ADVERBS: PART OF SPEECH

Grammar studies:Part of speech: Adverbs, Adjectives, Nouns, Verbs, Pronouns, (her, him, herself) Conjunctions, (or, whereas) Prepositions and Determiners. (articles, demonstrative adjectives, quantifiers)

Grammar also studies: grammatical structures and word formation. (grammatical structures: passive voice, verb tenses, etc). W.Formation: Suffixes and Prefixes.

Part of Speech that describes verbs, adjectives,

other adverbs or sentences.--one word (e.g. “carefully”)

-- or a phrase (in the morning).

Definition of Adverb:

FORMATION OF ADVERBS:

Here we refer mainly to One-word adverbs. Adjectives + -ly. Adjectives ending in –l: we add –ly. (e.g.: carefully).Adjectives ending in –le: we drop the –e and

add -y: e.g.: gently.Adjectives ending in ic: they take –ally:

dramatically. With exceptions:Publicly.

ADVERBS VS. ADJECTIVES

Some words seem to be adverbs but they are adjectives: cowardly, elderly, friendly, lively, lonely, likely.

Some adverbs are used without –ly in everyday speech: Slow. Quick. Loud. Cheap.

Some adverbs are different whereas with or without –ly: Deep/Deeply. Hard/ Hardly. Pretty/ Prettily. High/highly. Near/nearly

ADVERBS VS. ADJECTIVES

Some words are both adverbs and adjectives:

Right- Wrong. Hourly- Dayly- Monthly- Weekly. Fast- Deep- Early- Late.

CLASSES OF ADVERBS:

MANNER TIME AND FREQUENCY. DEGREE PLACE AND DIRECTION FOCUS ADVERBS COMMENT AND VIEWPOINT ADVERBS

ADVERBS OF MANNER:

They express how the action is performed.Ex: Angrily, Emphatically. By bus, by train. Some are expressions or more-than-one-word

adverbials: Ex: In a quiet, threatening voice, … In amazement

ADVERBS OF TIME AND FREQUENCY

Adverbs of Time: Tomorrow – Yesterday-Adverbs of Frequency: They state how often

something happens. (once a day, regularly).They can be: Adverbs of Time – definite time-: Tomorrow- Yesterday.Adverbs of Time: indefinite time: some day. One

day.

Adverbs of Frequency: indefinite time:Regularly. Barely. Almost always.

Definite time: Once a day. Each day. Every morning.

ADVERBS OF DEGREE

They describe how the action is done: whether it is done totally or partially.

E.g.: Almost; fully; completely. Hardly; Rather; quite; nearly. Scarcely Expressions: “quite hardly”. “Almost

completely”.

ADVERBS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION

They are mainly prepositional phrases and adverbials.

E.g.: Under the table. Next to the bookshelf. Towards the station. Or: “there”. “here”.

FOCUS ADVERBS

They draw attention to the most important part of what we are talking about.

E.g.: especially, mainly, particularly, specifically.

There will be snow today, particularly in the north.

COMMENT ADVERBS

Comment adverbs are used to make a comment on what we or others are saying.

Ex:--how likely we think s.t. is: Apparently, Certainly, Undoubtedly, Obviously, Presumably, Clearly.

--Indicate our attitude to what was said: Sadly, Frankly, Seriously, Luckily. --Indicate a judgement of s.o.´s action: bravely,

stupidly, wisely, correctly, wrongly, generously.

VIEWPOINT ADVERBS

V.P. make clear what viewpoint we are speaking from They identify what features of something are being talked

about. E.g.Financially, it was a disaster for his family.

And many expressions: Politically speaking. From a political point of view. As far as politics are concerned In terms of politics In political terms.

POSITION OF ADVERBS:

There are three main positions for adverbs which modify a verb:

END FRONT and MID Position.

END POSITION:

The adverb is placed after the verb, either immediately after the verb, or later in the clause:

They played quietly all day. He sat in the corner, quietly.

FRONT AND MID POSITION:

FRONT POSITION: The adverb is placed before the subject. Ex: Sometimes I feel like going home.

MID POSITION:Between the subject and verb. Ex: He is always playing football there. **Or immediately after verb “to be” or the

auxiliary verb. Ex: He usually plays better than me.

END POSITION:

The adverb goes after the VERB + THE OBJECT.

Ex: We considered the problem briefly.

If the object is a long expression, the adverb goes before the object:

Ex: We considered briefly the long-term solution to the problem.

If there is a verb followed by an ing-form, we avoid putting the adverb in the middle, so it goes after the ing form.

Ex: He began running quickly.

End position is usual for many adverbials of place, definite frequency and definite time:

Ex: They live upstairs. She goes there weekly. She will go there in May.

FRONT POSITION:

Most types of adverb commonly go in front position in a clause. In particular:

--Connecting adverbs: to make clear the logical relation to the previous sentence.

“As a result”. Similarly- The same happened with… Afterwards, …

… CONNECTING ADVERBS/ FRONT POSITION:

--Time and place adverbs: Add more information about a previous reference to a time or place or show a contrast:

Tomorrow,… Nearby.

--Comment and Viewpoint Adverbs. “Sincerely, we can say that …”

MID POSITION:

--Degree adverbs: We almost missed the train. I greatly admire your work.

--Adverbs which indicate the order of events: I first met her in 1997. But in order to list actions we put them in

front position.

MID POSITION ADVERBS:

Adverbs of frequency when it is only 1 word: I often get there late. I regularly take a bus to get there.

--But adverbial closes of indefinite frequency (As a rule, On many occasions, from time to time) are used in front or end position

MANY ADVERBS ALTOGETHER

Usually if there are adverbs of manner, place and time, the order is: Manner- place-time. Ex: We usually go the park once a week.

In case of verbs of movement or direction, the order is: Place- Manner- time.

We will arrive at the station by bus, tomorrow.

THANK YOU, TEACHER…