GRAMMAR OUTLOOK

A. THE SNAP-SHOT

NOUN

PRONOUN

ADJECTIVE

VERB

PARTS OFSPEECH ADVERB

PREPOSITION

CONJUNCTION

INTERJECTION

BUT OH , HE RUSHED QUICKLY TOWARD THE GOAL( Conj) ( Interject ) ( Pron ) ( Verb ) ( Adverb ) ( Prep) ( Adj ) ( Noun )

SENTENCE, CLAUSE, PHRASE

COHERENCE AND UNITY

PARTS OFSENTENCE EMPHASYS AND VARIETY

SENTENCE ANALYSIS

PARSING & SYNTAX

UNIT 1NOUN

a name of anything

A. THE SNAP - SHOTa. collective

audience , class , club , the poor , family , regiment , the richparliament , College of Cardinals ,Congress ,Etc

b. concentrate / capable of being conceived on the senses ball , can , desk , shirt , stone ,the poor , the rich ,the good ,the

brave , the true , the pure , the common ,the special ,etc

c abstract Fear , happiness , perfection , strength , knowledge , distance ,

honesty , advice , choice , childhood , weight , belief , pleasure ,leakage , heroism , friendship , roundness , heaviness, etcService/serving/to serve

d. diminutive / a derivative indicating something small, young or loved

COMMON & * booklet, wordling , kitten, birdie , kid , etcPARTICULAR/ PROPER

e. agent Pianist , teacher , student , employee , employer ,

interviewer , interviewee , etc

- Masculine# bachelor , boy , ,bull , cock , groom , horse ,

Monk ,drake , earl , duke , king , actor ,nephewf. gender don , emperor , governor , god , hero , tiger , etc

- Feminine* Spinster , girl , cow , hen , bride , mare , lady , nun ,

duck, queen , actress , niece , Donna , empress ,Lioness ,shepherdess ,governess, goddess, heroine,

prophetess, mistress ,etcCommon

* child, parent,friend etc ,mistress prophetessg. person

* Bill , Joe , Gilbert , American,European,Chinese,surabayan ,etcAlexander-the great,St John,Popeye-the sailor, etc

- Singular* a dog , an apple ,a foot , an hour , a wish

a university ,a hero , a wish , a man , etch. Number of Noun

# All the UCN+ Water,money,sugar,flour,chalk,economics

Mathematics,Honesty, freedom ,pride , etc- Plural* dogs , mice , feet , teeth , books ,oxen, heroes

cities ,wishes women, men, churches , etci. Compound noun - combination of two / more words

* ear-ring , oil-lamp , ring-finger , rail-way, cooking-stove , drinking-water ,dining-room , high-land , under-tone , grind-stone ,boys-school , girls-school, horse-race , a pick-pocket , a fortune- teller , tax-payer , a tell-tale , a shoe-maker , house-building ,out-look , out-fit , out-put , in-put , outcome ,income , run-away , break-through , break-down , fare-well , cast-away ,break-up , sports-man , sales-man , sea-man ,oil-man , crafts-man , wood-man , he-goat , she-goat , maid-servant , man-servant , man of war ,man of justice , ticket of leave , son–in law , boy of no words , Mr.know it all , man of news , a girl of mine , boy of yours , etc

B. Passage

The Bat, the Birds, and the Beasts

A great conflict was about to come off between theBirds and the Beasts. When the two armies were collectedtogether. The Bat hesitated to join .The Birds that passedhis perch said: ‘Come with us"; but he said: ‘I am aBeast.’ Later on, some Beasts who were passingunderneath him looked up and said: ‘Come with us"; buthe said: ‘I am a Bird.’

Luckily at the last moment, peace was made and nobattle took place. so the Bat came to the Birds and wishedto join in the rejoicings but they all turned against him andhe had to fly away. He then went to the Beasts, but soonhad to beat a retreat, or else they would have torn him topieces.

‘He that is neither one thing nor the other has no friends.’

C. Identify which word is the Noun

1. A great conflict was about to come offbetween the Birds and the Beasts

2. When the two armies were collected Together3. The Bat hesitated to join4. The Birds that passed his perch said: ‘Come with us"5. but he said: ‘I am a Beast.’6. Later on, some Beasts who were passing underneath

him looked up and said: ‘Come with us"7. but he said: ‘I am a Bird.’8. Luckily at the last moment, peace was made and no

battle took place9. so the Bat came to the Birds and wished to join in the

rejoicings10. but they all turned against him and he had to fly

away11. He then went to the Beasts12. but soon had to beat a retreat, or else they would

have torn him to pieces

D. Various exercise.find the derivative if avalaible

Noun Verb Adjective

13. conflict ……….. ……………..14. ……… ………. great15. ……… collect …………….16. peace ……….. ……………..17. battle ………. ……………..18. retreat ………. ………..........19. rejoicing ………. ……………..20. ……….. fly ……………..21. ……….. beat ……………..22. ………. hesitate ……………..

23. ……….. say ……………..24. ………. ……….. lucky25. ……… wish ……………..26. ……… ………… last27. ………… join ……………….

E. Various exercise.Change into Plural/Singular and modify the sentence

28. A great conflict was about to come off between theBirds and the Beasts

29. When the two armies were collected Together30. The Bat hesitated to join31. The Birds that passed his perch said: ‘Come with us"32. but he said: ‘I am a Beast.’33. Later on, some Beasts who were passing underneath

him looked up and said: ‘Come with us"34. but he said: ‘I am a Bird.’35. Luckily at the last moment, peace was made and no

battle took place36. so the Bat came to the Birds and wished to join in the

rejoicings37. but they all turned against him and he had to fly

away38. He then went to the Beasts39. but soon had to beat a retreat, or else they would

have torn him to pieces

F. Various exercise.Find the Noun and decide if the Noun – CN or UCN

40. My parents bought some furniture .They are chairs,tables and desks

41. My mom wears jewelry. Today she is wearingrings,bracelet,and a necklace

42. Mathematics is hard for many people but the othersubjects like English is easy and fun

43. We enjoy the beautiful scenery especially mountains,water falls, rivers and hills

44. I have some money in coins and papers45. The weather is fine today and the sunshine is warm46. We wish you happiness, health and luck in your life47. Gold and iron are metals48. They don’t have meat, rice, kerosene, cheese, butter,

fruit and vegetables49. Would you like to buy some food ? there’s a nice

sandwich and a free apple50. Tom has black hair and brown eyes51. We have much rain and flood in the years to come52. time flies so fast so it’s better not to waste our energy53. Have you done your homework yet ?54. in English ,we can learn words, slang, grammar and

vocabulary55. I like sports for example soccer and chess

UNIT 2PRONOUN

A SUBSTITUTE FOR A NOUN

A. THE SNAP – SHOT

ADJECTIVE PRONOUN – An adjective to substitute a noun Few are sick though the virus is still unknown

( = few people are sick ) too much is dangerous,etc

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN My (=the speaker’s ) hat is red and yours is green This book is mine and that’s hers ,etc

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN Music and literature are cultural subjects. This (the latter = literature) acquired rather

than innate, that ( the former = music) innate rather than acquired Gus Dur does some controversial things but these alone will not satisfy you Sorry I can’t tell the journalists why he left the show .That means it’s off the record Love those who hate you. that’s what Jesus said ,etc

INDEFINITE PRONOUN none (=no people ) have arrived yet to the Gallery anyone may come to the palace during Idul Fitri Nothing is impossible All (= all the things ) are not gold Somebody (= that person )has come to see you Do it ! Don’t do another / others He knows much Either is fine with me anytime you give me choices but Can I choose Both ? neither is yours in this world ,etc

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN Who ( = any person ) did this must be crazy Where (= the place ) she comes from doesn’t bother me Don’t ask What (= the thing ) your country has done for you

but ask what (= the thing ) you have done for your country I will tell you When (= the best time ) to go This is what (= the thing ) you asked for I shall reward whoever (= any person ) finishes first ,etc

PERSONAL PRONOUN – all to substitute a person in any perspective I ( = the speaker ) myself don’t know that at all ,etc his idea (= that man’s) is right ,etc Some people are talking about the idea of yours ( = the speaker’s partner ) ,etc Mr. Lee knows them (= those people ) ,etc One (= a person ) should study if he (= this person ) wants to be successful It is I (= the speaker ) who made this happen ,etc

RELATIVE PRONOUN – a pronoun as a conjunction as well

He found the best Avatar who ( = and this person ) can lead him into God There is a yacht which ( = and this yacht ) I want to buy They gave us such information as (= and this was the information ) they knew He is the man whom (= this person ) I believe who will win the election,etc

B. Passage

The Sick Lion

The king who ruled over a jungle and animals formany years had come to the end of his days and lay sickunto death at the mouth of his cave, gasping for breath.Many came round and drew nearer him as he grew moreand more helpless.

When they saw him on the point of death theythought to themselves:’ Now is the time to pay off oldgrudges.’ So the Boar came up and drove at him with histusks; then a Bull gored him with his horns; still the Lionlay helpless before them: so the Ass, feeling quite safefrom danger, came up, and turning his tail to the Lionkicked up his heels into his face. ‘This is a double death,’growled the Lion.

Only cowards insult dying majesty.

C. Find the pronoun

1. The king who ruled over a jungle and animals formany years had come to the end of his days and laysick unto death at the mouth of his cave, gasping forbreath

2. Many came round and drew nearer him as he grewmore and more helpless

3. When they saw him on the point of death4. they thought to themselves:’ Now is the time to pay

off old grudges.’5. So the Boar came up and drove at him with his tusks;6. then a Bull gored him with his horns7. still the Lion lay helpless before them:8. so the Ass, feeling quite safe from danger, came up,

and turning his tail to the Lion kicked up his heelsinto his face

9. ‘This is a double death,’ growled the Lion.

D. Various exercisefind the derivative if avalaible

Noun Verb Adjective

10. …………. Rule ………………..11. …………. …………….. sick12. death …………….. ………………..13. …………. …………….. helpless14. ………….. think ………………..15. danger ……………. ………………..16. safe ……………. ………………..17. face ……………. ………………..18. feeling ……………. ………………..19. breath …………… ………………..20. ………. …………….. old21. ………. Turn ………………..22. ………. Gore ………………..

E. Various exerciseChange into the real noun of the pronoun

23. The king who ruled over a jungle and animals formany years had come to the end of his days and laysick unto death at the mouth of his cave, gasping forbreath

24. Many came round and drew nearer him as he grewmore and more helpless

25. When they saw him on the point of death26. they thought to themselves:’ Now is the time to pay

off old grudges.’27. So the Boar came up and drove at him with his tusks;28. then a Bull gored him with his horns29. still the Lion lay helpless before them:30. so the Ass, feeling quite safe from danger, came up,

and turning his tail to the Lion kicked up his heelsinto his face

31. ‘This is a double death,’ growled the Lion

F. Various exerciseDo into the best pronoun for this sentence

32. John saw a snake, this snake , John thought wouldhurt John unless John killed the snake with a stick ,this stick john had in John’s hand

33. Sue…….. saw the accident .this accident happenedright before Sue’s eyes and now Sue is keepingSue’s mind on the accident , that accident couldhappen to Sue herself any day

34. Narcissus loved ……as the Myth says ,this Myth istold that Narcissus couldn’t love anyone but ……..and finally Narcissus fell into Narcissus’ well asNarcissus saw Narcissus’s own shadow on the well’swater.

35. I studied Greek and Latin when I was young and Istudied Greek and Latin at Oxford

36. Make the best use of your time at school. andmaking the best use of time at school is a good boy

37. You paid your debts; and the payment of your debtsis quite sufficient to prove your honesty

38. He gained a prize last year but he didn’t gain a prizethis year

39. Work and play are both necessary to health; playgives us rest ,and work gives us energy

40. Dogs are more faithful animals than cats; cats attachthemselves to places ,and dogs to persons

41. I have treated him as he deserved; and he knows myhaving treated him as he deserved

42. My mother came yesterday ;we were glad to see mymother

43. The sun has risen; the sun shines brightly44. No persons have left for the meeting45. To hear such a bad news is sad46. The air of mountains is cooler than the air of plains47. the houses of the rich are larger than the house of the

poor48. No people but the brave deserves the fair49. This horse is stronger than that horse50. I prefer a white horse to a black horse

UNIT 3ADJECTIVE

A TERM USED TO DESCRIBE / TO LIMIT A NOUN

A. THE SNAP – SHOT

DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE Bali has gorgeous view All basket players are tall men and Yao Ming is the tallest among all She comes up with a difficult question ,etc

PROPER ADJ – adjective from a proper noun I don’t care whether you speak American English or British English Some people like Chinese food and Javanese food Don’t think European culture is always good ,etc

PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE – adjective having prefix , suffix or both

Believable , fortunate , economical , divine , sensible , faithful , faithless , godly,thirsty , quarrelsome , verbose , wretched , silken , provident , civilizing , favorite ,eastern , restive , distinguished , unknown , irritant ,hopeful, glorious , disgraceful ,immoral ,unhappy ,active , inactive , co-operative ,obtainable , unobtainable , fine ,superfine ,limitable , illimitable , etc

QUANTITATIVE ADJ He has eaten some bread * He reads a few books He hasn’t eaten any bread * He reads the few books he has He had little money * He reads all the books He spent the little money he had , etc

NUMERAL ADJ When I was a kid , My father raised a dozen of sheep A century is a hundred years Nobody knows when the world ends. It can be at least a thousand decade more I have written nine books on English , etc

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJ This/that tree was planted by my Dad Those/these eyes saw the deed Such food doesn’t satisfy me He came to my house on such a day; and I gave such and such an answer to his

question ,etc

INDEFINITE ADJ He came one day to see me Any man can do that; Don’t show off Some men called here today ( I forget them specifically ) He owed me some Rp 20 .000,- (= about ) He has no books other than English He went there the other day She will stay here for about a week or so ,etc

DISTRIBUTIVE ADJ The two men struck each other During the social work They all help one another They went out two by two / by twos/two and two / two at a time They went to their respective home ,etc

COMPOUND- ADJ - combination of two / more words Brave-hearted, long-debated , heart-rending, soul-stirring, one-sided, under-cover,etc

B. PASSAGE

The Dog and the Shadow

It happened that one dog had got a piece of meat andwas carrying it home in his mouth to eat it in peace. Nowon his way home he had to cross a plank lying across arunning brook.

As he crossed, he looked down and saw his ownshadow reflected in the water beneath. Thinking it wasanother dog with another piece of meat, he made up hismind to have that also. So he made a snap at the shadowin the water, but as he opened his mouth the piece of meatfell out, dropped into the water and was never seen more.

Beware lest you lose the substance by grasping at theshadow.

C. Find the Adjective

1. It happened that one dog had got a piece of meat2. and was carrying it home in his mouth to eat it in

peace3. Now on his way home he had to cross a plank lying

across a running brook4. As he crossed, he looked down and saw his own

shadow reflected in the water beneath5. Thinking it was another dog with another piece of

meat, he made up his mind to have that also6. So he made a snap at the shadow in the water7. but as he opened his mouth the piece of meat fell out,

dropped into the water and was never seen more

D. Various exercisefind the derivative if avalaible

Noun Verb Adjective

8. …………. Reflect ………………..9. ………… open ………………..10. ………… happen ………………..11. ………… ………… running12. snap ………… ……………….13. ………… fall ……………….14. ………… loose ……………….15. shadow ………… ………………16. ………… grasp ………………17. peace ………… ………………18. ………… see ………………19. ………… think ………………20. home ………… ………………

E. Various exercisefind the adjective in this sentence as a degree

21. this boy is as smart as that22. this boy is less/far smarter than that23. this boy is smarter than that24. this boy is the smarter of those two25. this boy is the smartest in the city

26. Sanskrit is the greatest of all the languages in theworld and it becomes a must language for all Britishprofessors

27. Adam was the goodliest man of men28. this is a minor importance to our meeting29. I like the interior parts of the building30. He is a minor31. His father is a major32. Do you have the former and the latter testament ?33. It’s not easy to find out the inner meaning34. Space is the outer world. You are not back soon35. go ahead to the upper level36. She is my elder sister37. It’s my first experience not my second38. When it comes to sports ,Soccer is the primary while

the others are the secondary39. Telegram is no longer used40. The previous test is more difficult than the present41. his house is next to mine

F. Various exercisefind the adjective in this sentence as a Noun

42. Right or wrong is my country43. I’ve told you many secrets.44. much/little/more/less/many has been done45. Can you give your all to God ?46. Do your best to finish the work !47. his worst has come48. Uphold the morals49. everyone has sweets and bitters50. we discuss the whole51. We prefer the moderns to the traditionals52. We should know the actuals before judging53. are you curious about the ancients ?54. every man has his betters55. I’m just the commons not the specials56. slow and steady wins the life57. Remember the sweets among us58. all things are pure to the pure59. I don’t like the exterior but the interior is marvelous60. Only the brave deserve the fair

G. Various exercisefind the adjective in this sentence as an Adverb

61. He beat them black and blue62. I love you for better or for worse63. He struck out right and left64. We must defense our country right or wrong65. I know the procedure from first to last66. carry on your life for good and all !67. She knew it at last68. The president explains the project in general69. I search my lighter in the dark70. Set up this business at best71. in future man doesn’t need religion72. you have done the work in the wrong. Start over it in

the right73. Pass along the street on the left while you are here74. there is a ghost on your right

UNIT 4VERB

A TERM IN REGARD TO ACTION / STATE OR CONDITION

A. THE SNAP – SHOT

COPULATIVE VERB Appear , become , seem , taste , look , prove , grow , continue , feel ,get , remain , sound , stay , turn ,smell,

CAUSATIVE VERB Darken, soften, enlighten, brighten, shorten, lengthen, tighten, blacken, whiten, better, thicken, broaden,

enlarge, ensure, endanger, etc

NON PROGRESSIVE VERB Know,realize,understand,recognize,believe,feel,suppose,think,doubt,imagine,remember,forget,want,need,

prefer,mean,love,like,appreciate,hate,dislike,fear,envy,mind,care,posses,have,own,belong,taste,smell,hearfeel,see,seem,look,appear,cost,weigh,owe,be,exist,consist,contain, include, exclude , etc

IMPERSONAL VERB - verbs related to a shadow subject it rains hard, it snows, it shines, it is known ,

it comes to me that , it is said it goes without saying that, it looks easy to…, it is understoodit seems to me that …. , it happens to me , etc

PRINCIPAL VERB – main verbs related to tense formula I have known … He is going … They can come ….

She had better study….. You ought to be here ….. She would like to ….., ,etc

AUXILIARY VERB – a helping verbs to tense formula I have known …. He is going …… They can come ……

She had better study…. You ought to be here …. She would like t….. ,etc

REGULAR VERB Study-studied-studied look-looked,-looked play-played-played ,etc

IRREGULAR VERB Take-took-taken sleep-slept-slept read-read-read , etc …(.see the list )

INTRANSITIVE VERB – need no object Sleep run walk stand dance work go come live ,etc

GERUND-RELATED Like prefer enjoy stand hate love

intend start continue finish keep admitAvoid can’t help mind regret remember stop

TRANSITIVE VERB Risk quit postpone resist suggest missNeed an object Practice discuss advise anticipate recommend

Mention appreciate recall recollect resent

NO PREPOSITIONAL VERB make read write

discuss find washkill take sing, etc

PREPOSITIONAL VERBS cry (for) think ( of ) laugh (at )

listen (to ) apply (for ) wait (for )shoot (at ) care (of ) etc, (see the list)

NO PREPOSITIONAL COMPUND VERB look up find out try on

COMPOUND VERBS give up look after turn on

2/more words-Phrasal Verbs get on take off Etc , see the list

PREPOSITIONAL COMPOUND VERB look forward (to) wait up (for ) stay away (from )

take a look (at ) have a try (on ) make a wish (for )take care (of ) come up (with ) etc ,see the list

B. Passage

The Wolf and the Crane

A Wolf had been gorging on an animal he had killed,when suddenly a small bone in the meat stuck in his throatand he could not swallow it. He soon felt terrible pain inhis throat, and ran up and down groaning and groaningand seeking for something to relieve the pain. He tried toinduce every one he met to remove the bone. ‘I wouldgive anything,’ said he, ‘if you would take it out.’ At lastthe Crane agreed to try, and told the Wolf to lie on his sideand open his jaws as wide as he could. Then the Crane putits long neck down the Wolf’s throat, and with its beakloosened the bone, till at last it got it out. ‘Will you kindlygive me the reward you promised?’ said the Crane. TheWolf grinned and showed his teeth and said: ‘Be content.You have put your head inside a Wolf’s mouth and takenit out again in safety; that ought to be reward enough foryou.’

Gratitude and greed go not together.

C. Find the Verb1. A Wolf had been gorging on an animal he had killed2. when suddenly a small bone in the meat stuck in his

throat and he could not swallow it.3. He soon felt terrible pain in his throat, and ran up

and down groaning and groaning and seeking forsomething to relieve the pain

4. He tried to induce every one he met to remove thebone. ‘I would give anything,’ said he, ‘if you wouldtake it out.

5. At last the Crane agreed to try, and told the Wolf tolie on his side and open his jaws as wide as he could

6. Then the Crane put its long neck down the Wolf’sthroat, and with its beak loosened the bone, till at lastit got it out.

7. Will you kindly give me the reward you promised?’said the Crane

8. The Wolf grinned and showed his teeth and said: ‘Becontent. You have put your head inside a Wolf’smouth and taken it out again in safety; that ought tobe reward enough for you.’

D. Various exercise.find the derivative if avalaible

Noun Verb Adjective

9. kill ……………..10. ……… ………. sudden11. ……… ………. small12. pain ……….. ……………..13. relieve ……………..14. ……….. try ………..........15. ……….. remove ……………..16. ……….. give ……………..17. ……….. meet ……………..18. ……….. agree ……………..

19. ………. tell …………….20. ………. …………. long21. reward ………... …………….22. ………. promise …………….23. content ……… …………….24. ………. Induce …………….

E. Various exercise.Insert the best verb

25. October is here .The leaves are ……… brown andthe days are getting ………

26. Now George cannot see at all .He ……. Blind manyyears ago

27. He ……. asleep before the class began28. You ………… fresh today. Have you …. A bath ?29. I ……. It difficult to write without looking30. If you ……….. it a good idea .Let’s do it31. Jim …… himself when he sliced bread32. There …….a day when Dave had enough money33. It ……….. as if it’s going to be a lovely day34. Your vocabulary is still quite poor. You can …….. it

by reading a lot of English articles35. Your shoes are wet. It must be ……….. outside36. Joan …………. Nothing more than watching TV37. I have been ………… all day and I’m tired38. ……….. it easy. Everything will be all right39. ……… away it is dangerous40. He …………… late to school41. If you don’t know a new word .Please ………. It up

in a dictionary42. all the students are ………… to long holidays. They

plan to go to Bali43. The judge ………. The prisoner free44. They …………. Her still weeping45. We have ………… several mistakes46. Would you please …………. A speech ?47. The fire …………. Up the house48. Only the brave ……………… the fair49. the book I bought ……….. Rp 50.000,-50. I …………….. him his faults51. They ……….. him a king52. The man ………….. a snake with his sticks53. He ………………. Sleeping in the daytime54. I don’t ……… whether he has come or not55. Can you ……….. the coder to open the safe ?56. rivers ……….. to the sea and men are supposed to

………..to God57. The snow …….. in the sun58. That book …………… of no use59. He …………. A long life60. He …………. A fine song61. Water ………. At 100 Celsius degree62. The sun will ………. At five63. He …………… at me in the face64. A horse ………… a quadruped. and men …… biped65. ………….. on your sweater. It’s cold here66. He ………. Nothing but laugh67. You’d better not ………… here68. I had rather ………. This than that69. Those days …….. passed , never to ……….70. I am, to …….. you the truth, quite tired of that work

UNIT 5ADVERB

A word/term to modify a predicate ( a word which is not S,P,O/C )

A. THE SNAP – SHOT

ADV OF AFFIRMATION - to indicate approval Absolutely Certainly doubtless indeed really truly,

undoubtedly verily yes of a truth yes indeed so be itas you say by all means I’ll say You said it take it from me etc

ADV OF CAUSE AND RESULT Consequently because hence then so

therefore thus for since etc

ADV OF DEGREE - to indicate greater or less intensity All almost altogether barely besides but(only) Chiefly

completely enough entirely equally even ever so exceedinglyexcessively extravagantly extremely far full fully generallygreatly hardly however immeasurably infinitely intolerablylittle mainly merely much more mostnearly no none only partially partlyperfectly principally quite rather really scarcely sosurely sufficiently as too very wholly , etc

ADV OF DIRECTION Above back backward below down downwards

forth forwards hence hither in inwardson onwards out outwards thence upupwards whence whither yonder up there down therein here back and forth to and fro in and out inside out , etc

ADV OF DOUBT - to indicate hesitation However maybe nevertheless perhaps possibly

probably notwithstanding as yet better or worse well,….

ADV OF NUMBER - to indicate position in place of time firstly secondly thirdly tenthly ,etc

ADV OF PLACE everywhere around before behind elsewhere

about anywhere outside inside herethere without near nowhere somewherein back within in front wherever here and there , etc

ADV OF MANNER Beautifully quickly justly rapidly foolishly, etc

well fast early late * see the list of exception hand in hand arm in arm one by one face to face head over heels

two by two apart else likewise clockwiseacross together particularly

ADV OF TIME - to indicate date,duration,frequency in answer of when now nowadays immediately today tonight …..ago

presently lately recently yesterday sinceyet already last …… soon tomorrowagain always continually once forever monthlyweekly rarely seldom twice sometimes nowand then off and on by and by before after sincethen meanwhile meantime till now when whileuntil early late then after that oftenafterward never ever in general in particular in short

ADV OF PURPOSE so thatADV OF CONDITION If as long as

B. PassageAndrocles

A slave named Androcles once escaped from hismaster and fled to the forest. As he was wandering aboutthere he came upon a Lion lying down moaning andgroaning. At first he turned to flee, but finding that theLion did not pursue him, he turned back and went up tohim. As he came near, the Lion put out his paw, whichwas all swollen and bleeding, and Androcles found that ahuge thorn had got into it, and was causing all the pain.He pulled out the thorn and bound up the paw of the Lion,who was soon able to rise and lick the hand of Androcleslike a dog. Then the Lion took Androcles to his cave, andevery day used to bring him meat from which to live. Butshortly afterwards both Androcles and the Lion werecaptured, and the slave was sentenced to be thrown to theLion, after the latter had been kept without food forseveral days. The Emperor and all his Court came to seethe spectacle, and Androcles was led out into the middleof the arena. Soon the Lion was let loose from his den,and rushed bounding and roaring towards his victim. Butas soon as he came near to Androcles he recognized hisfriend, and fawned upon him, and licked his hands like afriendly dog. The Emperor, surprised at this, summonedAndrocles to him, who told him the whole story.Whereupon the slave was pardoned and freed, and theLion let loose to his native forest.

Gratitude is the sign of noble souls.

C. Find the Adverb1. A slave named Androcles once escaped from his master and

fled to the forest when suddenly a small bone in the meatstuck in his throat and he could not swallow it.

2. As he was wandering about there he came upon a Lionlying down moaning and groaning.

3. At first he turned to flee, but finding that the Lion did notpursue him, he turned back and went up to him..

4. As he came near, the Lion put out his paw, which was allswollen and bleeding, and Androcles found that a hugethorn had got into it, and was causing all the pain

5. He pulled out the thorn and bound up the paw of the Lion,who was soon able to rise and lick the hand of Androcleslike a dog

6. Then the Lion took Androcles to his cave, and every dayused to bring him meat from which to live

7. But shortly afterwards both Androcles and the Lion werecaptured, and the slave was sentenced to be thrown to theLion, after the latter had been kept without food for severaldays

8. The Emperor and all his Court came to see the spectacle,and Androcles was led out into the middle of the arena.

9. Soon the Lion was let loose from his den, and rushedbounding and roaring towards his victim

10. But as soon as he came near to Androcles he recognized hisfriend, and fawned upon him, and licked his hands like afriendly dog

11. The Emperor, surprised at this, summoned Androclesto him, who told him the whole story

12. Whereupon the slave was pardoned and freed, andthe Lion let loose to his native forest

D. Various exercise.find the derivative if avalaible

Noun Verb Adjective

13. slave/slavery …………. ………………14. ………… escape ………………15. ………… bleed ………………16. ………… ………… able17. ………… capture ………………18. victim ………… ………………19. ………… ………… surprised20. ………… ………… friendly21. ………… ………… native22. gratitude …………. ………………

E. Various exercise.Insert with all the best possible Adverbs

23. we can have dinner …………………..24. He speaks English ………..25. ……….. English is a fundamental skill of life26. …… I’d like to point out that it is impossible27. Don’t speak …….. my dad is sleeping28. get into the class ………….. We don’t have enough

space to enter29. Do you live ………. ?30. ……….. he is. Thanks ....... ! He’s coming31. They traveled ………to seek happiness32. I’ve done the work ………33. we should talk ………….34. Don’t do that ……… I’m here35. I cannot find my slippers …………..36. ………….. he is a man of talks only – no action37. life is good . ……….. Don’t waste your time38. I went to Jakarta on a train ………….39. He knows that matter …………..40. Study hard ………….. You’ll fail41. put all these piles of paper ………..We need a clear

table42. It’s raining . ……….. I remain at home43. ……….. curiosity, he sneaks into the house44. he walks ………..45. I am …………… happy to win a lottery46. Ann ………. Comes on time47. You will pass the test … you study ………..48. I will have finished my SMA ……… The city

government finishes the Project49. Danny recites a poem …………. The class50. He always follows ………. His girl goes51. I know life ……..and ……….52. Hold me ……… or ……..53. Do the work ……. The supervisor says to you54. We’d better discuss it first. …… it’s a crucial matter55. I’ll show you ……. To do it …….. You are not

confused56. The machine ……….. broke down. …… all the

orders of works can be finished …..57. I can do nothing ………… you

UNIT 6PREPOSITION

A word/term that shows relationship between a wordA. THE SNAP – SHOT

SIMPLE PREPOSITION - a single mono-syllabic word At by down for from in mid of off on per

plus round since like spite through till to toward up with Example AT:

- He is not at home now - He plays well at football- He was there at 4 o’clock - He laughed at me- He is now at his ease - At what price did you get this?- Stand up at a word of command - etc

Example BY :- Come and sit by me - I always get up by sunrise- He swore by God - he was fairly treated by his father- Do to others as you would be done by - etc

Example OF:- What did he die of - he is a man of a strong will- He sent me a box of chocolate - this bag is made of leather- He lives in the house of his girlfriend - etc

Example FOR:- He was imprisoned for life - for all his learning, he has no sense- He sold his horse for a small sum - He fought hard for his friends- He leaves the job for good - etc

COMPOUND PREPOSITION - 2 or more syllables/words combination (prefix and suffix) Amid About aboard above across after against along alongside among around

before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond despite except insideinto minus onto opposite outside over through throughout underunderneath until unto upon versus via within without etc

Example BESIDES Vs BESIDE:- Besides advising, he gave them some money- She came and sat beside me- Besides learning something new, Teaching is a good way of earning

- Your answer is beside the question - etc

PARTICIPIAL PREPOSITION - a force of the preposition itself Concerning considering during excepting notwithstanding

past pending providing regarding respectingsaving touching etc

Example :- Regarding this matter, what is your opinion?- Considering his age, Pato has done well in AC Milan- He went past the house - Etc

PHRASAL PREPOSITION - a group of words to form a preposition According to as to because of by means of for the sake of

in consequence of in reference to in regard to in respect to in spite ofinstead of in any event in accordance with in reply to on account ofon the part of out of out of respect for owing to with a view towith reference to with regard to with respect to in addition to along withtogether with as well as due to etc

Example :- Most parents work so hard for the sake of their children- Because of terrorism ,Bali was not visited , Etc

ON ADJECTIVE- He is afraid of dogs, etc (see the list)

FIXED PREPOSITION - He is interested in English, etc (see the list)ON VERB

- I waited for him last night, etc (see the list)- They are looking forward to their summer holiday, etc (see the list)

ON NOUN- We declare war on drugs,- there’s no exception to this rule, etc (see the list)

B. Passage

The Cock and the Pearl

A cock was once strutting up and down the farmyardamong the hens when suddenly he espied somethingshinning amid the straw. ‘Ho! ho!’ quoth he, ‘that’s forme,’ and soon rooted it out from beneath the straw. Whatdid it turn out to be but a Pearl that by some chance hadbeen lost in the yard? ‘You may be a treasure,’ quothMaster Cock, ‘to men that prize you, but for me I wouldrather have a single barley-corn than a peck of pearls.’

Precious things are for those that can prize them.

C. Find the Preposition

1. A cock was once strutting up and down the farmyardamong the hens when suddenly he espied somethingshinning amid the straw

2. ‘Ho! ho!’ quoth he, ‘that’s for me,’ and soon rooted itout from beneath the straw

3. What did it turn out to be but a Pearl that by somechance had been lost in the yard?

4. ‘You may be a treasure,’ quoth Master Cock, ‘to menthat prize you, but for me I would rather have asingle barley-corn than a peck of pearls.’

D. Various exercise.find the derivative if avalaible

Noun Verb Adjective

5. ………… quoth ………………6. treasure ………... ………………7. ………… loose ………………8. ………… prize ………………9. ………… ………… single10. farm ………… ………………11. ………… shine ………………12. man ………… ……………….13. ………… ………… precious

E. Various exercise.Insert with the best preposition

14. He begins work …… 8 o’clock daily15. the frog fell ……… the well16. he has been here ….. 4 0’clock17. he will return home ………… 3 days18. the end is ….. hand19. you must be back …….. 5 0’clock20. he lives ………. His mother21. he lives ……… pension22. ….. all appearances, he must have been tired23. The girl had gone …….. home24. He used to come here ……. Evening25. I haven’t seen him …….. ages26. ……… now on ,you must be serious27. They were brought ……. In Germany

28. those two men quarreled …………. Themselves29. I couldn’t find my brother ………. The crowd of

people30. He is good …… math31. He looked …….. them ……… anger32. I was born ……. July,233. Take your shoes ……. Before entering the house34. I love you ……. I die35. I’ve hungered …….. God’s touch36. My opinion is different …….. yours37. He is sick ……… a fever38. who is the girl …….. red ?39. The girl ……. A long hair is my cousin40. Everybody went ………. Me41. the story was written ……. The manager42. due ….. a bad weather, we ‘d better stay …. Home43. They motored …….. the ocean44. When are leaving …… china ?45. They make clothes ……. Machine46. I like to have a house …… mountains47. You will be …… trouble if you are not ….. me48. …. Account of illness he resigns49. I will not go ……… you50. are you ready ……. Action ?51. I haven’t made any decision …… that matter.52. here’s the key ……. That mystery53. There’s no use ….. that business54. Do you have experience …. Flying an aero plane ?55. She is angry ……. This mess and she’ll be angry …..

you too because you did it56. The boss agrees ……. Your ideas but He doesn’t

agree …. Your proposal57. People laughed ……. Tukul’s jokes but it’s not nice

to be laughed ……..58. Don’t point ….. me being captain of the class59. He will point ……. Him for this glass-breaking60. Mary insisted …… taking the bus ………..the plane61. we are not looking ………. To go back to school62. ………… of Bali, I will go to Jakarta for a holiday63. ………….. Global Warming, Everybody must

participate ……. reducing the heat …… earth64. …………. the wars, we can find genocides easily65. ………………. The prophet Muhammad, all

Moslems commemorate his birth66. He breaks …… with his girl and now he is going

………. With a model67. If you want to know anything. you can Google …….

In the internet68. Please sms me ……… this number69. Sally was late ……. Class because she got lost70. Jane is going ……. Vacation not …… business71. He received many kinds …… flowers from

Katherine72. an associate …. Mine is coming ….. today73. ………… the high price, please Drink it ….. and eat

it …….74. go …….. the street and the city hall is …… your

right75. go ……. The road and the Hotel is ……..the corner

of Mount Merapi street76. We saw a good program ……. TV last night77. …………….weather report, it’s going to rain tonight

UNIT 7CONJUNCTION

A word/term that connects /joins words/phrases/sentenceA. THE SNAP – SHOT

Cumulative And, Both…. And, Also, too, As well as, No less than, Not, only… But also, Now ,Well , neither….. nor ….,

- He as well as You is right - He no less than You is right- He was not only accused but also convicted - He is right and You also- I met neither Susie nor her sister - You have done the work very Quickly.

Well, I didn’t expect it of you

Alternative Either…or , otherwise , else , Or

- Tell him to Leave ,or he will be caught - Either you or he must stay here

Adversative /Contrast But, still/yet, nevertheless, however , Whereas/ while, only, just

- He is very sad but hopeful - He is very rich, still/yet he is not contented- All men were against him.However,he stuck to his idea - Wise men love truth. Whereas/while Fools shun- Go where you like. Only/just do not stay here it

Ilavative /Inference For ,Then

- He will die someday, for all men are mortal - It’s time for us to go . let’s start, then

Apposition

That - He made a promise that he would return soon - He told us that rain had stopped

Cause and reason Because, since, as ,why

- He will succeed because he works hard - Let’s stay inside As the night has fallen- I will do this since you ask for it - We never understood why he acted so

Effect

That - He talked too much that he made himself hoarse

Purpose That, in order that, so that, lest

- Men work that they may earn a living - He walk with a stick lest he would stumble ,etc

Condition If, unless, provided, as if, whether or not

- You must stay here whether you like it or no - I agree provided you will sign your nameConcession Though/although/even though , notwithstanding , that, however

- He is not contented however rich he becomes - She was not refreshed, notwithstanding that heslept long

Comparison As……as , ….. er than/more….. than , the…est/ the most……

- He is as good as You - he is cleverer than I- He is smarter than wiser - She is the most beautiful girl among those three

Extent/manner As, so far as , according as, so

- This is not true so far as I can find out - Men will reap as they so- They chose the Bank Governor according as he was fit - As men sow, so will they also reap

Time As, as soon as, while, before ,until, after, since, so long as ,when, whenever,

- He called at the house as the clock struck four - he has been very weak since he was taken sick- He remained silence when he heard that - no one can harm us so long as we remain friends- You can hold the horse while I bring the saddle - he was a minor until he was 19 years old, etc

Place Where, wherever, whence

- I found flowers where I expected only weeds - He didn’t tell us whence he had comeRespect

- He didn’t tell me where I made the mistake - We cannot perceive where the difference liesManner / means

- Let me ask you how you did thatState / condition

- Let me ask you how your grandpa is todayDoubt

- They wish to know whether/if he has been ready to start

B. Passage

The Town Mouse andthe Country Mouse

Now you must know that a Town Mouseonce upon a time went on a visit to his cousin in thecountry. He was rough and ready, this cousin, but heloved his town friend and made him heartily welcome.Beans and bacon, cheese and bread, were all he hadto offer, but he offered them freely. The Town Mouserather turned up his long nose at this country fare,and said: ‘I cannot understand, Cousin, how you canput up with such poor food as this, but of course youcannot expect anything better in the country; comeyou with me and I will show you how to live. Whenyou have been in town a week you will wonder howyou could ever have stood a country life.’

No sooner said than done: the two mice setoff for the town and arrived at the Town Mouse’sresidence late at night. ‘You will want somerefreshment after our long journey,’ said the politeTown Mouse, and took his friend into the granddining-room. There they found the remains of a finefeast, and soon the two mice were eating up jelliesand cakes and all that was nice.

Suddenly they heard growling and barking.‘What is that?’ said the Country Mouse. ‘It is only thedogs of the house,’ answered the other. ‘Only!’ saidthe Country Mouse. ‘I do not like that music at mydinner.’ Just at that moment the door flew open, incame two huge mastiffs, and the two mice had toscamper down and run off. ‘Good-bye, Cousin,’ saidthe Country Mouse, ‘What! going so soon?’ said theother. ‘Yes,’ he replied;‘Better beans and bacon in peace than cakes and alein fear.’

C. Find the Conjunction1. Now you must know that a Town Mouse once

upon a time went on a visit to his cousin in thecountry

2. He was rough and ready, this cousin, but heloved his town friend and made him heartilywelcome. Beans and bacon, cheese and bread,were all he had to offer, but he offered themfreely

3. The Town Mouse rather turned up his long noseat this country fare, and said: ‘I cannotunderstand, Cousin, how you can put up withsuch poor food as this, but of course you cannotexpect anything better in the country; come youwith me and I will show you how to live

4. When you have been in town a week you willwonder how you could ever have stood a countrylife.’

5. No sooner said than done: the two mice set offfor the town and arrived at the Town Mouse’sresidence late at night.

6. You will want some refreshment after our longjourney,’ said the polite Town Mouse, and tookhis friend into the grand dining-room.

7. There they found the remains of a fine feast, andsoon the two mice were eating up jellies andcakes and all that was nice

8. Suddenly they heard growling and barking.‘What is that?’ said the Country Mouse. ‘It is onlythe dogs of the house,’ answered the other.

9. ‘Only!’ said the Country Mouse. ‘I do not like thatmusic at my dinner.’

10. Just at that moment the door flew open, in cametwo huge mastiffs, and the two mice had toscamper down and run off

11. ‘Good-bye, Cousin,’ said the Country Mouse,‘What! going so soon?’ said the other. ‘Yes,’ hereplied; ‘Better beans and bacon in peace thancakes and ale in fear.’

E. Collect the derivatives

Noun Verb Adjective

F. Insert with the best Conjunction12. He begins work … the clock strikes 8 daily13. the frog fell into the well ……………a snake went into it14. he will have been here by 4 tomorrow … you can come15. he will return home to find out ……… you manage the

work16. The author doesn’t know-how to end the story ………. The

audience get bored with it17. you must find the document ………… You get there18. he will live with His mother ……..his wife agrees19. he lives on pension ……....he has been too weak and old to

work again20. The boss agrees to Your ideas…….He doesn’t agree to

Your proposal21. according to weather report, it’s going to rain tonight ……

We’d better not go out

22. …………..the letters I send ……….some email23. They answer in the form of ……....mail ……. email

every month24. the soup tastes plain . You should add salt ……..25. I was terribly hungry ……….. I ate much bread26. She has many clothes ………she is confused which

to wear27. He likes …….music …. movies28. Mr. Lazy likes to have……. assignments …activities29. Martha likes sweet tea. She usually takes honey to

her tea. Sometimes she adds sugar ……….milk30. The homework is killing me ,….. it is too much31. He doesn’t have any money …….. his father comes

for a regular visit32. She would like to add … Pepper on her vegetables

…….. on her noodles33. The pig wants water …….. It is …….. thirsty …….

The horse34. this is ……….important information I need to learn35. This jacket costs ……expensive ……. That36. There is no news …….much …….. that in hare37. She bought cards last night ………. She could send

them in the next morning38. people left early to work …they didn’t get held- up39. She has been living here many years ………her sister

has been only 5 months40. ……….He has worked so hard , he has no Money41. There’ll be only one man to choose …………….. he

is the best42. they have done a lot for our country ……… we

haven’t done any yet43. Global warming must be our concern …….. our

mother earth will die sooner44. ……..,everything is fine ………… you are here

UNIT 8INTERJECTION

an exclamatory sound to denote strong feeling / emotion

B. THE SNAP – SHOTSubjunctive

Would- Would that I had gained that position

- Would that she knew that how much I love her

AdverbHow…., what a …….

- How very kind of you !- how beautiful!- What a nice girl of you !- what a lovely present !

pronounWhat a …..

- What a sad thing it is to hear- What a great idea it is to have ,etc

PART OF ImperativeSPEECH Hear ! Come ! ,etc

- hear !hear ! do not commit murder- come! Come! The heaven kingdom has open

NounFellow , sight

- foolish fellow !- fool !He thought he knew it all- Dreadful sight !- man oh man ! I’m doing better

Conjunction- If I could see her once more

AdjectivePoor , strange, shocking,etc

- poor him ! his parents were killed both- Shocking her ! her wedding turned into failure just one day before the

marriage- Strange you ! You were naked in public last night ,etc

Noun infinitiveTo … V1

- to think that he should have been assassinated

- to ideate that God has come down inside us ,etc

PHRASES

Ah me, …. - oh my God ,…. - For heaven sake !,….Dear me ! - Good heavens !... - Well to be sure !,…..Nay nay nay !,… - Alas !,….. - Good gracious!,……Well done!,…. - Good bye !,… - Jesus Crist!,….Hurrah!,… - Bravo!,…. - Huzza!,…..Hello ?,…. - Ha.Ha..!,….. - God Bless you !,….Bingo !,….. - Well well well !,… - Indeed !,…….Husht !,….. - Aha!,… - Ouch !,…..Well ..err..,…. - Howdy,…. - O me ,….Ah pity me,…. - Ah,have mercy on me !,… - oh dear !,….O,Lord !,.. - Amitaba!,… - Halleloya !,….Alloh hu Akbar !,… - Thanks God !,… - rascalDamn it - Fuck him - Shitt!Bustard! - Bitch! - Etc

B. PassageThe Hart and the Hunter

The Hart was once drinking from a pool andadmiring the noble figure he made there. ‘Ah,’ said he,‘where can you see such noble horns as these, with suchantlers! I wish I had legs more worthy to bear such a noblecrown; it is a pity they are so slim and slight.’

At that moment a Hunter approached and sentan arrow whistling after him. Away bounded the Hart, andsoon, by the aid of his nimble legs, was nearly out of sightof the Hunter; but not noticing where he was going, hepassed under some trees with branches growing low downin which his antlers were caught, so that the Hunter hadtime to come up. ‘Alas! alas!’ cried the Hart:

‘We often despise what is most useful to us.’

C. Find the Interjection

1. The Hart was once drinking from a pool andadmiring the noble figure he made there.‘Ah,’ said he, ‘where can you see such noble horns

as these, with such antlers! I wish I had legs moreworthy to bear such a noble crown; it is a pity theyare so slim and slight.’

2. At that moment a Hunter approached and sent anarrow whistling after him. Away bounded the Hart,and soon, by the aid of his nimble legs, was nearlyout of sight of the Hunter; but not noticing where hewas going, he passed under some trees with branchesgrowing low down in which his antlers were caught,so that the Hunter had time to come up. ‘Alas! alas!’cried the Hart

D. Collect the derivative above

Noun Verb Adjective

3. ………… drink ……………..4. ……….. admire …………….5. ………… ……………. Noble6. .............. ………….. worthy7. Pity …………… ……………..8. ……….. …………… slim9. …………… ……………. Slight10. …………… approach ……………..11. …………… ……………. Nimble12. ………...... bound ……………..13. ………….. notice …………….14. …………. Whistle …………….15. …………. ……………. Useful

E. Insert with the best Interjection

16. ……………!, He begins work at 3 o’clock to get alittle money

17. …………!, It’s raining and I cannot go18. ……….!, I’m not moved by your pitiful19. ……..?, Are you listening to me ?20. ………..!, He is doing it again21. ………!, My leg hurts22. …………..!, finally you can make it23. ………….!, now I know how to solve this problem24. ………..!, He steals my money again25. ……………!, He acts like a mad man26. Everybody loves Bali . ………………………!27. ……………………!, He donates 95 % of his wealth

to charity28. …………….. !, I got the accident twice at the same

day29. …………….! , We have to finish all this work by

tomorrow30. ………….!, this chance will never come up again.

and he didn’t take it31. ……………. !, let’s fight against the immorality32. …………..! , be patience and trust in God33. ………….!, there he comes ,the man we’ve been

waiting34. ……….. that I didn’t go there .I ain’t certainly in

trouble35. ………… !, dreams are hard to follow but don’t let

anyone tear them away36. ………….. !, Don’t even think that I will follow you

again37. …..!........!.........!. Life is too valuable for this world38. ………..!, Don’t believe him . he’s a man of lies39. …………….. ! let’s do it better this time40. ……,……,…….! That’s my kid

F. Create your own sentences with the

Interjection41. oh my God!, ………………………………………………...

42. Well ..err..,…………………………………………...43. Aha!,…………………………………………………44. For heaven sake !,……………………………………45. Hurrah!,………………………………………………46. Dear me ! ……………………………………….47. O,Lord !,……………………………………………..48. man oh man ! ………………………………………………

49. Damn it !,…………………………………………….50. God Bless you !,……………………………………..51. Bingo !,………………………………………………52. Well done!,…………………………………………..53. Alas !,………………………………………………..54. how great! ,…………………………………………………55. funny you ! ,………………………………………………..56. hear..! haer !..hear!,…………………………………………57. good..good…good !, ……………………………………….58. to realize , ………………………………………………….59. to imagine ,…………………………………………………60. Would , ……………………………………………………..61. Stupid !,…………………………………………………….62. What a wonder !, …………………………………………

UNIT 9SENTENCE – CLAUSE - PHRASE

A. THE SNAP – SHOT

DECLARATION- (+) She came here yesterday - He doesn’t like tea- (- ) She didn’t come here yesterday - They’ve worked hard , etcEXCLAMATION

SENTENCE - What a great idea to meet the presidentHaving a complete - what a lovely garden it is - What a small world to see you here !

Thought - how beautiful she is - Long time no see you.- how fast he runs ,etcQUESTION- Do you love music ? - Would you like some coffee ?- What music do you love most ? - When Would he like to leave ? , etcIMPERRATIVE- Come here tonight! - let’s discuss it- Don’t come alone ! - Let’s not talk about it, etc

AS SUBJECTS- That he likes Pizza so much is right- That it is him to tell to the police is questionable- Whether you go or not is not my business- When they will visit us makes me difficult with my schedules ,etc

AS ATTRIBUTE/COMPLEMENT- The story is that he confessed as the actor behind the tragedy

CLAUSE - the problem is Who is going to handle thisHaving no complete - The Question is Where we will stay

Thought - my hope is that my child must remember me whatever he/she is in the future ,etcAppositive- It is gossiped that Lady Diana was murdered- It was reported that the market was fired on purpose , etcIndirect- his war experience made him What you see him to be- Her stay in Himalaya changes her how she behaves , etc

AS OBJECT Preposition- He is interested in What I’m talking about ,etcInfinitive- He is always ready to do Whatever his girl wants , etcParticiple- They enjoyed having discussed why Global Warming happens , etcgerund- I prefer playing what Renaldo plays- She appreciates having What you have ,etc

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE The girl in red is Mary - They arrived at noon

She came with susi - work with joyShe left because of illness - He is in troubleShe arrived early by two hours - They are going to BeijingThey rushed into the street - The mother held him by the armsShe makes her clothes by hand - He spoke in behalf of the victimsShe comes from East Kalimantan - My house is by the borderThey disappeared at 3 o’clock - etc

INFINITIVE PHRASEPHRASE * The President must create works to employ - He struggled to overcome the crisis

Not contain S or P We deserve to get justice - She comes here to ask for moneyTo be good is to be happy - it’s important to find the mistake ,etc

PARTICIPIAL PHRASE Playing on line game all night long , he decided not going to school

Having understood, he answered all the question easilyMary- having arrived, we were able to continue the workThe rain-becoming heavier and heavier , we detained at home

NOUN PHRASE SBY, the Indonesian president , came here last night

John, my brother , will marry this weekMr Herman, a large man and with glasses, can speak 5 different languages , etc

B. The passage

The Shepherd’s Boy

There was once a young Shepherd Boy whotended his sheep at the foot of a mountain near a darkforest. It was rather lonely for him all day, so he thoughtupon a plan by which he could get a little company andsome excitement. He rushed down towards the villagecalling out ‘Wolf, Wolf,’ and the villagers came out tomeet him, and some of them stopped with him for aconsiderable time. This pleased the boy so much that afew days afterwards he tried the same trick, and again thevillagers came to his help.

But shortly after this a Wolf actually did comeout from the forest, and began to worry the sheep, and theboy of course cried out ‘Wolf, Wolf,’ still louder thanbefore. But this time the villagers, who had been fooledtwice before, thought the boy was again deceiving them,and nobody stirred to come to his help. So the Wolf madea good meal off the boy’s flock, and when the boycomplained, the wise man of the village said:

‘A liar will not be believed, even when he speaks the truth.’

C. Find the sentence,the clause and the phrase

1. There was once a young Shepherd Boy who tendedhis sheep at the foot of a mountain near a dark forest

2. It was rather lonely for him all day, so he thoughtupon a plan by which he could get a little companyand some excitement

3. He rushed down towards the village calling out‘Wolf, Wolf,’ and the villagers came out to meethim, and some of them stopped with him for aconsiderable time

4. This pleased the boy so much that a few daysafterwards he tried the same trick, and again thevillagers came to his help.

5. But shortly after this a Wolf actually did come outfrom the forest, and began to worry the sheep, andthe boy of course cried out ‘Wolf, Wolf,’ still louderthan before

6. But this time the villagers, who had been fooledtwice before, thought the boy was again deceivingthem,

7. and nobody stirred to come to his help. So the Wolfmade a good meal off the boy’s flock,

8. and when the boy complained, the wise man of thevillage said: ‘A liar will not be believed, even whenhe speaks the truth.’

D. Find the Derivatives

Noun Verb Adjective

9. ………… ………… young10. ……….. tend …………….11. ………… ……………. dark12. shepperd ………… ……………13. ……….. ……………. lonely

14. plan ……………. …………….15. company ………… …………….16. excitement ……………. …………….17. ………… rush ………….

18. ………… call out ……………19. ……….. ………….. considerable20. ………… please ……………21. ………… try ……………22. trick ………….. …………….23. ………… ……………. The same24. ………… stop …………….25. help ………… …………….26. ………… worry …………….27. ………… ………….. loud

28. ………… fool ……………29. ……….. deceive ……………30. ………… complain ……………31. ………… …………. wise32. ………… believe …………….33. truth ……………. ……………

E. Insert this sentence with the best clause orphrase

34. A young Man had been caught ……………………...35. and He had been condemned ………………………..36. He expressed his desire ……………………………...37. and of course ………………………….. was granted.38. When his Mother came to him he said: ‘I want to

whisper to you ………………………………………39. and when she brought her ear ………, he nearly bit it

off.40. All the bystanders were horrified, and asked him

……………………………………………………….41. ‘………………………………. is to punish ,’ he said42. When I was young I began with stealing little things,

and brought them home …………..43. …………………………………………., she laughed

and was glad44. “…………………….. will not be noticed”, she said45. ……………………... is because of her that I am here

to-day.’46. ‘He is right, woman,’ said the Priest;; ‘the Lord hath

said ‘Train up a child ................ he should go47. when he is old he will not depart ………………...’48. men were allowed ……………many wives in the old

days49. Cessar,…………………,came to Egypt to propose

Cleopatra50. But She,………………… , didn’t love him51. ………………. Spread up around Rome52. Cessar got angry……………. And declared war on

Egypt to get ………………….53. …………… ,the Queen rushed into Rome sneakily

…………………….54. Cessar agreed not ……………… but …… condition55. She had to be married …………………56. ………………….,They carried out the wedding

ceremony and even later combined the two kingdom…………………

57. …………………. Didn’t satisfy his people andFinally he was assassinated ……… Brutus

UNIT 10COHERENCE & UNITY

The proper Adjustment of the disorder & oneness of thought in a sentence

A. THE SNAP – SHOT

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Either Mary or Jane are going there (wrong/incoherent )Either Mary or Jane is going there (right/coherent )

One of the boys were sleeping during class (wrong/incoherent )One of the boys was sleeping during class (right/coherent )

Neither my mother nor my sister are here (wrong/incoherent )Neither my mother nor my sister is here (right/coherent ) # notice the last Subject

Tomorrow never die (wrong/incoherent )Tomorrow never dies ,etc (right/coherent )

CONSISTENCY

My family lives in Jakarta. I love them so much (wrong/inconsistent )My family lives in Jakarta. I love it so much

Or (right/consistent)My family live in Jakarta. I love them so much

The Mobile-phone is a necessity. Everybody uses them (wrong/inconsistent )The Mobile-phone is a necessity. Everybody uses it

COHERENCE & Or (right/consistent)

UNITY The Mobile-phones are a necessity. Everybody uses them Nobody has done their work (wrong/inconsistent)

Nobody has done his work or Nobody have done their work (right/consistent)TENSE RULE

I was reading a newspaper when he come (wrong)I was reading a newspaper when he came (right )

I had felt tired when I got home from soccer-practice (wrong)I felt tired when I got home from soccer-practice (right )

They were watching TV while he typed (wrong )They were watching TV while he was typing (right )

When he arrived, she went awayBoth are right but having different idea

When he arrived, she was going away Etc , (see the FAQ )

BETTERNESS They serve good food in that restaurant ( better avoided )

That restaurant serves good food ( better used ) You get coffee at that counter ( better avoided )

Coffee is served at that counter ( better used) One should always be ready to serve one’s country (better avoided )

A man should always be ready to serve his country (better used ) , ETC

DEFINITENESS He says I am ill ,which is not true ( indefinite, which refers to statement

,which I’m not (indefinite, which refers to AdjBut this/it is not true (indefinite , which refers to the statement

Better to say :- He says I am ill but I’m not- I am not ill though he says I am definite and simpler- It is not true that I am ill

SIMPLICITY – IT In the paper it says rain ( too many words/wordy )

The paper predicts rain (less wordy) In the book it tells how to make cakes ( too many words/wordy )

The book tells how to make cakes ( less wordy ) In the prospectus it explains the road ( too many words/wordy )

The road is explained in the prospectus

B. THE PASSAGE

Belling the CatLong ago, the mice had a general council to

considered what measures they could took to outwit theircommon enemy, the Cat. Some said this, and some saidthat; but at last a young mouse get up and said he had aproposal to made, which he think will meet the case. ‘Youwill all agree,’ said he, ‘that our chief danger consisted inthe sly and treacherous manner in which the enemyapproached us. Now, if we could received some signal ofher approach, we could easily escaped from her. I venture,therefore, to proposing that a small bell be procured, andattached by a ribbon round the neck of the Cat.

By this means we should always know whenshe is about, and could easily retire while she is in theneighborhood.’ This proposal meet with general applause,until an old mouse got up and said: ‘That is all very well,but who is bell the Cat?’ The mice looked at each otherand nobody speaking. Then the old mouse said:

‘It is easy to proposing impossible remedies.’

C. Find and Correct the mistakes

1. Long ago, the mice had a general council toconsidered what measures they could took to outwittheir common enemy, the Cat

2. Some said this, and some said that; but at last ayoung mouse get up and said he had a proposal tomade, which he think will meet the case

3. ‘You will all agree,’ said he, ‘that our chief dangerconsisted in the sly and treacherous manner in whichthe enemy approached us.

4. Now, if we could received some signal of herapproach, we could easily escaped from her

5. I venture, therefore, to proposing that a small bell beprocured, and attached by a ribbon round the neck ofthe Cat.

6. By this means we should always know when she isabout, and could easily retire while she is in theneighborhood

7. ’ This proposal meet with general applause, until anold mouse got up

8. And said: ‘That is all very well, but who is bell theCat?’ The mice looked at each other and nobodyspeaking

9. Then the old mouse said: ‘It is easy to proposingimpossible remedies.’

D. Find the Derivatives

Noun Verb Adjective

10. ………… ………… general11. ……….. consider …………….12. measures ……………. ……………13. …………. ………… common14. enemy ……………. …………..15. proposal ………… …………..16. ……….. …………. chief

17. danger ……………. ……………………18. …………. ………… sly19. …………. ……………. Treacherous20. approach …………… ……………………21. …………. Receive ……………………22. signal …………… ……………………23. …………. Escape ……………………24. ………….. venture ……………………25. ………….. procure ……………………26. …………. Attach ……………………27. …………. Retire ……………………28. …………… ………………. General29. …………… bell ……………………30. …………… ………………. Impossible

E. Get the right coherence and unity to thissentence

31. the reason I like it is because it is beautiful32. The reason is because he is popular33. he came during the time that you were out34. The condemning fact about the man is because he is rich.35. Because you were elected doesn’t justify your being

superior in attitude36. Work is when one is occupied agreeably37. he jumped at the time at which he heard the bell ring38. Not only you but also He …… (is/are) here39. Both Nancy and Joanna ……….(is /are ) going to deliver a

speech40. Though Nobody …………. (love) you, God will always

love and never ………. (abandon ) you41. While Clinton …………. (Shovel) the snow, Hillary

………. (slip ) on it42. I knew that workers …………… (go) to General Council to

call for justice43. While I ………….. (open ) the Box, she …… (run away )

in fear44. You can read either Novel ……. (and/or) A newspaper45. Either You or I ………..(am/are ) here to wait46. I have club and ………… (have/has) 50 members47. in the text book ,it is founded some heroine48. They only call and interview the experienced people for that

position49. Rumor says Mayangsari was already pregnant , which is

possibly right, before getting married with Bambang50. My ankle hurts and I shall therefore run the race51. One must have one’s believe in God to survive52. You don’t need to be hurried if your safety is in danger53. His speech was well54. He will pass so he does his work55. one can buy Milk and coffee here56. the audience has been ready but still the speaker doesn’t

show up to them57. I like English and Spirituality. it gives me knowledge and

peace of mind58. on our return from the city, we found guests at the house

(c: pron we omitted)59. John danced but Marry sang at the school entertainment60. While he seems happy, he feels his loss deeply61. The summers are short and hot but the winters are long and

cold (clue : while )62. Do your best when/while you wish to get ahead (c;if )63. He will pass so he does his work (clue: provided)64. So you will torture me, I will not tell ((clue :though )65. An old general told us his experience in the world war

which was most interesting66. We went to the circus and to see the elephant perform67. The president of our club is a man about thirty years old and

he is very much liked

UNIT 11EMPHASIS & VARIETY

Making the speaking/writing stronger and more engaging

A. THE SNAP – SHOT

EMPHATIC POSITION - first is strongerExample : While his stomach was being opened, Mahatma Gandhi calmly meditated Though She had been absent many months, Sharapova won the game in her first return ,etc

PARENTHETICAL STRUCTURE – the middle is the strongerExample : Shots out close by,and, almost before I knew what had happened, my friend lay dead ,etc

PERIODIC STRUCTURE – the last is the strongerExample : A long time ago while I was in active service in The Navy , I saw a huge battleship turn turtle,etc

BALANCEDExample : Man proposes God disposes * Worth makes the man Nothing venture, nothing gain * No pain no Gain An eye for an eye * A tooth for a tooth ,etc

ANTITHESIS – contrast of ideasExample : I know him in and out He has a life up and down,etc

REPETATIONExample : He works day after day He lives there all alone He asks me for money over and over and over again He does the experiment many and many and many a day I love you forever and ever and ever ,etc

DIRECT DISCOURSEExample : He shouted to the crowd ,“ I am ready to stand by these promises to the death” , etc

QUESTION AND EXCLAMATION He has gone where She has had what happiness Do go * Do never give up

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Never was there a beautiful day * Hardly ever does he work everyday Not only does he prefer it but he will have it in no other way

ADVERB Here is an apple * There he comes

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT The more the merrier * The harder you try the more difficult it will be

SUBJUNCTIVE Had I known it , I would have helped him Were you to go with me, I would be happier

EXPRESSIONAL FORMS the whys are important * the really beautiful is rare seeing is believing * saving is having That he had failed was known by all * His dancing was very awkward ,etc

B. PASSAGE

The Fox and the Grapes

Really was there One hot summer’s day when aFox was strolling through an orchard till he came to abunch of Grapes just ripening on a vine which had beentrained over a lofty branch. ‘Here is Just the thing toquench my thirst,’ quoth he. Drawing back a few paces,he took a run and a jump, and just missed the bunch.Turning round again with a One, Two, Three, he jumpedup, but with no greater success. Over and over and overagain he tried after the tempting morsel, but at last had togive it up, and walked away with his nose in the air,saying: ‘I am sure they are sour.’ then It bothered himday after day all alone

It is easy to despise what you cannot get.

C. FIND THE EMPHASIS

1. Really was there One hot summer’s day when a Foxwas strolling through an orchard till he came to abunch of Grapes just ripening on a vine which hadbeen trained over a lofty branch.

2. ‘Here is Just the thing to quench my thirst,’ quoth he.3. Drawing back a few paces, he took a run and a jump,

and just missed the bunch4. Turning round again with a One, Two, Three, he

jumped up, but with no greater success5. Over and over and over again he tried after the

tempting morsel,6. but at last had to give it up, and walked away with

his nose in the air, saying: ‘I am sure they are sour.’7. then It bothered him day after day all alone

D. FIND THE DERIVATIVE

Noun Verb Adjective

7 ………… ………… hot8 ……….. stroll …………….9 …………. Ripen ……………10 thirst ………… ……………11 .……… miss …………..12 success ………… …………..13 .……….. …………. Tempting14 morsel …………. …………..15 .………… ………….. sour16 ………… despise ……………17 ………… quoth …………..18 ……….. …………. Lofty19 ………… …………. Sure20 ………… ………… great21 ………… quench …………..22 ………… try …………..23 bunch ………….. …………..24 pace …………. …………..25 ……….. …………. alone

E. Change into the best emphasis

26. There is normally a sad day in my life27. He asked me why I came late28. She is such a beautiful girl29. He slept soundly while the president gave a speech30. If I could fly to the Sirion planet ,I would see her

beings31. There are several matters to notice like How and

When to start the work32. She knew all the answers though she didn’t take any

notes33. The surfer swims harder to get close to the island to

escape from the shark but It attacks him easier34. You don’t need to be worried35. I hope you to come to my party tonight36. To compare between money and action , the former

speaks louder than the latter37. the condition that you are safe is the first priority

wherever you are38. You cannot expect to be served first if you don’t

come first39. It’s been a very long time that I don’t see you40. If you don’t have any money , don’t talk over

business41. Don’t waste your time carelessly because it doesn’t

cover up again42. I’m so surprised and glad to see you here very far

away in another continent that I didn’t imaginebefore

43. Sometimes I don’t know what are the first things tocomplete in my day of activities

44. He speaks not only English but also Greek very well45. I have told him many times not to repeat the same

mistakes46. He runs on the travellator to the second floor and

back to first floor and back to the second just to findhis missing son

47. He has been very old and it’s great48. Nobody knows where she has gone49. If one wants to imperfect his knowledge ,he must do

a lot of practice50. She leaves her world for good and turns to be a nun51. He is famous for his goodness to help people easily52. all of a sudden he passed out after he had heard the

news53. Sometimes by teaching , we also learn54. thus the same thing happens that by writing , we can

explore certain things which we don’t expect to findout before

55. The mourning father couldn’t forget his killed son .Surely he will take a revenge

56. His success is surprising everybody57. Don’t you ever think that God leaves you58. They are just rules that one can get away from them59. laughter is the best medicine in life especially when

problems come around60. It’s hard to make money .You must work hard every

day61. Politician must be brave to deserve the best position

unless he will be only the secondary62. It’s impossible to remain the same for everything

UNIT 12SENTENCE ANALYSIS

A separation of a sentence into its components

A. THE SNAP – SHOT

1. WHAT KIND OF SENTENCE

A. IN-DEPENDENT CLAUSES- Name the essential Subjects completely

2. CLAUSE - Name the essential predicate completely- Explain all modifying words

B. DEPENDENT CLAUSE- What kind of This Clause- How it functions- How the relationship to the In-Dependent Clause- Name the essential Subjects completely- Name the essential predicate completely- Explain all modifying words

3. PHRASES

EXAMPLE OF ANALISYS 1 :

THE MILLIONS of STUDENTS STUDIED DILLIGENTLY TOWARD THE LAST EXAMS

1. What kind of sentence ? – A simple declarative sentence2. The essential Subject is - Students,having definite article The and by the numeral adjective

millions of3. The essential Predicate is - Studied ,having Adv of manner Diligently and Adv Prep Phrase of

direction Toward the last Exams in which toward is the prepositionand exams is its noun object modified by definite article the and thelimiting adjective last

4. The complete Predicate is - Studied diligently toward the last exams

EXAMPLE OF ANALISYS 2 :

If the weather is clear we shall go in the new car which is my pride and joy

* What kind of sentence ? – A complex declarative sentence , having :1 independent Clause

we shall go in the new carIn which :

We - is the essential and complete SubjectShall go - is the essential PredicateShall go in the new car - is the Complete PredicateIn the new car - is an adv prepositional phrase of manner modifying shall goIn - is the prepositionCar - is noun object modified by definite article the and the

descriptive adjective new

2 dependent clause :

IF THE WEATHER IS FINE WHICH IS MY PRIDE AND JOY

-Adv clause of condition mod the Predicate Shall go - it’s Adj clause modifying Car in the In- If , the conjunctive adv and serve as the connection link dependent Clause

Between the conditional clause and the independent Clause - Which is the relative Pronoun as Subj ofWeather is the essent S & the weather is the Complete S the Verb Is , the essential P

- Is , the Ess P & is clear ,the Complete P - is my pride and joy , the Complete P- Clear is adj as a pred Complement describing the weather - the phrase pride and joy is the compound

pred noun , modified by the possessivepronoun my and connected by the coordinateconjunction and

B. Passage

The Lion in Love

A Lion once fell in love with a beautiful maidenand proposed marriage to her parents. The old people didnot know what to say. They did not like to give theirdaughter to the Lion, yet they did not wish to enrage theKing of Beasts. At last the father said: ‘We feel highlyhonored by your Majesty’s proposal, but you see ourdaughter is a tender young thing, and we fear that in thevehemence of your affection you might possibly do hersome injury. Might I venture to suggest that your Majestyshould have your claws removed, and your teethextracted, then we would gladly consider your proposalagain.’ The Lion was so much in love that he had hisclaws trimmed and his big teeth taken out. But when hecame again to the parents of the young girl they simplylaughed in his face, and bade him do his worst.

Love can tame the wildest.

C. Analyze the sentence1. A Lion once fell in love with a beautiful maiden and

proposed marriage to her parents

2. The old people did not know what to say

3. They did not like to give their daughter to the Lion,yet they did not wish to enrage the King of Beasts

4. At last the father said: ‘We feel highly honored byyour Majesty’s proposal, but you see our daughter isa tender young thing, and we fear that in thevehemence of your affection you might possibly doher some injury

5. Might I venture to suggest that your Majestyshould have your claws removed, and your teethextracted, then we would gladly consider yourproposal again.’

6. The Lion was so much in love that he had his clawstrimmed and his big teeth taken out

7. But when he came again to the parents of the younggirl they simply laughed in his face, and bade him dohis worst.

8. Love can tame the wildest.

D. Derivatives

Noun Verb Adjective

9. ………….. ……………… beautiful10. marriage …………….. …………….11. ………… propose …………….12. ………… know …………….13. affection …………….. …………….14. …………. ……………. honored15. ………… remove ……………16. …………. Consider …………..17. …………. Laugh ………….18. injury ………….. ………….19. ………… tame …………..20. ………… ……………. Tender21. ……….. extract ……………

E. Analyze this way !

My Students Study English Seriously

Subject Mod Pred Mod Object Tense

Noun Phrase Verb Direct The PresentTransitive Verbal S

Possessive Proper Adv of Prop Noun SimplePronoun Noun Manner UCN Present T

MY Students Study Seriously English

He was sick last night

Subject Mod Pred Modifi Complement

Noun Phrase AuxVerb/ DescriptiveTense Adjective

Personal The Past AdvPronoun Nominal S of time

Simple Desc Adj NPPast T

He was last night sick

Joan spoke to Ron about himselfS

NP VP

Joan V PP PP

Spoke P NP P NP

To Ron about himself

22. The man knew that she would win several contests

23. Mom likes bakso but she doesn’t eat much

24. Knowing that he wouldn’t succeed, he resigned from theelection

25. The old people did not know what to say

26. Love can tame the wildest.

27. The Lion was so much in love that he had his clawstrimmed and his big teeth taken out

28. Man proposes God disposes

29. I was reading a newspaper when he came

30. She left her job for good because of illness

UNIT 13PARSING & SYNTAX

Telling what part of speech a word is in a sentence & what part of speech a word is in a sentence

A. THE SNAP – SHOT OF PART OF SPEECH IN ALPHABETICAL ORDERS( Case –Study )

Indefinite article “ The hunter shots a tiger

Preposition “he has gone a hunting

of Quantity “ He ate all the breadAdj as a noun “ Give your all to God

Indefinite Numeral “ We all die someday

Adverb “I know all about him

of Quantity “ I don’t have any moneyAdj Indefinite Numeral “ Did you have any idea ?

Indefinite Demonstrative “Take any book you like on the shelf there

Adverb of Quantity “We must rest first before going any further

Relative Pronoun “ He is not a fool as he looks“ Your book is not the same as mine“ As many men as came were caught

Of time “ He trembled as he spokeOf manner “ Can you act as he Mr. Bean doesOf state “ He took it as it wasOf extent “ He is not as clever as you

Relative Adverb “ hot as the sun is, we must go out“ I condemn you as a judge but not as a man“ As regards to this plan, I cannot decide“ As to that matter, She will inquire again

Of reason “ The air is cool now as the rain has fallen

Comparative “ My book is better than hisAdj

as a noun “ Why didn’t you tell your betters during the interview ?

Comparative Adverb “You are thinking better today

Definite Numeral Adjective “ Both the men have arrived

Co-ordinating Conjunction “He is both a fool and a naive

Adverb “ There is but one man present

Co-ordinating “ He is a man of common sense but not learned in booksConjunction

Subordinating “ Death may catch my soul , but I love you

Preposition “I don’t need anything but love“None can do this but him

Distributive Adjective “ He is ruined in either case

Co-ordinating Conjunction “He is either in GM or in TP

Adverb “ We couldn’t invite any one else“ Do this or else

Co-ordinating Conjunction “ He has some real sorrow; else he wouldn’t weep as he does

of Quantity “ He has got enough money to stayAdj as a noun “ Enough is enough

“ Get your enough to complete the workNumeral “ we have enough books to understand this matter

of Quantity “ Half measures do not succeedAdj

as a noun “ One half of his task is now done

Adverb of Quantity “he was half dead with fear

of Quantity “ He has eaten a little riceAdj of Quality “ A little blow may give much pain

as a noun “ a little is okay with me

Adverb of Quantity “ let us wait here a little

Of Quantity “ I like him more than youAdverb

Of Number “ I saw him once more

Of quantity “ He has more money than youAdj Of number “ more men came today than yesterday

As a noun “ more is done today

Of quantity “ He has wasted much timeAdj

As a noun “ you will not get much from me

Adverb of quantity ´I’m much pleased with your son

Distributive Adjective “ I agree with neither side

Co-ordinating Conjunction “ Neither you nor I can do that

Adverb “ stand near while I speak to youAdjective “ He is a near relative of minePreposition “ She lives near my house

Verb “ the earth is very dry and needs rainAdverb “needs ,he must know the reason of thisNoun “ our needs are few

Definite numeral “ there is but one shilling leftAdj

Indef demonstrative “ he came here one day

Indef demonstrative “ one is apt to waste one’s timePron

Def Demonstrative “ Your horse is black but mine is a white one

Adjective “ The only dog I had is stolenAdverb “ I heard of this only yesterdayCoord Conjunction “ Do what you like ; only keep silent

Adjective “ A square thing doesn’t fit into a round holePreposition “ Draw a circle round this paperAdverb “ The fly is flying round and roundVerb “ Don’t round this roomNoun “ Men must go their daily round of duty

Preposition “ I haven’t seen him since MondayAdverb “ I took this house four weeks sinceSubordinating Conjunction “ We must trust you since you are speaking in earnest

Verb “ single out the bestAdjective “ he is a single man

Def Demonstrative “ He is not such a man as I expectedAdj

Indef Dem “ He came to me on such a day

Def Dem Pron “ You are a coward. I’m not a such

Effect “ He aimed so well that he hit the markConj Apposite “ he heard that you come

Purpose “ we must eat that we may live

Def Demon “ the light of the sun is brighter than that of the moonPron

Relative “ the book that you gave me is lost

Def Demon Adjective “ I’m no admirer of that book

Preposition “ he was fond of any drink other than wine“ these workmen, than whom I’ve never seen men more industrious ,have

left meSub Conjunction “ I like this more than that

Adverb of time “ he was better than he is now

Coord Conj “ I see,then,we ought to start at once

Definite Article “ the Ass is a dull animal

Adverb of Quantity “ The more ,the merrier

Adverb of quantity “ he is too fond of play

Coord Conj “ We too must expect to die someday

Of Quality “ he has done the work very wellAdv

As a noun “ Leave the well alone

Coord Conjunction “ He has finished the work in time.Well,I didn’t expect it of such a lazyman

Interrogative “ What did you do last summer ?Pron

Relative “ I don’t know what you mean

Indef Demonstrative “ I tell you what

Adverb “ What with illness,What with losses, the poor man is almost ruined

Noun “ stop a little while

Conjunction “ While the cat’s away ,the mice play

Coord. Conjuntion “ I have called; yet no one answers

Adverb of time “ You may yet find him

B. The passage

The Lion and the Mouse

Once when a Lion was asleep a little Mouse beganrunning up and down upon him; this soon wakened the Lion, whoplaced his huge paw upon him, and opened his big jaws toswallow him. ‘Pardon, O King,’ cried the little Mouse: ‘forgiveme this time, I shall never forget it: who knows but what I may beable to do you a turn some of these days?’ The Lion was sotickled at the idea of the Mouse being able to help him, that helifted up his paw and let him go.

Some time after the Lion was caught in a trap, and thehunters who desired to carry him alive to the King, tied him to atree while they went in search of a wagon to carry him on. Justthen the little Mouse happened to pass by, and seeing the sadplight in which the Lion was, went up to him and soon gnawedaway the ropes that bound the King of the Beasts. ‘Was I notright?’ said the little Mouse.

Little friends may prove great friends.

C. Do the parsing to the text above

1. Once when a Lion was asleep a little Mouse began runningup and down upon him; this soon wakened the Lion, whoplaced his huge paw upon him, and opened his big jaws toswallow him.

2. ‘Pardon, O King,’ cried the little Mouse: ‘forgive me thistime, I shall never forget it: who knows but what I may beable to do you a turn some of these days?’

3. The Lion was so tickled at the idea of the Mouse being ableto help him, that he lifted up his paw and let him go.

4. Some time after the Lion was caught in a trap, and thehunters who desired to carry him alive to the King, tied himto a tree while they went in search of a wagon to carry himon.

5. Just then the little Mouse happened to pass by, and seeingthe sad plight in which the Lion was, went up to him andsoon gnawed away the ropes that bound the King of theBeasts

6. ‘Was I not right?’ said the little Mouse.7. Little friends may prove great friends

D. Derivatives

Noun Verb Adjective

8. …………… ………………. Asleep9. …………… ……………… little10. …………… waken ……………….11. …………… place ……………….12. …………… ………………. Huge13. …………… swallow ……………….14. …………… cry ……………….15. …………… forgive ……………….16. turn ………………. ……………….17. idea ………………. ……………….18. ………….. ………………. Tickle19. …………. ………………. Able20. trap ……………… ………………21. ………….. hunt ………………22. ………….. desire ………………23. search ………………. ………………..24. plight ………………. ……………….25. ………….. gnaw ……………….26. …………. Bound ………………27. ………….. prove ……………….

E. Identify the parsing of the sentence this way!Boys attended

1. Noun2. Common3. Masculine4. Plural5. Third

Alas! Just as I came ,the door, swinging on1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

A frightful noise that woke everybody in t13 14 15 16 17 18 19

1. Interjection , simple, independent2. Adverb,degree,modify As3. Coinjunction,adverbial of time, con

time with made4. Pronoun,personal,common,singular

Subject of Came5. Verb,finite, principal,intransitive,str

,active,indicative,imperfect,first,sinthe adverbial Clause

6. Article,definite, modifies door7. Noun,common,neuter,singular,third

subject of made8. Verb, participle, principal, intransiti

present Tense, modifies door9. Preposition, simple,adverbial,Show

between swinging and hinges10. Pronoun.personal,

neuter,singular,third,possessive,mod11. Noun,common,neuter,plural,third,o

on12. Verb,finite,principal,transitive,stron

,imperfect,third,singular, predicate oclause

13. Article,indefinite,modifies door14. Adjective,descriptive,positive,modi15. Noun,common,neuter,singular,third

of made16. Pronoun,relative,neuter,singular,thir

ect of woke17. Verb,finite,principal,transitive,stron

,imperfect,third,singular,Predicate o18. Pronoun,indefinite,common,singula

bject of woke19. Preposition,simple,Adjective,Shows

between Everybody and house20. Article, definite,modifies house21. Noun ,common,neuter,singular,third

of in

28. The Girls are singing in the hall now29. several farmers have planted rice30. Many people will come to the show w

opened by the President31. Once when a Lion was asleep , a little Mo

up and down upon him.

32. Little friends may prove great friends

33. He has done the work very well

34. He aimed so well that he hit the mark

35. I tell you what

1. Verb2. finite3. intransit4. active5. indicativ6. imperfec7. plural8. .third

ive

et

its hinges, made10 11 12he house20 21

necting adv c of

,first,nominative,

onggular,predicate f

,nominative,

ve, strong, active,

s relationship

ifies hingesbjective,object of

g,active,indicativef independent

fies noise,objective,object

d,nominative,Subj

g,active,indicativef the Adj Clauser,third,objective,o

relationship

,objective,object

hich will be

use began running