grammar reviews important notes to study these reviews are the highlights of the lectures in the...
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GRAMMARReviews
• Important Notes to Study
• These reviews are the highlights of the lectures in the classroom.
Week OneParts of Speech and Nouns
Unit 4
Lesson 1
• Figures of Speech • Useful – Construct
sentences – Punctuation– Common Language
with professionals– HSAP
The function of different groups of words
Lesson 2
• Nouns • Two Types –Common –Proper
person, place, thing
Common:Thing Two:abstract
concrete CapitalizationThing One:
Proper:
General- lower
Specific- Capital
Lesson 3
• To make nouns plural Nouns
• If the word ends in y, look at the letter before the y– vowel– consonant
---add an s
Words that end in o
Add an es
Exception to the y rules:
ch, sh, x, or z
Family name or a product name:Memorize the spellings
Add an s
Add an sChange the y to an i and add es
Add s to make abbreviations plural
Lesson 4• Compound Nouns
A few nouns you just have to memorize
Nouns made up of more than one wordEX: brother –in-law
With some plural forms, you do have a choice :
add an s
When in doubt, check a ______________. The first plural form listed is the one that is the most common.
When making compound nouns plural, ------------- on the important noun.
dictionary
micedeer
Examples: brothers-in-law runners-up.
- tooth- child
teethchildren
oxenknives
- ox- knife
Computer mouseCactusIndexBus
mice or mousescacti or cactusesindices or indexesBuses or busses
mousedeer
Week TwoUnit 4
Lesson 5 - Verbs
A ________ is a word that _____________________, _____ another verb to a subject , _______ another verb or, or merely indicates ___________.
verbshows action
links helps
existence
Recognize the Types
Action Linking Helping
Action Verbs
An ________ verb expresses __________ or________action.
Physical Action:
___________________________________________________
Mental Action: _______________________________________
verb
physicalmental
Kick, swallowspeak, build, close
ponder, believe,consider, imagine
Linking Verbs A ________ verb does not express action; it _____________ a word (a noun, pronoun, or adjective that identifies or describes the subject) in the _____________ to the ___________.
Linking Verbs
AmIsAreWasWereBe BeingBeen
Taste FeelSmellSoundLookStayAppearBecomeSeem GrowRemain
linking
links
predicate
subject
Helping Verbs
A _________ verb helps the main verb to make a statement. A verb ______ is a main verb and its ________verbs. This phrase can be interrupted by other verbs.
Helping Verbs
AmIsAreWasWereBe BeingBeen
Have Has Had Do Did Does
Shall Will Should Will May Might Must Can Could
helping
phrase
helping
Transitive / Intransitive A ________ verb is a verb that has _________
of the action to complete its meaning.
transitive receiver
An ________ verb is a verb that does ______ have a __________ of the action.
intransitive notreceiver
Some verbs can be ________ or __________ depending on how they are used.
transitive intransitive
Transitive verbs _________ action to an object and if you take the object out, it doesn’t make sense.
transfer
Michael hit the ball. transitive
Week TwoUnit 4
VERBSAction Linking Helping BEING
To be
Action Verbs and Linking Verbs
Action verbs describe action.RunJumpSwim
Linking or being verbs describe a state of being.
linking verbs are not about action but about connecting other words together.
The verb to be is the basic linking verb.The word is a form of the verb to be.
Squiggly is yellow.Squiggly yellow.
is
note:
To Be:Simple Forms of
Present Past I am wasshe/he/it is waswe/you/they are were
Others that Link ….
• Seem• Appear• Look• Become
Verbs that describe the senses….
• Feel• smell
NOTE: There are at least 60 linking verbs in the English language.
Complications……
• A tip – See if you can replace the verb with a form of to be. If so, it is probably a linking verb.
• We grow tired.
• We are tired.
• It tastes salty.
• It is salty.
• He smells badly.
• He is badly.
Some verbs can be both linking verbs and action verbs.
Linking
Linking
Action
Action or Linking – Practice 1. The monkey looked hungry.
2. The monkey looked for food.
3. The soup tasted good.
4. I tasted the soup.
5. He grew into a tall man.
6. He grew tired of walking.
7. Mother appeared happy at her party.
8. Mother appeared quietly in the room.
9. The bugle sounded loudly.
10. The bugle sounds loud.
Linking Action
Linking Action
Action Linking
Linking Action
Action Linking
Every complete sentence contains two parts:
•a subject
• The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about,
• a predicate.
• The predicate tells something about the subject.
She ate pizza.She pizza
Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive.• Transitive verbs
express action upon a direct object.
• The dog bit me.• She appealed the decision.• I dropped my backpack.
• Intransitive verbs do not express action upon a direct object.
• The rain poured through the open window.
• The experiment failed.• The backpack dropped into
the mud.
Transitive Verbs have Voice.
• Active voice – the subject is doing the action.
• Sharon made mistakes.• The dog bit him.• I dropped the backpack.
• Passive voice – the subject is receiving the action.
• Use passive sparingly. • If the doer of the action is
unknown.• If the object is more
important than the doer of the action.
• Many errors were made in the yearbook captions.
Active or Passive – Practice 1. A delicious aroma was sent through the house by the baking lasagna.
2. The daVinci masterpiece was hung in the Louvre in Paris.
3. Pepe left the water running in the bathtub.
4. Someone broke the window while we were away.
5. John guarantees a splendid time for us all.
6. Many errors were made in the baseball game.
7. Alex made many errors in the baseball game.
8. The mechanic replaced the car’s shock absorbers.
9. I am expected at home at midnight by my parents.
10. Praise for a job well done is appreciated by everyone.
passive Passive
active active
active passive active
activepassive
passive
Change the passive voice to the active 1. A delicious aroma was sent through the house by
the baking lasagna.
2. The daVinci masterpiece was hung in the Louvre in Paris.
3. Many errors were made in the baseball game.
4. I am expected at home at midnight by my parents.
5. Praise for a job well done is appreciated by everyone.
A few commonly misused verbs:
Sit – to be
seated
…. Sit & Set
I always ________ near a window.
Please _______ the plant near the window.
Set – to put or place something
sit
set
A few commonly misused verbs:
Rise – to go
up
…. Rise & Raise
________ your hands.
Please _______ the and recite the poem.
Raise – to lift something
raise
rise
A few commonly misused verbs:
Lie – to
recline
…. Lie & Lay
She ________ down to nap.
Please _______ the book here.
Lay –to put or play something.
lies
lay
And others … Affect – to influence Effect – to accomplish or
the result of an action
Bring – movement toward you
Take – movement away from you
Can – ability May – permission
Imply – to suggest Infer – To draw a
conclusion
Learn – To obtain knowledge
Teach – to give instruction
Let – to allow Leave – to go away from
or to cause to remain
Week Three Unit 4