grammar swedish
TRANSCRIPT
METHOD GASPEY-0TT0-3AUER
ELEMENTARY
SWEDISH GRAMMARCOMBINED WITHEXERCISES, READING LESSONS AND CONVERSATIONS
HENRI FORT.II
SECOND EDITION.
LONDON.DAVID NDTT, 57-59 Long Acre,
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON &
NEW
DYRSEN THE NEWS G. E.STECHERT & CO.,STEIGER & BOSTON: RITTER & FLEBBE,E.
DULAU & CO., 37 Soho Square, CO., 100 Southwark Street, S. E. YORK: BRENTANO'S, Fifth Avenue and 27th Street. & PFEIFFER (CHRISTERN'S), 16 West 33rd Street. INTERNATIONAL COMPANY, 83 and 85 Duane Street.C.
W.
W.
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CO., 25 Park Place. formerly C. A. KOEHLERStreet.
&
Co.,
149 a
Tremont
HEIDELBERG.aTJ]L.ITJ
OROOS.
i9n.
pr>
sill
nil
The method of Gaspey-Oito-Sauer is my own private property, having been acquired by purchase from the authors. The text-books made after this method are incessantly improved. All rights, especially the right of making new editions, and the right of translation for all languages, are reserved. Imitations and fraudulent impressions will be prosecuted according to law. I am thankful for communications relating to thesematters.
Heidelberg.
Julius Oroos,
Preface.The second edition of this "Elementary Swedish Grammar" has undergone many alterations in the textof the exercises, most of which have been taken from the best class-books used in Swedish schools.
The
chief
features
of
the
second edition consist
in the adaptation of the phonetical ciation phonetique internationale"
system of the "Assoand the application
of the
new Swedish orthography
in accordance with the
Royal Circular of the 7tli of April, 1906. Special care and attention have been devoted to the phonetical transcription of the sounds and to the accentuation of the words occurring in the text, but it should be remembered here that each word has been treated individually and accented accordingly, no mention being made of the "melodious" accent, which would be quite out of place in an elementary book ofthis kind.
The author hopesa
great
that the second edition, which is improvement over the first, will meetall
with the favour of and prove useful tobegin learning the Swedish language.
those
who
much pleasure in thanking Mr. W. Gr. Priest, of London, who revised the manuscript of the English part, and Miss A. E. Millberg, of Berlin, who had the
He
has
great kindness to read the Swedish part and helped him with her valuable advice.
Cognac, December, 1910.
H. Fort.
ivi249302
IV
Contents.PagePronunciation.
The alphabetAccentuation Pronunciation of the letters
VowelsConsonants Swedish writing1.2.
1 2 2 2
8
Lesson.
The indefinite article The terminal definite article The independent definite articleDeclension of substantives.
3.
I.
declension
.
.
4.5. 6. 7.
II.
.
.
III.
, .
.
IV.
.
8.9.
10. 11.
V. Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns The gender of substantives Remarks on the nouns. Read. Less. Fisket i Sverige The auxiliary verbs. Reading Lesson: Gustav
.
.
:
18 20 22 23 26 28 32 35 38 41 46 51
12. 13.14.
Vasas ungdom The adjective. Reading Lesson: Gruvan The adjective (contin.). Read. Lesson yiS^ocMoZTTis hlodhad The verb. I. conjugation. Read. Less.: Stockholm.. :
54 5964 69 75
15.
II.
conjugation. Reading Lesson
:
/S'^ocA:^oZm (cont.).
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.24.25. 26. 27. 28.
III.
IV.
80 Kinnekulle Slag et vid Poltava 84.
Auxiliary verbs (contin.). Read. Less.: yiS'rm^es/bZA:
The numerals. Read. Less. Svenskt metersgstem The pronouns. Reading Lesson: Nordens natur The pronouns (contin.). Reading Lesson J^m^ma The deponent verbs. Read. Less. ^nsfma (cont). The impersonal verbs. Read. Less. Gustav Adolf Compound verbs. Reading Lesson: Gustav Adolf:
92 95 101
:
:
:
108 113 117120 123127
(contin.)
Reading Lesson: Gustav Adolf (contin.) List of the principal prepositions. Reading Lesson Sveriges natur List of the principal conjunctions. Reading Lessoa: Sveriges natur (contin.) List of the principal interjections. Reading LessonAdverbs.:
:
130 132
Hemmet29.>
The
construction
of sentences.
Reading Lesson:135 139 152 157 161 192
HemmetReading exercises
(contin.)
PoemsAppendixVocabulary:I.
II.
Swedish-English English -Swedish
Pronunciation,
1.
The Alphabet.letters,
The Swedish alphabet consists of 29 1. which are represented and named as follow:Character.
\":
*
I
'-
.\
'
Pronunciation.
following signs:1)'*
2.
Accentuation.is
The Swedish accentuation
represented by the
2)'
which indicates the strong accent mid-strong accent r,
3)'
y,
4)
weak accent secondary weakthis
accent.
These
signs,
when
placed,
a) after a b) after a
vowel indicate that
vowel
is
long,is
consonant that the preceding vowel
short.Ex.: 1) a)
bad [ba'd], bath. 1) b) all [al^l all. 2) a) bada [ba'da% to bathe. 2) b) alia [d'a'], all (pi.). 3) a) mogenhet [mco'gdnhe't], maturity. 3) b) fattig [fafig'], poor. 4) a) promenad [prco'radnatd], walk. 4) b) destillera [des'tildra], to distill.
3.
Pronunciation of the letters.I.
Vowels.1.
A.
Swedish a1) In
is
pronounced:
man
long syllables like a in father like Gero in ^ttte and French a in ame.Phonetic transcription: a.
Ex.: a)c)
apa [a'pa% monkey.bra[bra.'],
b) sfcada [ska'da'], damage.well.
2) In
short syllables it has no equivalent sound in English. It nearly resembles English u in fun and corresponds to German tt in 33lott and French a in capital.Phonetic transcription:Ex.: a) alster [al'stdr], product. b) packe [pak'd^], package.c)a.
docka \dok-a%
doll.
Pronunciation.
3
2.
E.
Swedish1) in
e is
pronounced:
long syllables nearly like a in name and ai in sail, German e in fe^(en and French ^ in bl6.Phonetic transcription:e.
Ex.: a) ek [etk], oak. b) fel [fell], mistake.
2) in
a) like a in c in 2Scrf and
short syllables man, parish,:
carry ,
German
French al
in traltre.ee.
Phonetic transcription:Elx.:
a)
b)/9)
verk [vBevtk], work, herr [hBer^^ sir.
like e in better, German c in @affe and final e in French words such as porte after the pronunciation used in the South of France, in the
final syllablesEx.:
in
-e,
-el,
-er.a.
Phonetic transcription:[^os'a'j, boy. b) fag el [fotpdl], bird.
a)
gosse
c)
kloster [klosttdr], monastery. there
3) like
e in other cases.:
and 2lUe.
in
hair
in
all
Phonetic transcription:Ex.
fest [festt],
feast.
penna
[pen'a^], pen.:
Except
when
it
a few words such as ett, svedd, hemma, has nearly the sharp sound of i in middle.in3.I.:
Swedish1) in
i is pronounced long syllables like ee
in meet.i.
Phonetic transcription:Ex.:
a) isa [i'sa% to ice.
b) piga, ]prga,% maid.c)
hageri, [ba'gdrif], bakery.
2) in
short syllables like ia)
ini
miss.
Ex.:
Phonetic transcription irra [ir'a'], to err.
:
(as above).
b)
minska [min'ska%
to decrease.
1*
4
Pronunciation.
4.
0.
o is pronounced: long syllables: a) nearly like o in go or oa in gfOat in a few words of foreign origin ending in -oh, -of, -ok, -om, -ofiy 'op, -or, -OS, -ovy -log and in some other words such 1) in
Swedish
as:
kol, son, sova etc. Phonetic transcription: o. Ex.: garderob [gar'ddroth], wardrobe.
Jilosof [fiVosotf], philosopher.
epok [epotk'l, epoch. symbol [symbo'l], symbol.
ekonom
[ek'onotm]^ economist.
polygon [pol'igoin], polygon. mikroskop [mik'rosko.'p], microscope.korridor [kor'ido!r],corridor.
metamorfos [me'tamorfots], metamorphose.alcov [alkoiv\ alcove. dialog [di'aloig\ dialogue. kol \kotl]^ coal.
son [sotn\ son. sova [so'va% to
sleep.
oa in broad5> /9) like o in more, in door in a few words before -rl, -rd, -IPhonetic transcription: Ex.: a) sorl [so.'rl], murmur, b) order [o.'rddr], order.y) likeo.
and oo and -v.
o in to lose, oo in too or u in at the end of a long syllable and at the beginning of a word when forming a syllable of its own.rulein
many monosyllables
Ex.:
ordstol
[ojlrd],
Phonetic transcription: word.chair.
co.
[staj!i\^
ro [roj!], rest. broder [bra>'ddr% brother. obekant [co'bdkan't], unknown.2) in
short syllables:
a) like o in clock inEx.: a) lock [loki], curl, b) ollon [ol'on% mast.
most cases:o.
Phonetic transcription:
oo in book, u in put in a few /9) like monosyllables, at the end of a short syllables and in the plural termination -or.
Pronunciation.
Phonetic transcriptions:Ex.: a) ostb)c)
co.
[ojstt],
cheese.
rodd [rcodt], rowing. kvitto [kvit'a)% receipt. d) vokal [vcokatl], vowel.e)
skolor
f)
dockor [dok-ajT%
[skco'lajr^], schools. dolls.
5.
U.
Swedish u has two1) In
different sounds.it
has a sound peculiar to the long syllables Swedish language and has no equivalent in English. It is not unlike French u in pure and German u in fu^ren. This sound is obtained in rounding the lips as closely as possible and pronouncing i whilst with drawing the tongue and the lower lip backwards.Phonetic transcription:Ex.: a)b)c)
ui.
ur [mtr\
gudhus
d) tu [tui^,e)
watch, clock. [gmtd\ god. [hmis\ house. two.(bjiti'da^\,
hjuda
to invite.
N.B.sound:
In unaccented syllables,
u,
has a somewhat more open
Ex.: a) rubin [rmbi'n], ruby.b)(till)
salu [saUui],
(for) sale.
2) in
short syllables it has also a sound peculiar to the Swedish language and which is nearly like English u in pat, ou in could or Germantt
in ittng.Phonetic transcription:
u.
Ex.: a) under [untddr], wonder.b)c)
kundstund
[kuntd], customer.[sfun!d],
moment.fact.
d)e)
faktum [fak'tum%
furstinna [fudstin'a%
princess.
f)
rum
[rum!], room.
6.
Y.
Swedish1)
tj
has:
in
long syllables a close sound nearly like French n in dune or German tt in 3tt9el.
6
Pronunciation.
Phonetic transcription: y.Ex.: a)b)c)
yra
myra
[y'ra''\ whirl. \my'ra% ant.
hy [hyt\
village.
short syllables an open sound nearly 2) French u in lustre, rustre and Germanin
likett
in f(uftern.Phonetic transcription: y.Ex.: a) ynka [yy'ka^ to pity, b) syster [sys'tdr% sister.o
7.
A.
Swedish a
is
pronounced:
1) in lonj? syllables like o in go, oa in coat and German ii in BQ^n.
Phonetic transcription:Ex.: a) dr, [o.V], year. b) dka [o'ka^], to drive. c) pdse [po'sd% bag. d) gd [go!], to go.e)
o.
trdd
[tro.^d],
thread.
2) in
short syllableso in 3Sol!.
like o in
clock and Gero.
man
Phonetic transcription:Ex.: a)c)
dska [os'ka% thunder.[sol!],
b) sdlld)e)
matt sdng
sieve. [mot!], measure.
[soy!],
song.rat.
rdtta [rot'a%
8.
A.
is pronounced: long syllables: a) before r followed by a consonant like a parish but longer and German d in 9efa^rlid&.
Swedish a
1) in
in
Phonetic transcription: ,Ex.: aria [$s'rla% wagtail.
jdrn
lice!jin],
iron.
gdma^) in all in hair.
[jag'jina% willingly.
other
cases like e in there or ai
Pronunciation.
7
Phonetic transcription:Ex.: a)
e.
dga
b) dta
{e'ga.% to posess. ['ta% to eat.
c) hdra [he'va'-], to bear. d) Idra [U'ra^ to teach. ^ e) tra [trei], wood. Tend \knf\^ knee. f)
2) in short syllables: a) before double r or r followed by a consonant like a in c8p,yhat or German c in 2Bcrf.Phonetic transcription: %. Ex.: a) drr [sert\ scar. b) drt \8erit\ pea.c)
mdrke
[mier'kd'],
mark.
d) Idrka
[l%rka%
lark.
^) in all other cases like e in tbere or ai in liair.Phonetic transcription: Ex.: a) dpple [ep'h'], apple.b) hdst [hes't] horse.c).
Idmpa [lm'pa%'
to apply.
9.
0.
Swedish1) in
6*
is
pronounced:
long syllables:
) before r followed by a consonant nearly like i in bird. It has also the broad sound of French
oeu in c(ur.Ex.: a)Phonetic transcription: [ceUn], eagle. b) morda [mce'rda'], to murder. c) lordag [lceUda(gJ], Saturday.ce.'^
om
/?) before simple r (followed by a vowel or at the end of a word) nearly like e in her. It corresponds to German (i in iitter.
Phonetic transcription: o. Ex.: a) for [/oVr], for. b) ora [o'ra'], ear.c)
d)
fora [fd'ra% smor [smo'r],
to lead.
butter.
and before r in the plural of a very few words ending in 6 like French eux in deux or German ii in B^ne.f) in all other cases
Phonetic transcription:Ex.: a) ogab)[0'ga,'],
0.
lopa
eye. [l0'pa% to run.
Pronunciation.
c) hon [h0in\ prayer. d) /^c* {fr0t\ seed.
e)
mor
[mo.^r], maids.
2) in
short syllables:nearly like i in first orPhonetic transcription:ce.
a) before r o> in 6rter.
German
Ex.: a) ort [ceUt], plant. b) torst [toed,.^st], thirst.c)j3)
dorr
[doer!], door.
in
all
other cases like e in her and GerPhonetic transcription:o.
man
ii
in r5ften.
Ex.: a) ost [ds!t] east. b) rosta [ros'ta'], to vote.c)
mossa
[mds'a'], cap.
II.
Consonants.10.
B.
Swedish1)
b is
pronounced:Phonetic transcription:b.
like English h in ball.Ex.: a) bild [biUd], image.b) stab lsta.^b], staff. c) kabel [kaibdll cable.
d)e)
snabb [snabf], swift. bubbla [bub'W], bubble.
2) like English p in pot before t in the snabbt (neuter of: snabb) and s- sound.Phonetic transcription: p.
word
Ex.: snabbt
[snai?'.^],
swift.
klubbslag
[lclup'sla.'g],
blow with a
club.
11.
c.:
SwedishwelsEx.:e,
c is
pronouncedy.
1) like English 8 ini
8ense
before thes.
soft
vo-
and
Phonetic transcription:a)
ceder [seiddr], cedar.
b) cirkel \sir'kdl'-\ circle. c) cylinder [sylin'ddr], tall hat.
Pronunciation.
i
2) like
English k ink.
kill.
chef>: a) before h (except in French words such as
etc.)
and
Phonetic transcription: k.Ex.: a) och [oki], and. b) jiicka [fiik'a% c) icke [ik'd'], not.girl.
Note. words as:
d) lycka [lyk-a% luck. In the new orthography
k
is
substituted for
c.
Such
kanon \kano/-n\ cannon. kompass [kDrnpas!], compass.kurtisera [kur*tise.^ra], which were formerly spelt withto court,c,
etc.
etc.
are
now
spelt with k.
See page 11.
12.
D.
Swedish d1) like
pronounced: English d in duck.Phonetic transcription: d.
is
Ex.: a)b)c)
dag [da'g], day. bada {ba'da'], to rad [raid], line.
bathe.
2) like
English t in take.
a) before s at the genitive case followed by a vowel. derived syllables beginning by s. /9) beforePhonetic transcription:Ex.: a)b)t.
guds (fruktan) [gut's-], fear of gods (dgare) [gcot's-], landlord.
god.
3)
Swedish d is not audible at the beginning of words before j. The combination dj is sounded like j.Phonetic transcription:Ex.: a)b)j.
(See page 12.)
djup djur
[juiip], deep.[jyuiir]^
animal.
13.
F.:
Swedish f1) like
is
pronounced
English f in frui, cuif. a) at the beginning of words.r) at
/?)
before s and t. the end of some foreign words.
10
Pronunciation.
Phonetic transcription: /.
Ex.
:
I
a) b)c)
a
!(
fara [fa'ra% danger. frag a [froga^] question.Jikon [Jl'kon%fig.
a) loft [loftl loft.
b)
rofsastrof
[rejf^'sa'],
rake.
c) luft [luf't], air.
a)
[stro!f], strophe.
b)c)
fotograf [fcof cograif]^ photographer.jilosof [fiVDsotf\ philosopher.
2) like English v in voice.a) at the end of words (except foreign words ending in -grafj -strof -sof and those ending in -mf). middle of words (except before s and ^). /?) in the^
Phonetic transcription: Ex.:
v.
Uf[Wvlbref
life.
[bre'v], letter.
After
tafla [ta'vla% table. silfver [sil'vor], silver. the new orthography
/
is
replaced by v in above cases.
See page 18.liv in stead of lif
brev in stead of bref tavla in stead of tafia,silver in stead of silfver.
14.
G.
1) like
pronounced: English y in year. a) before the soft vowels: e^ i, i/, a and o. ^) after I and r in the same root- syllable.Phonetic transcription:Ex.:('
Swedish g
is
j.
a) get [je't], goat. b) giva Wva'], to give.c)
gyckel
[jykidl], jest,
d) gdst [jes't], guest. e) gora [jor'a% to do.
^ P
j\
a) farg [fier!j], colour. b) svalg [si [svaUj], throat.
2) like English g in get.
a) before the hard vowels a, -o, -u and a. e and after i in short unaccented final /9) beforesyllables.
Pronunciation.
11
y)
before a consonant.
S) at the
end of a syllable (exceptPhonetic transcription: g.street.
1, /3).
Ex.:
(J
a)
gata [ga'ta%
b)c)
god
[gcoid], good.
gudgd
[gmtd]^ god.
\ d)
[got], to go.
a) spegel [spe'gdr], looking-glass b) fattig [fat'ig^], poor.
^ r
f
a)
I b)f
grata [gro'ta% to weep, prdgla [pr'gla% to coin.
^ ^3) like
]
a) lag [lo.'gl low. b) lag [latg], law.
English k in keen.
a) before s/9)
andthe
t.
before
final
syllables
in
-set,
-sen
and
sera.Phonetic transcription: k.
Ex.:
(
a) c)
[hdk.'st], highest, [hdk!st], highest. b) fattigt [fat'ik% poorly. [fat'ikHl
hogst ~ )gst
sagt
[sakit], said
a) hlygsel [blyk\sdl], bashfulness.
b)c)
avldgsen [a'vhk'sdn], remote. bog sera [bok'setra], to tow.
4) like
Englishn.
ng
in
finger
between a short
vowel and
Phonetic transcription: y.Ex.: a) regna [reyna'], to rain. b) fdgna [feyna''], to gladden.
5) like
English sh in sbade beforePhonetic transcription:
-e-
and
-i
in
foreign words./.
Ex.: geni [fenif] genius. logi [lofit], lodging. Note. In the combinations ^j, the Ex.: gjort [jojj,!t]^ made.
g
is
mute.
gjuta
[jm'ta''],
to found.
15.
H.
Swedish1) like
h is pronounced:in
English h
hold before vowels.
12
Pronunciation.
Phonetic transcription: h.Ex.: hagla Uia'gla^], to hail. hehag [hdhatgX pie [hdhat
2) before the
consonants j and v \
/i is
quite mute.
Ex.: hjul [juitl]^ wheel. hjdlp [jeltp\ help. hjdrta [J8Br'ta% heart. hjord [jojUd]^ flock.
16.
J.
Swedish j1) like
pronounced: English y in .year.jordPhonetic transcription: J. [jcoUd], earth.to invite.
is
Ex.
:
a)c)
b) Jul [jut- 1], yule.
bjuda [bjm'da%koja[koj-a^], cot.
d) bjorii [bjoe'rn], bear,c)
2) like
English 8h in bush, derived from French.Phonetic transcriptionEx.:a):
shame/.
in
words
projeJd [projfektt]^
project,
b)
jurnal
[furna.'l], journal.
17.
K.
pronounced: like English k in kid. 1) a) before the hard vowels a, o, u, and a. the soft vowels e and i in unaccented /?) beforefinal syllables.f)
Swedish k
is
before and after a consonant (except j),
d) at the end of a word or e) in some loan words.Ex.:f
a syllable.
a) b)c)
kap [ka'p], cape. kopp [kop'], cup.
kull [kul'], brood. d) kdl [W'l], cabbage.
^ r^
j\
a) rike
[rrkd% kingdom.before
b) trdkig [tro'kig^\ tedious.thislettery,
after the
Words formerly beginning with h drop new orthography.h]i-ad [vatd], what.
h\varje [i'ar'jd% each. li\vem [vemt\ who.
Pronunciation.
13
a)
b)c)
klocka [khk'a'], clock. krig [kri'g], war.
praktskola
[prak!t], magnificence,[sk(o'la'\, school.
rid)e)
minskarysktak
[min'ska.''], to decrease.
f)a)
[rys!k], Russian.[ta'k], roof. [o'ka^], to drive.
^{
b)
dka
a) b)c)
m^kiv [arkHv], archives. anarki \an'aTkit\ anarchy. bankeft [baykef], banquet.in 9}idb$en
2) like
German b^
and [nearly
like
t-y in don'(t-y)ou popular.] a) before the soft vowels e, i, y (except in cases
mentioned at
1, /5,
'ro/]
I
we were voren you were de voro they were.
Words.
Lappamap'ama'] ansiktsfdrgsiktsjagr'j]
[la-
[the]
Laplan-
toppmossamos'a]
[top'-
peaked cap
ders[an'-
complexiontrousers coat
hoskap
[hoj'ska^p] cattlecattle
boskapsskotsel[bco'skapfofsdl]
feeding pla-
hyxor
[hyk'sa)r^'\
kolt [koUt] vadmal [va'dmal] drugget(coarsestuff)
hostdderste^ddr]
[ho)'-
dwellingces
trakt [traktt]
region
renar
[re'nar']
skinn [fin'] pals [pd's]
reindeer skinfur
dkerhruk
[o'kdr-
husbandry
hrm'-k] hjordar[ja)'jidar'-] herds
30
Declension of substantives.
31
auntcousinseaster holi-
j faster [fasitdr] I moster [mcos^tdr]
spent
kusiner [kmsiindr] pdskferier [pos'kfe'ridr]
days garden
trddgdrd [tre'goUd]\morfar''[m(or:far] armor ^ [far'mojr]-,
^ grand fatherZ-^^-^r'!/*^^-^?;^
tillhragte {til' brak^td] several years j^ere dr [fie're'' otr] plays spelar [spe/lar^] sjunger [fuy'dr'] sings de gd [di! go'] they go kind to me goda mot mig [gorda' mojtt mi'g]stayswill
grand motherstories
j
f
stannarto
\mormor^[ma>rima>r]
come
skolatilf]
komma
[stan'ar']till
sagor
[sa'gojr^]
us
oss [skorla" kom-'a'
cakes
kakof
[ka'kcor']
grand
isonson [son'son^] \dotterson [dot'dr8071']
enjoy myself roa mig [rwa' mi!g] we shall play vi skola leka [z;z?skoj'la le'ka^]to tell
(Songrand daughter\\^
dottev
[sow
berdtta [bdrd'a]
dot'er]
to
bake
bakadlska
[ba'ka'][el'ska']
dotterdotter [dot'dvdot'ar]
like
French
franska
[fran'ska^]
my mystill
(pi.)
GermanSwedishteaches
tyska [tys'ka^'] svenska \svEn'ska^'\Idr,\ltr
alive
min [mi'n] mina [mi'na'] dnnu i livet, vid[snui''it
liv
litvdt
vitd
under vis ar,
i
Wv]beautifully
un'ddrvi^-
fdrtrdffligttreffliktj.
[for-
speaks
sar talar
if\
[ta'lar']
Translation Exercise 8.The Family.a teacher in
Myour
parents areschool.
still
alive.
My
father
is
grammar
He
teaches
modern languages;
he
speaks French, German and Swedish very well. He spent several years in France, Germany and Sweden. My mother plays on the piano and sings beautifully. I have a brother and two sisters; they go to school. I love my parents with all my heart (av alt mitt hjdrta), for they are very kind to me. My little sister stays at home to-day, because she is ill; I hope she will be better to-morrow (i morgan). My I shall enjoy Uncle and aunt will come to us at Easter. We myself with my cousins during the easter holidays. shall play in my grandfather's garden. Our grandfather will tell us nice stories and our grandmother will bake good cakes for us. Their grandsons and granddaughters like them very much.by the father'sside.^
by the mother's
side.
32
Fifth Lesson.
^1.1.
III.
Third Declension.
This declension contains:
the
masculine
n o u n s ending in
-ac?,
-nad^ -skap-d,
and -ndr ;2.
the-het,
feminine nouns ending-else,
in -an,
-t,
-sfj
-and and -ang ;-ant^-ass,
3;
the-en-ik^
and
masculine nouns ending in -at, -is and- the feminine nouns
ending
in
4.
and -ur, which come from a foreign language and have the accent on the last syllable; the neuter nouns which end in -eum and -ium and are derived from Latin;-ion
5.
the
polysyllabic neuter nouns
in -eri;
6.
a greatas:
of monosyllabic nouns of each gender and with various terminations, suchpriest;
number
prdst (masc),er in
dam
(fem.), lady; salt (neut.), salt etc.
2. The substantives of the third declension take the plural. Ex.: mdnad, month; mdnader, months; r or else, movement, motion; rorelser, movements; tryckeri, printing-office; tryckerier, printing-offices.
Note
1.
The words
in -else drop the final-e before taking the
plural ending.
Ex.: hdndelse, event (occurrence); hdndelser, events.
Note
2.
The nouns ending
in
-and and -dug change a and
a
into a.
-um
Ex.: tand, tooth; tdnder, teeth; tang, pincers; tdnger, pincers, tongs etc, Note 3. Nouns, ending in -eum and -ium drop the syllable before taking the plural termination. Ex.: museum, museum, plur.: museer.
The terminal definite article of the 3. third declension has four different forms in the singular and in the plural, viz:1.
a) in the singular: -n for the feminine-en for the
2.
tives
masculine and feminine ending in a consonant;
substantives ending in -e; substan-
Declension of substantives.
33
3.
-et
for the
neuter
substantives;
b) in the
plural:
-na for each gender.Note. Neuter nouns in -eum and before adding the terminal definite article.
-mm
drop the syllable -um.
Ex.: museet, the museum.
4.I.
Examples.Feminine and Masculine Nouns.Form.Singular.artist
Indefinite
Definite
Form.
N. en konstndr, anG. en
konstndrs,(an artist's)
of
an
artist
N. konstndren, the artist G. konstndrens, of the(the artist's)
artist
D. en konstndr, to an artist A. en konstndr, an artistN. konstndrer, artists G. konstndrers, of artists D. konstndrer, to artists A. konstndrer, artists.II.
D. konstndren, to the artist A. konstiidren, the artist.
Plural.N. konstndrerna, the(the artists')artists
G. konstndr ernas, of the artists
D. konstndrerna, to the artists A. konstndrerna, the artists.
Neuter Nouns.Definite
Indefinite
Form.
Form.
Singular.N. ett spinneri, a spinning-mill G. ett spinneris, of a spinningmill
N. spinneriet, the spinning-mill G. spinneriets, of the spinningmill
D. ett spinneri,mill
to
a
spinning-
D. spinneriet,mill
to
the
spinning-
A. ett spinneri, a spinning-mill.
A. spinneriet, the spinning-mill.
N. spinnerier, spinning-mills
Plural. N. spinneriema, the spinningmills.
G. spinneriers, of spinning-mills
G.
spinneriemas,ning-mills
of the spinto
D. spinnerier, to spinning-mills
D.
spinneriema,ning-millsmills.
the
spin-
A. spinnerier^ spinning-mills.
A. spinneriema,
the spinning-
Words.
34eldstaden[el'dsta'- the
Lesson
5.
fire
placepla-
skrapa upppa' up']
[skra'- scrape up
ddn] sovplatser [so'v- sleepingplat^Sdr] foda [fo'da']ces
bo
[bcj']
dessa dro'rco']
[des'a'
dwell these are
food
clothes dragareldra'gard'] beasts of bur-
kldder VkUiddv^
den
flyttningamaIflyt'niyama,']
the movings things ackja (a kind of sledge) boat
sakerackjabat
[sa'kdr][ak'ja']
[va'ri- through which je'nom] gar ut [go.'r m't] goes out serve tjdna [ge'na'] bredas [bre'das'] are spread out pa marken [pot on the floor
varigenom
madtkdn] skaffa [skaf'a']ej blott [eji blotf]
[bo.'t]
medarkol
ime'dar^]
[go.'l]
runners keelrein
bdra [be'ra'] spdnnas [spen'as']ser ut [setr m!t] begins
procure not only bearare put to
torn [tomf]
looks like
da det b orjar
[do.^
whento
it
dett b (Br'jar']
bred [bretd] Idngs [l7j.'s]
broadalong holds
om
bli[va] [bli'va^]
hosten [om!
in
become autumn
rymmerndtt
[rym.'dr]
ochjdmt
[net' just
hos'tdn] to move flytta ner [ne'r] leva av [leva' a'v] live on out of ur [iii'r]
ok.' jm.'t]
down
dkande [okan'dd'] kor [Qd:r]kallt [kalit]
driver drivescold.
Eeading ExerciseLapparua
9.
(continued).
det borjar bli kallt om hosten, flytta de ner i skogarna, dar (where) renarna leva av renlav, som de skrapa upp ur snon med sina klovar. Lappama bo i kator. Dessa aro ett slags talt ay vadmal med hal i taket, varigenom roken fran eldstaden gar ut till sovplatser tjana renskinn, som bredas pa marken. Renarna skaffa lappen ej blott foda och klader, de aro aven bans dragare, som vid flyttningama bara bans saker. Denne ser vintern spannas de for ett slags slade, ackja. ut som en liten bat, ar utan medar med en bred kol langs mitten och rymmer natt och jamt en (one) akande, vilken kor renen med endast en tom.
Da
;
Om
Conversation.flytta lapparna om hosten? Varav leva renarna? Huruledes (pa vad satt) skrapa de upp renlav ur snon? Vari bo lapparna? Beskriv (Describe) lappamas bostader? Vartill tjana renarna? Vad kallas lappamas siadar?
Vart
Hum
ser en
ackja ut?
Declension of substantives.
35
Words.dwelling pla- he7nvist[he7n'vis^t]cesin the country
water
lilies
ndckrosorrcL>''sojr\
{nek'-
pai
landet [poi lani-
cowslipsroses
gullvivor [gul'vi'vcor]
ddt]in
town
staden[i' sta'ddn]
rosor
[rco'sojr]
summer house sommarbostad[sDm'arbo/stad]hill
dew-dropstulips
daggdroppar[dag'drop'ar]
parkorchardfruittrees
kulle [kul'd'] park [par!k]
tulpanerndr]vi
[tulpat-
frukttrddgdrd[fruktre^godd]
we1
reside,
bo
[vi' bco^]
(dwell)like
frukttrdd [fruk'tre'\
jag dlskar (tyckerom)[ja'geV'skar'-]
cherry-trees
korshdrtrdd[Qce,r'sh^rtr\
stands det star [deit sto^r] in the middle mitt i [mitt it}it
apple-treespear-trees
dppeltrddtre'\
[ep'dl-
shadyplenty of in front of
skuggig [skug'ig']
manga
[moy'a']
pdrontrdd[pe'rontre']
framfor
[framt-
flower garden
hlomstertrddgdrd[blojm'stdrtre^gdrd]
among swimbeautiful
for] ibland [iblantd]
simmaother
[sim'a^][jo.'n,
basingold fishesviolets
bassdngJis'kar]
[bas7j']
guldfiskar[gul'd'
skon, fager faigdr]
many
manga andra[moy^a' an'dra'].
violer
[vico.'ldr]
Translation Exercise 10.The house. have two dwelling places. In summer we reside I like our (dwell) in the country and in winter in town. summer-house very much. It stands on a small hill in the middle of a shady park. Behind the house there is a large orchard with plenty of fruittrees: cherry-trees, apple-trees and pear-trees. In the flower garden in front of the house there is an oval basin in which many gold fishes swim among water-lilies. In our flower garden we have plenty of violets, cowslips, roses, dew-drops, tulips and many other beautiful
We
flowers.
Sixth Lesson.IV.1.
Fourth Declension.in -e;
1.
This declension contains:
all all
2.
neuter nouns neuter nounsEx.: knd, knee;
(most monosyllables) the root
of which ends in a vowel.
kndn, knees.3*
36
Lesson
6.
The substantives belonging 2. declension form their plural in -n.Ex.: spcinne, buckle;
to
the fourth
spdnnen,
buckles.
1.
3.
The terminal definite
article is:
-t
in the singfular. Ex.: spdnnet, the buckle.
2.
-a in the plural. Ex.: spdnnena, the buckles.
4.Indefinite
Example.Form.Singular.N. G. D. A.Definite
Form.
N. ett rike, a kingdom G. ett rikes, of a kingdom J), ett rike, to a kingdom A. ett rike, a kingdom.
riket, the kingdom rikets, of the kingdom riket, to the kingdom riket, the kingdom.
N. riken, kingdoms G. rikens, of kingdoms D. riken, to kingdoms A. riken, kingdoms.
Plural. N. rikena, the kingdoms G. rikenas, of the kingdoms D. rikena, to the kingdoms A. jHkena, the kingdoms.
Words.Tysklandlan'd][tys'k-
GermanyEurope
vetenskapsman
men
of science
Europaspas^]
[mo'rco- of[fas't-
[ve'tdnskapsme^n\ konstndrej^lkon'st- artistsnerdr^]
fastlandlan^d]
continent
endast
\endas''t]
only
sidan [si'dan'] hav [ha.^v]
Nordsjonfo'n]
the side sea [nco'rd- the North Sea
north norra [nor'a^] grdnsar till [gren'- borders uponsar^]
sluttar [slut'ar']
Idngsamtthe slopesrivers
[lon^g-
slopes slowly
sluttningarna[slut'niyama^]
sam't]
mot, emot [moj.% towardsemco.'t]
Jioder [Jioj'ddr] strdnder [stren.'- banksddr]
utfor [uittfor'] rinna frm'a']
downflow
skonhet
{J'enihet][tys'-
beautythe
tyskamakarna']
Germans
learned [men] Idrde [Ix'rdd'^] flow flyta [flyta'l beromda [bdrom'- renownedda']
folkmdngd [fol'kmey'd]
population
stolta over [stol'ta' proud of[miVjoji- millions
miljonerridr]
oivdr]
vacker
\vak.'dr]till
beautiful
vetenskap [ve'tdns- scienceka'-p]
uppgdrhogt
[up'-
comes upstand[ona]
to
art konst lkon!st] vdrlden [vae'jddn^] the world
gor' til!] std [sto!](adv.) [hok!t][sairu't]
high
skolorintager
{skoylcjr^]
schools
[level]
[in'ta''gdr\ occupies
samt
Declension of Substantives.
37
Reading Exercise
11.
Tyskland. Tyskland intager mitten av Europas fastland. Endast pa norra sidan gransar det till hav Ostersjon och Nordsjon. Landet sluttar langsamt mot havet och utfor sluttningarna rinna manga stora floder. Till Ostersjon flyta Weichsel och Oder, till Nordsjon Elbe och Rhen. Storst av dessa ar Rhen; dess strander aro mycket beromda for sin skonhet och tyskarna aro mycket stolta over denna sin (their) vackra flod. Tyskland ar ej sa mycket storre an Sverige, men dess folkmangd uppgar till over 60 miljoner. Vetenskap och konst sta i hela Tyskland mycket hogt; intet land i varlden har sa manga skolor av alia slag samt sa manga vetenskapsman, larde och:
konstnarer.
Conversation.
Ar TysklandTill vilka
ett stort
land?
hav gransar det at norr? Vilka aro Tysklands storsta floder? Vilken ar Tysklands storsta och vackraste flod? Varfore ar Rhen beromd ? Hvarfore aro Tyskarna stolta over denna flod? Ar Tyskland mycket storre an Sverige? Hum manga invanare har Tyskland? Sta vetenskap och konst mycket hogt i Tyskland?Words.on the groundfloor
pa
nedre
botten
bed roomsvalley
sovrum
[so'vrum']
roomssitting
rum (neut.) [rumi room vardagsrum (neut.)[va'rdagsrum^]
[po' neidrd hottdn
dal [daU]
inthe morning pawill
morgonen [po!va'ra''
mor'on^dn]be over
skola vara forbi[skoj'la''
dining room study
matsal [ma'tsal^]
studerkammare[stm'ddrkam^ard]in (within)
fcerbH]
inom
tre
veckortre'
kitchen on thefloorfloor
kokfirst
(neut.) [ge.'k]
three
weeks
[inom'k-cor']
ve-
en trappa
upp
[ent
trap' a' upf]
on the second tvd trappor[tvo.^ trap'cor''
uppup']
to breathe andas [an'das'] the fresh air frisk luft [fris'.k
attics
vindskammare[vin'dskam'ard]
luftt] alltid,ti'd,
stddse
[al'-
ste'dsd']
out at (of) the
utgenomfonstren[m't jetnomfontstrdn]
pleasantloft
windows
trevligt [tre'vlig't] loft [loft].
Translation Exercise 12.
Onroom,
The House (continued). the ground floor there are four rooms: the sitting the dining room, my father's study and the kitchen.
38
Lesson
7.
and second floor there are six beautiful bed Our house has also a loft and two attics. Out at the windows you can see the Rhine, that slowly flows in athefirst
On
rooms.
verdant valley.try.Itis
ning.
move
to
The town
I should like to dwell always in the counso pleasant to breathe the fresh air in the morholidays will be over in three weeks and we shall
again.
Seventh Lesson.V.1.
Fifth Declension.declension includes:
The
fifth
a) all1.
masculine nouns
in -are;
2.
in -ande;
b) the names of substantives in -er;c) all
peoples and
the
foreign
(loan)
neuter nouns:
ending in a
consonant.
Except the neuter nouns in -eum and 4um derived from Latin which belong to the third declension.2.
The substantives
of the fifth declension re-
main
unchanged
in the plural. Ex.: barn, child and children.
The 3. declensions is:1.
terminal definite article
for this
a) for masculine -n in the singular.
nouns
Ex.: hagaren, the baker.2.
-ne in the plural. Ex.: bagarne, the bakers.ending in-e
Note. The substantives terminal definite article.
drop
it
before adding the
b) for1.-et
neuter nouns
in the singular.Ex.: bordet, the table; barnet, the child.
2.
-en in the plural.Ex.: borden, the tables: barnen, the children.
Declension of substantives.
39
4.I.
Examples.Masculine Nouns.Form.
Definite Form. Singular. N. Idraren, the teacher N. en Idrare, a teacher G. Idrarens, of the teacher G. en IdrareSy of a teacher (aIndefinite
(the
D. en A. en
teacher's) Idrare, to a teacher Idrare, a teacher.
teacher's)
D. Idraren, to the teacher A. Idraren, the teacher.
Plural.N. Idrare, teachers G. Idrares, of teachers D. Idrare, to teachers A. Idrare, teachers.II.
N. Idrarne, the teachersG.
Idrames,
of the teachers (the
D. A. Idrarne, the teachers.
teachers') Idrarne, to the teachers
Neuter Nouns.Definite
Indefinite
Form.
Form.
N. ett hord, a table G. ett hords, of a table D. ett hord, to a table A. ett hord, a table.N. G. D. A.
Singular. N. hordet, the table G. hordets, of the table D. hordet, to the table A. hordet, the table.Plural.N. G. D. A.h or den, the tables hordens, of the tables h orden, to the tables horden, the tables.
hord, tables hords, of tables hord, to tables hord, tables.
Words.fjdllen[fjel'dn'']
the mountainsdrifts
glacidrers'ie'r&r]
[gla-
glaciers
driver
[dri'vcor']
dret [o.'rdt] tdcke [tek'd']
the year cover [coat] the top toppen [tDp!dn] snogrdnsen [sno'- the limit of
samlar
sig [sam'- gathers
lar^ si!g]
nedanfor
gren'sdn]
snowsvales
[ne'dan'- underneath fcer] become hliva [hli'va']arise
dalar \da'lar''^ fordjupningar
depressions
uppstd [up'sto^] hogre [hotgrd]hinner [hin'dv'] fidlstdndigt [ful'sten^dikt]
hranterna
[fcerjm'pni7)ar''] [hran'- the steeps
higher succeedfully
tdma^] tryoket [tryktdt]
the pressure
hortsmdlta[hor'ts- to melt away
hopade [hoj'padd^] heaped up snomassor [sno'- bulks of snowmascor']
meVta]
utan
{m'tan'^
kvarligga [kvairis
but remain
pressas
sammani.^s]
compressed
li'ga]
[prss'as^ sam'an^]till is [tiU
dretinto ice
om [otvdt omt][e'vig'']
through the yeareternal, ever-
ismassorsojr']
[i'sma-
bulks of iceglaciers
evig
joklar
[jo'klar^]
som
[som.']
lasting as
40
Lessoncalled
7.
(man) kallar (den)
it
is
sages
[se'gds'']
is
said
sdsom
[so'som^]
like
nd over na
Ino"] \no.\
i}^ ^^ h^yoiiiA1
to reach
above
sammanhdngande hanging[sam'anhey'andd] over hela [o.'vdr over the wholehe'la']
most mesta [mes'ta^^ i trdnga [zV fro?;'a'] in narrowlidTSjisetr]
sdsuch
starktstartkt]
[sot-
[t]here so strong
sddant [sotdant]
Reading ExerciseFjallen.
13.
Pa de hogre
fjallen ar det sa kallt,
att
snon
ej
hinner
fullstandigt bortsmalta om sommaren, utan stora driver ligga kvar aret om. Pa de allra hogsta fjallen ligger denna evig sno, som man kallar den, sasom ett sammanhangande tacke
over hela toppen ett sadant fjall sages na over snogransen. Mesta snon samlar sig i tranga dalar och fordjupningar nedanfor fjallbranterna, och har kan trycket av de hopade snomassorna bliva sa starkt, att snon pressas samman till is. Sa;
uppsta stora ismassor, som
man
kallar joklar eller glaciarer.
Conversation.
Ar
det kallt
pa de hogre
fjallen?
Hinner snon fullstandigt bortsmalta om sommaren? Var ligger den eviga snon? Vad kallas sammanpressade snomassor?Words.drawing-room formak [fd'rma^k]sofa
newspapersceiling
tidningar
[tid-
arm-chairschairsfoot-stools
soffa [sof-a'] Idnstolar [hn'stcj'l]
chandelier
tak [ta^k\ fniyar^] Ijuskrona [jm'skrco'na]
stolar
[stco'lar^]
every cornerplants vases flowers
varje hornhcerhi]
[var'ja''
the walls
pallar [palar^] vdggai^na [veg'ar?ia']
vdxter
{vek'stdr"'\
vaser
[va'sdr^][hloj-
papers on the floor
tapetei^ [tapet'dr']
hlommorni'ojr^]
pa golvet [pot goltVdt]
rosy
rosenrodro'd]
[roj'sdn[tap'dt-
mattor [mat'cor^] carpets the pianoforte pianot [matnojt] the door dorren [doRrtdn] the window fdnstret[fontstrdt]pictures
hung withrepresentillustrated
tapetseradese'radd^]
framstdlla [fram'stel'a]
mdlningar [moVniyar'] mdlare [mo/'ara'j
illustreradestre'radd']
[iVii-
painters
landscapestable rare
landskapka^p]
[lan'ds-
bloombetweenexotic
blomstraemellan[blojm'stra'] [emel'an^]
books
[h(oird] sdllsynt [ssl.synH] bocker [boktdr]
hord
china
exotisk [iksojitisk] porslin [porslitn].
Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.
41
Translation Exercise 14. The Drawing-Room.our drawing-room there are a sofa, four arm-chairs, and so many foot-stools. The walls are hung with rosy papers and the floor is covered with red carpets. Some pictures made by renowned painters are hanging from the Most of these pictures represent English landscapes. walls. On a small round table you can see several books and illuA beautiful chandelier is hanging from strated newspapers. the ceiling. Every corner of the room is garnished with rare plants and exotic flowers are blooming in china vases.Insix chairs
Eighth Lesson.Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.it1.
First declension.
This declension has no irregular plural forms, but contains:
1.
Certain nouns that are used only in the plural;:
such as
anor, ancestors
matvaror,
victuals
bannor, chidingflavor, estate.
indlvor, bowels dthavor etc., manners, gestures.
Some compound substantives which have preserved their ancient form of genitive in -o and -u; such as:2.
mdnniskokdrlek, philanthropy. mdnniskodtare, man-eatersalupris, sale-price salutorg, market varumdrke, trade-mark varulager etc., warehouse.
in a as well ending in -e they are declined according to the second declension in the singular but follow the first declension in the plural.3.
Some feminine nouns which end
as in
-e.
When
Ex.:Note.
skugga
When
or skugge, shade; skuggan or the shade, but skuggor in the plural. ending in -e they are masculine.
skuggen,
1.
2.
Second declension.of the final
The following nouns drop the vowel
syllable before taking the plural ending:
42
Lesson
8.
sommar, summerafton, evening
morgon, morningdjdvul, devil2.
somrav, summers aftnar^ evenings morgnar, mornings djdvlar, devils.
TwoThe
moder, mother3.
nouns modify their root-vowel: modrar, mothersddttrm%daughters,
dotter, daughter
four nouns indicating the colours of cards are unchanged in the plural:hjdrter, hearts ruter, diamondsJdover, club, clubs
spader, spade, spades.
4. Some nouns that end in -e as well as in -a in the singular, thus belonging to the first and the second declensions, but in the plural they are declined according to the second declension.
Ex.:
timme
or
timmar
timma, hour; timman,in the plural.
the
hour,
but
Such are:ande, breath; droppe, drop; make, husband; mane, moon; tanke, thought etc.
Third declension. 1. Several masculine and feminine nouns modify the root-vowel and most of them double the final con3.
sonant before taking the plural termination:fot, footrot, root
fotter,
feet
son, sonbot, fine
soner, sonsboter, fines.
rotter, roots.
Notice the plural of: bok, bocker, book, books ^ ledamot, ledamoter, member, members; not, notter, walnut, walnuts; get, getter, goat, goats and van, vdnner, friend, friends.2.
A
few masculine and feminine nouns modify thebut do not double theletter
root-vowel, the plural:
final
consonant in
bokstav,
stad, town natt, night fader, father3.
bokstdver, letters stdder, towns ndtter, nights
fdder,
fathers.
The masculine and feminine nounstheir plural
in -a,
-e,
-o,
w,
and a form
by addingmor, maidens
-r.
stadga, statute
stadgar, statutes
mo, maiden
'^-^{hf4ewifeko, cow so, sow
^-''{
hir/ewives
kor, cows sor, sows
Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.
43
rd, yardsld, rod td, toe
rdr, yardssldr, rods tdr^ toes
sko, shoe
skor, shoes
vallmo, poppy bonde, countrymanfiende, enemy bo, inhabitant
vallmor^, poppies bonder, countrymenfiender, enemies bor^, inhabitantsin
frdnde,Note.gularly.
relative
The
foreign nouns
frdnder, -e and
relatives.-i
form their pluralqvalite,
re-
Ex.:
teori,
theory; teorier, qvaliteer, qualities.
theories;
quality;
4.1.
The word man, man, has two
plural endings:
2.
man and manner, men, in a general sense; man (unchanged), man, when denoting a groupof persons forming a whole.Ex.: tio tusen
man
(soldiers), ten
thousand men.
4.
Fourth declension.
1. To this declension belong six nouns which are declined in the plural according to the third and fourth declensions; viz.: drenden or drender, business drende, business
fdngelse, prison brdde, boardtdckelse, covering ode, ode
fdngelsen
or fdngelser, prisons
regemente, regiment2.
brdder, boards tdckelsen or tdckelser, coverings oden or oder, odes regementen or regementer, regiments.or
brdden
The word:
oga, eye,
and om,
ear,
have an
irre-
gular plural.Ex.: ogon, eyes; oron, ears.
5.
Fifth declension.
1. The word: fruntimmer, ladies, has three different plural forms when used with the definite article; viz: fruntimren (fruntimrena and fruntimmerna).
2. The word: finger, finger, is both neuter and masculine and takes the following endings when used with the definite article in the plural: fingren or fingrarne.^ Or vallmoblommor. bor parishioners etc.
^
Only
in
compound words: socken-
44
Lesson
8.
Words,korsfararefa'rara][kod's- .crusaders
hyste [hys'td']
\
had
(a
spite
aggthe Fins
till
f
against)
finnarna [ jin'arhedningar[he'd-
heathens
landsteg [lan'ste'g] landed, went on shore uppmanade [up'- exhorted
ma'nadd][the] baptism dopet [doj.'pdt] Jm^an [h-ran'] [the] doctrine Finland Finland [/in'lan'd]
lata [lota']
to let to christen
dopa
[do'pa'][de'
de vdgradeve'gra'dd]
they refused
biskop
[bis'kop'']
bishopChristianity
Kristendomen[kris't9ndoj^m9n]
besegradese'gra'dd]
[ba-
vanquished
apostel [aposttdl]
apostle
en nyny.'
omvand
[en' a
catechumen
compelled tvang [tvay'] mottaga [mort-ta'- to receivekristen [krns'tan'] christian dtervdnde [o'tdr- came backven'dd]
om'ven'd]spiteleft
agg
[ag-]
kvarldmnadeblivitvit''
[kva'TUm^nade^ kallad [blr- was calledkal'ad'] [an'gri'to attack
predikade [predi'- preachedka'dd]
angripa pa]
mordadesda'dds]
[mod'r- was murdered.
Reading ExerciseErik den Helige.^Erik samlade
15.
i Sverige en har av korsfarare och Kung seglade med den ut for att angripa finnarna, som da annu voro hedningar. Han landsteg i trakten av Abo. Forst uppmanade ban finnarna att lata dopa sig, men de vagrade. Da
angrep han dem med sin har, besegrade dem och tvang dem De visste likval icke mycket om den att mottaga dopet. kristna laran. Da Erik atervande till Sverige, kvarlamnade han darfor biskop Henrik, som dar predikade kristendomen och darfor blivit kallad Finnlands Apostel. Biskopen mordades dock snart av en ny omvSnd finne, som hyste agg till honom.Conversation.
Vad gjorde Erik den Helige
for att angripa finnarna?
Var (where) samlade han denna har? Voro finnarna annu hedningar? I vilken trakt landsteg Kung Erik? Voro finnarna villiga att lata dopa sig?
Vad gjorde Kung Erik niir de vagrade Vad hette Finlands Apostel? Av vem mordades biskopen Henrik?the Holy.
at lata
dopa sig?
Irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns.
45
Words.book-case
bokskdpverk
(neut.)
typewriterthe use
skrivmaskin[skri'vmafi^n]
[boj'ksko^p]
workswriters
[vwr.'k]
begagnandetga7)'nan''ddt]
\bd-
skriftstdllare[skrif'tstel'ard]
copying press kopiepress [kco'pidprS^]
poets
skalder [skalddr']I
. ^ volumescodes (laws)
band
[ba,n!d][la'g-
a safesteelbills
ett
kassaskdp
[polymer [voly-mdv^]lagbockerbok^dr]
[kas'asko'p] stdl [stoil]
vdrdepapper[v^'rddpap'dr]
lawyerwriting-table
sakforarefo'rard]
[sa'k-
money[skri'v-
penningat^ [peiriyar^]
skrivbordboj'rd]
green clothwriting
gront kldde[gr0nHkh.dd^]
ma- iskrivmaterialier[
jewels family simple elegant
juveler [jmveUdr] familj [jmniUj]enkel [eyjkdl]elegant [e'legayit]
terials
[skri'mnat^eriailidr]
bound books bundna backer[bun'dna'' bdk.'dr] stitched books ^a/ifc?e backer [hef'tadd^] Russian rysk [rys!k] covered with betdckt med [6atekH me.'d] provided mthforsedd med [for'sed^ me!d]
stationery
)
inkstands inkblotter
bldckhorn
[blek'-
hco^m] black [bhk!] portfolj [podtfoHj]linjalej' [linjaildr\
rulers
{pldnpapper[plo'nblotting]
paper
pap^dr] \l(iskpapper V pap^dr]
\les'k-
necessaryfull
nodvdndigven'dig]
[no'd-
writing-paper skrivpapper [skri'vpap'dr] post-paper brevpapper [bre'v-
of
uppfylld
med [yp-
jyVd me!d]red black
rod
[ro'd][sva'ji't]
pap'dv]penholderspencils
svart
pennskaft
[
pen's-
now a days
nu for
tiden [nm:-
kaft] blyertspennor
fo.'r trddn']
much spread mycket spridd[myk'df spridf]preserves
[bly'drtspen'cor] letter-weigner brevvdg [bre'vvotg]
forvarar [foe'rvarar''].
Translation Exercise 16.The Study.simple but elegant. In the bookcase there are many bound and stitched books. Among his various books you can see many works w^ritten by Svredish, French and Russian authors and poets. Most volumes are on law, as my father is a lawyer. The writing table is covered with green cloth and provided with all the necessary writing materials (stationery): two inkstands, the one full of black ink and the other full of red ink, a blotter, a
My
father's
study
is
ruler,
blotting-paper,
a letter-weigher.
On
writing-paper, penholders, pencils and a little table stands a typewriter.
46
Lesson
9.
Nowadays
Here is the use of typewriters is much spread. the copying-press. The safe is in the corner; it is made all of steel. My father preserves in it all sorts of bills, money and the family jewels.
Ninth Lesson.
The genderI.
of substantives.
Masculine.
Masculine are:a) All appellations of
men
and
male animals.months,
Ex.: mdlare, painter; bonde, countryman; tupp, cock.
b) forests.
The namesEx.:
of the seasons,
days and
sommar, summer; lordag,in:
Saturday.
c)1.
The nouns endingEx.:
-ad and -nad,
mdnad, month;
skillnad, difference.
2.
-ande (names of persons). Ex.: handlande, merchant.Ex.: Idrare, teacher.
3. -are.
4.
-dom.Ex.: barndom, childhood.-e
5.
(Plural -ar).Ex.: gosse, boy.
6.
-el
(Plural -ar), Ex.: axel^ axe.
7.
-er
(Plural -ar orEx.: seger, victory.
-er),
8.
-ing (concrete nouns).Ex.:
taming,
die.
9.
-ling.
Ex. frdmlingj stranger.:
10. -lek. Ex.: kdrlek, love.
11. 'ndr. Ex.: konstndr,
artist.
12. -skap (Plural -er). Ex.: egenskap, property.
The gender of
substantives.
47
Except:1.
The
titles
ending in -hud
and -rad which are
neuter.Ex.: sdndebud, ambassador; statsrdd, minister.2.
3.
4.
hdrad, district; altare, altar; ankare, anchor, are also neuter. The words: fjdder, feather; -fidder^ elder; lever liver; adevj vein; ndver, birch-bark, are feminine. The nouns in -sel are also feminine.^
The words:
II.
Feminine.
Feminine are:a) All female Ex. flicka,:
names and appellations:girl;
hona, hen.
Swedish rivers and the names b) of trees and the nouns in -and and -ang which modify the final vowel in the plural.
The names
of
Ex.: bjork, birch-tree; hand, hand.c)1.
The substantives
in
:
-a (Plural -or),Ex.: skola, school; piga, maid.
2.
-an (abstract nouns).Ex.: borjan, beginning.-st
3.
-d,
-t^
Ex.:4.-else.
(mostly abstract). mdngd, great deal of; avsikt,
intention; konst, art.
Ex.: varelse, being.5. -het
(mostly abstract).
Ex.: sannolikhet, likelihood.6.
'ing (abstract-sel
nouns) and -ning.
Ex.: handling, act, action; aktning, esteem.7.
(mostly abstract).Ex.: horsel, hearing.-ik^
8.
-^,
-ion
and -ur (foreign words).temperatur,tem-
Ex.:
teori,
theory; fabrik, factory, perature; mission, mission.
Except:1.
The words:tree;
blast,
brand, fire; pil, willow; apel^ applegale (strong wind) jdst^ yeast tingest^; ;
48
Lesson
9.
pastry; strirkelse, starch; gaol; hackelse, hacked straw, and vdxt, plant, are masculine.thing;^ors^, thirst; bakelse,
hdktelse^
2.
sto,
The words: fruntimmer^ mare land, country;;
lady;vide,
kvinnfolk,
women;;
water-willow
fdng-
ghost; stdngsel, enclosure, paddock; tdckelse, covering; betsel, bridle; harhari, barbarity; baroni, barony; kompani, company; geni, genius, are neuter.else,
prison;
spokelse,
III.
Neuter.
Neuter are:a) The names of towns, countries, the letters of the alphabet and generally the words used substantively; such as ett ja, a yes:Ex.: Frankrike, France;ett b,
a b.
b)1.
The nouns
in:
-a (Plural -n)
and nouns
in -a
derived from Greek
and Latin.2.
Ex.: oga, eye; drama, drama. -an (concrete nouns).
Ex.3.
:
lakan, sheet.
-ande and -ende (abstract nouns). Ex.: anforande, conduct; avseende, connection.-e
4.
(Plural -n).Ex.: spdnne, buckle.
5.
-el
andEx.:
-er
(unchanged in the
plural).
galler, railing.
6.
-m.Ex.: tryckeri, printing-house.-on. Ex.: smultron, strawberry.
7.
8.
-skap (unchanged in the plural). Ex.: herrskap, master and mistress of
a house.
9.
-urn, -eum and -ium (derived from Latin). Ex. faktum, fact museum, museum studium, study.:
;
;
Except:The words: morgon, morning, and which are masculine.afton, evening,
The gender
of substantives.
49
Words.
nordens
[nco'r-
[in] of the
gudfruktig [gm'd- piousfruk'tig] tyckte sig [tyk'td' thoughtsi!g]
drommar
North ddn's] kvinnoi^[kvin'cor'] women [dro- dreamsvisions
Idt
uppteckna [UH had
written
syner [s^'nar'] angels dnglar [eiflar^] Kristus [kris'tus''] Christrykte [ryk'td']
up'tek^na]
uppenbarat[up'dn- revealedba'rat]
renown,repute
spred sig [spread spreadsUg]
dlderdom
[ol'ddr- old age
Rom
dcom^][rojhn][po'vd7i']
vida omkring
all
around
Romethe popefestivities
[vi'da''
omkriy^[se'dar- hereaftersettled
pdven
begav sig [hdgatv repairedsitg]
hogtidligheter[h dgti'dlighe^tdr]
sedermeramonastery nunsof
iiunnekloster[nun'dklDs'tdr]
me'ra] bosatt [bco'saf]slutligenligdn^][sluc't-
kloster [khsttdr]
monasterydied at the age
at last
avled70^
[a'vle^d]
dr gammal[otr gam'ar]
pa
of 70 deti tiden [po! at that time
vallfdrdade fm'rdadd
[val'-
went on a pilgrimage
ddrefter[dEtTeftdr\ afterwards
den! ti'ddn^] den heliga [denihe'lig'a]
the holy
forklaradfor hel- canonised gon [fcerkla'rad^for!hel'gon'].
sam,tala[sam'ta^la] to converse
Reading ExerciseDen heliga
17.
Birgitta.
Pa den tiden levde en av Nordens markvardigaste kvinnor, den heliga Birgitta. Hon var mycket gudfruktig. I drommar och syner tyckte hon sig samtala med Kristus och anglarna och lat uppteckna vad de uppenbarat for henne. Hennes rykte spred sig vida omkring. Pa sin alderdom begav hon sig till Rom, dar hon sedermera var bosatt och slutigen vallfardade hon anda till Jerusalem. Hon avled 70 ar gammal i Rom Nagon tid darefter blev hon av paven under stora hogtidligheter forklarad for helgon. Hon grundlade i Vadstena ett nunnekloster, som blev det mest beromda kloster i hela Norden.Conversation.
Vad vet Ni {what do you know) om den heliga Birgitta? Var hon gudfruktig? Med vem tyckte hon sig samtala i drommar och syner? Vad lat hon uppteckna?Var hennes rykte stort?Vid vilken alder avled hon?
Av vem^
blev hon forklarad for helgon? Var grundlade hon ett kloster?sjuttio
=
70.a
Elementary Swedish Grammar,
50
Lesson
9.
W ords.the dining
matsalen[ma'tsa^Idiil
napkins
servettert'dr]
roomapartment
[sa^rve-
rum (neut.) \rumf] ifamiljens [famil'J
ifrukostera
we breakfasti
.
\
members
[fruk'ostetra]tili
of
jdn's]
the family
]medlemmarI
welunch[eon]/^ ]ata tillfrukost[me'd^[e-ta'
]
lem^ar]
we drink[mo'lti^-
vi
drickadrik'a^]
[vzV
meals
mdltider
ddr] [the] breakfast/ri^^'os^enk'ostdn'']
[fru-
tea coffee
te [tef]
[the]
luncheon andra frukosten[airdra'
cakes sandwichescold
kakor {ka'kojr''] smorgdsar[sm(Er'gosar'-'\
kaffe [kafd^]
]
[the]
dinner
middags mdltiden[mid'ags ddn]vio^lti-
meat
[the]
supper
kvdllsvarden[kvel'svaUddn] valnotstrd [va'lnot'stre]
red wine white wine assemble
kallmat [kal' ma't] rodvin [ro'dvi'n]vitt
vin
[vW
viin]
forsamlasam'la^]
sig [for-
walnuttreetable cloth
squareto takeis laid
fyrkantigtkan''tigt]
[fy'r-
bord-duk dm^k]
[hco'rd-
intaga [inta'ga']
ar
dukad
[aetr
linen the maid dishesplates
linne [/m"9']
dui'kad']lays the cloth
piganfat
[pi'gan'][tal'ri-
dukar bordet [dm'dar' bco'rddf]
[fa.'t]
tallrikarkar']
she puts at 8 o'clock
Idgger [Ug'dr^] klockan 8^[khk'an^]
glasses wine bottles
decanters
glas [glais] vinhuteljer [vi'nhmtEVj] vattenkaraffiner[vat'9nkaraf'indr]
inthemorningpa morgonen [movgon'dn] in the evening_p aftonen[aj^to-ndti^]
knivesforks
spoons
knivar gafflar skedar
p.
m.eat
e.m.{eftermiddag)[ef'tdr' mid'ag']
we
vi dta
[vii
'ta%
Translation Exercise 18. The Dining Room.
The dining-room is an apartment in which all the members of the family assemble to take their meals: breakfast, A square table of walnuttree luncheon, tea and dinner. stands in the middle of the dining room with twelve chairs around. The table is laid wdth a white table cloth made of very fine linen. When the maid lays the cloth she puts on the table dishes, plates, glasses, wine bottles, decanters, kniWe breakfast at 8 o'clock ves, forks, spoons and napkins. in the morning and lunch a 1 p. m. At 5 o'clock we drink In the tea or coffee and eat some cakes or sandwiches. evening we eat cold meat and drink red or white wine.dtta.
51
Tenth Lesson. Remarks on the nouns.I.
Gender of compound nouns.
Compound nouns are generally of the same 1. gender as the last component.Ex.: husdgare (m) [from hus (n) and agave (m)]. Tiusfru (f) [from hus (n) and fru (f)].
posthusII.
(n) [from
post
(f)
and hus
(n)].
Formation of female appellations.
2.
The femaletitles),
to
the
appellations
appellations are formed by adding of male individuals -inna (female-erska (profession),-a,
animals and
-ska^
-iska
(names of peoples), -fru and -hustru (profession).greve, count (earl) furste, princehertig, duke
grevinna, countess furstinna, princesshertiginna, duchess
varg, he-wolflejon, lion
varginna, she-wolflejoninna, lioness
dsna, ass kock, cookslaktare, butchertysk,
dsninna, she-ass kokerska, cook slaktarhustru (fru),wife
butcher's
German
svensk, Swede spanior, Spaniard
tyska, German (lady) woman svenska, Swedish (lady) woman spaniorska, Spanish (lady) wo-
mankines, Chinese kinesiska, Chinese (lady) woman. Note. Names of peoples ending in imam) change this syllable into -ska. Ex.: Norronan, Norwegian; Norska, Norwegian (lady)
woman.
3.
Special feminine appellations.moder, motherdotter, daughter syster, sister flicka, girl fru, lady
fader, fatherson, son
broder, brother gosse, boy herr, gentleman
farbror^, unclemorbror'^, uncle
faster^, aunt moster^, aunt
man, mansysterson^, nephew
kvinna, womansyster dotter^, niece brorsdotter^, niece.
brorson^, nephew^
By
sister's side.
^ the father's side. By the mother's side. * By the brother's side.
^
By
the
4*
52
Lesson
10.
III.
Double gender.
Double plural.
4.
The following nouns have a double genderMasculine.Neuter,hdl, funeral-pilefjdll, scalehdl^les
and
meaning:hdlar, trunkslofty
hdl, trunk
funeral-pi-
fjdll^loity mowii' fjall[ar\,tain
fjdll^ scales
mountains
grund, motivelock, curl, lock
grunder, motives
grund, shoallock, lid
grund, shoalsZocA:, lids
lockar, locks
curls,
Feminine,not, walnut rev, fishing-line
Neuter.fishing-
notter, walnuts
revar,lines.
not, cattle rev, reef
not, cattle rev, reefs.
Masculine,bal, ball
baler, balls bank, sandbank bankar, sand-
bal, bale
5Vor(ls.
fisket [fis'kdt^]
[the]
fishery,
stdllningar
[stel'-
stands nets
fishing
Bohusldnhtasle'n]
[bo)'-
Bohusliinshires
niyar'] ndteu [nctdn^] storfiske [stoj'rjislco]
great fisheryling
landskapenUan'dska'pdn]
fiskamcikama']gdn]
\fis'-
the fishers
Idnga [loya^] veckor [vek'cor^]torsk [tortsk]
weekscod
fiskldgen [Jls'kU- fishing places
hdlleflun dralhel'd- halibut
byarjord
\by'ar'']
villagesclifi"s
kusfen
Jdippor [klip'ojr^] trdd [tretd][jco.'ud]
trees
flun''dra] [kus'tdn^] shore sillfiske [sil'Jis^k9\ herring-fishery sillen [sil'dn'] herrig
land,earth,soil
invid [invHd]
on
Eemarks onrikt [riktt]rich,
the nouns.
53naked barrenarable
abundant
nakna
[na'kna^][oj'd-
utomor dentil gt[la'tomod'denHlikt]
extraordinarily
odlingsbarliy'sbar]
ndsfan liksomI
almost [nes'taii^] like [li'ksom''] aUmdnhet [iV al- generally
torka [torka'] far a [fa'ra']
overallt[0'V9rart] everywhere to dryto
go
men'he^t]
vdstra [ves'tra'] sodra [so dra'] mest [mes.'t]
western southern
somUga[sDm'Uga'] some borta {bod'ta'] away
fdngaolika
[foya']
to catch
most
idkas [idkas'][oj'lika']. . .
liggande[Ug'andd^] lying, situated vid [vi!d] on, nearoft a [of'ta^]da']
often
da ...an [etn
they give themselves to various etn\ now ... now
inklamdalinkUm' - compressedbland[blan.'d\
givande [ji'vanda'] productive forsvunnenlfcers- disappeared.vun'dn^]
amongst
Reading ExerciseFisketi
19.
Sverige. I Bohuslan, liksom i allmanhet i vastra och sodra landskapen, bo fiskarna mest i fiskelagen. Dessa aro byar, liggande vid stranden, ofta inklamda bland nakna klippor utan Overallt ser man stallningar trad och utan odlingsbar jord. sommaren fara somfor naten eller att torka fisk pa.
Om
pa sa kallat storfiske, ofta langt ut^) at Nordsjon; de ligga da borta i flera veckor och fanga torsk, langa helgeliga
fiundra
o.
s.
v.
=
(och sa vidare).^)Sillfisket
Om
vintern idkas invid
kusten
har under olika tider varit olika rikt; an har det varit utomordentligt givande, an har sillen under manga ar varit nastan forsvunnen.ett rikt sillfiske.
Conversation.I vilket
Ian bo de fiesta fiskarna?
Var ligga fiskelagena?
om sommaren? Vad for fiskar fangar man i Nordsjon? Nar idkas sillfisket? Har sillfisket alltid lika givande?Vart fara fiskarna
Words.[the]
domestic husdjuren animals jm'rdn]
[hm's-
the hound
jakthundenhun'ddu] hun'ddn]
[jak't-
the dog friend the bitch
hunden
Uiun'ddn]
the shepherd's/ar^wncZe/*
[fo'r-
van [v.'n] hyndan Uiywdan']
dogthe hunter the game
jdgaren
[je'garan'][vil'd-
hu7idar [hun'dar^] dogs the watch-dog gdrdvaren [go.cdva'rdn]^
villebrddetbro'ddt]
the flock
hjorden [jcoUddn]
2
far away. Idngt ut and so forth etc.
=
=
54the horses
Lesson
11,
hdstarnana']
[hes'tar-
the mar( stona [stoj'na'^ the ass dsnan [o[o-sna^] in the meadow p cincjen [jpot7)'9n'']
the she-ass the cat
dsninnan7iin'an'']
\os-
katten
ycat'dii^]
tuppenna']
honornakonfigg
[tup'dn'] [ho'nojv-
folet [f0'l9f][kco'ii]
mjolk [mjol'k]
bg^[;fo'rdf][uli]
fdretull
oxen [ojk'sdii^] vagnen [vay'iidn^] plogen [plco'gdn']tjuren [cm'rdn'] kalven (kal'vdn''] geten [je'tdn]
The
auxiliary verbs.
55
Infinitive.
JETava,Participle present.
to have.
Supine.haft, had.
havande, having.Indicative.
Sul)junctive.
Present.
jag har du har han harVI
S.
jag (have)
or
md
hava
du (have) or Tnd hava han (have) or md hava(ha)P. vi (have) or 1 (haven) or de (have) or
>M
hava
I haven
(han) de hava (ha)
md hava man hava md hava
S
Imperfect.
jag hade du hade han hade P. vi hade I haden de hadeS.
jag (hade) or skulle hava du (hade) or skulle hava han (hade) or skulle hava P. vi (hade) or skulle hava I (haden) or skullen hava de (hade) or skulle havaS.
OS
bO
Perfect.S.
P.
jag har haft du har haft ha7i har haft vi hava haft I haven haftde hava haft
S.
jag (have)
or
md md
du (have) or md hava haft han (have) or md hava haft(have) oror or
hava haft
P. vi
I (haven)de (have)
man hava
hava hafthaft hava haft^
O
e8'
md
Pluperfect,
jag hade haft du hade haft han hade haft P. vi hade haft I haden haft de hade haftS.
3
S,
jag (hade)
or skulle^
hava hafthaft haft haft haft haft
du
(hade) or skulle hava han (hade) ov skulle hava vi (hade) or skulle hava I (haden) ov skullen hava de (hade) or skullen hava
S.
Future. jag skall hava
Conditional.S.
P.
du skall hava han skall hava vi skola hava I skolen hava de skola havaFuture past.
jag skulle hava du skulle hava
11
*^
P. vi skulle
hava hava I skullen hava de skulle havaskulle
han
2-^
Conditional past.S.
S.
jag skall hava haft du skall hava haft
han skall hava haft P. vi skola hava haft
JP.
I
skolen hava haft de skola hava haft
ja^ skulle hava haft du skulle hava haft han skulle hava haft vi skulle hava haft I skullen hava haft de skulle hava haft
o a
Or matte.
56 Impcratiye.
Lesson
11.
Infinitive.Pres.Perf.Int.
hav, have (thou) Idt orri OSS hava (havom), let us have haven (haver), have (ye)
hava hava
or lia^ to have haft, to have hadto be about to
skola hava,have.
it
instead of vi hava, I haven, de hava. Note 5. The periphrastic forms of the tenses of the subjunctive mood are more frequently used.
ia^ /, is never written with a capital letter, unless occurs at the beginning of a sentence. Note 3. The pronoun I (ye, you) is written with a capital letter. Note 4. In general conversation vi ha, I han, de ha, are used2.
Note Note
1.
The forms havom and haver
are antiquated.
Infinitive.
vara,Participle present.
to be.
Supine.varit, been.
varande, being.Indicative.
Sul)jnnctive.
Present.b.
P.
jag ar du ar han dr vi dro I dren de dro
S.
jag
du (vare) or md vara han (vare) or md varavi (vare) or
(vare) or
md
vara
P.
md
I
(var en) or
de (vare) vr
vara vara md vara
mdn
S.
jag var du var han varvoro1 voren
P. vi
de voro
Imperject. S. jag vore or skulle vara du vore or skulle vara han vore or skulle vara P. vi vore or skulle vara I voren or skullen vara de vore or skulle varaPerfect.
S_
"
S.
jag har varit du har varit han har varit P. vi hava varit I haven varit de hava varit
S.
jag (have) or md hava varit du (have) or md hava varit han (have) or md hava varit P. vi (have) or md hava varit I (haven) or mdn hava varit de (have) or md hava varit
s s
S.jag hade varit
du hade varit han hade varitP.ti
hade varitvarit^
I haden^
de hade darit
Pluperfect. S.jag (hade) or skulle^ hava du (hade) or skulle hava han (hade) or skulle hava P.ri (hade) or skulle hava I (haden) or skullen hava de (hade) or skulle hava
varit varit varit varit varit varit
rt
e3
Or matte.
TheFuture.
auxiliary verbs.
57
58
Lesson
11.
forrddiskt [fcere!- treacherouslydiskt]
kdnde [gen'dd^oemotstdndlig
felt
irresistible
hortford
[hoji't-
taken awayduring heardover
[ox em ojtston'dlig] forklddd [fo'r- disguised
under [un!ddr] horde [h(\idd']tola
om [ta'la' om'} talk(ing)intended
kUd'] trdffade \tref'add^] met,
came
across
dmnade [em'nadd^]foretaga [fo'rdta^ga]
redan
[re'dan']
already
undertak(ing)
smogsi-g]
sig
[smo^g slipped.
Reading Exercise
21.
Gustay Yasas nngdom. Gustav Eriksson Vasa foddes i Uppland pa garden Lindholmen, troligen ar 1497. Hans fader var radsherre och en av Sturarnas trognaste anhangare. Sasom yngling kom Gustav till Sten Stares hov. Han kampade tappert i striderna mot Kung Kristian och i slaget vid Brannkyrka bar han den svenska fanan. Kort darpa blev han av den trolose Kristian forradiskt gripen och bortford till Danmark. Under sin fangenskap horde han danskarna tala om det stora krigstag de amnade foretaga mot Sverige. Gustav kande da en oemotstandlig langtan att fa komma hem och kampa for faderneslandet. Forkladd flydde han fran Danmark till Lybeck och traffade dar en skeppare, som forde honom over till Sverige om varen 1520. Da voro danskarna redan i besittning av storre delen av landet. Pa ensliga vagar smog han sig fran det ena stallet till det andra och kom slutligen till en av sin faders gar dar, Ravsnas i Sodermanland.Conversation.
Var foddes Gustav Vasa? Vem var bans fader? Mot vem kampade han? Av vem blev han forradiskt gripen? Vad horde han under sin fangenskap danskarna Huruledes flydde han till Lybeck? Vem traffade han i denna stad? Nar aterkom han till Sverige?Words.kitchen-gar-
tala
om?
\
kokstrddgdrd[gok'strwD^jid]
vegetables
gronsaker [gro'nsa'kdr]
denwall the gardener
vdgg [vegf] trddgdrdsmdstaren [frrgojd-
radishes
spinagelove-apples'
rddisor [re'di^sojr] spenat [spena.'t] kdrleksdpplen[ga?'rlefcsep^h7i]
seeds
fron
mes'tard] [fro^n]
asparagus
sparris [spar
Thetomatoes
adjective.
59
spaden
hackan
[spa'ddn^] [hak'an^]
rdfsan [ref'san^] omgiven [om'ji''vd7i\sdtt[sott]
seg
[seig]
mjukmogen
[mjuifk]
hdlsosam [heVsMsamy\[moj'gdn^] flytta Cflyt'a'] det dr tid [deit etrti'd]
utrotartar].
[m'tr cot-
Translation Exercise 22.The kitchen-garden.Behind our house we have a large kitchen-garden. It is surrounded by a high wall. The gardener has sowed many seeds. We shall have plenty of vegetables in spring and summer radishes, spinage, love-apples, asparagus, onions, salad, carrots, beans, cauliflowers, parsley and sorrel. These:
love-apples are red; they are ripe. In spring horse radishes are tough. Asparagus are soft and wholesome vegetables. It is time to transplant cabbages. The gardener roots up the weeds in the boarders. The gardener's tools are: the spade, the hoe and the rake.
60
Lesson 12.
A.
Indefinite Form.
2. The indefinite or strong declension has three different forms: a)
A commonalteration.
in the singular
form for the masculine and feminine whereby the adjective requires no
b)
particular form for the neuter in the singular, the inflection of which is -t. common form for the three genders in the c) plural, the inflection of which is -a.
A
A
Note.of -a.
Participles in
-ad and superlatives
in -ast take -e instead
Examples.Masculine. Sing, en god gossePlur.
Feminine.en god fiickaett
Neuter.gott
ham
godaNote
gossar.
godaadjectives
fiickor.
goda ham.
1.
The
that end in an accented vowel double
-t in
the neuter.
Ex.: grd^ grdtt; hid, hldtt; ny, nytt. Those ending in -en (unaccented) drop the -n before 2. taking the neuter inflection -t. Ex.: mogen^ Tnoget; trogen, troget.
Note
Note 3. The adjectives in remain unchanged in the neuter,Ex.: fast; stolt; trott
-t
preceded by a consonant or in
-tt
etc.
Note
4.
Those ending in
-al,-I,
in the plural the vowel preceding
-en, -el, -n, -r.
-er (unaccented) drop
Ex.:
gammal, gamla; tapper, tappra. mogen, mogna; ddel, ddla.as well
Note 5. Those ending in -d preceded by a consonant, as participles in -ad change -d in -t in the neuter.Ex.: hlindneuter:
hlint
mild aktadNote-tt in6.
miltaktat.in -d preceded
Those ending
by a vowel change d
in
fhe neuter.
Ex.: god, neuter: gott.
B.3.
Definite Form.
weak declension has for the three genders and both numbers the same inflection -a. When the adjectives are declined according 4. to this form they are generally preceded by the InThedefinite or
dependent definite article
(fristaende artikel):
The
adjective.
61
den for the masculine and feminine in the singular. neuter in the singular. det three genders in the plural. de
Here it must be observed that the qualified noun has the terminal definite article although the adjective is preceded by the independent definite article, excepted in some cases which will be treated in the Lesson on the Pronouns.
Examples.Singular.Plural,
den goda (e) gossen den goda flickandet
goda
harnet.
de de de
goda gossarne goda fiickorna goda barnen.
NB.
Note 2 and 4 apply also
to the adjectives declined after
the definite form.
5. In the masculine singular the inflection -e It should always be used instead of -a: also used.a)
is
of
In exclamations and in solemn apostrophes. Ex.: gode Gud! svenske man! b) When the adjective is not followed by a noun or when it is used after a proper noun as a surname. Ex.: den gode, the good (man or woman) Karl den Store, Charles the Great. NB. Participles in -ad and superlatives in -ast take -e instead -a, as when declined according to the indefinite form.C.6.
Use
of the
modes of
inflections.
adjectives should be declined according to the strong declension when used:1.
The
WithoutEx.:
article or predicatively.;
gott vin, good wine
vinet dr gott, the wine
is
good.
2.
With the indefiniteEx.: en
article.
god man, a good man. en god flicka, a good girl. ett gott ham, a good child. (goda filckor) (good girls).
3.
With the indefinite pronouns.Ex.: varje tapper soldat, every brave soldier.
4.
With the interrogative pronouns.Ex.: vilket sott sockerf
weak
The adjectives are declined according to the declension when used:7.
62
Lesson
12.
1.
Before a noun with theticle. Ex.:
terminal definite
ar-
NB.2.
franska sprdket, the French language. In this case the adjective is generally preceded by thearticle (see B. 4).
independent definite
After a noun in the genitive case.Ex. faderns stora egendoinar, the father's large estates. After the personal, possessive, relative and demonstrative pronouns. Ex.: jag olyckliga mdnniska! min gode van!:
3.
Remarks.a)
Some
adjectives are indeclinable, such as:in
ode, waste; gdngse, usual; hra, good etc. etc.
b)all
These adjectives have the same terminationthey take an:
cases;Ex.
s
in the
genitive
when used
asbut:
substantives.den dygdiges olycka, the virtuous (man's) misfortune. den dygdige mannens olycka, the virtuous man'smisfortune.
Words.
gruvan [grrn'ran^] the mine maimer [maltmdr]
dmnen
[em'ndn'']
inre [in.^rd] herget [hserjtdt]
meter [mettdr]
gruvor [grui'vcor^']at alia sidoral'd^ si'dojr''][^oit
:
gdngar
[goyar''][ne'd-
rum
[rumf\
nedgdngengoy'dn]
oppning
[op'niy']
brunnstegar
[brunf][ste'gar^]
korgar [kor'jar^] tunnor [tun'ojr^] pd dagen [po!da'gdn^]
lampor [lam'pojr^]bloss [blosf]
upplystelys^td]
[up'-
nyttiga [nyt'iga^]
The
adjective.
63
Reading Exercise 23.Grruyan.
Formider Dessahel
att
jordens inre
sig djupt ner i berget jorden, stundom flera hundra meter. Sa far man gruvor. utvidgas at alia sidor^ sa att de slutligen besta av en
komma at maimer och har man fatt spranga
andra nyttiga amnen
i
mangd gangar och rum. Dar nere kunna ofta flera hundra manniskor arbeta. Nedgangen till en gruva utgor vanligen blott en smal oppning, som ser ut som en brunn man stiger ner pa branta stegar eller hissas utfor i korgar eller tunnor. I sjalva gruvan skuUe vara kolmorkt aven pa dagen, om man ej upplyste den med lampor eller bloss.;
Conversation.
gora for att komma at maimer jordens inre? Varav bestar en gruva? Huru manga manniskor kunna arbeta i en gruva ? Huru ser nedgangen till en gruva ut?
Vad har man
fatt
i
Hur ypplyses gruvoma?Words.the earth
jorden [jutrddn]ett
a ball
Mot
[eti klojtt]
the Isthmus the bays the peninsula
ndset Ine'sdt]
havsvikama[hav'svi'karna]
the universe vdldsalUet[vse'dds-
aUdt]the equatorline
halvon
[hal'vo^n]
ekvatorn
[ekva'-
round
rund
[rwitd]
moveshemispherequarterssurfacelinje [linih [Unijd] Hot [Jial'vJialvklotinfinitefictitious
ror sig [rd!r siig] odndlig \oj'En^dlig\finger ad[Ji7)jeiraa\lik(a) [li'ka^^
kWt]fjdrdedelar[fjss'jiddde'lar]
similar divides
yta [yta']
southern northernflat
delar [de'lar^] sydlig [sydligl nordlig [noj'MUg^]slat[sh.^t]
oceaner[Q)' seaindr] the m2im-\2inAfastlandt [fas-tlan'ddt] the continents kontinenterna[kon'tinen'tdrna']tracts of land
oceans
widespitting fire
vidstrdcktstrek^t]
[vi'd-
eldsprutande [el'dsprm'tande]
landstrdckor[lan'dstrEk^ojr] Idgland [lo'glan'd]
leads in the year
fordr
plains,
low-
[/o.V] or pd .. . talet [otr or pot tatldt]
land streamsvolcano
strommarm'ar*^]
by the French av fransmdnnen[stro-
[a.'vfran'smin^dn]in the
Alps
pd Alpernaal'p9rna']
[po.'
vulkan [vulka'n]the summits
fna^][top'ar-
.chain of moun- bergskedja[bser'jstams ge'dja]strait
topparnahojder
rockyheights capes
klippig [klip'ig'][hojtddr][ud'ar^].
sundvdg
[sun'd]
way
[v!g]
uddar
64
Lesson 13.
Translation Exercise 24.The earth.
The earth is round like a ball; it moves in the infinite The equator is a fictitious line, that divides the universe. earth into two similar hemispheres. Three quarters of the surface of the earth are covered by seas and deep oceans. The main-land is divided into two continents: the old and
new continents. On the main-land are high mountains, pieces of land, which are called plains, deep and vdde A mountain valleys (through) in which great rivers flow. that spits fire is called a volcano. A chain of mountains consists of several mountains. A strait is a way that leads from one sea into another sea. The Isthmus of Suez was cut by the French in the year 1870. Glaciers are heights covered with ice. There are many glaciers in the Alps. The summits of the highest mountains are covered with eternal snow. The sea-shores consist of steep capes, deep bays and rockytheflat
peninsulas.
Thirteenth Lesson.
The adjective(continued).II.
Degrees of comparison.comparisonof Swedish adjectives is the comparative and the
1.
The
aifected
by two degrees:A.
superlative.Formation of the comparative.into three
2. classes:
The comparatives may be divided
a) The comparative which expresses a superior degree and which is formed in the regular way, that is, by adding -are to the positive.Ex.: rik, rich; rikare, richer.
The comparative which expresses an equal deand which is formed by the words: lika or likasa greeb)
placed before the positive.Ex.: lika rik as poor. ..
as rich ......
lika or likasa fattig
.
.
.
.
The
adjective (continued),
65
c) The comparative which expresses an inferior degree and which is formed by the words: mindre or icke (lika) sd placed before the positive. icke (lika) sd rik not so rich Ex. mindre rik NB. Thaii is translated by an. As is translated by som.:. .
.,
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ex.
:
HanHeHeB.is
Hanis
dr rikare an min fader. richer than my father. dr icke sd stor som jag.not so strong as I (am).
3.
Formation of the superlative. The superlative may be: attributive,
predi-
cative or absolute.a)
by adding the syllable
when
superlative attributive is regularly formed -ast to the positive and is used followed by a noun (which may be understood).Ex.:
The
Bosen dr den vackraste hlomman
.
.
.
The rose is the prettiest flower Jag dr den yngste (sonen).I
.
.
.
am
the youngest (son).inis
b) The superlative predicative is formed same manner as the superlative attributive, but used after the verb mm as predicate and variable.
the
only is in-
Ex.
:
Dessa blommor dro vackrast. These flowers are (the) prettiest
(in
German:
amc)
jc^onften).
The superlative absolute, thatis
is
without
comparison
formed by placing such words asi mycket,before the positive.
hogst, alldeles, ganska,
Ex.: mycket god, very good; hogst angendm, most agreeable; alldeles bid, quite blue.
Remarks.1. The adjectives ending in -al, -el, -en, -er (unaccented) drop the vowel preceding I, n and r in the formation of the comparative and superlative.
Ex.: mogen, ripe; mognare, riper; mognast, (the) ripest.2. Polysyllabic adjectives in -ad, -e, -se, -es, -isk and the polysyllabic participles form their comparative by
Elementary Swedish Grammar.
g
66
Lesson 13.
placing the adverb mera and their superlative b}' placing the adverb mest before the positive. Ex. krigisk, warlike mera krigisk ; mest krigisk.:
;
3.
rative the positi