediately ifadeleriyle aynı anlamda kullanılır. Cümlenin başında yer aldıklarında cümle devrik olur.
Hardly had the hostages evacuated the damaged skyscraper on fire when a deafening noise was heard and the entire building collapsed. Rehineler yanmakta olan hasarlı gökdeleni tam boşaltmışlardı ki sağır edici bir gürültü duyuldu ve binanın tamamı çöktü.
❷ other than // apart from // except (for) // but (for) “-den başka”, “-nın dışında”, “-nın haricinde” anlamları katar.
For the first time this century, a summit conference will convene to discuss an issue other than war or the economy. Bu yüzyıl ilk kez savaş veya ekonomi dışında bir konuyu tartışmak üzere bir zirve konferansı toplanacak. There was no film industry during the 1930s which was able to come close to Hollywood’s success other than the Japanese film industry. 1930’larda Hollywood’un başarısına yaklaşabilen, Japonya’nınkinden başka bir film endüstrisi yoktu. In his article Professor Green has emphasised that, from the mid-1950s onwards, the number of strikes in Britain has tended to increase in all areas of mining other than coal. Profesör Green, makalesinde, 1950’lerin ortasından itibaren İngiltere’de, kömür madenciliği dışında grevlerin sayısının artma eğilimi gösterdiğini vurgulamaktadır. She never used to watch any television except at the weekends. Hafta sonları dışında hiç televizyon izlemezdi. The probability theory is perhaps the least understood theory by ordinary people, except for gamblers. Olasılık teorisi, kumarbazlar dışında, sıradan insanlar tarafından belki de en az anlaşılan teoridir.
12
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
Many states in the USA have passed laws which bring all birds under protection, except those destroying poultry and livestock. Birçok Amerikan eyaleti, kümes ve çiftlik hayvanlarına zarar verenler hariç, bütün kuşları koruma altına alan kanunlar çıkarmıştır. Upon his father's death, he had no option but to take charge of the family company. Babasının ölümü üzerine, aile şirketinin başına geçmekten başka seçeneği yoktu. Surrounding yourself with nothing but sombre colours can make you both fatigued and depressed. Kendinizi sadece koyu renklerle çevrelemek sizi hem yorabilir hem de bunaltabilir.
❸ as of + zaman kelimesi -den itibaren // itibariyle
As of 1291, when the workshops in Venice were moved to the Murano islands, Murano began to be known as a glassmaking centre. Murano, atölyelerin Venedik'ten Murano Adası'na taşındığı 1291'den itibaren cam yapım merkezi olarak tanınmaya başlamıştır.
❹ as to : about + isim / Ving -e dair // -le ilgili olarak
There is an intense debate among economists as to what the main causes of unemployment are. Ekonomistler arasında, işsizliğin temel nedenlerinin neler olduğuna ilişkin yoğun bir tartışma vardır.
There is no agreement as to whether milk is good for adults, although it is recognised as vital for children. Çocuklar için çok önemli olduğu kabul edilse de, sütün yetişkinler için yararlı olup olmadığı konusunda görüş birliği yoktur.
❺ as for : when it comes to -e gelindiğinde // -e bakacak olursak // söz konusu….. olduğunda An average person uses about 10,000 words when they are writing, but as for Shakespeare, he had the fantastic ability to use over 25,000 words in his works. ❻ in accordance with ….ile uyumlu olarak // -e uygun olarak
In accordance with the latest data obtained, we will create new guidelines. - Elde edilen en son verilere uygun olarak yeni ilkeler oluşturacağız. ❼ as regards : with regard to : in regard with -e göre / -e dair / -le ilgili olarak
The question everyone wants answered as regards the explosion of the space shuttle Colombia and the deaths of its astronauts is very simple: why? - Uzay mekiği Colombia'nın patlaması ve astronotlarının ölümü konusunda herkesin cevaplanmasını istediği soru çok basit: Neden?
13
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
10. KISALTMALAR (REDUCTION)
Bazı zarf tümcelerinde (adverbial clauses) kısaltma yapılabilir. Bunun için gerekli kurallar:
❶ Yan cümle ile temel cümlenin öznelerinin aynı olması gerekir.
❷ Sadeleştirme yapılırken zarf cümleciğinin içindeki özne cümleden atılır ve fiil aktif ise Ving, passive ise V3 biçiminde yazılır.
❸ Sadeleştirme yapılırken zarf cümleciğin içinde “be” fiili varsa özne ile birlikte o da cümleden atılır.
Zarf Cümleciği: While I was walking to school, I met Jane. Kısaltılmış Tamlama: While walking to school, I met Jane. Zarf Cümleciği: Before I left for work, I had a shower. Kısaltılmış Tamlama: Before leaving for work, I had a shower. Zarf Cümleciği: Before it was marketed, the drug was tested on animals. Kısaltılmış Tamlama: Before marketed, the drug was tested on animals.
Konu ne kadar karmaşık gibi gözükse de kısaltma şekilleri bilmek olayı çözmek için yeterli olacaktır! Ne kadar çok örnek görseniz de, ne kadar çok farklı kaynaktan konuyu çalışsanız da dönüp dolaşıp ulaşacağımız tablo budur! Dolayısıyla bu tabloyu öğrenmek, özümsemek oldukça önemlidir!
FORMS of REDUCTION
Ving………………………., Özne…………… : Aktif Zaman farkı yok – eş zamanlı V3 / Being V3……..…, Özne……………. : Pasif Zaman farkı yok – eş zamanlı Having v3………………, Özne……………. : Aktif Zaman farkı var Having been v3…….., Özne ……………. : Pasif Zaman farkı var
❶ after / before / while
- While I was watching the match on TV last night, I fell asleep. (active)
- While watching the match on TV last night, I fell asleep.
- Watching the match on TV last night, I fell asleep. Dün gece televizyonda maçı izlerken uyuya kaldım.
- I visited my grandparents while I was on holiday.
- I visited my grandparents while on holiday. Tatildeyken büyükannemi ve büyükbabamı ziyaret ettim.
- While it was being carried, the table got broken. (passive)
- While being carried, the table got broken. Masa taşınırken kırıldı.
-After my son did/had done his homework, he went out to play basketball. (active)
-After doing/having done his homework, my son went out to play basketball.
-Having done his homework, my son went out to play basketball.
Oğlum ödevini yaptıktan sonra basketbol oynamak için dışarı çıktı.
-After I was/had been promoted, I became more interested in my work. (passive)
-After being/having been promoted, I became more interested in my work.
-Having been promoted, I became more interested in my work. Terfi ettikten sonra işimle daha ilgili oldum.
-Before she visited the museum, she attended the lecture. (active)
-Before visiting the museum, she attended the lecture. Müzeyi ziyaret etmeden once derse katıldı.
-Before I was elected the mayor, I worked as an English teacher at a state school. (passive)
-Before being elected the mayor, I worked as an English teacher at a state school.
Belediye başkanı seçilmeden önce bir devlet okulunda ingilizce öğretmeni olarak çalışıyordum.
14
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
❷ when
-When I finished my homework, I listened to the radio.
-On/Upon finishing my homework, I listened to the radio.
Radyo dinlerken ödevimi bitirdim.
-When she was a young girl, she was very ambitious.
-When a young girl/When young, she was very ambitious
Genç bir kızken çok hırslıydı.
-When they are used too often, sedative drugs may cause addiction. (passive)
-When used too often, sedative drugs may cause addiction.
Çok sık kullanıldıklarında sakinleştirici ilaçlar bağımlılık yapabilir.
-When you are travelling abroad, make sure you have enough money with you.
-When travelling abroad, make sure you have enough money with you.
Yurtdışına seyahat ederken yeteri kadar para aldığından emein ol.
❸ until / since
-Until I went to Australia, I had never seen a kangaroo. (active)
-Until going to Australia, I had never seen a kangaroo.
Avusturalya’ya gidinceye kadar hiç kanguru görmemiştim.
-Prepositions must be studied until they are learnt by heart. (passive)
-Prepositions must be studied until learnt by heart.
Edatlar ezber öğrenilinceye kadar çalışılmalıdır.
-Since I moved to this town, I have lived in the same street. (active)
-Since moving to this town, I have lived in the same street.
Bu kasabaya taşındığımdan beri aynı sokakta yaşıyorum.
-Since it was occupied by the USA, Iraq has gone from bad to worse. (passive)
-Since being occupied by the USA, Iraq has gone from bad to worse.
USA tarafından işgal edildiğinden beri Irak kötüden kötüye gidiyor.
❹ because / as / since
-Because I am married now, I have more responsibilities.
-Being married now, I have more responsibilities.
Şu anda evil olduğum için daha fazla sorumluluğa sahibim.
-Since I was tired, I went to bed early.
-Being tired, I went to bed early.
Yorgun olduğum için erken yattım.
-Because Sally sprained her ankle yesterday, she now has difficulty walking.
-Having sprained her ankle yesterday, Sally now has difficulty walking.
Sally ayak bileğini burktuğu için şu anda yürümekte güçlük çekiyor.
15
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
-Because I had been transferred to a remote state school, I decided to resign. (passive)
-Having been transferred to a remote state school, I decided to resign.
Uzak bir devlet okuluna gönderildiğim için istifa etmeye karar verdim.
-Because he is responsible for opening the shop, he must be there early.
-Being responsible for opening the shop, he must be there early.
-Responsible for opening the shop, he must be there early.
Dükkanın açılışından o sorumlu olduğu içn erkenden orada olmak zorundadır.
-Since the weather was cold, we had to cancel the picnic.
-The weather being cold, we had to cancel the picnic.
Hava soğuk olduğu için pikniği iptal etmek zorunda kaldık.
-As the manager has gone abroad for a conference, I will preside over the meeting.
-The manager having gone abroad, I will preside over the meeting.
Müdür konferans için yurtdışına gittiği için toplantıda ben başkanlık yapacağım.
❺ if / unless / as if / whether…or not
-If they were collected together, her poems would fill a volume.
-If collected together, her poems would fill a volume.
Eğer onun şiirleri bir araya getirilirse
-Unless this case is explained properly, it will continue to confuse people.
-Unless explained properly, this case will continue to confuse people.
Düzgün şekilde açıklanmazsa bu problem insanların kafasını karıştırmaya devam edecek.
-Jack was speaking strangely; as if he was trying to conceal something from us.
-Jack was speaking strangely; as if trying to conceal something from us.
Jack sanki bizden birşey gizlermiş gibi garip şekilde konuşuyordu.
-Whether they are cooked in the oven or deep-fried, aubergines are my favourite vegetables.
-Whether cooked in the oven or fried, aubergines are my favourite vegetables.
Fırında da pişirilse kızartılsa da patlıcan benim en sevdiğim sebzedir
❻ though / although
-Although their products are not as good as ours, they are more expensive.
-Although not as good as ours, their products are more expensive.
Ürünlerinin bizimkiler kadar iyi olmamasına rağmen onların ürünleri daha pahalı.
-Though it was constructed many years ago, the bridge is still in good condition.
-Though constructed many years ago, the bridge is still in good condition.
Yıllar önce inşa edilmesine rağmen köprü hala iyi durumda.
16
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
Exercise – 01: Choose the correct answer. 1. I'll give you a hand ---- you need it, but I hope I don't hurt my back. A. unless B. if
2. I can't buy a car ---- I save enough money. A. unless B. only if
3. Our kids are allowed to watch television after dinner ---- they have finished their homework. A. unless B. only if
Homework must come first.
4. There can be peace in the world ---- all nations sincerely lend their energy to that effort. A. unless B. only if
5. I'm afraid the battery is dead. ---- I buy a new one, the car won't start. A. Unless B. If
6. Let's plan on an old-fashioned sit-down dinner with the whole family at the table at once. A. unless B. only if
I'll prepare a really special dinner ---- you all promise to be home on time this evening.
Exercise – 02: Choose the correct words in italics so that the sentences make sense. 1. I'll pass the course only if I [pass / don't pass] the final examination.
2. I'm [going to go / not going to go] to the park unless the weather is nice.
3. I'm going to the park unless it [rains / doesn't rain].
4. Tom doesn't like to work. He'll get a job [unless / only if] he has to,
5. I [always eat / never eat] breakfast unless I get up late.
6. I always finish my homework [even if / only if] I'm sleepy and want to go to bed.
7. You [will / won't] learn to play the violin well unless you practice every day.
8. Even if the president calls, [wake / don't wake] me up. I don't want to talk to anyone. I want to sleep.
9. Jack is going to come to the game with us today [if / unless] his boss gives him the afternoon off.
10. [Borrow / Don't borrow] money from your friends unless you absolutely must.
Exercise – 03: Choose the best completion. 1. Alice will tutor you in math ---- you promise to do everything she says. A) unless B) only if C) whereas D) even though 2. Oscar won't pass his math course ---- he gets a tutor. A) because B) in the event that C) unless D) only if 3. Most people you meet will be polite to you ---- you are polite to them. A) in case B) only if C) unless D) if 4. I'm glad that my mother made me take piano lessons when I was a child ---- I hated it at the time. Now, I play the piano every day. A) even though B) because C) unless D) if 5. Chicken eggs will not hatch ---- they are kept at the proper temperature. A) because B) unless C) only if D) even though 6. You'd better take your raincoat with you ---- the weather changes. It could rain before you get home again. A) now that B) even if C) in case D) only if 7. Ms. Jackson was assigned the fifth-grade science class ---- she has the best qualifications among the available faculty. A) although B) whereas C) if D) since
17
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
8. My sister can fall asleep under any conditions, but I can't get to sleep ---- the light is off and the room is perfectly quiet. A) if B) unless C) in case D) now that 9. The majority will of the people rules in a democracy, ---- in a dictatorship, power is in the hands of a single person. A) because B) even though C) while D) unless 10. The cheapest way to get from an airport to a hotel is to take an airport bus, but I'm not sure if River City has one. ---- there is no airport bus, you can always take a taxi. A) Unless B) Now that C) In the event that D) Even though 11. ---- my country has a new democractic government, the people at last have more freedom. A) Even though B) Even if C) In the event that D) Now that 12. Parents love and support their children ---- the children misbehave or do foolish things. A) even if B) since C) if D) only if
Exercise – 04: Complete the sentences with either “because” or “therefore”. 1. Matt didn't go to work yesterday …………………………………… he didn't feel well.
2. Matt didn't feel well. ……………………………………, he didn't go to work yesterday.
3. Sharon hid her feelings from everyone. ……………………………………, no one suspected the deep emotional pain she was
suffering.
4. No one ever knows what's going on inside of Sharon …………………………………… she hides her feelings behind a mask of smiles.
5. …………………………………… young Joseph was an inquisitive student, he was always liked by his teachers.
6. The television broadcast was interrupted in the middle of the eighth inning; ……………………………………, most of the audience
missed the conclusion of the baseball game,
Exercise – 05: Add “such” or “so” to the following sentences.
so + ADJ + that o kadar…………ki (so + quantifier + noun + that) such + NOUN + that öylesine / o kadar………… ki 1. It was such a hot day that we canceled our tennis game.
2. The test was so easy that everyone got a high score.
3. The movie was ……………… bad that we left early.
4. It was ……………… a bad movie that we left early.
5. Professor James is ……………… a stern taskmaster that lazy students won't take his class.
6. The restaurant patron at the table near us was ……………… belligerent that we all felt embarrassed, especially when he
swept everything off the table and demanded his money back.
7. The intricate metal lacework on the Eiffel Tower in Paris was ……………… complicated that the structure took more than two
and a half years to complete.
8. Charles and his brother are ……………… hard-working carpenters that I'm sure they'll make a success of their new business.
9. The children had ……………… much fun at the carnival that they begged to go again.
10. I feel like I have ……………… little energy that I wonder if I'm getting sick.
18
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
Exercise – 06: Show the relationship between the ideas by adding any of the following expressions, as appropriate.
There may be more than one possible completion.
because because of while /whereas on the other hand since due to nevertheless
in spite of now that even though however despite therefore although
1. It was still hot in the room even though / although I had turned on the air conditioner.
2. Several people in the crowd became ill and fainted due to / because of the extreme heat.
3. The gardener trimmed the branches on the cherry tree ………………………………………………………….. I asked him not to.
4. The meat of the puffer fish can cause paralysis or even death if it is improperly prepared.
………………………………………………………….., it remains a delicacy in Japan for brave diners.
5. ………………………………………………………….. everyone disagreed with him, Brian went ahead with his original plan for the
company.
6. The first mention of the game of chess appears in an Indian text written almost 1500 years ago. ………………………………………..
its ancient beginnings, it remains one of the most widely played games in the world today.
7. Alice heard a siren and saw the flashing lights of a police car in her rear-view mirror. …………………………………………………………..,
she quickly pulled over to the side of the road and stopped
8. Most adults carry around certain attitudes and prejudices about the world around them. Most children,
………………………………………………………….., enter new situations without such preconceived notions.
9. They often have to close all of the ski areas in the mountains ………………………………………………………….. severe weather
conditions and avalanche danger.
10. ………………………………………………………….. paper was first developed by the ancient Chinese, its English name comes from the
word papyrus., the name of an Egyptian water plant.
11. The supervisor must know what everyone in the department is doing ………………………………………………………….. all
responsibility for error will fall on her shoulders.
12. ………………………………………………………….. aspirin is relatively safe for most adults, it should be administered very carefully to
children, if at all. It can be dangerous to children's health.
13. The peanut is used today to make everything from cosmetics to explosives ………………………………………………………….. the
pioneering scientific work of George Washington Carver in the 1910s and 1920s.
14. In ancient China, yellow was considered to be an imperial color ………………………………………………………….., only the emperor
was allowed to wear it. No one else could have yellow clothing of any kind.
15. ………………………………………………………….. the abacus had been in use in Asia since ancient times, many in the Western world
credited 19-year-old Blaise Pascal, a Frenchman, with inventing the first calculating machine in 1642.
16. ………………………………………………………….. she thought she heard the telephone ringing, Marge turned the TV down—only to
discover it had been a telephone on the show she was watching.
19
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
Exercise – 07: Change the adverbial clauses to modifying phrases. (Reduction) 1. Because I haven't read the report myself, I am unable to comment on it. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 2. When you are loading these boxes, make sure that they remain in an upright position. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 3. If this disease is detected early enough, it can easily be cured. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 4. Before she sealed the envelope, she checked the contents of the letter once more. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 5. She fell asleep while she was listening to the lecture. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 6. When he opened his wallet, he realized he didn't have enough money to pay the bill. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 7. You should write your name at the top of the page before you answer any of the questions. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 8. Because he had driven through a red light, he wasn't at all surprised when the police stopped him. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 9. As there were no seats left on the flight, we were obliged to travel by train. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 10. Since he started his own business two years ago, he has been doing remarkably well. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 11. Although stamp collecting isn't so popular as it used to be, it is still a favourite hobby of many youngsters. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 12. Because the children had never seen an elephant before, they were really excited when they saw one at the zoo. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 13. As they are amphibians, frogs can live both in water and on land. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 14. If this flood is not brought under control, it could destroy the homes of thousands of people. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 15. When you receive a new credit card, you should always check the expiry date. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 16. As there was heavy congestion at that time of day, we decided to walk rather than drive. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 17. Unless they are supported after treatment, alcoholics often suffer relapses. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 18. Until wearing a seatbelt was made compulsory by law, it had often been ignored by drivers. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 19. When he was asked who the job had been given to, the manager refused to comment. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 20. Although my sister's job is much less stressful than mine, it provides her with a higher salary. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .
20
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
Exercise – 08: Choose the correct completion. 1. The workers have gone on strike. ----, all production has ceased. A) Because B) So that C) Now that D) Therefore
2. A small fish needs camouflage to hide itself ---- its enemies cannot find it. A) so that B) because C) therefore D) due to
3. Our apartment building has had two robberies in the last month, ---- I'm going to put an extra lock on the door and install a telephone in my bedroom. A) now that B) so that C) so D) since
4. The Chippewas are Native North Americans. Their language is one of the most complex in the world, ---- it contains more than 6,000 verb forms. A) consequently B) so C) so that D) for
5. ---- the bad grease stain on the carpet, we had to rearrange the furniture before the company arrived. A) Because B) Now that C) For D) Because of
6. The price of airline tickets has gone down recently. ---- the tickets cost less, more people are flying than before. A) Consequently B) Because of C) Because D) For
7. Let's ask our teacher how to solve this problem ---- we can't agree on the answer. A) since B) because of C) consequently D) so
8. The fire raged out of control. It got ---- bad that more firefighters had to be called in. A) such B) therefore C) so D) so that
9. Dolphins are sometimes caught and killed in commercial fishing nets ---- they often swim in schools with other fish, such as tuna. A) due to B) because C) so D) therefore
10. We can finally afford to trade in the old car for a new one ---- I've gotten the raise I've been waiting for. A) so that B) consequently C) now that D) so
11. Two of the factories in our small town have closed. ----, unemployment is high. A) Consequently B) Because C) So that D) For
12. ---- I had nothing for lunch but an apple, I ate dinner early. A) For B) Since C) Due to D) Therefore
13. I needed to finish the marathon race ---- I could prove that I had the strength and stamina to do it. I didn't care whether I won or not. A) because of B) so that C) for D) therefore
14. The Eskimo way of life changed dramatically during the 1800s ---- the introduction of firearms and the influx of large numbers of European whalers arid fur traders. A) because B) for C) due to D) so
15. During extremely hot weather, elephants require both mud and water to keep their skin cool ---- they have no sweat glands. A) and B) because of C) so D) due to the fact that
21
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
Exercise – 09: Choose the best completion. 1. I have to eat breakfast in the morning. ----, I get grouchy and hungry before my lunch break, A) Consequently B) And C) Otherwise D) However 2. My mouth is burning! This is ---- spicy food that I don't think I can finish it. A) such B) so C) very D) too 3. I couldn't use the pay phone, ---- I didn't have any coins with me. A) yet B) despite C) for D) even though 4. Bats are fascinating ---- have many interesting and amazing qualities. A) animals. Therefore, they B) animals, they C) animals. They D) animals. Because they 5. I need to find an apartment before I can move. ---- I can find one in the next week or so, I will move to Chicago the first of next month. A) If B) Even if C) Whether D) Only if 6. Sam and I would love to meet you at a restaurant tonight, but we can do that ---- we can find a babysitter. A) if B) unless C) only if D) even if 7. ---- want to take a train trip across western Canada, but my traveling companion wants to fly to Mexico City for our vacation. A) Although I B) Even if I C) I D) Despite I 8. Timmy doesn't do well in school ---- his inability to concentrate on any one thing for longer than a minute or two. A) as B) because of C) because D) therefore 9. Tony spent ---- money buying movie tickets that he didn't have enough left to buy a soft drink or candy bar. A) such B) a lot of C) too much D) so much
10. You should learn how to change a tire on your car ---- you can handle an emergency situation if necessary. A) so that B) if C) for that D) therefore
11. Cars have become much more complicated. ---- mechanics need more training than in the past. A) Because B) Therefore C) So that D) For
12. Not wanting to be late my first day of class, ---- to school after I missed my bus. A) so I ran B) because I ran C) I ran D) therefore, I ran
13. It was raining ---- I couldn't go outside. A) because B) so hard that C) so that D) too hard that
14. The Northern Hemisphere has mostly westerly winds ---- the rotation of the earth toward the east. A) due to B) because C) therefore D) so
15. Emily is motivated to study ---- she knows that a good education can improve her life. A) therefore B) because of C) because D) so
16. Sonia broke her leg in two places. ----, she had to wear a cast and use crutches for three months. A) Nevertheless B) Consequently C) For that D) Because
17. Carol showed up for the meeting ---- I asked her not to be there. A) even though B) despite C) because of D) because
18. Peter works hard at everything he does. His brother, ----, seldom puts out much effort. A) on the other hand B) otherwise C) even though D) consequently
19. The road will remain safe ---- the flood washes out the bridge. A) as long as B) unless C) if D) since
20. ---- I can't make the presentation myself, I've asked my assistant to be prepared to do it for me. A) For B) In the event that C) Only if D) On the other hand
22
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
Exercise – 10: Choose the best completion. 1. ---- the extremely bad weather in the mountains, my friends decided not to cancel their trip across the mountain pass. A) Because of B) In spite of C) Even if D) Even though
2. Even though a duck lives on water, it stays dry ---- the oil on its feathers, which prevents water from reaching its skin. A) because of B) since C) because D) for
3. Alex cannot express himself clearly and correctly in writing. He will never advance in his job ---- he improves his language skills. A) otherwise B) if C) only if D) unless
4. ---- there was no electricity, I was able to read because I had a candle. A) Unless B) Even though C) Even D) Only if
5. A fire must have a readily available supply of oxygen. ---- it will stop burning. A) Consequently B) Therefore C) Otherwise D) However
6. I studied Spanish for four years in high school. ----, I had trouble talking with people when I was traveling in Spain. A) Therefore B) On the other hand C) Otherwise D) Nonetheless
7. I'm sorry you've decided not to go with us on the river trip, but ---- you change your mind, there will still be enough room on the boat for you. A) even B) nevertheless C) in the event that D) although 8. I like to keep the windows open at night no matter how cold it gets. My wife, ---- prefers a warm bedroom with all windows tightly shut. A) nevertheless B) consequently C) on the other hand D) whereas 9. You must lend me the money for the trip. ----, I won't be able to go. A) Consequently B) Nevertheless C) Otherwise D) Although 10. I don't understand why, but my neighbor Mr. Morrow doesn't seem to like me. He never smiles at me or speaks to me ---- the many efforts I have made to be friendly and neighborly. A) because of B) in spite of C) for D) so
11. ---- the salary meets my expectations, I will accept the job offer. A) Due to B) Even if C) If D) Unless
12. Camels have either one hump or two humps. The Arabian camel has one hump. The Bactrian camel, ----, has two humps. A) nevertheless B) however C) therefore D) otherwise
13. Ms. Moore, the school counselor, has had years of experience dealing with student problems. ----, she is sometimes confronted by a problem that she cannot handle by herself. A) Therefore B) Nevertheless C) Otherwise D) On the other hand
14. Right now all the seats on that flight are taken, sir. ---- there is a cancelation, I will call you. A) In the event that B) Nevertheless C) Unless D) Even if
15. A newborn baby can neither walk nor crawl. A newborn antelope, ----, can run within minutes of birth. A) however B) nevertheless C) otherwise D) even though
16. Jason has become ---- famous that he now ignores his old friends. He shouldn't do that. A) such B) so C) so much D) too
17. Joan worked in a vineyard last summer ---- money for school expenses. A) because to earn B) so she earns C) for she earned D) so that she could earn
18. Watching the children fly their kites in the park, ----. A) suddenly a gust of wind blew my hat off my head B) one of the kites got stuck in a tree C) I thought of the times long ago when I did the same thing D) it looked like a lot of fun
19. I guess I'm a soft touch. I just lent Jan some money for lunch ---- she never paid me back my last loan. A) even though B) unless C) or else D) only if
20. Hundreds of species of Hawaiian flowers have become extinct or rare ---- extensive land development and the grazing of wild goats. A) now that B) due to C) because D) for
23
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
Test Yourself – 01
1. The band's instruments had been too badly damaged in the truck; ---- the concert couldn't take place. A) nonetheless B) since C) in addition to D) otherwise
E) consequently
2. ---- she can easily see when her appointments are, Lotte keeps a diary on her desk. A) For the purpose of B) Whereas C) In order that D) Therefore
E) On account of
3. This cake contains ---- nuts ---- honey, so you can eat it without having an allergic reaction. A) neither / nor B) besides / for C) either / and D) both / or
E) despite / yet
4. ---- had Herman been handed the sack full of potatoes than he dropped it, and they rolled all the way down the hill. A) No sooner B) While C) The moment D) Whenever
E) Once
5. ---- feeling a close tie to his birthplace of Bohemia, Rainer Maria Rilke also felt that Russia was his home. A) Besides B) Whereas C) In addition D) Moreover
E) So long as
6. A 45-kilometer-long bridge is being built in the Persian Gulf ---- linking Bahrain to Qatar by road. A) in case of B) even so C) as a result D) for the purpose of
E) in addition to 7. Your electric razor will be repaired under guarantee if anything goes wrong with it; ---- it will be replaced if it can't be repaired. A) on the contrary B) somehow C) furthermore D) therefore
E) so that 8. Paul and Sharon had dinner in the fish restaurant on the coast, and ----, they went for a walk on the beach. A) the moment B) no sooner C) as soon as D) afterwards
E) by the time 9. The graphic novelist Marjane Satrapi has dual nationality, as she is ---- a citizen of Iran ---- a citizen of France. A) besides / yet B) not only / or C) either / or D) neither / nor
E) both / and
10. ---- the positive references that she showed, Rebecca was given the job at the accountancy firm. A) Seeing that B) In spite of C) In order that D) On account of
E) Consequently
11. The plants on the balcony died in the harsh winter weather; ---- the ones in the living room grew more. A) so as B) despite C) consequently D) seeing that
E) in contrast
12. Charles Dickens ---- came from a literary family ---- went to university, but he still became one of the most famous novelists of the 19th century. A) both / and B) not only / but also C) no sooner / than D) either / or E) neither / nor
13. ---- make the mythical version of history more convincing, the rock was moved closer to the sea in the 19
th century.
A) Nevertheless B) Accordingly C) So that D) How else
E) In order to 14. Helen lost her watch in a huge shopping centre; ----, her chance of recovering it is very small. A) for fear that B) therefore C) seeing that D) however
E) even so 15. The Archaeology Museum in Istanbul has a number of tombs from the ancient world; ----, it contains a vast collection of historical coins. A) quite the contrary B) inasmuch as C) even though D) on account of
E) furthermore 16. ---- she has been ranked as the world's best female tennis player, Ana Ivanovic has performed poorly in two of this year's major tournaments. A) Besides B) In spite of C) However D) For fear that
E) Although 17. Gavin has bought a telescope ---- increasing his practical knowledge of astronomy. A) furthermore B) thanks to C) so long as D) so that
E) for the purpose of 18. ---- carefully we search for them on the beach, we are very unlikely to find the earrings that you lost. A) No matter B) In order that C) In spite of D) Besides
E) However
24
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
19. You need to add footnotes to this paper ---- I can see and check where you took your references from. A) because of B) while C) in order to D) so that
E) for
20. The marathon is likely to be cancelled, ---- so few people have signed up to run in it. A) seeing that B) so that C) due to D) though
E) for fear that
21. Jules Massenet took a break from composing operas ---- serve as a soldier in the Franco-Prussian War. A) while B) in order to C) before D) so that
E) due to 22. It is not possible for us to import these products for you ---- the trading embargo on this country. A) since B) thus C) because of D) however
E) for fear that 23. Tattoos are generally thought of as only being for the skin; ----, a new method allows them to be put onto teeth. A) however B) since C) therefore D) despite
E) besides 24. Frederick refused to throw his old car battery into the pond ---- it would contaminate the water. A) for fear that B) therefore C) so as to D) because of
E) whereas
25. The Bronte sisters wrote under false names; ----, the initials of these names and their real names were the same. A) so long as B) in order that C) consequently D) nevertheless
E) in contrast to
26. ---- Taizu had been born to a poor farming family, he managed to found one of China's greatest ruling dynasties. A) Because of B) Although C) However D) Despite
E) Besides
27. X-rays help doctors to find out what is wrong with a patient; ----, they may also pose a threat to a patient's health. A) on the other hand B) besides C) as a result D) the fact that
E) for fear that
28. Romain Gary was ---- a respected film director, but he was also an award-winning novelist. A) not only B) though C) in addition D) besides
E) both
29. ---- the debating club was stopped, Quentin has miserably spent his Monday evenings at home. A) After B) Since C) Once D) Before
E) Until
30. ---- being bothered by the swarms of mosquitoes, camping out by the lake was really nice. A) On account of B) As long as C) Even though D) In spite of
E) In contrast
31. ---- Pilar comes over for a visit, she brings her husband with her, but I wish that sometimes she didn't. A) Immediately B) Now that C) By the time D) Whenever
E) Since
32. The pier was blown down in the storm; ----, there is now nowhere for the ferry to collect passengers from. A) even so B) besides C) yet D) owing to
E) hence
33. ---- many countries teach that there are seven continents, others teach that there are fewer than seven. A) Besides B) Owing to C) Seeing that D) In spite of
E) Whereas
34. Skiing is possible in Dubai ---- five indoor ski slopes, which are covered in snow that has been artificially produced by machines. A) as a result B) on account of C) thus D) because
E) for the purpose of
35. ---- how much safer it is to fly than to use road transportation, people are generally more nervous on planes than on land vehicles. A) For fear that B) Even though C) No matter D) On account of
E) Whereas
36. ---- the minibus was full, four people from the queue decided to share a taxi home. A) Because of B) As a result C) Notwithstanding D) Seeing that
E) So that
25
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
Test Yourself – 02
1. Edmund guessed that his wife had been laid off with most of the other employees ---- he saw her depressed-looking face. A) however B) until C) as soon as D) by the time
E) as long as 2. While ---- onto the truck, the piano ---- very badly along its side. A) loading / has been scratched B) being loaded / was scratched C) to be loaded / scratched D) loaded / had scratched E) to load / has been scratched 3. Christine drove through some small back streets ---- avoid the traffic jam on Republic Boulevard. A) for the purpose of B) seeing that C) in order to D) so that
E) owing to 4. You ---- your day's work onto a disk before ---- off your computer. A) have to save / to switch B) could save / to have been switched C) ought to save / switching D) should save / being switched E) would rather save / having switched 5. ---- had Pupienus and Balbinus got used to being joint Roman emperors than they were murdered by their troops. A) Barely B) The moment C) No sooner D) By the time
E) Immediately 6. Until ---- in the 7
th century CE, Sagalassos ---- one of the
largest cities in Asia Minor. A) having abandoned / was B) being abandoned / has been C) abandoned / had been D) to have been abandoned / would be E) to abandon / was being 7. ---- her excellent master's thesis on voting behaviour in the Netherlands, Burcu will definitely be accepted if she applies to do a doctorate here. A) Seeing that B) Inasmuch as C) In spite of D) In order that
E) Owing to
8. ---- Mandarin Chinese is one of the most difficult foreign languages to learn, more people are enrolling in courses in it around the world. A) Despite B) Besides C) For fear that D) Even though
E) No matter 9. In 2005, Vancouver in Canada was chosen by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the best city in the world to live in ---- its low crime rate, low threat-risk, and its developed infrastructure. A) on account of B) instead of C) even though D) despite
E) in order that 10. ---- avoid a repetition of the fuel crisis in the UK, the government has been given special powers to insist that fuel companies deliver petrol and diesel. A) No matter B) In order to C) In case D) Even though
E) Owing to 11. ---- the traffic jam on the D-100, Yusuf didn't get home in time to watch The Simpsons. A) As a consequence of B) Seeing that C) By the time D) As long as
E) Inasmuch as 12. When ---- into a liquid, oxygen ---- as a component in rocket fuel. A) turned / is used B) being turned / uses C) to turn / is being used D) turning / has used
E) having been turned / used
13. Our former manager was understanding when difficulties arose; ----, our new one is inflexible and intolerant. A) even though B) seeing that C) consequently D) in contrast
E) for fear that
14. If not ---- for another term in office, the governor ---- to practicing law. A) to be elected / has returned B) to elect / is going to return C) elected / will return D) electing / was returning E) having elected / could return 15. ---- the warning on the side of the paper coffee cup, Ronald still burned his tongue on the hot coffee inside. A) For fear of B) Every time C) Just after D) In spite of
E) Even though
26
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
16. ---- as the work of one the best directors in Hollywood, Martin Scorsese's films ---- a great deal of interest. A) To regard / have attracted B) Being regarded / was attracted C) Regarding / are attracted D) To be regarded / are attracting E) Regarded / attract 17. Though currently ---- in this part of the museum, these artifacts from the Faroe Islands ---- in a specially designed display room soon. A) found / will be exhibited B) to be found / will have been exhibited C) being found / are exhibited D) having found / will exhibit E) to find / exhibit 18. The Italian artist Bellini's ability to portray outdoor light was so skillful that the viewer can tell ---- the season of the year ---- almost the hour of the day. A) hardly /when B) the more/the less C) despite/while D) not only/but also
E) during/as 19. When ---- this meal, you ---- the recipe exactly. A) to be prepared / could have followed B) being prepared / should follow C) prepared / must have followed D) to prepare / ought to follow E) preparing / need to follow 20. ----; furthermore, it is not so difficult as that to carry around. A) It is true that a laptop is far more expensive than a desktop computer B) You ought to ignore those large ones and buy yourself a small tent C) This electronic dictionary has more definitions than yours D) I have made my backpack lighter by taking my jeans out of it E) I never go out for the day without a small umbrella in my bag 21. Having put thirteen truckloads of live fish into a river in China, ----. A) they had been brought there by conservationists worried about the small number of fish in it B) pollution killed all of them within a very short amount of time C) officials found out that locals had caught almost all of them further downstream D) the fish used their fins and tails to swim against the powerful current E) birds greedily watching from the riverbank dived to catch them
22. No sooner had the fans stopped cheering Fiona's goal ----. A) moreover, she had scored it from a good distance away B) than the referee blew the final whistle of the game C) yet it was decided that she had been offside D) when she headed another one into the net E) as they screamed in happiness for quite a while
23. No matter what score you get on this test, ----, so you'll have to retake the class next term. A) your combined total with the earlier ones won't be high enough B) unless you manage to answer every one of the questions correctly C) it is expected to be the most difficult one of the whole year D) considering your performance throughout the year E) whether you've studied hard enough or not
24. ---- in order to stop the growth of the city's pigeon population. A) Should eagles, owls, and falcons be used around the Real Madrid stadium B) The residents of Athens are free to feed the birds if they want C) Placing razor blades on the top of information boards in Berlin D) The number of the birds in the center of London seems to have declined E) The mayor of Venice is considering a ban on the throwing of rice at weddings 25. ----; on the other hand, there is a risk of it running out. A) No prisoner is expected to escape during this open day at the prison B) We mustn't leave the dog locked out on the balcony all night C) There is probably not enough food for all of the guests at this party D) I decided to fill up the tank to my motorboat with diesel E) We can power this little fridge and TV for our tent from the car battery 26. Despite having been put out under the name of Ian Fleming, ----. A) Sebastian Faulks was the real writer of the latest James Bond novel B) Devil May Care is actually the work of another author C) Goldfinger is the name of both a novel and a film D) it was a friend of his that James Bond was based on E) he had died long before The Man with the Red Tattoo was published 27. Having dropped 1,000 metres to the ground with a bad parachute, ----. A) the Parachute Association blamed Benno Jacobs for the accident B) an ambulance was immediately called for Benno Jacobs C) it hadn't opened properly when Benno Jacobs had pulled the cord D) the family of Benno Jacobs feared that he might have died in the accident E) Benno Jacobs survived with just a few cuts and bruise
27
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
Examples from ÜDS-KPDS-YDS
[2015 Eylül YDS]
1. Telecommunication companies install cell towers in places where the network will get sufficient use, ---- sparsely populated areas do not qualify, which means people there lack access to reliable phone service. A) in case B) even if C) so D) although E) just as
[2015 Eylül YDS]
2. ---- the 50-second silent film Train Pulling Into A Station was first shown in 1895, people were so terrified by the locomotive racing towards them that they hurried to the back of the theatre. A) Before B) Although C) Since D) When E) As if
[2015 Eylül YDS]
3. Much evidence points to a relationship between stress and disease ---- claims that stressful life events and daily routines cause various diseases are still premature. A) since B) if C) once D) only when E) but
[2015 Eylül YDS]
4. Scientists do research in natural forces ---- for the sake of new discoveries ---- to use the findings for the advantage of mankind. A) not only / but also B) so / that C) the more / the more D) such / that E) whether / or
[2015 Eylül YDS]
5. One way to reduce the negative impact people have on the environment is to make sure that as much garbage as possible is recycled ---- being put in a landfill. A) because of B) in terms of C) for the sake of D) instead of E) in case of
[2014 Kasım e-YDS]
6. ---- some sports injuries are clearly unavoidable accidents, many can be prevented by taking simple precautions before starting exercise. A) Since B) While C) Once D) Only if E) Just as
[2014 Aralık e-YDS]
7. People tend to put less effort into task performance in groups than when alone — the task is involving and interesting or their contribution is clearly identifiable. A) unless B) until C) only if D) as though E) as long as
[2013 Nisan YDS]
8. ---- lead was widely known to be dangerous, by the early years of the 20th century, it could be found in all manners of consumer products. A) Since B) Once C) Only when D) Even though E) Given that
[2013 Nisan YDS]
9. Animals trapped in a stone called ‘amber’ are sometimes so well preserved that they look ---- they have just died. A) so that B) in case C) as though D) even if E) now that
[2013 Nisan YDS]
10. The European Commission has put forward that policies to cut greenhouse gases will not work ---- individuals share the vision of a low-carbon society. A) provided that B) after C) but D) while E) unless
[2013 Nisan YDS]
11. When modern coastal fish-farming began 30 years ago, no one was doing things right, ---- for the environment ---- the industry’s long-term sustainability. A) whether / or B) such / as C) so / that D) either / or E) as / as
[2013 Nisan YDS]
12. ---- deriving two-thirds of its power supply from fossil fuels, power producers in India cannot get enough pipeline space to distribute natural gas. A) Despite B) Besides C) As a result of D) By means of E) Rather than
28
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
[2013 LYS-5]
13. When walking in a group, the walking pace should be that of the slowest member ---- he or she does not feel left behind. A) in case B) so that C) when D) even if E) provided that
[2013 LYS-5]
14. ---- the annual influx of tourists exceeds Corsica’s population six times, tourism has not destroyed the place. A) As long as B) Unless C) Now that D) Because E) Even though
[2013 LYS-5]
15. ---- the world may still rely overwhelmingly on fossil fuels for transport and power, their cost has begun to outweigh their advantages. A) After B) Just as C) Once D) While E) If
[2013 LYS-5]
16. All cargo passing through the European Union is subject to one security control, ---- at the origin of the shipment ---- at the destination of cargo. A) as / as B) such / as C) neither / nor D) the more / the more E) either / or
[2013 LYS-5]
17. ---- composing countless large-scale stage works, Carl Orff’s fame rests almost entirely on just one, the hugely successful Carmina Burana. A) In spite of B) Owing to C) In case of D) As well as E) Instead of 18. Crystals are created ---- cooling and crystallization take place at an appropriate depth and with sufficient time. A) until B) though C) so D) before E) when 19. ---- schools encourage children to read printed books more often, the library, in its traditional form, will eventually disappear. A) Whenever B) Whereas C) Since D) However E) Unless
20. Some popular diet books have misled consumers with deceptive claims; ----, they fail to provide an assessment of the results of their treatment plans for obesity. A) furthermore B) nevertheless C) even so D) otherwise E) on the contrary 21. Generally, social media platforms can be thought of as virtual meeting places which function to encourage the exchange of media content among users who are ---- producers ---- consumers. A) both / and B) more / than C) just / like D) so / that E) such / as 22. ---- philosophers had started to put received wisdom to the test of rational examination, another fundamental question rapidly became obvious: “How can we know?” A) Once B) Only if C) Unless D) In case E) While 23. A symphony is like a castle with its own grand structure, ---- a short song will have a different and less complex form more like a cottage. A) before B) if C) although D) whether E) whereas 24. ---- the news is out about tomatoes being found for their cancer-fighting properties, the question is how to get sufficient amounts every day. A) Much as B) While C) Now that D) Just as E) Even if 25. On a sunny day, some patches of ground warm up more quickly than others ---- the differences in topography. A) similar to B) on behalf of C) as well as D) because of E) apart from 26. One of the challenging decisions that hospitals are to make when purchasing a technology-based system is ---- they want to focus more on the doctor ---- the patient. A) neither / nor B) whether / or C) rather / than D) as well / as E) both / and
29
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
27. ---- the substance causing the allergy has been identified, avoiding it and applying some simple treatments will be enough to overcome skin reactions such as itching and scaling. A) As if B) While C) Even though D) Whether E) Once 28. Memory often works best when we have a visual representation of past events, ---- this mental picture will help us bring out many details. A) as B) although C) whereas D) otherwise E) but 29. ---- compared to their butter-loving American counterparts, Italians consume 24 times the amount of olive oil per person. A) As though B) Until C) When D) Unless E) Just as 30. In social terms, ---- membership in a particular society ---- behaviour such as crime is sufficient to define a subculture. A) both / also B) neither / nor C) so / that D) less / than E) even / more 31. According to new research by US biologists, the fearsome roars of lions and tigers are ---- the unusual shape of their vocal chords. A) in terms of B) rather than C) on behalf of D) due to E) as well as 32. The introduction of the new ideas that led to the Renaissance in the late 15th century sparked a change of mindset ---- people began to look more towards reason than faith to find answers. A) unless B) in case C) whether D) even if E) as 33. ---- commonly associated with hot and dry environments, reptiles are found in a wide range of habitats and climates around the world. A) Although B) Now that C) When D) Since E) Just as
34. Many teenagers suffer from acne, which is triggered by hormonal changes at puberty, ---- it usually clears up as they reach their 20s. A) thereby B) but C) if D) because E) once 35. Several studies have recently shown that, ---- popular stereotypes, most grandparents do not wish to take on a parental role toward their grandchildren. A) by means of B) owing to C) contrary to D) for the sake of E) in addition to 36. Human beings will always be smart enough to manipulate their environment ---- adapting to it. A) because of B) in terms of C) in spite of D) rather than E) such as 37. A running tap wastes up to nine litres of water per minute, ---- turning it off while brushing your teeth helps save plenty of water. A) when B) since C) so D) instead E) otherwise
38. It is impossible to make appropriate decisions about how to solve a problem ---- you define it and identify its root causes first. A) in case B) unless C) though D) because E) whether
39. Global demand for coal will continue to expand over the next five years ---- governments’ attempts to reduce reliance on this fuel. A) in spite of B) as a result of C) as well as D) due to E) in case of
40. Presumably they will find the terms acceptable, but ---- they raise any objections, we need to listen to them. A) in case B) as if C) until D) while E) since
41. ---- other areas of policy analysis, foreign policy analysis also starts with a number of central questions about the nature of what is to be studied. A) In place of B) By means of C) As opposed to D) Instead of E) As in
30
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
42. Geopolitics provides various ways of looking at the world and is highly visual, readily embracing maps, tables, and photographs ----. A) from now on B) as a consequence C) at most D) instead E) sooner 43. Little Caesar, often called the grandfather of the gangster movie, was produced at the beginning of the sound era, and ---- it shows its age in some areas, it is still an effective thriller. A) even B) because C) while D) so E) besides 44. ---- the role of the school in developing students’ civic values, most proponents of citizenship education agree that it should involve a range of democratic values such as the sense of public responsibility. A) At least B) In spite of C) In comparison to D) With regard to E) Rather than 45. ---- electric cars are a welcome development, they are neither as useful nor as green as their supporters claim. A) Since B) Just as C) Before D) Because E) Although 46. Our memory for emotions is highly selective, and we tend to remember how good the good times were, ---- the memories of the bad times fade more quickly. A) whenever B) whereas C) as if D) even E) likewise 47. The assumption that mental functions are at their sharpest ---- our brains mature in our early 20s has been questioned by a new research study. A) when B) unless C) as if D) until E) although 48. Of the four cavities in the brain, two are found inside each hemisphere, ---- the third and fourth are found between them. A) even B) since C) if D) so that E) while
49. Inhabitants of a nation generally possess a common history, geographical place and language; ----, a nation-state may be thought of as a place in which people follow the same cultural and social patterns. A) though B) otherwise C) besides D) therefore E) still 50. Ear disorders prevent you from detecting certain sounds from your environment ---- affecting your sense of balance. A) as well as B) as if C) much as D) with regard to E) due to 51. The French sociologist Emile Durkheim argued that human beings are ---- individuals ---- social beings that exist in society. A) not only / as well B) other / than C) such / that D) as much / also E) both / and 52. Animals such as raccoons and foxes eat almost anything edible that they come across ---- specializing in one type of food. A) just as B) as regards C) rather than D) owing to E) in terms of 53. Most developing countries do not have China’s bureaucratic depth and tradition, ---- do they have the ability to control personnel in the way that China’s party structure allows. A) nor B) so C) much as D) the more E) not only 54. The cause of Beethoven's death remained a great mystery ---- the year 2000, when a sample of his hair was analyzed using sophisticated technology. A) since B) until C) because D) while E) after 55. Most vitamin and mineral products are legally classified as food supplements, ---- some, mainly herbal, are classified as licensed medicines. A) thus B) so C) but D) so that E) if
31
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
56. In Scandinavia, wildlife in many rivers has been destroyed ---- the devastating power of acid rain. A) in spite of B) because of C) as opposed to D) in terms of E) as regards 57. Musical performers can be classified into many different categories ---- vocalists and instrumentalists. A) as well as B) both C) such as D) either E) more than 58. The search for new sources of energy is a continuing one, ---- the one provided by the fossil fuels will eventually run out. A) since B) so that C) even if D) unless E) whenever 59. In the Renaissance period, there was a wide range of classical texts available to humanist scholars, ---- some of these texts had survived only in fragments or were only available in Greek. A) so long as B) before C) whether D) in case E) but
60. China’s art market is growing bigger all the time, and it is doing ---- at the expense of America and Britain. A) so B) as well C) as such D) just in case E) almost
61. In art history, primitivism is a notion crucial to 20th-century art and modern thinking ---- a specific movement or group of artists. A) in that B) instead of C) the same as D) rather than E) whereas
62. ---- the causes of alcoholism are various, alcohol use is a major factor. A) When B) Although C) Just as D) If E) Whether
63. Much of the immune system’s machinery is geared towards killing or eliminating invading microbes ---- they have been recognized. A) once B) although C) even if D) in case E) whereby
64. The structures around the eye protect it ---- allowing it to move freely in all directions. A) since B) while C) even though D) because E) whereas 65. The age at which puberty begins seems to be influenced by a child’s general health and nutrition ---- by socioeconomic and hereditary factors. A) also B) so long as C) as well as D) both E) either 66. The Alps have been an area of transit trade since ancient times ---- they offer important pathways between central and southern Europe. A) so that B) because C) as if D) whereas E) whether 67. ---- ancient peoples in several parts of the world built pyramids, it was the Egyptians who constructed the tallest and most famous of them. A) Unless B) Now that C) Although D) Once E) As if 68. Aridisols are dry, desert-like soils that have low organic content ---- are sparsely vegetated by drought- or salt-tolerant plants. A) so far as B) so that C) as D) so E) and 69. ---- populating both the inner and outer surfaces of the human body, microbes abound in the soil, the seas, and the air. A) According to B) As to C) In contrast to D) In addition to E) In order to 70. ---- survivors of childhood cancer do seem to have a higher risk of heart problems, the individual likelihood of this happening is still fairly small. A) Whether B) If C) Whenever D) Unless E) While 71. The vast sums of money spent to fight diseases such as AIDS and malaria in the past ten years have saved many lives ---- have also sometimes undermined health systems in poor countries. A) whereas B) since C) unless D) but E) so
32
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
72. ---- climate change seems likely to threaten the entire world’s health, an ever greater number of political leaders are insisting that something must be done to stop it. A) Even though B) Now that C) Provided that D) As if E) Even if 73. ---- many people these days regularly use and rely on computers, many others do not even understand how the computer works. A) Though B) When C) Because D) In case E) If 74. The world faces a future of “water wars” ---- action is taken to prevent international water shortages and sanitation issues escalating into conflicts. A) as long as B) whether C) since D) unless E) if 75. Parents normally do not have the fear that, in marrying their daughter or son, they are losing their child to someone else ---- a son-in-law or daughter-in-law arrives. A) in case B) until C) as if D) so that E) whether 76. ---- numerous reformist policies that have helped to improve the economic conditions in the country, the standard of living for the poor has improved very little. A) Despite B) Instead of C) In connection with D) According to E) As regards 77. ---- the source of energy for nuclear power plants and weapons can be the same, a typical nuclear power plant does not contain enough fissionable material in high enough concentration to produce a nuclear explosion. A) Although B) When C) If D) Just as E) In case 78. Enormous underground beds of sodium and potassium compounds formed ---- lakes and seas became isolated by geological events. A) as long as B) so that C) even if D) unless E) when
79. Temperate rain forest, ---- occurs on the northwest coast of North America, receives high precipitation and is dominated by large conifers. A) as well as B) more than C) such as D) same as E) then 80. In immunodeficiency disorders, the immune system doesn’t function adequately, ---- infections are more common, recur more frequently and last longer than usual. A) so B) but C) even if D) although E) as if 81. People cannot minimize the consequences of heart failure, ---- they introduce changes in their lives and strictly obey the instructions given by the doctor. A) but B) if C) whereas D) unless E) whether 82. ---- sterilization creates a pathogen-free environment, 5 to 10 per cent of patients still contract an infection during their stay at hospital. A) Once B) Since C) As long as D) When E) Although 83. ---- popular belief, laboratory experiments show that men have a higher pain tolerance than women. A) Compared to B) Contrary to C) As regards D) Rather than E) In case of 84. An increasing number of young adults in India wish to have more choice in the selection of their future wives or husbands ---- they still let their parents arrange their marriages. A) because B) although C) unless D) until E) as if 85. ---- you were born poor and lack good looks, there is still plenty you can do to improve your chances of success. A) While B) As if C) When D) Even if E) As far as
33
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
86. ---- an individual grows to maturity, he acquires a personal structure conditioned by the position he occupies in the social system. A) Unless B) Although C) Before D) Whether E) As 87. Soon after the end of World War I, pioneers began to show that, ---- popular opinion, long-distance flights across oceans could be made in safety. A) due to B) owing to C) in order to D) contrary to E) as regards 88. It is becoming increasingly evident that the disposition and the behaviour of the individual are shaped by the cultural groups ---- he belongs. A) as B) to which C) in case D) of whom E) as if 89. ---- water in rivers, lakes and seas is heated by the sun, some of the water evaporates to form water vapour. A) Unless B) When C) Until D) Although E) Even if 90. Gang violence is deplorable and cannot be tolerated, ---- simply “cracking down” on it is not the solution. A) so that B) whereby C) but D) when E) so long as 91. ---- inflation and unemployment rise sharply in Europe, the solidarity of the European Union could break down in some damaging ways. A) If B) As if C) Unless D) Until E) Even though 92. In the current financial crisis, Italy is alone among the big European countries in having ---- a bank rescue fund ---- a stated figure for the sum it is ready to make available. A) more / than B) neither / nor C) such / as D) so / that E) just / as 93. Deep-sea diving can cause medical problems ---- air embolism and decompression sickness, which can be fatal if not treated promptly. A) as regards B) as far as C) also D) such as E) just as
94. The private sector in the Gulf states employs mostly expatriate workers, ---- the majority of nationals are employed in the public sector with higher wages and job protection. A) so that B) just as C) while D) unless E) in case 95. A series of gas discoveries in recent years in the Western Desert of Egypt means that a range of new export projects must be developed ---- the country is to make full use of its new reserves. A) lest B) although C) after D) as if E) if 96. Hundreds of deep fjords that cut into the coastline give Norway an overall oceanfront of ---- 12,000 miles. A) more than B) just as C) the same as D) so far as E) as well as 97. In less-developed parts of the world, there are few modern urban water networks, ---- the people living in these areas do not have access to safe drinking water. A) so B) even if C) because D) while E) though 98. Every year, more than 15,000 scuba dives are performed off the coral reefs of Cayman Islands, ---- these sites can actually support only 5,000 dives per year without any damage to the reefs. A) since B) but C) if D) just as E) in case 99. What you say about the problem may be true in theory, ---- in practice it does not contribute to the solution of the problem. A) when B) so that C) although D) for E) because 100. Thanks to a newly developed battery-charging device called “the Chargepod,” we will no longer have to use different chargers ---- recharge different mobile gadgets, like cell phones and iPods. A) with reference to B) due to C) in order to D) with regard to E) according to
34
02
46
21
21
01
0 w
ww
.se
lim
hoc
a.co
m 0
24
62
12
10
10
w
ww
.se
lim
ho
ca
.c
om
