Grammar BookSara Carter

Table of Contents1. Nationalities2. Stem Changers3. Use of Para4. Indirect Object Pronouns5. Object Pronoun Placement6. Gustar7. Affirmative/Negative Words8. Superlatives9. Reflexives10. Affirmative Tú Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement11. Negative Tú Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement12. Sequencing Events13. Preterite14. Trigger Words15. -Car, -Gar, -Zar16. Deber + Infinitive17. Modal Verbs18. Present Progressive19. Adverbs

Stem Changers0 UE

Dormir (to sleep)

Duermo

Duermes

Duerme

Dormimos

Duermen

E IPedir (to ask)

Pido

Pides

Pide

Pedimos

Piden

E IEQuerer (to want)

Quiero

Quieres

Quiere

Queremos

Quieren

U UEJugar (to want)

Juego

Juegas

Juega

Jugamos

Juegan

Use of Para

Para

Indicates the recipient of an

itemIndicates a

purpose

Indicates an implied purpose

Compro el regalo para tu mama.

Vamos al restaurante para comer.

Tengo dinero para (comprar) algo.

Indirect Object PronounsMe Nos

Te

Le Les

**Answers**:To Whom?For Whom?

MEAna compra un regalo a mi.A mi Ana compra un regalo.Ana me compra un regalo.

TEAna compra un regalo a ti.A ti Ana compra un regalo.Ana te compra un regalo.

LEAna compra un regalo a Elena.A Elena Ana compra un regalo.Ana le compra un regalo.

NOSAna compra un regalo a nosotros.A nosotros Ana compra un regalo.Ana nos compra un regalo.

LESAna compra un regalo a ellos.A ellos Ana compra un regalo.Ana les compra un regalo.

**Comes before the conjugated verb.**

Object Pronoun Placement

1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive

tense3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative

command 4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated

verb

Gustar (to like/please)

Gusta

Me Te Le

Nos

Les

**Always has an indirect object pronoun in front of it.**_____ gusta(n) …No _____ gusta(n) …

IOPIOP

Gusta is used when the object pronoun is singular.Me gusta el perro.

Gustan is used when the object pronoun is plural.Me gustan los perros.

The indirect object pronoun is based on the subject.Rosa le gusta el pollo. means:Rosa likes chicken. Or:The chicken is pleasing to Rosa.We like to dance the salsa is written:Nos gusta bailar la salsa.

**Me gustas tú.**

Affirmative/Negative WordsAlgo Something

Alguien Someone

Algùn/Alguno Some

Siempre Always

Tambien Also

Nada Nothing

Nadie No one

Ningùn/Ninguno None

Nunca Never

Tampoco Neither/Either

Por ahora, nada más.For now, nothing more.

¿Algo más?Anything more/else?

Me gusta nadie.No one is pleasing to me.

Nunca compro joyería.I never buy jewelry.

**If is verb follows no, a negative word must follow. Double negatives are required in Spanish.**

**Algùn y ningùn are used before a singular masculine noun. All else is alguno or ninguno.**

*Nunca and nadie are the exception of this rule as shown.

Superlatives-ísimo -ísima -ísimos -

ísimas

**extremely/very**

Malo

Muchas

Alto

Malísimo

Muchísimas

Altísimo

*Exception: c, g, or z becomes qu, gu, and c

Rico

Larga

Feliz

Riquísimo

Larguísima

Felicísimo

*Exception: n and rbecome c ísimo

Joven

Trabajador

Jovencísimo

Trabajadorcísimo

Reflexives*A verb done to oneself* *identified with –se at the end of a verb that has not been conjugated (lavar…lavarse)*

-me -nos

-te

-se -se

1. Take the verb that is not conjugated.

2. Remove the –se.3. Add the reflexive pronoun to

the front.4. Conjugate the verb normally.

1. Lavarse (to wash oneself)

2. Lavar3. Se lavar.4. Se lava.Final: Alexa se lava.

To say, “Alexa washes herself.”

Tyler shaves his beard.Afeitarse (to shave one’s beard, face, etc.)Tyler se afeita la barba.

I put on make up.Maquillarse (to put on one’s make up)Yo maquillo.

*not possessive because reflexives already imply possession.*

Other Possessive Verbs:AcostarseBañarseDespertarseDormirseDucharseLevantarsePeinarsePonerse la ropaQuitarse la ropaSecarse

Affirmative Tú Commands/ Irregulars/Pronoun Placement

For affirmative tú commands:Conjugate the verb in tú formThen drop the “s”Or…Put it in Él/Ella/Ud. form

Irregulars:Di Decir

Haz Hacer

Ve Ir

Pon Poner

Sal Salir

Sé Ser

Ten Tener

Ven Vener

Eat. Walk.Come. Camina.

Do. Leave.Haz. Sal.

If you’re going to use an object pronoun, place it after the command.

Eat it. Do it.Comela. Hazla.

Negative Tú Commands/ Irregulars/Pronoun Placement

For negative tú commands:Put it in the tú formChange –er/-ir to –a or –ar to -e

Irregulars:Digas Decir

No hagas Hacer

No vayas Ir

No pongas Poner

No salgas Salir

No seas Ser

No tengas Tener

No vengas Vener

Don’t eat. Don’t Walk.No comas. No camines.

Don’t go. No vayas.

If you’re going to use an object pronoun, place it before the command.

Don’t eat it (the cat).No lo comas.

Sequencing Events

Primero First

Entonces Then

Luego/Después Later/After

Por fin Finally

Antes de Before

Después de After

Por la mañana/tarde/noche In/During the …

Los lunes, etc. On Mondays, etc.

Event Meaning

Preterite

è amos

aste

ó aron

AR Verbs

í imos

iste

ió ieron

ER/IR Verbs

“Snapshot in Time”

Perfected action in the past

“Row, Row, Row Your Boat”

Trigger Words

-Car, -Gar, -Zar•In preterite yo form, you must change the ending to –Qué, -Gué, or –Cé

Toqué Tocamos

Tocaste

Tocó Tocaron

Jugué Jugamos

Jugaste

Jugó Jugaron

Comencé Comenzamos

Comenzaste

Comenzó Comenzaron

Tocar Jugar

Comenzar

Deber + Infinitive

DEBER INFINITIVE

Debo nadar. Debemos hablar.I should swim. We should speak.

Debes escribir.You should write.

Debe comer. Deben escuchar.He should eat. They should listen.

•Deber means should/ought to.•You can NEVER have two conjugated verbs in a row.

Modal Verbs

2 verbs in a row The second verb cannot be conjugated

(must be an infinite) Example: deber + infinitive

Necesito nadar.› I need to swim.

Puede escribir.› She is able to write.

Deber Should

Desear To Desire

Necesitar To Need

Poder To Be Able To

Querer To Want

Saber To Know How To

Soler Usually/Used To

Present Progressive

Estar -ando/-iendo

* -ing words

-ar verbs are followed by –ando

-er/ir verbs are followed by –iendo

I am walking.Estoy caminando.

She is eating.Está comiendo.

**CreerCreiendo Creyendo

IrIendoYendo

LeerLeiendoLeyendo

Adverbs __ly = __mente

Adjective Adverb

Cuidadoso Cuidadosamente

Especial Especialmente

Feliz Felizmente

Frecuente Frecuentemente

Rápido Rápidamente

Tranquilo Tranquilamente

Reciente Recientemente

**NOTICE**•Adjectives that end in –o must be changed to –a before adding the -mente (example: Tranquilo)

•Adjectives that end in a consonant just simply add –mente (Example: Feliz)

•Adjectives that end in –e just add the –mente (Example: Reciente)

**When using more than one adverb (quickly and calmy), only the second adverb needs the –mente (rápida y tranquilamente)

If the first adverb ends in a –o, change it to an –a, but do not add –mente **