graul si porumbul
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GRAUL , PORUMBULSI
-ALTE PLANTE INRUDITE-
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GRAUL
Originar din Asia de Sud.
Este o planta ierboasa, anuala, cultivata pe suprafete mari in tara noastra.
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Alcatuirea graului
spic de grau
nod
intrenod
frunza
floare
radacina
bob de grau
TULPINA
pai
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RADACINA
-firoasa ( manunchi de fire subtiri).
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TULPINA
dreapta, neramificata ,subtire , elastica.
goala la interior = pai prezinta noduri pline cu
maduva si intrenoduri goale. de la nodurile bazale
formeaza frati.
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FRUNZELE cresc de la noduri,
nu au petiol, doar teaca si limb alungit cu nervuri paralele.
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FLORILE
apar in luna mai. sunt mici, grupate in spice. prezinta 3-5 flori cu 2 frunzulite
aparatoare. au 3 stamine cu filamente
lungi, gineceu, 2 stigmate paroase, stil scurt.
Polenizarea este directa sau incrucisata.
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FRUCTUL
se numeste cariopsa. samanta prezinta
embrion cu radacinuta, tulpinita si muguras si 1 cotiledon.
contine amidon si gluten.
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SECARA
PLANTE INRUDITE CU GRAUL
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ORZ
OVAZ
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Importanta graului
Paine secara
Fulgi de ovaz
Paine din faina
de grau
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Tărâţe de grâu
BORS DE
TARATE
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Boabe de grau
- Fabricarea spirtului
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Asternut pentruanimale
Nutret pentru
vite
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PORUMBUL
Originar din America a fost adus in Romania in sec.XVII-XVIII.
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RADACINA
firoasa, cu fire putin mai groase. pornesc mai multe radacini de la
nodurile inferioare ale tulpinii;
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TULPINA
dreapta, pana la 2 metri, neramificata;
nodurile si internodurile sunt pline cu o maduva alb-galbuie si dulce;
o astfel de tulpina se numeste cocean sau strujan;
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FRUNZELE
pornesc de la internoduri, au teaca si limb, nu au petiol;
limbul este mare si aspru;
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sunt separate in flori masculine si flori feminine asezate pe aceeasi tulpina;
florile masculime sunt asezate in varful tulpinii grupate in inflorescente numite spic ramificat;
prezinta 2 frunzulite aparatoare si 3 stamine cu antere mari;
FLORILE
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-florile femeiesti se afla pe tulpina, la subsuoara frunzelor, pe ramuri scurte numite
stiuleti;
-prezinta un ovar cu un ovul, stil lung stigmat lungsi lipicios formeaza matasea de porumb
-polenizarea este incrucisata;
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FRUCTELE
se numeste cariopsa. galbene, raman
prinse pe stiuleti; semintele contin
amidon si ulei;
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PLANTE INRUDITE CU PORUMBUL
Trestia
Trestia de zahar
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Importanta porumbului
din boabele de porumb se obtine malaiul, folosit in hrana omului si animalelor;
din boabe se pot obtine: ulei, spirt si glucoza;
din trestie se obtine celuloza si hartie; din trestia de zahar se obtine zahar: