grammar handbook
TRANSCRIPT
Grammar Book Carlota Davis
Table of Contents 1. Preterite 2. Trigger Words 3. Car Gar Zar 4. Spock 5. Cucaracha6. Snake Verbs 7. Snakey Verbs 8. Imperfect 9. Trigger Words 10. Irregulars 11. Preterite vs. Imperfect 12. Ser vs. Estar
13. Verbs like Gustar 14. Comparatives/ Superlatives 15. Transition/Connecting Words 16. Future 17. Trigger Words 18. Irregulars 19. Por/Para 20. Por Expressions 21. Para Expressions 22. Beginning of Semester 2
Table of Contents (Second Semester)
• Conditional Tense • Present Perfect • Past Perfect • Subjunctive Perfect• Tan and Tanto • Saber vs. Conocer• Impersonal Se • Informal (Tu)
Commands • Formal Commands • DOP Placement • IOP Placement
• Nosotros Commands • Mono Verbs • How to form the subjunctive • What is the Subjunctive?• Subjunctive Irregulars • Triggers for Subjunctive • Expressions of Emotion • Conjunctions of Time • Demonstratives (nouns and pronouns)
Prederite
AR a amos asteo aron
ER/IR i imos isteio ieron
Pretérito Trigger Words
Ayer por la mañana: Yesterday morning
Ayer: Yesterday
Anteayer: Day before yesterday
El miércoles : On Wednesday
El otro día: The other day
Una vez: One time/Once
Esta noche: Tonight
Entonces: ThenDesde el primer momento: From the first moment
A las ocho: At 8 o'clock
El día anterior: The day before
Una vez: One time/Once
Hace dos días: Two days ago
Durante dos siglos: During two centuries
El lunes pasado: Last Monday
Car Gar Zar Verbs that end in Car in the Preterite change the c to qu in the yo form
Verbs that end in Gar in the Preterite change the g to gu in the yo form
Verbs that end in Zar in the Preterite change the z to c in the yo form
busqué buscamosbuscastebuscó buscaron
crucé cruzamoscruzastecruzó cruzaron
jugué jugamosjugastejugó jugaron
IR
DAR
SER
VER
HACER
Spock HandIrregular Preterite
Forms Fui Fuiste FueFuimos Fueron
DiDiste Dio Dimos Dieron
Hice Hiciste Hizo HicimosHicieron
Vi Viste Vio Vimos Vieron
Cucaracha Verbs
Andar anduvEstar estuv Poder pud Poner pus
Querer quisSaber sup
Tener tuv Venir vin
Conducir condujProducir produjTraducir traduj
Decir dijTraer traj
Snake Verbs
Pedí Pedimos Pediste Pidió Pidieron
Snake verbs change in the third person preterite. They change from an i to an e.
Snakey Verbs
Leí Leímos Leíste Leyó Leyeron
Snakey Verbs are verbs that in the preterite change from an i to a y in the third person singular and plural.
Imperfect
ARaba
abas aba
abamos aban
ER/IRia
ias ia
íamos ían
Imperfecto Trigger Words
Siempre: AlwaysTodos los días/ Cada día:
Every day
Cada mes: Every month
Mientras: While
Nunca: Never Generalmente:
GenerallyA veces: Sometimes
Muchas veces: Many times
Frecuentemente: Frequently
A menudo: Often
Casi siempre: Almost always
De vez en cuando: Occasionally
En aquella epoca: At that time
Por un rato: For awhile
Varias veces: Several times
Imperfect Irregulars
Iriba
ibas iba
íbamos iban
Serera
eras era
erámos eran
Verveía
veías veía
veíamosveían
OriginEstar
HE
L
PI
N
G
Emotion
Location
iendo ando
Health
Present Condiction
Ser
D
P
E
D O
C
T
ORD-Description O- Occupation C-Characteristics T- Time O- Origin R- RelationshipP- Possession E-Event D- Direction
Verbs Like Gustar
When gustar and verbs like gustar are
followed by one or more verbs in the
infinitive the singular form of gustar or a
verb like gustar is used.
Aburrir Encantar Faltar Fascinar Importar Interesar Molestar QuedarCaer bien/mal Disgustar Hacer falta Procupar Soprender Aptecer
“A” comes before the subject of the
sentence when a verb like gustar is being
used. Example: A Adela le enconta la musica de
Shakira.
Comparatives/SuperlativesSuperlatives=definite
article+noun+mas(menos)+adjective+de
Example: Felipe es el chico más inteligente
en la clase.
Comparatives Más… que- more
than Menos… que- less
than Tan…como- as…as
Tanto…como- as much
Example: Ana es más alta que Jessica.
Transition/Connector Words
Aunque- even though
Tambien- also
Mientras- while
A pesar de- in spite of
Por lo tanto- therefore
Pero- But Sin embargo/ no obstante-nevertheless
El Futuro Yo- infinitive+é
Tu- infinitive+ás
El/Ella/Usted- infinitive+á
Nosotros- infinitive+emos
Vosotros- infinitive+éis
Ustedes/Ellos/Ellas- infinitive+án
Future Trigger Words
En el futuro
En el futuro
Próximo
Mañana
Future Irregulars Dar-dir Hacer- har Poner- pondr Salir- saldr Tener- tendr Caber- cabr
Valer- valdrPoder- podrQuerer-querSaber- sabr Haber- habr Vendir- vendr
PorPORtal- Passing through PORtugal- general rather than specific location PORever- how long something lasts PORpuse- the cause of something imPORT/exPORT- an exchange I am POR, pay for me- doing something in place of or instead of something else transPORtation- a means of transportation
Surprise PARAty- for whom something is done PARAguay- destination PARAchute- the purpose for which something is done PARAdon me- the express an opinion comPARA- the compara or contrast PARAmedic- to express idea of deadline
Para
Por Expressions • POR ADELANTADO- IN ADVANCE • POR AHORA- FOR NOW • POR ALLÍ- AROUND THERE • POR AQUÍ- AROUND HERE • POR FAVOR- PLEASE • POR EJEMPLE- FOR EXAMPLE • POR DESGRACIA- UNFORTUNATELY • POR COMPLETO- COMPLETELY • POR LO TANTO- CONSEQUENTLY • POR MI PADRE- AS FOR ME • POR OTRA PARTE- ON THE OTHER HAND • POR SUERTE- FORTUNATELY • POR TODAS PARTES- EVERYWHERE • POR TODOSLADIAS- ON ALL SIDES • POR ÚLTIMO- FINALLY
Para Expressions • Para siempre- forever • Para abajo- downward • Para que?- Why? • Para variar- just for a change • Para que- so that, in order to • Para esa época- by that time • Estar para- to be about to • Para entonces- by that time• Para detrás- backward • Para otra vez- for another occasion • Ser tal para cual- be two of a kind • Para adelante- forward
Semester 2
Conditional
Conjugations
• ía • ías • íamos• íais• ían
Used to express possibility, probability, wonder, and would, should, could.
Caber
Decir
Hacer
Haber
Poder
QuererSaber
PonerSalir
Tener
Valer
Venir
Irregulars
Present Perfect Tense he hemos
has habéis
ha han
Perfect Tense is used to say have or has.
It is contructed by using the auxiliary verb
(haber) and then the past participle.
Example- He comiendo
(I have eaten)
Haber + past participle
Irregulars abrir (to open) - abierto
cubrir (to cover) - cubiertodecir (to say) - dicho)
escribir (to write) - escritofreír (to fry) - frito
hacer (to do) - hechomorir (to die) - muertoponer (to put) - puesto
resolver (to resolve) - resueltoromper (to break) - roto
ver (to see) - vistovolver (to return) - vuelto
Past Perfect Tense
Drop the infinitive ending (-ir, -er, or –ar) Then for an ar verb add ado, or for an er/ir verb add ido.
Irregulars (same as present) abrir (to open) - abierto
cubrir (to cover) - cubiertodecir (to say) - dicho
escribir (to write) - escritofreír (to fry) - frito
hacer (to do) - hechomorir (to die) - muertoponer (to put) - puesto
resolver (to resolve) - resueltoromper (to break) - roto
ver (to see) - vistovolver (to return) - vuelto
Example- El restaurante esta abierto. (The restaurant is open)
Subjunctive Perfect Tense
Indicates an action that is completed with verbs in the present or future tense.
Comercomo - o = comcom + a = comacom + as = comascom + a = comacom + amos = comamoscom + áis = comáiscom + an = coman
Haber - Haya - Hayas- Haya- Hayamos- Hayan
Tan and Tanto
When comparing things that are equal using adjectives or adverbs, use tan
tan+ adjective or adverb+ como
When comparing actions, use tanto
Tanto (-a,-as,-os)+ noun+ como
When comparing things that are equal using nouns, use tanto
Verb + tanto + como
Knowledge of facts or information
Knowledge of a noun (person, place, or things)
Saber Conocervs.
Example- Carlos sabe mucho información sobre perros.
Example- Carlos conoce Nina.
Impersonal Se Using impersonal se is a way to avoid being specific about, or towards a subject.
The verb is ALWAYS in the third person when using the impersonal se.
The impersonal se can be used in all tenses. Present, Preterite, Future, subjunctive, conditional, ect.
Example- Aquí, se habla español.
Example- Se vende fruta en la frutería.
Tu Commands
Regular - Go to the tu form - Drop the “s”
Irregulars - di - haz -ve -pon -sal -se -ten -ven
Regular - Go to the yo form - change to the
opposite vowel ending - add an “s”
Irregular - TVDISHES
NegativeAffirmative
Formal CommandsRegular- Go to yo form, then change
to the opposite vowel ending
Irregulars- TVDISHESDar-deEstar- esteIr- vaya Ser- seaSaber- sepa
*For ustedes add an “n” to the end of the verb.*
Regular- Go to yo form, then change to the opposite vowel ending
Irregulars- TVDISHESDar-deEstar- esteIr- vaya Ser- seaSaber- sepa
*For ustedes add an “n” to the end of the verb.*
NegativeAffirmative
DOP Placement Affirmative Commands
-The DOP is to be attached to the end of the verb. -It is also necessary to add an accent over the first syllable.
Example- Cómpralas.
Negative Commands - The DOP is to be placed in front of the command- No accent marks need to be added.
Example- Compra una bolsa.
IOP Placement
Affirmative - IOPs go after the verb
Example- Comprelo me
Negative - IOPS go before the verb
Example- Me lo compre
Nosotros Commands
Affirmative - Go to the nosotros form
of the verb- Change to the opposite
vowel ending Example- ¡Comemos!
*Irregulars are TVDISHES
Negative - Go to the nosotros form
of the verb. - Change to the opposite
vowel ending - Add the word no before
the verb Example- No comemos
allí.
Mono Verbs
In nosotros commands, in order to add a DOP, the
“s” is dropped off of the end of the
commandThen “nos” is added to
the end Example- Sentémonos
How to form the Subjunctive
Step 1
•Start off with the present tense yo form of the verb
Step 2
•Take off the o
Step 3
•Add the opposite ending (made like a formal command )
What is the Subjunctive?
What is the Subjunctive?
Wishing or Waiting
Doubt disbelief
Impersonal expressions Uncertainty Negation
God/Grief
Irregulares for Subjunctive
IrVaya VayasVaya
VayamosVayan
SaberSepa SepasSepa
SepamosSepan
SerSea
Seas seaSeamos
Sean
HaberHaya
Hayas Hayamos
Hayan
EstarEste EstesEste
EstemosEsten
DarDé Des Dé
DemosDen
Triggers for the Subjunctive
Triggers for the Subjunctive
Two independent clauses
Two different subject tenses
The word queEs necesario que
Es importante que
Impersonal Expressions
conviene que es importante que es bueno que
es aconsejable
que
es imposible que es difícil que es mejor que puede ser que
es dudoso que es fácil que ojalá que es incierto
que
es fantástico que
es improbable que
es increíble que
es probable que
Expressions of feeling or emotion
• alegrarse de que- to be happy that• es bueno que- it's good that• es conveniente que- it's convenient
that• es difícil que - it's hard• es extraño que- it's strange that• es fácil que - it's easy• es increíble que - it's incredible that• es interesante - it's interesting that• es inútil que- it's useless that (there's
no point)• es justo que - it's fair that• es (una) lástima que- it's a pity that• es malo que - it's ( too) bad that• es mejor que- it's better that• es peor que- it's worse that• es preferible que- it's preferable that
Expressions of doubt
• es dudoso que- it is doubtful that• es imposible que- it is impossible that• es improbable que- it is improbable
that• es posible que - it is possible that• es probable que- it is probable that• negar que- to deny• no es cierto que- it is not certain that• no es claro que - it's not clear that• no es evidente que- it is not obvious
that• no es obvio que- it is not obvious that• no es que- it's not that• no está seguro que- it is not certain
that• no es verdad que- it is not true that• tal vez -perhaps
Conjunctions of Time
- así que as soon as - cuando when - despues de que after - en cuanto as soon as- hasta que until - luego que as soon as - tan pronto como as soonas
These conjunctions are often used with the subjunctive.
They are used in the indicative mood, when they are used is sentences when the action is in the past tense.
Demonstratives este (this one - masculine)estos (these ones - masculine)esta (this one - feminine)estas (these ones - feminine)ese (that one - masculine)esos (those ones - masculine)esa (that one - feminine)esas (those ones - feminine)aquel (that one over there - masc.)aquellos (those ones over there - masc.)aquella (that one over there - fem.)aquellas (those ones over there - fem.)- Example- Este libro (This book) - Ese libro (That book)- Aquel libro (That book over there)
Demonstrative adjectives describe the noun.
Example of demonstrative adjective-Carlos lee este revista.
Demonstrative pronouns takes the place of the noun.
Example of demonstrative pronoun- Carlos lee este.