graphic communication course · pdf filegraphic communication course notes . stonelaw high...

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Graphic Communication

Course Notes

Stonelaw High Graphic Communication

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2D CAD Commands - Grids

Orthographic projection grid

Iso top

Isometric

Iso left Iso right


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2D CAD Commands - Grid Snap Grid snap only allows the cursor to follow the corners of the squares on the box. This allows drawings to be produced quickly and accurately. .


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CAD Commands - Library A CAD library allows frequently used symbols like sockets or doors to be selected from a pre-drawn

catalogue and placed anywhere on the drawing. This saves the user time and effort. The library is a series of standardised components that are drawn to British Standards and save users

time by placing them in drawings They can be easily edited and scaled.


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2D CAD Commands - Layers Layers can be used to draw different parts of a drawing. For example the room layouts could be drawn on one layer, the furniture layouts on another and the

electrical fittings on another. These layers can be viewed all together or one by one. It is like drawing these parts on tracing paper and placing them on top of each other. This allows the user to view different parts of a building plan individually to look at parts of particular

interest. They can be turned on or off or visible and invisible.


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2D CAD Commands - Zoom Zooming in allows you to see smaller parts of a drawing in greater detail. Zooming out allows you to see the whole of a larger drawing or can be used after you have zoomed

in.

Zooming in Zooming out


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2D CAD Commands - Line Types

You can draw the different line types needed for your drawing simply by selecting the line and

selecting a line type for it. By clicking on line type amenu of available lines appears. You simply select the type you require.


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2D CAD Commands - Rectangle/Circle/Arc You can draw common shapes quickly and easily by selecting tools. You can also choose how you want to configure these shapes. E.g. in the case of circle you can drag its

size out or set it by typing in either its diameter or radius.


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2D CAD Commands - Dimensioning The computer calculates how long a line is or the diameter of a circle or the

radius of a curve and automatically places this size on the dimension line.


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2D CAD Commands - Copy & Paste You can copy parts of a drawing that will be repeated and paste these parts elsewhere.

This is more suitable for either irregularly spaced copies or 1 copy of the same shape.


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2D CAD Commands - Box Array or Rectangular Array This allows shapes to be repeated in a predetermined order. The user chooses how many shapes are to be repeated along the x-axis and the y-axis.

A box type shape is formed with the repeated parts hence the name box array.

An example of a box

array with 2 repetitions along the x-axis

and 3 repetitions along y-axis


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2D CAD Commands - Circular Arrays This allows shapes to be repeated in a circular pattern. The user chooses how many shapes are to be repeated and the angle at which they are to be

repeated. The user can also control how many shapes are to be repeated going out from the centre of the

revolution. The user must then select the centre point of the ring array either by clicking on the drawing or typing a

co-ordinate into the ring array instruction box.


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2D CAD Commands- Circular Arrays

This is an example of a ring array with the instruction box shown alongside.


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2D CAD Commands - Fillet This is when the user adds a curve to a corner.


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2D CAD Commands - Chamfer This is when the user adds a 45° line to a corner.


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2D CAD Commands - Tangent This command allows the user to draw a line at a tangent to a circle.

This makes this type of line very easy and quick to produce.

An example of lines of tangency drawn between 2 circles.


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2D CAD Commands Break This command lets the user delete a part of a line without having to delete all of it and redraw what is

needed to be kept.

This is quicker and easier to do than redrawing a whole line. Line broken between these 2 points


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2D CAD Commands - Trim This allows the user to either extend a line to meet the edge of another shape or shorten a line to meet the

edge of a shape.

We will trim these 2 lines to the

box, one will extend to reach the edge and one will be shortened to meet the edge.

Extended line


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2D CAD Commands - Extend Extending a line is how we make it longer

AutoSketch 6 uses the same method to make lines shorter. Drag the handles on the ends of the line to make it longer or shorter.


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2D CAD Commands - Rotate This allows the user to turn an object around any angle based on a centre point of rotation.

In Autosketch 6 the user clicks on the drawing to choose the basepoint for rotation and then types in the

angle the shape is to be rotated by.

This box has been rotated by 45° with its rotation basepoint the centre of the rectangle.


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2D CAD Commands - Scale This command allows the user to say how much bigger or smaller they want to make a drawing they

have done. This makes scaled drawings much quicker and easier to do as a number of different scales can be

produced using the one drawing.

2D CAD Commands - Pan This command allows the user to say to move about the drawing whilst still remaining at the same

zoom level.


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2D CAD Commands - Mirror This command gives you a mirror image of the shape you have drawn.

The user has to set where the mirror would be placed then the image is created.

The purple shape has been mirrored vertically along the left hand side.


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3D CAD Drawing types - Wireframe These types of drawings only show the structure of the object drawn. No other details are shown.


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3D CAD Drawing types - Rendered These types of drawings show the objects as solid shapes. You can view surface detail as a rendered feature It looks realistic due to the highlights and shading generated by the package.

Some packages also allow you to add material to the shape.

This allows high quality drawings to be produced very quickly.

It also means that very realistic models of a design can be produced without having to manufacture them,

saving design firms time and money.


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3D CAD Drawing types - Wire frame with Hidden Edges You can view surface detail and hidden detail


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3D CAD Drawings As all 3D packages use different commands to produce shapes so you will not be asked to name any of

these commands in your exam. You should however, be aware of some of the things that can be done using these packages.

3D CAD Drawings There are certain things common to all

3D packages and this is how the shapes are produced. You can:

– combine shapes – subtract them from each other – add them together – obtain the orthographic views of the 3D object using one command.


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3D CAD Drawings - Combining Shapes Shapes can be combined.


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3D CAD Drawings - Subtracting Shapes Shapes can be subtracted from each other.


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3D CAD Drawings - Adding Shapes You can add shapes to each other.


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3D CAD Drawings - Orthographic Views

You can use one command to obtain the 3 orthographic views of the object.

Plan


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3D CAD Drawings There are a number of other things you can do with 3D CAD packages. It is because of the speed that these very realistic drawings can be produced at that design companies have

moved to using these type of drawing packages.

3D CAD Drawings - Advantages An orthographic drawing of an object can be produced by the software by clicking a button. Very realistic objects can be designed very quickly. Because these designs are so realistic and can be made to look like the actual material they will be made from, clients can see exactly what is being made so a physical model is not required, reducing costs and the time it takes to design a new product.


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BRITISH STANDARD (BSI) CONVENTIONS Continuous thick

Visible outlines and edges. In CAD usually 0.5mm

thick


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Continuous thin

Projection/construction lines

Leader lines ( the lines which show the section being dimensioned).

Dimension lines


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Dashed or Broken


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Chain thin Lines ( long dash dot long dash). Centre lines, lines of symmetry and Pitch Circle

Diameters (PCD)

Centre Lines

Pitch Circle Diameter ( where parts or holes are positioned on a circle).

Line of Symmetry ( Where the part is the same on each side of the line).


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Chain Double dash Lines

Fold Lines ( edges in a development where the shape will fold).

Extent of Movement

The double dash lines show how far the lever moves


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Chain Lines with thick dash at ends

Cutting Plane

A

ELEVATION


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BRITISH STANDARD (BSI) CONVENTIONS

THREADED PARTS

Threaded parts are usually dimensioned as shown below.


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EXTERNAL THREAD

ELEVATION END ELEV. Screw threads are shown as double lines. External

threads have the outer line thicker than the inner line. Note the split on the inside circle, this shows the start of the thread.

INTERNAL THREAD

The inner circle is the thicker line in this instance.


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Third Angle Projection Symbol

This symbol should be added to all Orthographic drawings to help explain their layout.

The view is a truncated cone which is viewed

in an elevation and an end elevation

Knurling Knurling is a pattern on a surface, providing a better grip.

Sometimes it is a diamond pattern

Sometimes it is straight


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Ø Indicates a diameter e.g. Ø 40

R Indicates a radius e.g. R 20

Indicates a square section e.g.�40


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SCALES Drawings of objects that would fit on to the paper are known as 'full size' (they are drawn to a scale of 1: 1). However, the objects you draw will not always fit easily on to the paper. If an object is too large you will need to draw it smaller than its real size, using a reduction scale (e.g. an object drawn half its actual size is drawn to a scale of 1:2).

The reduction scales recommended by the British Standards Institution are1:2,1:5, 1:10, 1 :20, 1:50, 1:100, 1 :200, 1:500 and 1 :1000. If an object is too small for the details to be seen, you will need to draw a larger version, using an enlargement scale. Sometimes only part of an object needs to be enlarged and is shown in a separate view on the same drawing. The recommended enlargement scales are 2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, and 50:1.

The scale you use depends on the size of the paper available and the size of the object you are drawing, but it should always be a scale that allows information to be easily and clearly seen. Also, the scale used should always be stated clearly on the drawing in order to avoid misunderstandings. Without a scale indicated, the house in the drawing in the picture could be a dolls house or a real house!


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Design Principles: Keys to DTP Success


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So what is good design?

There are certain qualities that every printed document must have, regardless of its purpose or form

Use what we learn as a safety checklist, not rules

I’ll also expect you to start explaining items using the terminology and design skills we discuss


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The Design Principles

Dominance White Space

Balance Rhythm Proximity/Unity Alignment Alignment Flow


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Dominance

Design Principle #1


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Dominance How well does each piece of

the puzzle relate to the other pieces

Hold the layout at a distance and concentrate on the Total Picture is it pleasing to your eye?

Proportion Obtainers

Importance

White Space

Margins

Grids


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Dominance- Importance

The size of an element should be determined by its relative importance to its environment.

The larger an element, the more important it seems to the reader Works with graphical or textual elements Stair-stepping elements

Like this Or even this


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White Space

Areas of a page without text or graphics Structured Order White Space

gutters, leading, indents, etc.

Less Structured White Space drops, empty left/right column, bands of white

White Space is very inexpensive to use

Readers welcome it as a place to rest their eyes (or place to take notes)


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Proportion-White Space

Too little

How to repel readers

Can look hard to read

Overwhelming & confusing

Enough

More inviting

Less intimidating


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Proportion-White Space

Plan for it - Treat white space as an element on the page

equal in importance to text and graphics

shouldn’t be seen as “leftover” space

should be organized

Use it along the outside edges of a page

Use it in unequal concentrations

Margins, drops, etc.


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Trapped White Space

Space trapped on all 4 sides

Fails to realize its potential

One of the biggest no-no’s in DTP

Distracts the reader’s eye

Seems to push away other elements on the page

Looks like a mistake


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Equally Divided WS

When you have an item that doesn’t fill the space, don’t “float” the item by splitting the space evenly

Group WS together

White space, White space, White space


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Proportion - Margins

Defined by the grid, which describes the proportion and placement of the margin

Should occupy about 50 percent of the page Margins should always be unequal –

equal margins breed monotony Should use progressive margins


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Proportion – Margins (Simplex)


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Proportion – Margins (Duplex)


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Proportion –Margins (Simplex) `

A series of non-printing horizontal and vertical guidelines on the page.

Guarantees consistency throughout the document

Identifies margins

Determines orderly placement of columns and illustrations on the page

Using the golden section


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Grid Structure

Birds of Paradise

Polly the Parrott

The Norwegian Blue


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Page Structure Proportion –

Laying out various text columns that account for

appropriate white space

You can interchange the page structures, but remember to keep consistent margins throughout a document


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Page Structures


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Page Structures


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Proportion – Columns in Grids


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Design Principle #2


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Balance

The weight of the objects on the left side of the page equals those on the right

Unbalanced objects make us uneasy

Balanced objects look proper and secure


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Balance: Optical Centre

To obtain balance, you work with the optical center

The spot the eye sees when it first encounters a page

Slightly above the mathematical center of the page

Similar to where we look on the face when we talk to others: the eyes


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Balance: Formal

Symmetrically formatted

Balance is evident along the optical center

Provide feeling of formality, precision, and reserve

Examples: wedding invitations, title pages, business cards, etc.


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Balance: Informal

Asymmetrical format Balance is dynamic instead

of static along the optical center Reader adjusts the balance in own mind More energy, more vigor, more

enthusiasm

Adds interest to the page and sparkle to the presentation


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Design Principle #3


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Flow Strive for simplicity in design DTP gives you so many tools Straight-forwardness is a virtue Effective design is invisible to reader

Flow is achieved by leading the reader carefully through the document with appropriately

chosen typefaces, styles, and sizes


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Proximity / Unity

Do your designs have unity?

In design, proximity or closeness creates a bond between people and between elements on a

page. How close together or far apart elements are placed suggests a relationship (or lack of)

between otherwise disparate parts. Unity is also achieved by using a third element to connect

distant parts. Are title elements together? Is contact information all in one place? Do frames and

boxes tie together or separate related elements in your document?

Check Your Use of the Principle of Proximity

http://desktoppub.about.com/od/proximity/Proximity.htm

http://desktoppub.about.com/od/glossary/g/Proximity.htm

http://desktoppub.about.com/od/glossary/g/Proximity.htm

http://0.tqn.com/d/desktoppub/1/0/C/n/3/ProximityUnity.png


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Contrast Do you have good contrast among elements of your design?

In design, big and small elements, black and white text, squares and circles, can all create contrast in design. Contrast helps different design elements stand out. Is there enough contrast between your text (size and color) and background (color and pattern) to keep text readable? Is everthing all the same size even when some

http://desktoppub.about.com/od/contrast/ss/contrast.htm

http://0.tqn.com/d/desktoppub/1/0/F/n/3/Contrast.png


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elements are more important than others?


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Design Elements Lines Lines are one of the basic elements of design. These lessons define and explore the appearance, patterns, and uses of lines in desktop publishing and graphic design projects.

Mass Mass equals size. Each piece you create has a physical mass. Additionally, each component of the design have their own mass relative to the whole piece. Explore mass, one of the elements of design, and the related topics of size measurement.

Shape

The three basic types of shapes are geometric, natural, and abstract. Explore shapes with an emphasis on the meanings and use of basic geometric shapes of square, circle, triangle as elements of design.

Texture Texture is always a part of our designs whether intentional or not. Learn about texture - actual and visual - one of the elements of design used in graphic design and desktop publishing.

http://desktoppub.about.com/od/elements/l/aa_lines.htm

http://desktoppub.about.com/od/elements/l/aa_mass.htm

http://desktoppub.about.com/od/elements/l/aa_shape.htm

http://desktoppub.about.com/od/elements/l/aa_texture.htm


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DTP Terminology


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Page Orientation

Portrait Format

Landscape Format


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DTP Terms

Reverse: white text on a black background.

Rule: A line used in DTP.

Gutter: space separating columns of text.

Folio/ Footer

Header

Graphic

New Centre

Margin:: white space around the outside of a page

Caption: Description of a graphic

Column rule: a line to separate text columns.

text columns

Headline

Subheading


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Typography

Justified (align) Left


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Typography


Justified (align) Right


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Typography


Justified (align) Right

Justified (align) Centre


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Justified (align) Left Justified (align) Right Justified (align) Centre

Typography

Fully (forced) justified


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Illustration

Ready-Made Art

Clip Art

Background Textures and Patterns

Dingbat Sets and Picture Fonts

Information Graphics

Charts and Diagrams

Tables

Screen Captures

Maps

The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.

The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.


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Colour Theory


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What colou


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There is no absolute right and wrong when it comes to selecting the right colour for a particular task. Colour is only unsuitable if it is used inappropriately or in combinations which are harmonious.

The choice of colours and colour combinations often comes down to nothing more than personal taste. However, equally as often the choice is guided by a what message you wish to convey through the choice of colour.


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SOME FUNCTIONS OF COLOUR


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In Graphic Communication we use colour extensively.

However, we do not simply use it for the sake of using it. We

use it for specific purposes. We select certain colours to

render, design and tone products to suit the individual

environment.


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The Colour wheel is made up of every colour in the visible spectrum. Inside the colour wheel we have primary, secondary and tertiary colours

The Colour Wheel


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COLOUR ASSOCIATION

We are surrounded by colours everywhere and colours are involved in everything we do, both consciously and sub- consciously. In the following few slides we will take a look at what certain colours mean to us and how they are manipulated in every day life.


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COLOUR ASSOCIATION

Red is associated with areas such as passion, danger, speed, stopping, blood, fear and warmth. Certain items will be coloured red due to this colour association.


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COLOUR ASSOCIATION

Blue is a formal colour, it is associated with sophistication, elegance and reliability. It is a cool colour which is rarely used in foods as it is associated with mould! For this reason, chef’s sticking plasters are blue.


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COLOUR ASSOCIATION

Yellow is an easily seen, luminous colour. It is associated with brightness, sunshine, holidays, being happy and cheerful.


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COLOUR ASSOCIATION

Orange is similar to yellow in its associations. Orange is linked with areas such as warmth, fire, sun, being happy, cheerful and is also associated with flavour and energy.


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COLOUR ASSOCIATION

Green is a very restful and peaceful colour. It is associated with areas such as nature, health, the environment, informal, youthful and cool.


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COLOUR ASSOCIATION

Purple combines the courage of red and the nobility of blue. It is a rich, pompous, impressive and regal colour.


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COLOUR ASSOCIATION

White is luminous, positive, light, delicate and clean. It is also associated with innocence and purity in our culture but with death in some other cultures. If white is added to another colour it becomes a tint.

If


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COLOUR ASSOCIATION

Black is very subdued, solemn, profound; it is associated with death, sorrow and evil in our culture. If black is added to another colour it becomes a shade.


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Symbols


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Signs

• Signs are used to convey information in pictorial form.

• This has many advantages over written instructions.

• People who talk different languages can understand the same common signs.

• Instructions for some tasks can be clearer when given as drawings.


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Signs & Symbols

• Signs & symbols are commonly used in everyday situations.

• Roadsigns, information, engineering symbols, flow charts and circuit diagrams are types of drawings that you will need to know about for your exams.


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• There are different families of signs.

• These are:

– mandatory signs

– prohibition signs

– warning signs

– safety signs

– danger signs


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Signs - Mandatory signs

• These signs are blue in colour.

• They give a positive instruction. In other words they tell you what to do rather than what not to do.

Turn left


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Signs - Prohibition signs

• These signs are circular with a line across the

circle.

• They are red in colour.

No smoking


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Signs - Warning signs

• These signs are yellow.

• They are normally triangular but can be other shapes.


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Signs - Safety Signs

• These signs tell people of safe places to go or safe conditions.


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Signs - Danger signs

• These signs warn people of dangerous situations.

• Commonly found on road signs and the back of long vehicles.


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Signs

• There are also general information signs used for a number of different purposes.

• Some common signs are shown over the next few slides.


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Signs - Kitemark

• The Kitemark is used to tell consumers that the products they buy are safety tested to BSI standards.

• All products sold must carry this Kitemark to be legally sold.

The British Standards Kitemark.


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Signs- Fragile

• This mark is placed on breakable objects’

packaging to tell people handling the box to treat it with care.

The Fragile symbol.


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Signs - Recycled

• This mark is placed on recycled objects to tell the consumer that they are buying a recycled product.

• This is a big advertising point as companies like their products to be seen as being environmentally friendly.


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Signs - Disabled

• This is used to show disabled access.


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These signs are used commonly to distinguish the male and female toilets.


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Flow Charts

• A Flow Chart is a method of showing the correct steps to follow in order to complete some type of problem.

• There are some symbols used in flow charts to show certain processes that have to be done when completing the problem.


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Flow Charts

• These symbols are shown below.

Start/Stop Output/Input

Process Decision


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Flow Charts `

• An example of a flow chart for a pelican crossing is shown:

Start

Has button No been pushed?

Yes Amber light on

Wait 2

Red light on

Wait 10

Amber light flash

Wait 5

Red Light off


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Building Symbols

• This is law as when submitting planning permission a company must be able to prove the quality of the houses or buildings they want to build.


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Building Symbols

• These are some common symbols that you will need to remember.

Sink top Sink Shower tray

Bath

Radiator

Wash Basin


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• These are some common symbols that you will need to remember.

In-line valve (any type)

Window Sawn wood

Crossover Door Junctions


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Building Symbols

• These are some common symbols that you need to remember.

`Lamp Switch Brickwork

Socket

Insulation

Concrete


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Storyboards

• Storyboards give step by step instructions on how to operate something using pictures to illustrate what is to be done at each stage.

• Short statements further help the user understand what to do.

• They are often found on change machines and in electrical appliance instructions.


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Storyboards

• These are advantageous as a person does not have to speak any specific language to understand what to do.

• The written instructions are kept very short which helps people who, for any reason, cannot read things properly.

• Often the statements are also given in many different languages to help foreigners.


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• A number of different drawings are required to be completed and submitted to the local authorities when developers want to build new buildings.

• This group of drawings is called a Project Set.


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Project Set

• A project set consists of a number of different drawings including – elevations – sketches – sectional drawings – schematic diagrams – Block plans – site plans – floor plans


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Project Set

• Elevations, sketches and sectional drawings are required to view the actual building.

• Schematic diagrams are used by tradesmen to install any electrical circuit work or plumbing and heating.

• Schematic diagrams use British Standards symbols covered in these slides.


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Block Plans

• This type of drawing shows the position of the new building in its surrounding area.

• It is normally drawn to a scale of 1:1250. • It details: o Contours o Other buildings o Access Roads o North Symbol


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Block Plans

• This is an example of a block plan.


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Site Plans

• This type of drawing shows the building from closer in than a Location Plan.

• It shows the building in its immediate surrounding area.

• It is normally drawn at a scale of 1:250 1:200 1:500 It details:

o Contours o Trees: proposed and existing o Drainage o North Symbol o Plot Boundary


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Site Plans

This is an example of a site plan.


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Floor Plans

• This type of drawing shows the internal layout of a

building including the materials used in the walls.

• Any electrical appliances fitted will also be drawn like, radiators, electrical sockets and switches.

• This type of drawing is normally drawn at a scale of 1:50 or 1:100.


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Floor Plans

• This is an example of a floor plan.


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Pictorial Views

30º

Isometric Oblique

Vp

One-point perspective

VP1 VP2

Two-point perspective

30º 45º 90º

30º 60º

Planometric

45º 45º

Planometric


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Orthographic Projection

Elevation: height and length

End elevation: height and breadth

Plan: length and breadth

Isometric view


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Drawing Title Block Identifies on the drawing: Name Title of drawing Scale Date Tolerances Drawing number Material Surface finish Type of drawing


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Sectioned Views

Revolved Section

Half Section

Removed Section

Part Section

Stepped Section


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