Grammar Relative Clauses

Relative Clause (Adjectival clause) Clause = S + V +... adj N

The tall man

adj clause / relative clause

The man who is tall S V

Relative pronouns

people = who / whom / that / whose

things = which / that / whose

that = people, things, subject, object

That NOT after a comma eg ..., that...,

who = people he she they we it I subject

which = things

whose = people and things, possessive his her their our

whom after prepositions eg to whom, with whom

where / when / why / how

whose = its / his / her / their / our

Two types of relative clauses:

1 Defining / Essential / Identifying = they define or identify telling us who or which

2 Non-defining / Non-essential / Non-identifying = they give extra information

,... ,

Defining

Subject people - who / that things - which / that

Object people - whom / that / - things - which / that / -

Possessive people and things - whose

Non-defining

Subject people - who things - which

Object people - whom things - which

Possessive people and things - whose

1 Abraham Lincoln was President of the United States from 1861 - 1865. He was assassinated.non-defining

S V

Abraham Lincoln, he was assassinated, was President of the United States from 1861 - 1865.

who

2 Harry is late. I don't know the reason.

I don't know the reason Harry is late.

why3 Miss Smith is the manager. She is very helpful.

non-defining

S V

Miss Smith, she is very helpful, is the manager.

who4 My watch was stolen. I've had it for 10 years.non-defining if I have only one watch S V O

My watch I've had it for 10 years, was stolen.

My watch, which I've had it for 10 years, was stolen.

defining if I have two or more watches

S V O

My watch I've had it for 10 years was stolen.

My watch which I've had it for 10 years was stolen.

My watch that I've had it for 10 years was stolen.

My watch I've had it for 10 years was stolen.

5 They ran out of petrol miles from anywhere. This was a disaster.

non-defining

They ran out of petrol miles from anywhere, which This was a disaster.

6 Let's go to a cafe. We can listen to good music there.

defining

Let's go to a cafe where we can listen to good music there.

7 I don't know that student. You were talking to him.

defining

S V O

I don't know that student. You were talking to him.

I don't know that student whom you were talking to him.

I don't know that student that you were talking to him.

I don't know that student you were talking to him.

to whomwith whom

8 This is a book. I'd like to buy it.

defining

S V O

This is a book. I'd like to buy it.

This is a book which I'd like to buy it.This is a book that I'd like to buy it.

This is a book I'd like to buy it.

S V

a I'd love to meet someone. This person could teach me how to cook.defining subject people who / that could teach me how to cook. I'd love to meet someone This person could teach me how to cook.

S V

b We're looking for a house. It has four bedrooms.

defining subject thing which / that has four bedrooms.

We're looking for a house it has four bedrooms.

`

S V

c We went to see Romeo and Juliet It was one of the best films I've ever seen.

non-defining subject thing , which was one of the best films I've ever seen.

We went to see Romeo and Juliet It was one of the best films I've ever seen.

S V

d Do you know a shop It sells second-hand furniture.defining subject thing which / that sells second-hand furniture.

Do you know a shop It sells second-hand furniture.

possessive

e Marilyn Monroe Her real name was Norma Jean Baker died of an overdose of barbiturates.

non-defining possessive , whose...,Marilyn Monroe Her real name was Norma Jean Baker died of an overdose of barbiturates.

Marilyn Monroe, whose real name was Norma Jean Baker, died of an overdose of barbiturates.

S V

f I find people They lose their temper difficult to get on with.

defining subject people who / thatI find people They lose their temper difficult to get on with.

I find people who / that lose their temper difficult to get on with.

S V O

g My computer I bought it last year is already out of date.

you only have one computer = non-defining object , which...,My computer I bought it last year is already out of date.

My computer, which I bought last year, is already out of date.

S V O

h I met a girl You went to school with her.

defining object people whom / that / -I met a girl You went to school with.

I met a girl whom you went to school with.

I met a girl that you went to school with.

I met a girl you went to school with.

S V O

i Professor James Williams Many people consider him to be the world's expert on butterflies will

give a talk next week.non-defining object people , whom...,Professor James Williams Many people consider him to be the world's expert on butterflies will

give a talk next week.

Professor James Williams, whom many people consider to be the world's expert on butterflies,

will give a talk next week.

S V O

j I bought a ham and pickle sandwich I ate it immediately.

non-defining object thing ,which... .I bought a ham and pickle sandwich I ate it immediately.

I bought a ham and pickle sandwich, which I ate immediately.SubjectObjectPossessive + objectPossessive + objecthehimhis pen

his

sheherher pen

hers

theythemtheir pen

theirs

Imymy pen

mine

weusour pen

ours

youyouyour pen

yours

ititits pen

its

Grammar Unit 9 Relative Clauses p60Relative clause = Adjectival clause (because they describe)

The tall man

The man who is tallRelative pronouns: that / who / whom / which..... when / why / how / where

to whom

Defining relative clauses (tell us who / defines)

The student who is wearing glasses and is from Brazil = HallineNon-defining relative clauses (give extra information ,..........., )

Halline, who is a hardworking student, will pass the FCE test.

Subject relative pronoun (who)

I like the girl. She is a good dancer. (she > subject)I like the girl who she is a good dancer.

Object relative pronoun (whom)I like the boy. You went to the party with him. (him > object)I like the boy whom you went to the party with him.

I met a girl. You went to school with her. (her > object)

I met a girl whom you went to school with her2 This is Mr Smith whose son plays in our team.

3 Her book, which was published last year, became a bestseller.

4 This is the bank from which we borrow money from.

5 The person who I told you about is at the door.

6 Jack, whose car had broken down, had to take a bus.

I live in the house. The door of the house is open.I live in the house of which the door is open.

with regard to = regardingwith respect to = respecting

in relation to = relating to

triggered

a few of thea lot of (the)