graveyard book essay
DESCRIPTION
An analysis of The Graveyard Book written by Neil Gaiman.TRANSCRIPT
Megan NortonChildren’s LiteratureProfessor Cardinal12/6/12
The Boy That Was Raised By Ghosts
Neil Gaiman’s The Graveyard Book is a mystical tale about a boy named Nobody Owens
that, because of a tragic murder, is brought up by ghosts. In order to understand Gaiman’s novel,
it is important to look at: character development, setting, point of view, elements of style, plot,
and theme. Without all of those aspects, The Graveyard Book would not be the chilling mystery
that it is because they make the story stand out within the realm of fantasy.
Nobody Owens is the main character of the story. The inhabitants of Potter’s Field gave
him the Freedom of the Graveyard which impacts his interactions with those who are living. For
instance, when Bod and Scarlett first go to the Frobisher Mausoleum, she says that she “[sees]
him slip through walls, like a shadow,” (Gaiman, 49). Then when she says goodbye to him she
says the she does not care that he is imaginary. Bod’s abilities given to him by the ghosts in the
graveyard, like fading, cause him to appear more ethereal to the living. It could also be the fact
that a little girl would find it strange for a boy to live in a graveyard that would lead her to
believe he is a figment of her imagination. Another instance that demonstrates his freedom’s
affect on the living is when he goes to public school for the first time. When Bod first arrives, it
is said that “even the other kids forgot about him,” (Gaiman, 182) and that “his presence was
almost ghostly” (Gaiman, 183). However, when Bod rises a little above the radar, two bullies
start harassing him, which makes Bod seek revenge. He uses his graveyard gift to dreamwalk
into Nick’s dreams and intimidates him to change his ways. Not only did Nick change his ways,
but he stops talking to his partner in crime, Mo. Bod uses the Freedom of the Graveyard to his
advantage throughout the novel, but there is more to him than his graveyard-given abilities.
Bod’s name has significance and is a bit of a pun. Nobody Owens is intended to sound
like “the boy that nobody owns”, which is true. No body owns Bod since his family is dead and
ghosts have taken their place. In addition, as said before, the living barely notices Bod’s
existence, so to them, Bod is nobody. Besides his name, the clothes Bod wears says something
about his personality, especially when it is contrasted with Scarlett who wears “bright colors”
(Gaiman, Page 40) and Bod wears “dowdy and drab” (Gaiman, Page 40) colors. In comparison
to Scarlett, Bod’s clothes are nothing special or noticeable, but Scarlett is a beacon of light.
Bod’s clothes do serve a purpose in protecting him by helping him blend in to his bleak
surroundings. Similar to the dull colors Bod wears, Bod is a static character. In comparison to
Charlotte Doyle, Bod does not go through a dramatic change. Charlotte chops off her hair and
leaves her family for a life at sea, meanwhile Bod simply grows up. The only significant
realization he comes to his that he is Nobody Owens and not the baby who escaped death in that
nursery those thirteen years ago. Bod still leaves eager to see the world just as he was in the
beginning of the story. Bod is also a round character. The reader knows a lot about Bod and his
past based on what the narrator provides in the first chapter. They know who killed his family
and how it was done, how Bod survived, and that the man is still looking for him. As Nobody
grows up, he learns about who he is, not only from the Owens’s, but his guardian, Silas.
Silas is a character shrouded in mystery. Even after the story is read, the reader is left
with the question, what is Silas? After much time and data collecting, the reader is able to infer
that Silas is none other than a vampire. Gaiman provides the reader with several hints as to what
this pale, cloak-wearing creature might be. For instance, the narrator points out that Silas is not
able to “push the minds of the dead as he [can] the living, but he [can] use all the tools of flattery
and persuasion he [possess], for the dead are not immune to either,” (Gaiman, 23). Vampire have
been known to have the skill of hypnotizing the living into doing whatever they desire or wiping
their memory, like Silas does to Scarlett at the end of the book. Another hint is that Silas “only
[eats] one food, and it [is] not bananas,” (Gaiman, 27). Now this food could be anything, but the
way this sentence is worded suggests something dark and has an ominous tone to it. Yet another
hint is that he lives in the belfry of the dilapidated chapel. It would be most difficult for a zombie
to get up there, and the only feasible way to sleep would be hanging from something, which bats
happen to do. Then, when Bod asks Silas about Danse Macabre, he tells Bod that “you must be
alive or you must be dead to dance it—and [Silas] is neither,” (Gaiman, 149). This provides the
hint that Silas must be the living dead. Since zombies and vampires are the only examples of the
living dead, one must select the most likely choice. However, out of all the hints, the one that
proves to point directly at the answer is when Bod and Silas are at the diner, Silas’s reflection
does not show on the table. Since zombies have reflections, Silas has to be a vampire. Silas is not
only a creature of the dead, but proves to be a good guardian for Bod.
One would never think of a vampire to be something they would want to watch their kid,
but Silas proves to be the exception of the idea that all vampires are evil blood suckers. When the
problem arises about how the boy will be fed, Silas is the first to raise his hand. A most unlikely
candidate, but it is not like ghosts can fetch food for a baby. Silas shares his chapel with the baby
and keeps a watchful eye on him. Silas not only feeds and shelters him, but he helps teach him
how to read. Similar to Tom Oakley in Goodnight, Mr.Tom, Silas helps Bod learn and protects
him from evil. Silas may not adopt Bod at the end like Tom, but he does say “perhaps” (Gaiman,
302) when Bod asks Silas if he will see him again and that there was kindness in his voice and
“something more” (Gaiman, 302). The reader can infer that this “something” is a fondness, an
attachment to Bod, as if he were a son. In addition to teaching and feeding Bod, Silas helps Bod
get out of trouble. When Bod is about to be takes to the police station, Silas, literally, swoops in
and saves the day. However, like any other guardian would, Silas reprimands Bod for being so
foolish. Another example of Silas’s good guardianship is that he makes sure someone is looking
after Bod in his absence. This someone is Mrs. Lupescu.
Mrs. Lupescu is someone that Bod does not originally fancy. Bod says that she is
“horrible” (Gaiman, 67) when he first meets her. Also, Gaiman’s description of her appearance is
anything but flattering. Mrs. Lupescu feeds him disgusting food and tries her best to teach him
about the different beings that exists, but Bod’s thoughts are consumed with Silas’s return. Bod
sees a grey dog wandering around the cemetery, which is the first time the reader unknowingly
sees Mrs. Lupescu in her true form. Bod may find Mrs. Lupescu repulsive at the start, but when
he is kidnapped by ghouls and she comes to the rescue, his attitude changes. Bod realizes that her
lessons about ghouls and night-gaunts had a purpose; it ended up saving him. Now that the Mrs.
Lupescu reveals her true identity, the reader is able to see that her name has significance as well.
The word “lupus” in Latin means “wolf” and the word “scu” means “shield” Hence the
connection between her name and the creature she turns into. Mrs. Lupescu’s name therefore
literally means “wolf shield”, which actually makes perfect sense. Mrs. Lupescu is a werewolf
that protects or shields Bod from harm, like the ghouls. Gaiman provides a hint for Mrs.
Lupescu’s identity, but makes sure he masks Silas’s extremely well. The characters in The
Graveyard Book are not only impacted by their interactions with each other and the living, but
by their environment as well.
The setting is an integral part to The Graveyard Book. Without it, who knows if it would
still makes sense? If it were set in a golden field of wheat or a desert in Egypt, it would lose the
creepy and mysterious mood that the graveyard creates. The mist and the darkness of the
cemetery match well with the dark and mysteriousness of both the man Jack and Silas. The
setting is what these characters are influenced by. The man Jack blends in well with the
bleakness of Potter’s Field because of his murderous tendencies. Silas is also a good fit for this
atmosphere because vampires are just as gloomy as a cemetery. He blends in well with this
surrounding and adds to the question of his identity. The mood also impacts Bod. Growing up in
a cemetery with a murderer after him meant that he had to blend in with the austerity. The mood
of the cemetery is definitely reflected in the grey garb that Bod wears for a majority of his
childhood. The mood of the cemetery can also be described as sad. Like Liza, there are many
unmarked graves and people that did not deserve to die. Liza tells Bod how she wishes she had a
headstone, which is depressing. Apart from creating the mood, the graveyard is important for a
couple other reasons. The first is that it provides Bod shelter from the man Jack as a baby and
through his childhood. If Potter’s Field was not there, there is a good chance that Bod would
have been caught and killed by Jack and there would be no story. Then, Bod uses this
environment to his advantage when he has to defeat the Jacks. He captures one in Nehemiah
Trot’s grave and three in the ghoul gate. If it is not for these attributes, there is a good chance
Bod would have died then and there. Also, if it the setting is not a graveyard how would Scarlett
have met Mr. Frost? He is rubbing graves when she met him and if it took place on a farm, there
would be no graves to rub. In turn, Frost would have not found Bod and if Bod was not found,
the Jacks would not have been defeated. It creates a ripple effect, but an important one. An
aspect that helps build the setting is the point of view of the story.
The point of view of The Graveyard Book is third person omniscient. This is because the
reader knows more about the characters, like Bod, than the characters themselves. Similar to the
setting, if the story is told in a different point of view, it would be less interesting. For instance, if
it were told in first person, then the reader would only know what Bod knew, which, during his
childhood, is barely anything. It is important for the reader to know what happened to Bod’s
family and how he got in the cemetery because the story would not have the suspense. All the
reader would know until the end is that a Bod is raised by ghosts, Bod likes Scarlett, that Bod has
the Freedom of the Graveyard and a couple of other details. Knowing that Jack is looking for
Bod builds suspense and also makes the reader wonder when Bod will find out about his family.
The point of view is pretty consistent, but switches to second person direct address. Gaiman most
likely did this to make the reader think about the statement. For example, “If it sliced you, you
might not even know you had been cut, not immediately,” (Gaiman, 4). Describing the sharpness
of the knife in this way makes the reader think about a sharp knife slicing them. It adds to the
danger that is the man Jack. As for reliability, this point of view is reliable because the narrator is
the only one in the story that could know all of this is happening. The other characters in the
book are pretty innocent and unaware of the goings on. Mrs. Owens and Silas know more than
Bod, but they do not know about the convocation that occurs in the interlude or that Jack smells
Bod in the fourth chapter. Point of view is only one on a long list of stylistic choices Gaiman
makes in The Graveyard Book.
Gaiman’s most prevalent stylistic element is simile. There are well over twenty similes
that Gaiman inserts into his story to make his world even clearer to his audience. Comparing the
Sleer to a writhing snake or the Frobisher mausoleum to a rotten tooth, or the ghouls to squirrels,
the reader is able to get a clear picture of the setting as well as the memorable characters that this
book thrives on. In addition to the picture the reader forms in their head, Gaiman also includes
quite a few illustrations to marry with the words on the page. The illustrations are done by a
gentleman named Dave McKean. Mr. McKean’s illustrations are done in blacks and grays, much
like the wardrobe of Bod. The illustrations also lend a helping hand to the visualization of The
Graveyard Book. It can also be observed that each section or chapter that begins with the man
Jack, like chapter one and the interlude, the pages are completely black with just a hand holding
something. The first chapter shows a hand griping a knife, and the interlude shows a hand
holding a cup of coffee. Then, the pictures of Silas are well done because they give the reader an
idea of what he looks like, but still keep the mystery of what creature he is. The illustrations just
man him look like a man in a cloak, not a creature of the night. The illustrations of the ghouls are
well done because they certainly look frightening and the same goes for the depiction of the
Sleer. The faces of both the ghouls and the Sleer are meant to be scary and I think McKean more
than succeeds. Along with an abundance of similes and well done illustrations, Gaiman also slips
in some subtle symbolism.
Symbols are not easily found and require some thought. One of the more obvious
symbols that are in The Graveyard Book is that the graveyard is symbolic of a library. Since Bod
only has a few books to learn from, Silas sends him out to learn from the gravestones. Much like
a library has books from numerous decades, so does Potters Field. Bod cannot only learn from
headstones, but from the ghosts those headstones belong to. Bod learns about the Romans from
Caius Pompeius, witches from Liza Hempstock, and poetry from Nehemiah Trot. Also, Bod is
able to find all the letters of the alphabet among the graves. This is where Bod learns to read and
learn in general, much like he would in a normal library. Greed is another symbol that finds itself
in a couple instances in the book. The first instance is how greed affects Alabanzer Bolger when
he sees the brooch and learns about the treasure. Greed consumes him so much that he attempts
to kill his friend Tom! The desire to attain wealth is something that can make people do
outrageous things and can cloud their judgment. The other example is the Sleer and the Frobisher
Mausoleum. People have gone into the mausoleum in search of wealth only to never come back.
People were willing to get themselves killed if it meant treasure. At the end of the book, when
Jack wants to perform a ceremony to gain ultimate power, he claims himself as the Sleer’s new
master. He is under the impression he will be able to have the treasure and become the master
Jack of All Trades, however, in his greed, he finds death. His desire to have complete control
cost him his life, much like others who tried to have the treasure to themselves. Each of these
elements of style are important in constructing the dramatic plot of the story.
The plot is certainly different from the complex construction of Goodnight, Mr. Tom,
where the reader would have to guess when certain events happen, but is similar to The Little
House in the Big Woods. This is because both Little House and Graveyard Book are told in an
episodic manner. This means that each chapter has the ability to stand on its own as a short story.
Each chapter has its own minor conflict. For instance, if Bod will escape the clutches of the
ghouls or if Bod will get out of Bolger’s shop without being killed or what the Danse Macabre is.
All of these smaller conflicts help add to the major conflict. The difference between the major
and minor conflicts in this book is that the minor conflicts are all solved by the end of the
chapter, but the major conflict does not get resolved until the second to last chapter. Even though
the minor conflicts are what make the chapters suspenseful, the major conflict is mentioned in
almost every chapter. When Bod asks Silas if he can venture outside the graveyard in chapter
two, Silas tells Bod that the “outside world would not be safe for [him]. Not yet,” (Gaiman, 37).
The man Jack may not be explicitly mentioned here, but the reader knows why the outside world
is not safe because of chapter one. Then, when Bod is escaping from Bolger’s shop, Liza tells
him to take the black edged card that has “Jack” written on it. Bolger is debating on calling the
man Jack and telling him he found the boy he is looking for. This is the first specific reference to
Jack since the first chapter. Then later in the chapter, Jack says that he can smell something
“very tasty” (Gaiman, 138) of course referring to Bod. Jack is unable to detect him as long as
Bod stays in the cemetery, but since he ventured outside those walls, Jack is aware he is still
alive. Along with his conflict with the man Jack, Bod faces other conflicts within himself and
with other people.
Bod’s conflict with himself is trying to find out what happened to his family. This is why
he insists that Mr. Dandy tell him why they killed his family. Bod is desperate to find out why he
is who he is and if he is meant to be Nobody Owens or someone else. This inner conflict’s
resolution comes with the resolution of the major conflict. The major person vs. person conflict
is between Bod and Jack (or even all the Jacks). Bod is resourceful in ending the conflict
between him and the Jack of All Trades. The Jacks try to kill Bod as well as Scarlett. Bod must
defeat the Jacks to save himself and Scarlett. The Honor Guard helps defeat a number of the
Jacks prior to the encounter at Potter’s Field. Bod takes care of three with a ghoul gate and one
falls into a hidden grave. The last Jack, the man responsible for Bod being an orphan, is holding
Scarlett hostage in Frobisher’s Mausoleum. Bod cleverly uses the Sleer to his advantage and rids
the world of the final Jack of All Trades. This is the resolution of the major person vs. person
conflict. Some other person vs. person conflicts Bod encounters include: Bod vs., the ghouls,
Bod vs. Alabanzer Bolger, and Bod vs. Nick and Mo. Each of these minor conflicts comes to a
close through some assistance of Bod’s friends. Mrs. Lupescu helps him escape the ghouls, Liza
helps him escape Bolger’s shop, and the Persson family suggests Bod tries dreamwalking to get
the best of Nick and Mo. Bod also has the challenge of trying to fit in with the outside world, or
better known as person vs. society conflict.
Bod’s desire to become a part of society is obvious from chapter two on. Bod constantly
asks Silas if he can travel outside the graveyard walls and is more often than not, turned down.
Even when Bod goes out into the world for the first time, he wears clothes that are too big for
him that have been in a shed for who knows how long. He also does not know that a headstone
costs a pretty penny. Since he has been out of touch with the world, he is unsure of a lot of
things. A key example of him trying to become a member of society is when he tries to go to
public school. Bod wishes to read more than a ghosts copy of Robinson Crusoe, so, after much
begging, Silas allows him to. Even then, however, Silas tells Bod to make sure he stays invisible
and to not bring too much attention to himself. Bod starts his school days doing just that and
most teachers do not realize he is there. Bod gets himself into trouble with bullies, which is
something that some children do face in the real world. It is understandable that Silas does not
want Jack to hear about Bod being in school or outside the graveyard and vulnerable. However,
it is experiences like these that Bod needs in order to become a member of society. He needs
more interactions with people his age, like Scarlett, to learn about human nature. Once the major
conflict comes to an end, Bod is finally able to travel without danger lurking in the shadows. He
tells Silas before he leaves that he “wants to see life” (Gaiman, 304) and “hold it in [his] hands”
(Gaiman, 304). It is at this point in time Bod will become a part of society like he always wanted.
He may face his bullies here and there, but that is a part of life. This idea of change and
exploring new places are a part of the conflicts within the plot, but are also themes that seen
throughout the book.
The thematic weight of The Graveyard Book would be about three out of five stars.
However, the thematic richness is around four to four and a half out of five starts. This book is
over flowing with explicit and implicit themes. Some examples if explicit themes include: “If
you [don’t] keep your eyes on your children every second you [cannot] imagine what awful
things they [will] be plunged into,” (Gaiman, 58), “You’re always you, and that don’t change,
and you’re always changing, and there’s nothing you can do about it,” (Gaiman, 298), “If you
dare nothing, then when the day is over, nothing is all you will have gained,” (Gaiman, 233), and
“…the world is a bigger place than a little graveyard on a hill; and there would be dangers in it
and mysteries, new friends to make, old friends to rediscover, mistakes to be made and many
paths to be walked…,” (Gaiman, 307). Each of these themes relate back to Bod in some way,
shape or form. The first is relevant because Bod does get into quite a bit of trouble throughout
his childhood from ghouls to Bugler. The second is reflective of Bod being a static character
since he never changes in the book, only grow up. The third reflects Bod’s outgoing attitude.
Despite Silas and others wishes, he dares to go against their word and some of the time he gains
something. For instance, when he went to Bolger’s shop, he becomes the owner of the black
edged card. If he had listened to Silas, he probably never would have found the card and had the
feelings he did towards it. Also, Jack probably would have not smelled him since he would not
have left the graveyard in the first place. This example shows not only Bod’s curious and
outgoing nature, but how this particular theme helps drive the plot along. The last explicit theme
occurs at the end of the book and demonstrates the many things that Bod will face in this new
world he is about to enter. The world is a large place and Bod has been eager to take it on his
whole life. The Graveyard Book also has quite a few implicit themes that also come back to Bod.
Some of the implicit themes are more important than others and there are much more
explicit than implicit, but they are there all the same. Some examples of implicit themes in the
book include: children grow up and leave the nest eventually, a home is not a house, but a place
where you are surrounded by people that love and care about you, and it takes a village to raise a
child. Children do leave their ‘nest’ eventually, whether it is going to college, or in Bod’s case,
leaving the cemetery to become a member of society. Bod’s ‘home’ is taken away from him by
the man Jack in the beginning of the story, but ends up finding his true home shortly after. Even
though Potters Field is not filled with the living, it is filled with beings that truly care for him.
The Owens’s are the first ones to show Bod affection in the cemetery, but they are not the ones
that care about Bod the most. Based on the fact that Silas is more in the picture and plays a larger
role in the upbringing of Bod, it is fair to say he is the one in the cemetery that cares for Bod
with all his undead heart. Why else would he get hit by a car? Or get him food? Or shelter him?
Or look out for his safety? Silas and the ghosts of the graveyard are his home because they love
and care about him. That is what makes his home. The final implicit theme is certainly true.
There are several creatures involved in raising Bod: the Owens’s adopt him, Silas is his guardian
and brings him food, Mr. Pennyworth teaches him how to fade and dreamwalk, Mrs. Lupescu
teaches him about the different walks of life or, in their case, lifeless, Nehemiah Trot teaches
Bod about love and revenge, and Liza teaches Bod about friendship. Without all of these
individuals, Bod would not be the boy he becomes and it is quite possible he would also be dead.
Gaiman is able to take his reader into the world of Nobody Owens with the use of the six
elements of character development, setting, point of view, style, plot and theme. The suspense,
the riddles, and the unforgettable characters make this book a fantastic read for people of all
ages. It is no mystery as to why it has a Newbury Honor Award. Hopefully the suspense will be
just as good, the riddle of Silas just as curious and the characters just as unforgettable when it
comes to the big screen.